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+File management in the Linux kernel
+-----------------------------------
+
+This document describes how locking for files (struct file)
+and file descriptor table (struct files) works.
+
+Up until 2.6.12, the file descriptor table has been protected
+with a lock (files->file_lock) and reference count (files->count).
+->file_lock protected accesses to all the file related fields
+of the table. ->count was used for sharing the file descriptor
+table between tasks cloned with CLONE_FILES flag. Typically
+this would be the case for posix threads. As with the common
+refcounting model in the kernel, the last task doing
+a put_files_struct() frees the file descriptor (fd) table.
+The files (struct file) themselves are protected using
+reference count (->f_count).
+
+In the new lock-free model of file descriptor management,
+the reference counting is similar, but the locking is
+based on RCU. The file descriptor table contains multiple
+elements - the fd sets (open_fds and close_on_exec, the
+array of file pointers, the sizes of the sets and the array
+etc.). In order for the updates to appear atomic to
+a lock-free reader, all the elements of the file descriptor
+table are in a separate structure - struct fdtable.
+files_struct contains a pointer to struct fdtable through
+which the actual fd table is accessed. Initially the
+fdtable is embedded in files_struct itself. On a subsequent
+expansion of fdtable, a new fdtable structure is allocated
+and files->fdtab points to the new structure. The fdtable
+structure is freed with RCU and lock-free readers either
+see the old fdtable or the new fdtable making the update
+appear atomic. Here are the locking rules for
+the fdtable structure -
+
+1. All references to the fdtable must be done through
+   the files_fdtable() macro :
+
+	struct fdtable *fdt;
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+
+	fdt = files_fdtable(files);
+	....
+	if (n <= fdt->max_fds)
+		....
+	...
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+
+   files_fdtable() uses rcu_dereference() macro which takes care of
+   the memory barrier requirements for lock-free dereference.
+   The fdtable pointer must be read within the read-side
+   critical section.
+
+2. Reading of the fdtable as described above must be protected
+   by rcu_read_lock()/rcu_read_unlock().
+
+3. For any update to the fd table, files->file_lock must
+   be held.
+
+4. To look up the file structure given an fd, a reader
+   must use either fcheck() or fcheck_files() APIs. These
+   take care of barrier requirements due to lock-free lookup.
+   An example :
+
+	struct file *file;
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	file = fcheck(fd);
+	if (file) {
+		...
+	}
+	....
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+
+5. Handling of the file structures is special. Since the look-up
+   of the fd (fget()/fget_light()) are lock-free, it is possible
+   that look-up may race with the last put() operation on the
+   file structure. This is avoided using atomic_long_inc_not_zero()
+   on ->f_count :
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	file = fcheck_files(files, fd);
+	if (file) {
+		if (atomic_long_inc_not_zero(&file->f_count))
+			*fput_needed = 1;
+		else
+		/* Didn't get the reference, someone's freed */
+			file = NULL;
+	}
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+	....
+	return file;
+
+   atomic_long_inc_not_zero() detects if refcounts is already zero or
+   goes to zero during increment. If it does, we fail
+   fget()/fget_light().
+
+6. Since both fdtable and file structures can be looked up
+   lock-free, they must be installed using rcu_assign_pointer()
+   API. If they are looked up lock-free, rcu_dereference()
+   must be used. However it is advisable to use files_fdtable()
+   and fcheck()/fcheck_files() which take care of these issues.
+
+7. While updating, the fdtable pointer must be looked up while
+   holding files->file_lock. If ->file_lock is dropped, then
+   another thread expand the files thereby creating a new
+   fdtable and making the earlier fdtable pointer stale.
+   For example :
+
+	spin_lock(&files->file_lock);
+	fd = locate_fd(files, file, start);
+	if (fd >= 0) {
+		/* locate_fd() may have expanded fdtable, load the ptr */
+		fdt = files_fdtable(files);
+		__set_open_fd(fd, fdt);
+		__clear_close_on_exec(fd, fdt);
+		spin_unlock(&files->file_lock);
+	.....
+
+   Since locate_fd() can drop ->file_lock (and reacquire ->file_lock),
+   the fdtable pointer (fdt) must be loaded after locate_fd().
+