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+	     Semantics and Behavior of Local Atomic Operations
+
+			    Mathieu Desnoyers
+
+
+	This document explains the purpose of the local atomic operations, how
+to implement them for any given architecture and shows how they can be used
+properly. It also stresses on the precautions that must be taken when reading
+those local variables across CPUs when the order of memory writes matters.
+
+Note that local_t based operations are not recommended for general kernel use.
+Please use the this_cpu operations instead unless there is really a special purpose.
+Most uses of local_t in the kernel have been replaced by this_cpu operations.
+this_cpu operations combine the relocation with the local_t like semantics in
+a single instruction and yield more compact and faster executing code.
+
+
+* Purpose of local atomic operations
+
+Local atomic operations are meant to provide fast and highly reentrant per CPU
+counters. They minimize the performance cost of standard atomic operations by
+removing the LOCK prefix and memory barriers normally required to synchronize
+across CPUs.
+
+Having fast per CPU atomic counters is interesting in many cases : it does not
+require disabling interrupts to protect from interrupt handlers and it permits
+coherent counters in NMI handlers. It is especially useful for tracing purposes
+and for various performance monitoring counters.
+
+Local atomic operations only guarantee variable modification atomicity wrt the
+CPU which owns the data. Therefore, care must taken to make sure that only one
+CPU writes to the local_t data. This is done by using per cpu data and making
+sure that we modify it from within a preemption safe context. It is however
+permitted to read local_t data from any CPU : it will then appear to be written
+out of order wrt other memory writes by the owner CPU.
+
+
+* Implementation for a given architecture
+
+It can be done by slightly modifying the standard atomic operations : only
+their UP variant must be kept. It typically means removing LOCK prefix (on
+i386 and x86_64) and any SMP synchronization barrier. If the architecture does
+not have a different behavior between SMP and UP, including asm-generic/local.h
+in your architecture's local.h is sufficient.
+
+The local_t type is defined as an opaque signed long by embedding an
+atomic_long_t inside a structure. This is made so a cast from this type to a
+long fails. The definition looks like :
+
+typedef struct { atomic_long_t a; } local_t;
+
+
+* Rules to follow when using local atomic operations
+
+- Variables touched by local ops must be per cpu variables.
+- _Only_ the CPU owner of these variables must write to them.
+- This CPU can use local ops from any context (process, irq, softirq, nmi, ...)
+  to update its local_t variables.
+- Preemption (or interrupts) must be disabled when using local ops in
+  process context to   make sure the process won't be migrated to a
+  different CPU between getting the per-cpu variable and doing the
+  actual local op.
+- When using local ops in interrupt context, no special care must be
+  taken on a mainline kernel, since they will run on the local CPU with
+  preemption already disabled. I suggest, however, to explicitly
+  disable preemption anyway to make sure it will still work correctly on
+  -rt kernels.
+- Reading the local cpu variable will provide the current copy of the
+  variable.
+- Reads of these variables can be done from any CPU, because updates to
+  "long", aligned, variables are always atomic. Since no memory
+  synchronization is done by the writer CPU, an outdated copy of the
+  variable can be read when reading some _other_ cpu's variables.
+
+
+* How to use local atomic operations
+
+#include <linux/percpu.h>
+#include <asm/local.h>
+
+static DEFINE_PER_CPU(local_t, counters) = LOCAL_INIT(0);
+
+
+* Counting
+
+Counting is done on all the bits of a signed long.
+
+In preemptible context, use get_cpu_var() and put_cpu_var() around local atomic
+operations : it makes sure that preemption is disabled around write access to
+the per cpu variable. For instance :
+
+	local_inc(&get_cpu_var(counters));
+	put_cpu_var(counters);
+
+If you are already in a preemption-safe context, you can use
+this_cpu_ptr() instead.
+
+	local_inc(this_cpu_ptr(&counters));
+
+
+
+* Reading the counters
+
+Those local counters can be read from foreign CPUs to sum the count. Note that
+the data seen by local_read across CPUs must be considered to be out of order
+relatively to other memory writes happening on the CPU that owns the data.
+
+	long sum = 0;
+	for_each_online_cpu(cpu)
+		sum += local_read(&per_cpu(counters, cpu));
+
+If you want to use a remote local_read to synchronize access to a resource
+between CPUs, explicit smp_wmb() and smp_rmb() memory barriers must be used
+respectively on the writer and the reader CPUs. It would be the case if you use
+the local_t variable as a counter of bytes written in a buffer : there should
+be a smp_wmb() between the buffer write and the counter increment and also a
+smp_rmb() between the counter read and the buffer read.
+
+
+Here is a sample module which implements a basic per cpu counter using local.h.
+
+--- BEGIN ---
+/* test-local.c
+ *
+ * Sample module for local.h usage.
+ */
+
+
+#include <asm/local.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/timer.h>
+
+static DEFINE_PER_CPU(local_t, counters) = LOCAL_INIT(0);
+
+static struct timer_list test_timer;
+
+/* IPI called on each CPU. */
+static void test_each(void *info)
+{
+	/* Increment the counter from a non preemptible context */
+	printk("Increment on cpu %d\n", smp_processor_id());
+	local_inc(this_cpu_ptr(&counters));
+
+	/* This is what incrementing the variable would look like within a
+	 * preemptible context (it disables preemption) :
+	 *
+	 * local_inc(&get_cpu_var(counters));
+	 * put_cpu_var(counters);
+	 */
+}
+
+static void do_test_timer(unsigned long data)
+{
+	int cpu;
+
+	/* Increment the counters */
+	on_each_cpu(test_each, NULL, 1);
+	/* Read all the counters */
+	printk("Counters read from CPU %d\n", smp_processor_id());
+	for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
+		printk("Read : CPU %d, count %ld\n", cpu,
+			local_read(&per_cpu(counters, cpu)));
+	}
+	del_timer(&test_timer);
+	test_timer.expires = jiffies + 1000;
+	add_timer(&test_timer);
+}
+
+static int __init test_init(void)
+{
+	/* initialize the timer that will increment the counter */
+	init_timer(&test_timer);
+	test_timer.function = do_test_timer;
+	test_timer.expires = jiffies + 1;
+	add_timer(&test_timer);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void __exit test_exit(void)
+{
+	del_timer_sync(&test_timer);
+}
+
+module_init(test_init);
+module_exit(test_exit);
+
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+MODULE_AUTHOR("Mathieu Desnoyers");
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Local Atomic Ops");
+--- END ---