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authorAndré Fabian Silva Delgado <emulatorman@parabola.nu>2015-08-05 17:04:01 -0300
committerAndré Fabian Silva Delgado <emulatorman@parabola.nu>2015-08-05 17:04:01 -0300
commit57f0f512b273f60d52568b8c6b77e17f5636edc0 (patch)
tree5e910f0e82173f4ef4f51111366a3f1299037a7b /Documentation/usb/URB.txt
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+Revised: 2000-Dec-05.
+Again: 2002-Jul-06
+Again: 2005-Sep-19
+
+ NOTE:
+
+ The USB subsystem now has a substantial section in "The Linux Kernel API"
+ guide (in Documentation/DocBook), generated from the current source
+ code. This particular documentation file isn't particularly current or
+ complete; don't rely on it except for a quick overview.
+
+
+1.1. Basic concept or 'What is an URB?'
+
+The basic idea of the new driver is message passing, the message itself is
+called USB Request Block, or URB for short.
+
+- An URB consists of all relevant information to execute any USB transaction
+ and deliver the data and status back.
+
+- Execution of an URB is inherently an asynchronous operation, i.e. the
+ usb_submit_urb(urb) call returns immediately after it has successfully
+ queued the requested action.
+
+- Transfers for one URB can be canceled with usb_unlink_urb(urb) at any time.
+
+- Each URB has a completion handler, which is called after the action
+ has been successfully completed or canceled. The URB also contains a
+ context-pointer for passing information to the completion handler.
+
+- Each endpoint for a device logically supports a queue of requests.
+ You can fill that queue, so that the USB hardware can still transfer
+ data to an endpoint while your driver handles completion of another.
+ This maximizes use of USB bandwidth, and supports seamless streaming
+ of data to (or from) devices when using periodic transfer modes.
+
+
+1.2. The URB structure
+
+Some of the fields in an URB are:
+
+struct urb
+{
+// (IN) device and pipe specify the endpoint queue
+ struct usb_device *dev; // pointer to associated USB device
+ unsigned int pipe; // endpoint information
+
+ unsigned int transfer_flags; // ISO_ASAP, SHORT_NOT_OK, etc.
+
+// (IN) all urbs need completion routines
+ void *context; // context for completion routine
+ void (*complete)(struct urb *); // pointer to completion routine
+
+// (OUT) status after each completion
+ int status; // returned status
+
+// (IN) buffer used for data transfers
+ void *transfer_buffer; // associated data buffer
+ int transfer_buffer_length; // data buffer length
+ int number_of_packets; // size of iso_frame_desc
+
+// (OUT) sometimes only part of CTRL/BULK/INTR transfer_buffer is used
+ int actual_length; // actual data buffer length
+
+// (IN) setup stage for CTRL (pass a struct usb_ctrlrequest)
+ unsigned char* setup_packet; // setup packet (control only)
+
+// Only for PERIODIC transfers (ISO, INTERRUPT)
+ // (IN/OUT) start_frame is set unless ISO_ASAP isn't set
+ int start_frame; // start frame
+ int interval; // polling interval
+
+ // ISO only: packets are only "best effort"; each can have errors
+ int error_count; // number of errors
+ struct usb_iso_packet_descriptor iso_frame_desc[0];
+};
+
+Your driver must create the "pipe" value using values from the appropriate
+endpoint descriptor in an interface that it's claimed.
+
+
+1.3. How to get an URB?
+
+URBs are allocated with the following call
+
+ struct urb *usb_alloc_urb(int isoframes, int mem_flags)
+
+Return value is a pointer to the allocated URB, 0 if allocation failed.
+The parameter isoframes specifies the number of isochronous transfer frames
+you want to schedule. For CTRL/BULK/INT, use 0. The mem_flags parameter
+holds standard memory allocation flags, letting you control (among other
+things) whether the underlying code may block or not.
+
+To free an URB, use
+
+ void usb_free_urb(struct urb *urb)
+
+You may free an urb that you've submitted, but which hasn't yet been
+returned to you in a completion callback. It will automatically be
+deallocated when it is no longer in use.
+
+
+1.4. What has to be filled in?
+
+Depending on the type of transaction, there are some inline functions
+defined in <linux/usb.h> to simplify the initialization, such as
+fill_control_urb() and fill_bulk_urb(). In general, they need the usb
+device pointer, the pipe (usual format from usb.h), the transfer buffer,
+the desired transfer length, the completion handler, and its context.
+Take a look at the some existing drivers to see how they're used.
+
+Flags:
+For ISO there are two startup behaviors: Specified start_frame or ASAP.
+For ASAP set URB_ISO_ASAP in transfer_flags.
+
+If short packets should NOT be tolerated, set URB_SHORT_NOT_OK in
+transfer_flags.
+
+
+1.5. How to submit an URB?
+
+Just call
+
+ int usb_submit_urb(struct urb *urb, int mem_flags)
+
+The mem_flags parameter, such as SLAB_ATOMIC, controls memory allocation,
+such as whether the lower levels may block when memory is tight.
+
+It immediately returns, either with status 0 (request queued) or some
+error code, usually caused by the following:
+
+- Out of memory (-ENOMEM)
+- Unplugged device (-ENODEV)
+- Stalled endpoint (-EPIPE)
+- Too many queued ISO transfers (-EAGAIN)
+- Too many requested ISO frames (-EFBIG)
+- Invalid INT interval (-EINVAL)
+- More than one packet for INT (-EINVAL)
+
+After submission, urb->status is -EINPROGRESS; however, you should never
+look at that value except in your completion callback.
+
+For isochronous endpoints, your completion handlers should (re)submit
+URBs to the same endpoint with the ISO_ASAP flag, using multi-buffering,
+to get seamless ISO streaming.
+
+
+1.6. How to cancel an already running URB?
+
+There are two ways to cancel an URB you've submitted but which hasn't
+been returned to your driver yet. For an asynchronous cancel, call
+
+ int usb_unlink_urb(struct urb *urb)
+
+It removes the urb from the internal list and frees all allocated
+HW descriptors. The status is changed to reflect unlinking. Note
+that the URB will not normally have finished when usb_unlink_urb()
+returns; you must still wait for the completion handler to be called.
+
+To cancel an URB synchronously, call
+
+ void usb_kill_urb(struct urb *urb)
+
+It does everything usb_unlink_urb does, and in addition it waits
+until after the URB has been returned and the completion handler
+has finished. It also marks the URB as temporarily unusable, so
+that if the completion handler or anyone else tries to resubmit it
+they will get a -EPERM error. Thus you can be sure that when
+usb_kill_urb() returns, the URB is totally idle.
+
+There is a lifetime issue to consider. An URB may complete at any
+time, and the completion handler may free the URB. If this happens
+while usb_unlink_urb or usb_kill_urb is running, it will cause a
+memory-access violation. The driver is responsible for avoiding this,
+which often means some sort of lock will be needed to prevent the URB
+from being deallocated while it is still in use.
+
+On the other hand, since usb_unlink_urb may end up calling the
+completion handler, the handler must not take any lock that is held
+when usb_unlink_urb is invoked. The general solution to this problem
+is to increment the URB's reference count while holding the lock, then
+drop the lock and call usb_unlink_urb or usb_kill_urb, and then
+decrement the URB's reference count. You increment the reference
+count by calling
+
+ struct urb *usb_get_urb(struct urb *urb)
+
+(ignore the return value; it is the same as the argument) and
+decrement the reference count by calling usb_free_urb. Of course,
+none of this is necessary if there's no danger of the URB being freed
+by the completion handler.
+
+
+1.7. What about the completion handler?
+
+The handler is of the following type:
+
+ typedef void (*usb_complete_t)(struct urb *)
+
+I.e., it gets the URB that caused the completion call. In the completion
+handler, you should have a look at urb->status to detect any USB errors.
+Since the context parameter is included in the URB, you can pass
+information to the completion handler.
+
+Note that even when an error (or unlink) is reported, data may have been
+transferred. That's because USB transfers are packetized; it might take
+sixteen packets to transfer your 1KByte buffer, and ten of them might
+have transferred successfully before the completion was called.
+
+
+NOTE: ***** WARNING *****
+NEVER SLEEP IN A COMPLETION HANDLER. These are often called in atomic
+context.
+
+In the current kernel, completion handlers run with local interrupts
+disabled, but in the future this will be changed, so don't assume that
+local IRQs are always disabled inside completion handlers.
+
+1.8. How to do isochronous (ISO) transfers?
+
+For ISO transfers you have to fill a usb_iso_packet_descriptor structure,
+allocated at the end of the URB by usb_alloc_urb(n,mem_flags), for each
+packet you want to schedule. You also have to set urb->interval to say
+how often to make transfers; it's often one per frame (which is once
+every microframe for highspeed devices). The actual interval used will
+be a power of two that's no bigger than what you specify.
+
+The usb_submit_urb() call modifies urb->interval to the implemented interval
+value that is less than or equal to the requested interval value. If
+ISO_ASAP scheduling is used, urb->start_frame is also updated.
+
+For each entry you have to specify the data offset for this frame (base is
+transfer_buffer), and the length you want to write/expect to read.
+After completion, actual_length contains the actual transferred length and
+status contains the resulting status for the ISO transfer for this frame.
+It is allowed to specify a varying length from frame to frame (e.g. for
+audio synchronisation/adaptive transfer rates). You can also use the length
+0 to omit one or more frames (striping).
+
+For scheduling you can choose your own start frame or ISO_ASAP. As explained
+earlier, if you always keep at least one URB queued and your completion
+keeps (re)submitting a later URB, you'll get smooth ISO streaming (if usb
+bandwidth utilization allows).
+
+If you specify your own start frame, make sure it's several frames in advance
+of the current frame. You might want this model if you're synchronizing
+ISO data with some other event stream.
+
+
+1.9. How to start interrupt (INT) transfers?
+
+Interrupt transfers, like isochronous transfers, are periodic, and happen
+in intervals that are powers of two (1, 2, 4 etc) units. Units are frames
+for full and low speed devices, and microframes for high speed ones.
+The usb_submit_urb() call modifies urb->interval to the implemented interval
+value that is less than or equal to the requested interval value.
+
+In Linux 2.6, unlike earlier versions, interrupt URBs are not automagically
+restarted when they complete. They end when the completion handler is
+called, just like other URBs. If you want an interrupt URB to be restarted,
+your completion handler must resubmit it.