Initial import

7 files changed, 3856 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/tools/power/x86/turbostat/.gitignore b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7521370d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+turbostat
diff --git a/tools/power/x86/turbostat/Makefile b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..403985456
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+CC		= $(CROSS_COMPILE)gcc
+BUILD_OUTPUT	:= $(CURDIR)
+PREFIX		:= /usr
+DESTDIR		:=
+
+ifeq ("$(origin O)", "command line")
+	BUILD_OUTPUT := $(O)
+endif
+
+turbostat : turbostat.c
+CFLAGS +=	-Wall
+CFLAGS +=	-DMSRHEADER='"../../../../arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/msr-index.h"'
+
+%: %.c
+	@mkdir -p $(BUILD_OUTPUT)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $< -o $(BUILD_OUTPUT)/$@
+
+.PHONY : clean
+clean :
+	@rm -f $(BUILD_OUTPUT)/turbostat
+
+install : turbostat
+	install -d  $(DESTDIR)$(PREFIX)/bin
+	install $(BUILD_OUTPUT)/turbostat $(DESTDIR)$(PREFIX)/bin/turbostat
+	install -d  $(DESTDIR)$(PREFIX)/share/man/man8
+	install turbostat.8 $(DESTDIR)$(PREFIX)/share/man/man8
diff --git a/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.8 b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.8
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05b8fc38d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.8
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+.TH TURBOSTAT 8
+.SH NAME
+turbostat \- Report processor frequency and idle statistics
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.ft B
+.B turbostat
+.RB [ Options ]
+.RB command
+.br
+.B turbostat
+.RB [ Options ]
+.RB [ "\--interval seconds" ]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+\fBturbostat \fP reports processor topology, frequency,
+idle power-state statistics, temperature and power on X86 processors.
+There are two ways to invoke turbostat.
+The first method is to supply a
+\fBcommand\fP, which is forked and statistics are printed
+upon its completion.
+The second method is to omit the command,
+and turbostat displays statistics every 5 seconds.
+The 5-second interval can be changed using the --interval option.
+.PP
+Some information is not available on older processors.
+.SS Options
+Options can be specified with a single or double '-', and only as much of the option
+name as necessary to disambiguate it from others is necessary.  Note that options are case-sensitive.
+\fB--Counter MSR#\fP shows the delta of the specified 64-bit MSR counter.
+.PP
+\fB--counter MSR#\fP shows the delta of the specified 32-bit MSR counter.
+.PP
+\fB--Dump\fP displays the raw counter values.
+.PP
+\fB--debug\fP displays additional system configuration information.  Invoking this parameter
+more than once may also enable internal turbostat debug information.
+.PP
+\fB--interval seconds\fP overrides the default 5-second measurement interval.
+.PP
+\fB--help\fP displays usage for the most common parameters.
+.PP
+\fB--Joules\fP displays energy in Joules, rather than dividing Joules by time to print power in Watts.
+.PP
+\fB--MSR MSR#\fP shows the specified 64-bit MSR value.
+.PP
+\fB--msr MSR#\fP shows the specified 32-bit MSR value.
+.PP
+\fB--Package\fP limits output to the system summary plus the 1st thread in each Package.
+.PP
+\fB--processor\fP limits output to the system summary plus the 1st thread in each processor of each package.  Ie. it skips hyper-threaded siblings.
+.PP
+\fB--Summary\fP limits output to a 1-line System Summary for each interval.
+.PP
+\fB--TCC temperature\fP sets the Thermal Control Circuit temperature for systems which do not export that value.  This is used for making sense of the Digital Thermal Sensor outputs, as they return degrees Celsius below the TCC activation temperature.
+.PP
+\fB--version\fP displays the version.
+.PP
+The \fBcommand\fP parameter forks \fBcommand\fP, and upon its exit,
+displays the statistics gathered since it was forked.
+.PP
+.SH DEFAULT FIELD DESCRIPTIONS
+.nf
+\fBCPU\fP Linux CPU (logical processor) number.  Yes, it is okay that on many systems the CPUs are not listed in numerical order -- for efficiency reasons, turbostat runs in topology order, so HT siblings appear together.
+\fBAVG_MHz\fP number of cycles executed divided by time elapsed.
+\fB%Busy\fP percent of the interval that the CPU retired instructions, aka. % of time in "C0" state.
+\fBBzy_MHz\fP average clock rate while the CPU was busy (in "c0" state).
+\fBTSC_MHz\fP average MHz that the TSC ran during the entire interval.
+.fi
+.PP
+.SH DEBUG FIELD DESCRIPTIONS
+.nf
+\fBPackage\fP processor package number.
+\fBCore\fP processor core number.
+Note that multiple CPUs per core indicate support for Intel(R) Hyper-Threading Technology (HT).
+\fBCPU%c1, CPU%c3, CPU%c6, CPU%c7\fP show the percentage residency in hardware core idle states.
+\fBCoreTmp\fP Degrees Celsius reported by the per-core Digital Thermal Sensor.
+\fBPkgTtmp\fP Degrees Celsius reported by the per-package Package Thermal Monitor.
+\fBPkg%pc2, Pkg%pc3, Pkg%pc6, Pkg%pc7\fP percentage residency in hardware package idle states.
+\fBPkgWatt\fP Watts consumed by the whole package.
+\fBCorWatt\fP Watts consumed by the core part of the package.
+\fBGFXWatt\fP Watts consumed by the Graphics part of the package -- available only on client processors.
+\fBRAMWatt\fP Watts consumed by the DRAM DIMMS -- available only on server processors.
+\fBPKG_%\fP percent of the interval that RAPL throttling was active on the Package.
+\fBRAM_%\fP percent of the interval that RAPL throttling was active on DRAM.
+.fi
+.PP
+.SH EXAMPLE
+Without any parameters, turbostat displays statistics ever 5 seconds.
+(override interval with "-i sec" option, or specify a command
+for turbostat to fork).
+.nf
+[root@hsw]# ./turbostat
+     CPU Avg_MHz   %Busy Bzy_MHz TSC_MHz
+       -     488   12.51    3898    3498
+       0       0    0.01    3885    3498
+       4    3897   99.99    3898    3498
+       1       0    0.00    3861    3498
+       5       0    0.00    3882    3498
+       2       1    0.02    3894    3498
+       6       2    0.06    3898    3498
+       3       0    0.00    3849    3498
+       7       0    0.00    3877    3498
+
+.fi
+.SH DEBUG EXAMPLE
+The "--debug" option prints additional system information before measurements:
+
+The first row of statistics is a summary for the entire system.
+For residency % columns, the summary is a weighted average.
+For Temperature columns, the summary is the column maximum.
+For Watts columns, the summary is a system total.
+Subsequent rows show per-CPU statistics.
+.nf
+turbostat version 4.1 10-Feb, 2015 - Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>
+CPUID(0): GenuineIntel 13 CPUID levels; family:model:stepping 0x6:3c:3 (6:60:3)
+CPUID(6): APERF, DTS, PTM, EPB
+RAPL: 3121 sec. Joule Counter Range, at 84 Watts
+cpu0: MSR_NHM_PLATFORM_INFO: 0x80838f3012300
+8 * 100 = 800 MHz max efficiency
+35 * 100 = 3500 MHz TSC frequency
+cpu0: MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL: 0x0004005d (C1E auto-promotion: DISabled)
+cpu0: MSR_NHM_SNB_PKG_CST_CFG_CTL: 0x1e000400 (UNdemote-C3, UNdemote-C1, demote-C3, demote-C1, UNlocked: pkg-cstate-limit=0: pc0)
+cpu0: MSR_NHM_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x25262727
+37 * 100 = 3700 MHz max turbo 4 active cores
+38 * 100 = 3800 MHz max turbo 3 active cores
+39 * 100 = 3900 MHz max turbo 2 active cores
+39 * 100 = 3900 MHz max turbo 1 active cores
+cpu0: MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS: 0x00000006 (balanced)
+cpu0: MSR_CORE_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x31200000 (Active: ) (Logged: Auto-HWP, Amps, MultiCoreTurbo, Transitions, )
+cpu0: MSR_GFX_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x00000000 (Active: ) (Logged: )
+cpu0: MSR_RING_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x0d000000 (Active: ) (Logged: Amps, PkgPwrL1, PkgPwrL2, )
+cpu0: MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT: 0x000a0e03 (0.125000 Watts, 0.000061 Joules, 0.000977 sec.)
+cpu0: MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO: 0x000002a0 (84 W TDP, RAPL 0 - 0 W, 0.000000 sec.)
+cpu0: MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT: 0x428348001a82a0 (UNlocked)
+cpu0: PKG Limit #1: ENabled (84.000000 Watts, 8.000000 sec, clamp DISabled)
+cpu0: PKG Limit #2: ENabled (105.000000 Watts, 0.002441* sec, clamp DISabled)
+cpu0: MSR_PP0_POLICY: 0
+cpu0: MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT: 0x00000000 (UNlocked)
+cpu0: Cores Limit: DISabled (0.000000 Watts, 0.000977 sec, clamp DISabled)
+cpu0: MSR_PP1_POLICY: 0
+cpu0: MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT: 0x00000000 (UNlocked)
+cpu0: GFX Limit: DISabled (0.000000 Watts, 0.000977 sec, clamp DISabled)
+cpu0: MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET: 0x00641400 (100 C)
+cpu0: MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS: 0x88340800 (48 C)
+cpu0: MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS: 0x88340000 (48 C +/- 1)
+cpu1: MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS: 0x88440000 (32 C +/- 1)
+cpu2: MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS: 0x88450000 (31 C +/- 1)
+cpu3: MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS: 0x88490000 (27 C +/- 1)
+    Core     CPU Avg_MHz   %Busy Bzy_MHz TSC_MHz     SMI  CPU%c1  CPU%c3  CPU%c6  CPU%c7 CoreTmp  PkgTmp PkgWatt CorWatt GFXWatt
+       -       -     493   12.64    3898    3498       0   12.64    0.00    0.00   74.72      47      47   21.62   13.74    0.00
+       0       0       4    0.11    3894    3498       0   99.89    0.00    0.00    0.00      47      47   21.62   13.74    0.00
+       0       4    3897   99.98    3898    3498       0    0.02
+       1       1       7    0.17    3887    3498       0    0.04    0.00    0.00   99.79      32
+       1       5       0    0.00    3885    3498       0    0.21
+       2       2      29    0.76    3895    3498       0    0.10    0.01    0.01   99.13      32
+       2       6       2    0.06    3896    3498       0    0.80
+       3       3       1    0.02    3832    3498       0    0.03    0.00    0.00   99.95      28
+       3       7       0    0.00    3879    3498       0    0.04
+^C
+
+.fi
+The \fBmax efficiency\fP frequency, a.k.a. Low Frequency Mode, is the frequency
+available at the minimum package voltage.  The \fBTSC frequency\fP is the base
+frequency of the processor -- this should match the brand string
+in /proc/cpuinfo.  This base frequency
+should be sustainable on all CPUs indefinitely, given nominal power and cooling.
+The remaining rows show what maximum turbo frequency is possible
+depending on the number of idle cores.  Note that not all information is
+available on all processors.
+.PP
+The --debug option adds additional columns to the measurement ouput, including CPU idle power-state residency processor temperature sensor readinds.
+See the field definitions above.
+.SH FORK EXAMPLE
+If turbostat is invoked with a command, it will fork that command
+and output the statistics gathered when the command exits.
+eg. Here a cycle soaker is run on 1 CPU (see %c0) for a few seconds
+until ^C while the other CPUs are mostly idle:
+
+.nf
+root@hsw: turbostat cat /dev/zero > /dev/null
+^C
+     CPU Avg_MHz   %Busy Bzy_MHz TSC_MHz
+       -     482   12.51    3854    3498
+       0       0    0.01    1960    3498
+       4       0    0.00    2128    3498
+       1       0    0.00    3003    3498
+       5    3854   99.98    3855    3498
+       2       0    0.01    3504    3498
+       6       3    0.08    3884    3498
+       3       0    0.00    2553    3498
+       7       0    0.00    2126    3498
+10.783983 sec
+
+.fi
+Above the cycle soaker drives cpu5 up its 3.9 GHz turbo limit.
+The first row shows the average MHz and %Busy across all the processors in the system.
+
+Note that the Avg_MHz column reflects the total number of cycles executed
+divided by the measurement interval.  If the %Busy column is 100%,
+then the processor was running at that speed the entire interval.
+The Avg_MHz multiplied by the %Busy results in the Bzy_MHz --
+which is the average frequency while the processor was executing --
+not including any non-busy idle time.
+
+.SH NOTES
+
+.B "turbostat "
+must be run as root.
+Alternatively, non-root users can be enabled to run turbostat this way:
+
+# setcap cap_sys_rawio=ep ./turbostat
+
+# chmod +r /dev/cpu/*/msr
+
+.B "turbostat "
+reads hardware counters, but doesn't write them.
+So it will not interfere with the OS or other programs, including
+multiple invocations of itself.
+
+\fBturbostat \fP
+may work poorly on Linux-2.6.20 through 2.6.29,
+as \fBacpi-cpufreq \fPperiodically cleared the APERF and MPERF MSRs
+in those kernels.
+
+AVG_MHz = APERF_delta/measurement_interval.  This is the actual
+number of elapsed cycles divided by the entire sample interval --
+including idle time.  Note that this calculation is resilient
+to systems lacking a non-stop TSC.
+
+TSC_MHz = TSC_delta/measurement_interval.
+On a system with an invariant TSC, this value will be constant
+and will closely match the base frequency value shown
+in the brand string in /proc/cpuinfo.  On a system where
+the TSC stops in idle, TSC_MHz will drop
+below the processor's base frequency.
+
+%Busy = MPERF_delta/TSC_delta
+
+Bzy_MHz = TSC_delta/APERF_delta/MPERF_delta/measurement_interval
+
+Note that these calculations depend on TSC_delta, so they
+are not reliable during intervals when TSC_MHz is not running at the base frequency.
+
+Turbostat data collection is not atomic.
+Extremely short measurement intervals (much less than 1 second),
+or system activity that prevents turbostat from being able
+to run on all CPUS to quickly collect data, will result in
+inconsistent results.
+
+The APERF, MPERF MSRs are defined to count non-halted cycles.
+Although it is not guaranteed by the architecture, turbostat assumes
+that they count at TSC rate, which is true on all processors tested to date.
+
+.SH REFERENCES
+"Intel® Turbo Boost Technology
+in Intel® Core™ Microarchitecture (Nehalem) Based Processors"
+http://download.intel.com/design/processor/applnots/320354.pdf
+
+"Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual
+Volume 3B: System Programming Guide"
+http://www.intel.com/products/processor/manuals/
+
+.SH FILES
+.ta
+.nf
+/dev/cpu/*/msr
+.fi
+
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+msr(4), vmstat(8)
+.PP
+.SH AUTHOR
+.nf
+Written by Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
diff --git a/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..323b65edf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3118 @@
+/*
+ * turbostat -- show CPU frequency and C-state residency
+ * on modern Intel turbo-capable processors.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Intel Corporation.
+ * Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public License,
+ * version 2, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for
+ * more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+ * this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 51 Franklin St - Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ */
+
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#include MSRHEADER
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <cpuid.h>
+#include <linux/capability.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+char *proc_stat = "/proc/stat";
+unsigned int interval_sec = 5;
+unsigned int debug;
+unsigned int rapl_joules;
+unsigned int summary_only;
+unsigned int dump_only;
+unsigned int skip_c0;
+unsigned int skip_c1;
+unsigned int do_nhm_cstates;
+unsigned int do_snb_cstates;
+unsigned int do_knl_cstates;
+unsigned int do_pc2;
+unsigned int do_pc3;
+unsigned int do_pc6;
+unsigned int do_pc7;
+unsigned int do_c8_c9_c10;
+unsigned int do_skl_residency;
+unsigned int do_slm_cstates;
+unsigned int use_c1_residency_msr;
+unsigned int has_aperf;
+unsigned int has_epb;
+unsigned int units = 1000000;	/* MHz etc */
+unsigned int genuine_intel;
+unsigned int has_invariant_tsc;
+unsigned int do_nhm_platform_info;
+unsigned int extra_msr_offset32;
+unsigned int extra_msr_offset64;
+unsigned int extra_delta_offset32;
+unsigned int extra_delta_offset64;
+int do_smi;
+double bclk;
+unsigned int show_pkg;
+unsigned int show_core;
+unsigned int show_cpu;
+unsigned int show_pkg_only;
+unsigned int show_core_only;
+char *output_buffer, *outp;
+unsigned int do_rapl;
+unsigned int do_dts;
+unsigned int do_ptm;
+unsigned int tcc_activation_temp;
+unsigned int tcc_activation_temp_override;
+double rapl_power_units, rapl_time_units;
+double rapl_dram_energy_units, rapl_energy_units;
+double rapl_joule_counter_range;
+unsigned int do_core_perf_limit_reasons;
+unsigned int do_gfx_perf_limit_reasons;
+unsigned int do_ring_perf_limit_reasons;
+unsigned int crystal_hz;
+unsigned long long tsc_hz;
+int base_cpu;
+
+#define RAPL_PKG		(1 << 0)
+					/* 0x610 MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT */
+					/* 0x611 MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS */
+#define RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS	(1 << 1)
+					/* 0x613 MSR_PKG_PERF_STATUS */
+#define RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO	(1 << 2)
+					/* 0x614 MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO */
+
+#define RAPL_DRAM		(1 << 3)
+					/* 0x618 MSR_DRAM_POWER_LIMIT */
+					/* 0x619 MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS */
+#define RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS	(1 << 4)
+					/* 0x61b MSR_DRAM_PERF_STATUS */
+#define RAPL_DRAM_POWER_INFO	(1 << 5)
+					/* 0x61c MSR_DRAM_POWER_INFO */
+
+#define RAPL_CORES		(1 << 6)
+					/* 0x638 MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT */
+					/* 0x639 MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS */
+#define RAPL_CORE_POLICY	(1 << 7)
+					/* 0x63a MSR_PP0_POLICY */
+
+#define RAPL_GFX		(1 << 8)
+					/* 0x640 MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT */
+					/* 0x641 MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS */
+					/* 0x642 MSR_PP1_POLICY */
+#define	TJMAX_DEFAULT	100
+
+#define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
+
+int aperf_mperf_unstable;
+int backwards_count;
+char *progname;
+
+cpu_set_t *cpu_present_set, *cpu_affinity_set;
+size_t cpu_present_setsize, cpu_affinity_setsize;
+
+struct thread_data {
+	unsigned long long tsc;
+	unsigned long long aperf;
+	unsigned long long mperf;
+	unsigned long long c1;
+	unsigned long long extra_msr64;
+	unsigned long long extra_delta64;
+	unsigned long long extra_msr32;
+	unsigned long long extra_delta32;
+	unsigned int smi_count;
+	unsigned int cpu_id;
+	unsigned int flags;
+#define CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE	0x2
+#define CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE	0x4
+} *thread_even, *thread_odd;
+
+struct core_data {
+	unsigned long long c3;
+	unsigned long long c6;
+	unsigned long long c7;
+	unsigned int core_temp_c;
+	unsigned int core_id;
+} *core_even, *core_odd;
+
+struct pkg_data {
+	unsigned long long pc2;
+	unsigned long long pc3;
+	unsigned long long pc6;
+	unsigned long long pc7;
+	unsigned long long pc8;
+	unsigned long long pc9;
+	unsigned long long pc10;
+	unsigned long long pkg_wtd_core_c0;
+	unsigned long long pkg_any_core_c0;
+	unsigned long long pkg_any_gfxe_c0;
+	unsigned long long pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0;
+	unsigned int package_id;
+	unsigned int energy_pkg;	/* MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS */
+	unsigned int energy_dram;	/* MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS */
+	unsigned int energy_cores;	/* MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS */
+	unsigned int energy_gfx;	/* MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS */
+	unsigned int rapl_pkg_perf_status;	/* MSR_PKG_PERF_STATUS */
+	unsigned int rapl_dram_perf_status;	/* MSR_DRAM_PERF_STATUS */
+	unsigned int pkg_temp_c;
+
+} *package_even, *package_odd;
+
+#define ODD_COUNTERS thread_odd, core_odd, package_odd
+#define EVEN_COUNTERS thread_even, core_even, package_even
+
+#define GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no, core_no, pkg_no) \
+	(thread_base + (pkg_no) * topo.num_cores_per_pkg * \
+		topo.num_threads_per_core + \
+		(core_no) * topo.num_threads_per_core + (thread_no))
+#define GET_CORE(core_base, core_no, pkg_no) \
+	(core_base + (pkg_no) * topo.num_cores_per_pkg + (core_no))
+#define GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no) (pkg_base + pkg_no)
+
+struct system_summary {
+	struct thread_data threads;
+	struct core_data cores;
+	struct pkg_data packages;
+} sum, average;
+
+
+struct topo_params {
+	int num_packages;
+	int num_cpus;
+	int num_cores;
+	int max_cpu_num;
+	int num_cores_per_pkg;
+	int num_threads_per_core;
+} topo;
+
+struct timeval tv_even, tv_odd, tv_delta;
+
+void setup_all_buffers(void);
+
+int cpu_is_not_present(int cpu)
+{
+	return !CPU_ISSET_S(cpu, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
+}
+/*
+ * run func(thread, core, package) in topology order
+ * skip non-present cpus
+ */
+
+int for_all_cpus(int (func)(struct thread_data *, struct core_data *, struct pkg_data *),
+	struct thread_data *thread_base, struct core_data *core_base, struct pkg_data *pkg_base)
+{
+	int retval, pkg_no, core_no, thread_no;
+
+	for (pkg_no = 0; pkg_no < topo.num_packages; ++pkg_no) {
+		for (core_no = 0; core_no < topo.num_cores_per_pkg; ++core_no) {
+			for (thread_no = 0; thread_no <
+				topo.num_threads_per_core; ++thread_no) {
+				struct thread_data *t;
+				struct core_data *c;
+				struct pkg_data *p;
+
+				t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no, core_no, pkg_no);
+
+				if (cpu_is_not_present(t->cpu_id))
+					continue;
+
+				c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_no, pkg_no);
+				p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no);
+
+				retval = func(t, c, p);
+				if (retval)
+					return retval;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int cpu_migrate(int cpu)
+{
+	CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);
+	CPU_SET_S(cpu, cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);
+	if (sched_setaffinity(0, cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set) == -1)
+		return -1;
+	else
+		return 0;
+}
+
+int get_msr(int cpu, off_t offset, unsigned long long *msr)
+{
+	ssize_t retval;
+	char pathname[32];
+	int fd;
+
+	sprintf(pathname, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", cpu);
+	fd = open(pathname, O_RDONLY);
+	if (fd < 0)
+		err(-1, "%s open failed, try chown or chmod +r /dev/cpu/*/msr, or run as root", pathname);
+
+	retval = pread(fd, msr, sizeof *msr, offset);
+	close(fd);
+
+	if (retval != sizeof *msr)
+		err(-1, "%s offset 0x%llx read failed", pathname, (unsigned long long)offset);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Example Format w/ field column widths:
+ *
+ *  Package    Core     CPU Avg_MHz Bzy_MHz TSC_MHz     SMI   %Busy CPU_%c1 CPU_%c3 CPU_%c6 CPU_%c7 CoreTmp  PkgTmp Pkg%pc2 Pkg%pc3 Pkg%pc6 Pkg%pc7 PkgWatt CorWatt GFXWatt
+ * 123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678
+ */
+
+void print_header(void)
+{
+	if (show_pkg)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, " Package");
+	if (show_core)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "    Core");
+	if (show_cpu)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "     CPU");
+	if (has_aperf)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, " Avg_MHz");
+	if (has_aperf)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "   %%Busy");
+	if (has_aperf)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, " Bzy_MHz");
+	outp += sprintf(outp, " TSC_MHz");
+
+	if (extra_delta_offset32)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "  count 0x%03X", extra_delta_offset32);
+	if (extra_delta_offset64)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "  COUNT 0x%03X", extra_delta_offset64);
+	if (extra_msr_offset32)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "   MSR 0x%03X", extra_msr_offset32);
+	if (extra_msr_offset64)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "           MSR 0x%03X", extra_msr_offset64);
+
+	if (!debug)
+		goto done;
+
+	if (do_smi)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "     SMI");
+
+	if (do_nhm_cstates)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "  CPU%%c1");
+	if (do_nhm_cstates && !do_slm_cstates && !do_knl_cstates)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "  CPU%%c3");
+	if (do_nhm_cstates)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "  CPU%%c6");
+	if (do_snb_cstates)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "  CPU%%c7");
+
+	if (do_dts)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, " CoreTmp");
+	if (do_ptm)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "  PkgTmp");
+
+	if (do_skl_residency) {
+		outp += sprintf(outp, " Totl%%C0");
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "  Any%%C0");
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "  GFX%%C0");
+		outp += sprintf(outp, " CPUGFX%%");
+	}
+
+	if (do_pc2)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, " Pkg%%pc2");
+	if (do_pc3)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, " Pkg%%pc3");
+	if (do_pc6)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, " Pkg%%pc6");
+	if (do_pc7)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, " Pkg%%pc7");
+	if (do_c8_c9_c10) {
+		outp += sprintf(outp, " Pkg%%pc8");
+		outp += sprintf(outp, " Pkg%%pc9");
+		outp += sprintf(outp, " Pk%%pc10");
+	}
+
+	if (do_rapl && !rapl_joules) {
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, " PkgWatt");
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, " CorWatt");
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, " GFXWatt");
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, " RAMWatt");
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "   PKG_%%");
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "   RAM_%%");
+	} else if (do_rapl && rapl_joules) {
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "   Pkg_J");
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "   Cor_J");
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "   GFX_J");
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "   RAM_W");
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "   PKG_%%");
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "   RAM_%%");
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "   time");
+
+	}
+    done:
+	outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");
+}
+
+int dump_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
+	struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	outp += sprintf(outp, "t %p, c %p, p %p\n", t, c, p);
+
+	if (t) {
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "CPU: %d flags 0x%x\n",
+			t->cpu_id, t->flags);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "TSC: %016llX\n", t->tsc);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "aperf: %016llX\n", t->aperf);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "mperf: %016llX\n", t->mperf);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "c1: %016llX\n", t->c1);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "msr0x%x: %08llX\n",
+			extra_delta_offset32, t->extra_delta32);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "msr0x%x: %016llX\n",
+			extra_delta_offset64, t->extra_delta64);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "msr0x%x: %08llX\n",
+			extra_msr_offset32, t->extra_msr32);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "msr0x%x: %016llX\n",
+			extra_msr_offset64, t->extra_msr64);
+		if (do_smi)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "SMI: %08X\n", t->smi_count);
+	}
+
+	if (c) {
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "core: %d\n", c->core_id);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "c3: %016llX\n", c->c3);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "c6: %016llX\n", c->c6);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "c7: %016llX\n", c->c7);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "DTS: %dC\n", c->core_temp_c);
+	}
+
+	if (p) {
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "package: %d\n", p->package_id);
+
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Weighted cores: %016llX\n", p->pkg_wtd_core_c0);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Any cores: %016llX\n", p->pkg_any_core_c0);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Any GFX: %016llX\n", p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "CPU + GFX: %016llX\n", p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0);
+
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "pc2: %016llX\n", p->pc2);
+		if (do_pc3)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "pc3: %016llX\n", p->pc3);
+		if (do_pc6)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "pc6: %016llX\n", p->pc6);
+		if (do_pc7)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "pc7: %016llX\n", p->pc7);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "pc8: %016llX\n", p->pc8);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "pc9: %016llX\n", p->pc9);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "pc10: %016llX\n", p->pc10);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules PKG: %0X\n", p->energy_pkg);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules COR: %0X\n", p->energy_cores);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules GFX: %0X\n", p->energy_gfx);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules RAM: %0X\n", p->energy_dram);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Throttle PKG: %0X\n",
+			p->rapl_pkg_perf_status);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Throttle RAM: %0X\n",
+			p->rapl_dram_perf_status);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "PTM: %dC\n", p->pkg_temp_c);
+	}
+
+	outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * column formatting convention & formats
+ */
+int format_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
+	struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	double interval_float;
+	char *fmt8;
+
+	 /* if showing only 1st thread in core and this isn't one, bail out */
+	if (show_core_only && !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
+		return 0;
+
+	 /* if showing only 1st thread in pkg and this isn't one, bail out */
+	if (show_pkg_only && !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		return 0;
+
+	interval_float = tv_delta.tv_sec + tv_delta.tv_usec/1000000.0;
+
+	/* topo columns, print blanks on 1st (average) line */
+	if (t == &average.threads) {
+		if (show_pkg)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "       -");
+		if (show_core)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "       -");
+		if (show_cpu)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "       -");
+	} else {
+		if (show_pkg) {
+			if (p)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%8d", p->package_id);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "       -");
+		}
+		if (show_core) {
+			if (c)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%8d", c->core_id);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "       -");
+		}
+		if (show_cpu)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%8d", t->cpu_id);
+	}
+
+	/* Avg_MHz */
+	if (has_aperf)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.0f",
+			1.0 / units * t->aperf / interval_float);
+
+	/* %Busy */
+	if (has_aperf) {
+		if (!skip_c0)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * t->mperf/t->tsc);
+		else
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "********");
+	}
+
+	/* Bzy_MHz */
+	if (has_aperf)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.0f",
+			1.0 * t->tsc / units * t->aperf / t->mperf / interval_float);
+
+	/* TSC_MHz */
+	outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.0f", 1.0 * t->tsc/units/interval_float);
+
+	/* delta */
+	if (extra_delta_offset32)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "  %11llu", t->extra_delta32);
+
+	/* DELTA */
+	if (extra_delta_offset64)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "  %11llu", t->extra_delta64);
+	/* msr */
+	if (extra_msr_offset32)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "  0x%08llx", t->extra_msr32);
+
+	/* MSR */
+	if (extra_msr_offset64)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "  0x%016llx", t->extra_msr64);
+
+	if (!debug)
+		goto done;
+
+	/* SMI */
+	if (do_smi)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8d", t->smi_count);
+
+	if (do_nhm_cstates) {
+		if (!skip_c1)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * t->c1/t->tsc);
+		else
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "********");
+	}
+
+	/* print per-core data only for 1st thread in core */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
+		goto done;
+
+	if (do_nhm_cstates && !do_slm_cstates && !do_knl_cstates)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * c->c3/t->tsc);
+	if (do_nhm_cstates)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * c->c6/t->tsc);
+	if (do_snb_cstates)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * c->c7/t->tsc);
+
+	if (do_dts)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8d", c->core_temp_c);
+
+	/* print per-package data only for 1st core in package */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		goto done;
+
+	/* PkgTmp */
+	if (do_ptm)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8d", p->pkg_temp_c);
+
+	/* Totl%C0, Any%C0 GFX%C0 CPUGFX% */
+	if (do_skl_residency) {
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pkg_wtd_core_c0/t->tsc);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pkg_any_core_c0/t->tsc);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0/t->tsc);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0/t->tsc);
+	}
+
+	if (do_pc2)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pc2/t->tsc);
+	if (do_pc3)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pc3/t->tsc);
+	if (do_pc6)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pc6/t->tsc);
+	if (do_pc7)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pc7/t->tsc);
+	if (do_c8_c9_c10) {
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pc8/t->tsc);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pc9/t->tsc);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%8.2f", 100.0 * p->pc10/t->tsc);
+	}
+
+	/*
+ 	 * If measurement interval exceeds minimum RAPL Joule Counter range,
+ 	 * indicate that results are suspect by printing "**" in fraction place.
+ 	 */
+	if (interval_float < rapl_joule_counter_range)
+		fmt8 = "%8.2f";
+	else
+		fmt8 = " %6.0f**";
+
+	if (do_rapl && !rapl_joules) {
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, p->energy_pkg * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, p->energy_cores * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, p->energy_gfx * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, p->energy_dram * rapl_dram_energy_units / interval_float);
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, 100.0 * p->rapl_pkg_perf_status * rapl_time_units / interval_float);
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, 100.0 * p->rapl_dram_perf_status * rapl_time_units / interval_float);
+	} else if (do_rapl && rapl_joules) {
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8,
+					p->energy_pkg * rapl_energy_units);
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8,
+					p->energy_cores * rapl_energy_units);
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8,
+					p->energy_gfx * rapl_energy_units);
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8,
+					p->energy_dram * rapl_dram_energy_units);
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, 100.0 * p->rapl_pkg_perf_status * rapl_time_units / interval_float);
+		if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, 100.0 * p->rapl_dram_perf_status * rapl_time_units / interval_float);
+
+		outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, interval_float);
+	}
+done:
+	outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void flush_stdout()
+{
+	fputs(output_buffer, stdout);
+	fflush(stdout);
+	outp = output_buffer;
+}
+void flush_stderr()
+{
+	fputs(output_buffer, stderr);
+	outp = output_buffer;
+}
+void format_all_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	static int printed;
+
+	if (!printed || !summary_only)
+		print_header();
+
+	if (topo.num_cpus > 1)
+		format_counters(&average.threads, &average.cores,
+			&average.packages);
+
+	printed = 1;
+
+	if (summary_only)
+		return;
+
+	for_all_cpus(format_counters, t, c, p);
+}
+
+#define DELTA_WRAP32(new, old)			\
+	if (new > old) {			\
+		old = new - old;		\
+	} else {				\
+		old = 0x100000000 + new - old;	\
+	}
+
+void
+delta_package(struct pkg_data *new, struct pkg_data *old)
+{
+
+	if (do_skl_residency) {
+		old->pkg_wtd_core_c0 = new->pkg_wtd_core_c0 - old->pkg_wtd_core_c0;
+		old->pkg_any_core_c0 = new->pkg_any_core_c0 - old->pkg_any_core_c0;
+		old->pkg_any_gfxe_c0 = new->pkg_any_gfxe_c0 - old->pkg_any_gfxe_c0;
+		old->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 = new->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 - old->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0;
+	}
+	old->pc2 = new->pc2 - old->pc2;
+	if (do_pc3)
+		old->pc3 = new->pc3 - old->pc3;
+	if (do_pc6)
+		old->pc6 = new->pc6 - old->pc6;
+	if (do_pc7)
+		old->pc7 = new->pc7 - old->pc7;
+	old->pc8 = new->pc8 - old->pc8;
+	old->pc9 = new->pc9 - old->pc9;
+	old->pc10 = new->pc10 - old->pc10;
+	old->pkg_temp_c = new->pkg_temp_c;
+
+	DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_pkg, old->energy_pkg);
+	DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_cores, old->energy_cores);
+	DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_gfx, old->energy_gfx);
+	DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_dram, old->energy_dram);
+	DELTA_WRAP32(new->rapl_pkg_perf_status, old->rapl_pkg_perf_status);
+	DELTA_WRAP32(new->rapl_dram_perf_status, old->rapl_dram_perf_status);
+}
+
+void
+delta_core(struct core_data *new, struct core_data *old)
+{
+	old->c3 = new->c3 - old->c3;
+	old->c6 = new->c6 - old->c6;
+	old->c7 = new->c7 - old->c7;
+	old->core_temp_c = new->core_temp_c;
+}
+
+/*
+ * old = new - old
+ */
+void
+delta_thread(struct thread_data *new, struct thread_data *old,
+	struct core_data *core_delta)
+{
+	old->tsc = new->tsc - old->tsc;
+
+	/* check for TSC < 1 Mcycles over interval */
+	if (old->tsc < (1000 * 1000))
+		errx(-3, "Insanely slow TSC rate, TSC stops in idle?\n"
+		     "You can disable all c-states by booting with \"idle=poll\"\n"
+		     "or just the deep ones with \"processor.max_cstate=1\"");
+
+	old->c1 = new->c1 - old->c1;
+
+	if (has_aperf) {
+		if ((new->aperf > old->aperf) && (new->mperf > old->mperf)) {
+			old->aperf = new->aperf - old->aperf;
+			old->mperf = new->mperf - old->mperf;
+		} else {
+
+			if (!aperf_mperf_unstable) {
+				fprintf(stderr, "%s: APERF or MPERF went backwards *\n", progname);
+				fprintf(stderr, "* Frequency results do not cover entire interval *\n");
+				fprintf(stderr, "* fix this by running Linux-2.6.30 or later *\n");
+
+				aperf_mperf_unstable = 1;
+			}
+			/*
+			 * mperf delta is likely a huge "positive" number
+			 * can not use it for calculating c0 time
+			 */
+			skip_c0 = 1;
+			skip_c1 = 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	if (use_c1_residency_msr) {
+		/*
+		 * Some models have a dedicated C1 residency MSR,
+		 * which should be more accurate than the derivation below.
+		 */
+	} else {
+		/*
+		 * As counter collection is not atomic,
+		 * it is possible for mperf's non-halted cycles + idle states
+		 * to exceed TSC's all cycles: show c1 = 0% in that case.
+		 */
+		if ((old->mperf + core_delta->c3 + core_delta->c6 + core_delta->c7) > old->tsc)
+			old->c1 = 0;
+		else {
+			/* normal case, derive c1 */
+			old->c1 = old->tsc - old->mperf - core_delta->c3
+				- core_delta->c6 - core_delta->c7;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (old->mperf == 0) {
+		if (debug > 1) fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d MPERF 0!\n", old->cpu_id);
+		old->mperf = 1;	/* divide by 0 protection */
+	}
+
+	old->extra_delta32 = new->extra_delta32 - old->extra_delta32;
+	old->extra_delta32 &= 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+	old->extra_delta64 = new->extra_delta64 - old->extra_delta64;
+
+	/*
+	 * Extra MSR is just a snapshot, simply copy latest w/o subtracting
+	 */
+	old->extra_msr32 = new->extra_msr32;
+	old->extra_msr64 = new->extra_msr64;
+
+	if (do_smi)
+		old->smi_count = new->smi_count - old->smi_count;
+}
+
+int delta_cpu(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
+	struct pkg_data *p, struct thread_data *t2,
+	struct core_data *c2, struct pkg_data *p2)
+{
+	/* calculate core delta only for 1st thread in core */
+	if (t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE)
+		delta_core(c, c2);
+
+	/* always calculate thread delta */
+	delta_thread(t, t2, c2);	/* c2 is core delta */
+
+	/* calculate package delta only for 1st core in package */
+	if (t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE)
+		delta_package(p, p2);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void clear_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	t->tsc = 0;
+	t->aperf = 0;
+	t->mperf = 0;
+	t->c1 = 0;
+
+	t->smi_count = 0;
+	t->extra_delta32 = 0;
+	t->extra_delta64 = 0;
+
+	/* tells format_counters to dump all fields from this set */
+	t->flags = CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE | CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE;
+
+	c->c3 = 0;
+	c->c6 = 0;
+	c->c7 = 0;
+	c->core_temp_c = 0;
+
+	p->pkg_wtd_core_c0 = 0;
+	p->pkg_any_core_c0 = 0;
+	p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0 = 0;
+	p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 = 0;
+
+	p->pc2 = 0;
+	if (do_pc3)
+		p->pc3 = 0;
+	if (do_pc6)
+		p->pc6 = 0;
+	if (do_pc7)
+		p->pc7 = 0;
+	p->pc8 = 0;
+	p->pc9 = 0;
+	p->pc10 = 0;
+
+	p->energy_pkg = 0;
+	p->energy_dram = 0;
+	p->energy_cores = 0;
+	p->energy_gfx = 0;
+	p->rapl_pkg_perf_status = 0;
+	p->rapl_dram_perf_status = 0;
+	p->pkg_temp_c = 0;
+}
+int sum_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
+	struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	average.threads.tsc += t->tsc;
+	average.threads.aperf += t->aperf;
+	average.threads.mperf += t->mperf;
+	average.threads.c1 += t->c1;
+
+	average.threads.extra_delta32 += t->extra_delta32;
+	average.threads.extra_delta64 += t->extra_delta64;
+
+	/* sum per-core values only for 1st thread in core */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
+		return 0;
+
+	average.cores.c3 += c->c3;
+	average.cores.c6 += c->c6;
+	average.cores.c7 += c->c7;
+
+	average.cores.core_temp_c = MAX(average.cores.core_temp_c, c->core_temp_c);
+
+	/* sum per-pkg values only for 1st core in pkg */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (do_skl_residency) {
+		average.packages.pkg_wtd_core_c0 += p->pkg_wtd_core_c0;
+		average.packages.pkg_any_core_c0 += p->pkg_any_core_c0;
+		average.packages.pkg_any_gfxe_c0 += p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0;
+		average.packages.pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 += p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0;
+	}
+
+	average.packages.pc2 += p->pc2;
+	if (do_pc3)
+		average.packages.pc3 += p->pc3;
+	if (do_pc6)
+		average.packages.pc6 += p->pc6;
+	if (do_pc7)
+		average.packages.pc7 += p->pc7;
+	average.packages.pc8 += p->pc8;
+	average.packages.pc9 += p->pc9;
+	average.packages.pc10 += p->pc10;
+
+	average.packages.energy_pkg += p->energy_pkg;
+	average.packages.energy_dram += p->energy_dram;
+	average.packages.energy_cores += p->energy_cores;
+	average.packages.energy_gfx += p->energy_gfx;
+
+	average.packages.pkg_temp_c = MAX(average.packages.pkg_temp_c, p->pkg_temp_c);
+
+	average.packages.rapl_pkg_perf_status += p->rapl_pkg_perf_status;
+	average.packages.rapl_dram_perf_status += p->rapl_dram_perf_status;
+	return 0;
+}
+/*
+ * sum the counters for all cpus in the system
+ * compute the weighted average
+ */
+void compute_average(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
+	struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	clear_counters(&average.threads, &average.cores, &average.packages);
+
+	for_all_cpus(sum_counters, t, c, p);
+
+	average.threads.tsc /= topo.num_cpus;
+	average.threads.aperf /= topo.num_cpus;
+	average.threads.mperf /= topo.num_cpus;
+	average.threads.c1 /= topo.num_cpus;
+
+	average.threads.extra_delta32 /= topo.num_cpus;
+	average.threads.extra_delta32 &= 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+	average.threads.extra_delta64 /= topo.num_cpus;
+
+	average.cores.c3 /= topo.num_cores;
+	average.cores.c6 /= topo.num_cores;
+	average.cores.c7 /= topo.num_cores;
+
+	if (do_skl_residency) {
+		average.packages.pkg_wtd_core_c0 /= topo.num_packages;
+		average.packages.pkg_any_core_c0 /= topo.num_packages;
+		average.packages.pkg_any_gfxe_c0 /= topo.num_packages;
+		average.packages.pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 /= topo.num_packages;
+	}
+
+	average.packages.pc2 /= topo.num_packages;
+	if (do_pc3)
+		average.packages.pc3 /= topo.num_packages;
+	if (do_pc6)
+		average.packages.pc6 /= topo.num_packages;
+	if (do_pc7)
+		average.packages.pc7 /= topo.num_packages;
+
+	average.packages.pc8 /= topo.num_packages;
+	average.packages.pc9 /= topo.num_packages;
+	average.packages.pc10 /= topo.num_packages;
+}
+
+static unsigned long long rdtsc(void)
+{
+	unsigned int low, high;
+
+	asm volatile("rdtsc" : "=a" (low), "=d" (high));
+
+	return low | ((unsigned long long)high) << 32;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_counters(...)
+ * migrate to cpu
+ * acquire and record local counters for that cpu
+ */
+int get_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	int cpu = t->cpu_id;
+	unsigned long long msr;
+
+	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	t->tsc = rdtsc();	/* we are running on local CPU of interest */
+
+	if (has_aperf) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_APERF, &t->aperf))
+			return -3;
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_MPERF, &t->mperf))
+			return -4;
+	}
+
+	if (do_smi) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_SMI_COUNT, &msr))
+			return -5;
+		t->smi_count = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+	if (extra_delta_offset32) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, extra_delta_offset32, &msr))
+			return -5;
+		t->extra_delta32 = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+
+	if (extra_delta_offset64)
+		if (get_msr(cpu, extra_delta_offset64, &t->extra_delta64))
+			return -5;
+
+	if (extra_msr_offset32) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, extra_msr_offset32, &msr))
+			return -5;
+		t->extra_msr32 = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+
+	if (extra_msr_offset64)
+		if (get_msr(cpu, extra_msr_offset64, &t->extra_msr64))
+			return -5;
+
+	if (use_c1_residency_msr) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C1_RES, &t->c1))
+			return -6;
+	}
+
+	/* collect core counters only for 1st thread in core */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (do_nhm_cstates && !do_slm_cstates && !do_knl_cstates) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C3_RESIDENCY, &c->c3))
+			return -6;
+	}
+
+	if (do_nhm_cstates && !do_knl_cstates) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C6_RESIDENCY, &c->c6))
+			return -7;
+	} else if (do_knl_cstates) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_KNL_CORE_C6_RESIDENCY, &c->c6))
+			return -7;
+	}
+
+	if (do_snb_cstates)
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C7_RESIDENCY, &c->c7))
+			return -8;
+
+	if (do_dts) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
+			return -9;
+		c->core_temp_c = tcc_activation_temp - ((msr >> 16) & 0x7F);
+	}
+
+
+	/* collect package counters only for 1st core in package */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (do_skl_residency) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_WEIGHTED_CORE_C0_RES, &p->pkg_wtd_core_c0))
+			return -10;
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_ANY_CORE_C0_RES, &p->pkg_any_core_c0))
+			return -11;
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_ANY_GFXE_C0_RES, &p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0))
+			return -12;
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_BOTH_CORE_GFXE_C0_RES, &p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0))
+			return -13;
+	}
+	if (do_pc3)
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C3_RESIDENCY, &p->pc3))
+			return -9;
+	if (do_pc6)
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY, &p->pc6))
+			return -10;
+	if (do_pc2)
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C2_RESIDENCY, &p->pc2))
+			return -11;
+	if (do_pc7)
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C7_RESIDENCY, &p->pc7))
+			return -12;
+	if (do_c8_c9_c10) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C8_RESIDENCY, &p->pc8))
+			return -13;
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C9_RESIDENCY, &p->pc9))
+			return -13;
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C10_RESIDENCY, &p->pc10))
+			return -13;
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
+			return -13;
+		p->energy_pkg = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
+			return -14;
+		p->energy_cores = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
+			return -15;
+		p->energy_dram = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
+			return -16;
+		p->energy_gfx = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_PERF_STATUS, &msr))
+			return -16;
+		p->rapl_pkg_perf_status = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_PERF_STATUS, &msr))
+			return -16;
+		p->rapl_dram_perf_status = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+	if (do_ptm) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
+			return -17;
+		p->pkg_temp_c = tcc_activation_temp - ((msr >> 16) & 0x7F);
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL decoding for pkg_cstate_limit:
+ * If you change the values, note they are used both in comparisons
+ * (>= PCL__7) and to index pkg_cstate_limit_strings[].
+ */
+
+#define PCLUKN 0 /* Unknown */
+#define PCLRSV 1 /* Reserved */
+#define PCL__0 2 /* PC0 */
+#define PCL__1 3 /* PC1 */
+#define PCL__2 4 /* PC2 */
+#define PCL__3 5 /* PC3 */
+#define PCL__4 6 /* PC4 */
+#define PCL__6 7 /* PC6 */
+#define PCL_6N 8 /* PC6 No Retention */
+#define PCL_6R 9 /* PC6 Retention */
+#define PCL__7 10 /* PC7 */
+#define PCL_7S 11 /* PC7 Shrink */
+#define PCL__8 12 /* PC8 */
+#define PCL__9 13 /* PC9 */
+#define PCLUNL 14 /* Unlimited */
+
+int pkg_cstate_limit = PCLUKN;
+char *pkg_cstate_limit_strings[] = { "reserved", "unknown", "pc0", "pc1", "pc2",
+	"pc3", "pc4", "pc6", "pc6n", "pc6r", "pc7", "pc7s", "pc8", "pc9", "unlimited"};
+
+int nhm_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__1, PCL__3, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
+int snb_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL_6N, PCL_6R, PCL__7, PCL_7S, PCLRSV, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
+int hsw_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL__3, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCL_7S, PCL__8, PCL__9, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
+int slv_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__1, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCL__4, PCLRSV, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
+int amt_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__1, PCL__2, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
+int phi_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL_6N, PCL_6R, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
+
+static void
+dump_nhm_platform_info(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	unsigned int ratio;
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_NHM_PLATFORM_INFO, &msr);
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_NHM_PLATFORM_INFO: 0x%08llx\n", msr);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
+	fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max efficiency frequency\n",
+		ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
+	fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz base frequency\n",
+		ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL, &msr);
+	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL: 0x%08llx (C1E auto-promotion: %sabled)\n",
+		msr, msr & 0x2 ? "EN" : "DIS");
+
+	return;
+}
+
+static void
+dump_hsw_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	unsigned int ratio;
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT2, &msr);
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT2: 0x%08llx\n", msr);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 18 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 17 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+	return;
+}
+
+static void
+dump_ivt_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	unsigned int ratio;
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1, &msr);
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1: 0x%08llx\n", msr);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 56) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 16 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 48) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 15 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 14 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 32) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 13 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 24) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 12 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 11 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 10 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 9 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+	return;
+}
+
+static void
+dump_nhm_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	unsigned int ratio;
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT, &msr);
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x%08llx\n", msr);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 56) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 8 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 48) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 7 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 6 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 32) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 5 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 24) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 4 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 3 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 2 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 1 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+	return;
+}
+
+static void
+dump_knl_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
+{
+	int cores;
+	unsigned int ratio;
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	int delta_cores;
+	int delta_ratio;
+	int i;
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_NHM_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT, &msr);
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_NHM_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x%08llx\n",
+	msr);
+
+	/**
+	 * Turbo encoding in KNL is as follows:
+	 * [7:0] -- Base value of number of active cores of bucket 1.
+	 * [15:8] -- Base value of freq ratio of bucket 1.
+	 * [20:16] -- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 2.
+	 * i.e. active cores of bucket 2 =
+	 * active cores of bucket 1 + delta
+	 * [23:21] -- Negative delta of freq ratio of bucket 2.
+	 * i.e. freq ratio of bucket 2 =
+	 * freq ratio of bucket 1 - delta
+	 * [28:24]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 3.
+	 * [31:29]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 3.
+	 * [36:32]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 4.
+	 * [39:37]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 4.
+	 * [44:40]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 5.
+	 * [47:45]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 5.
+	 * [52:48]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 6.
+	 * [55:53]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 6.
+	 * [60:56]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 7.
+	 * [63:61]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 7.
+	 */
+	cores = msr & 0xFF;
+	ratio = (msr >> 8) && 0xFF;
+	if (ratio > 0)
+		fprintf(stderr,
+			"%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, cores);
+
+	for (i = 16; i < 64; i = i + 8) {
+		delta_cores = (msr >> i) & 0x1F;
+		delta_ratio = (msr >> (i + 5)) && 0x7;
+		if (!delta_cores || !delta_ratio)
+			return;
+		cores = cores + delta_cores;
+		ratio = ratio - delta_ratio;
+
+		/** -ve ratios will make successive ratio calculations
+		 * negative. Hence return instead of carrying on.
+		 */
+		if (ratio > 0)
+			fprintf(stderr,
+				"%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
+				ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, cores);
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+dump_nhm_cst_cfg(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_NHM_SNB_PKG_CST_CFG_CTL, &msr);
+
+#define SNB_C1_AUTO_UNDEMOTE              (1UL << 27)
+#define SNB_C3_AUTO_UNDEMOTE              (1UL << 28)
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_NHM_SNB_PKG_CST_CFG_CTL: 0x%08llx", msr);
+
+	fprintf(stderr, " (%s%s%s%s%slocked: pkg-cstate-limit=%d: %s)\n",
+		(msr & SNB_C3_AUTO_UNDEMOTE) ? "UNdemote-C3, " : "",
+		(msr & SNB_C1_AUTO_UNDEMOTE) ? "UNdemote-C1, " : "",
+		(msr & NHM_C3_AUTO_DEMOTE) ? "demote-C3, " : "",
+		(msr & NHM_C1_AUTO_DEMOTE) ? "demote-C1, " : "",
+		(msr & (1 << 15)) ? "" : "UN",
+		(unsigned int)msr & 7,
+		pkg_cstate_limit_strings[pkg_cstate_limit]);
+	return;
+}
+
+void free_all_buffers(void)
+{
+	CPU_FREE(cpu_present_set);
+	cpu_present_set = NULL;
+	cpu_present_set = 0;
+
+	CPU_FREE(cpu_affinity_set);
+	cpu_affinity_set = NULL;
+	cpu_affinity_setsize = 0;
+
+	free(thread_even);
+	free(core_even);
+	free(package_even);
+
+	thread_even = NULL;
+	core_even = NULL;
+	package_even = NULL;
+
+	free(thread_odd);
+	free(core_odd);
+	free(package_odd);
+
+	thread_odd = NULL;
+	core_odd = NULL;
+	package_odd = NULL;
+
+	free(output_buffer);
+	output_buffer = NULL;
+	outp = NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Open a file, and exit on failure
+ */
+FILE *fopen_or_die(const char *path, const char *mode)
+{
+	FILE *filep = fopen(path, "r");
+	if (!filep)
+		err(1, "%s: open failed", path);
+	return filep;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Parse a file containing a single int.
+ */
+int parse_int_file(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list args;
+	char path[PATH_MAX];
+	FILE *filep;
+	int value;
+
+	va_start(args, fmt);
+	vsnprintf(path, sizeof(path), fmt, args);
+	va_end(args);
+	filep = fopen_or_die(path, "r");
+	if (fscanf(filep, "%d", &value) != 1)
+		err(1, "%s: failed to parse number from file", path);
+	fclose(filep);
+	return value;
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_cpu_position_in_core(cpu)
+ * return the position of the CPU among its HT siblings in the core
+ * return -1 if the sibling is not in list
+ */
+int get_cpu_position_in_core(int cpu)
+{
+	char path[64];
+	FILE *filep;
+	int this_cpu;
+	char character;
+	int i;
+
+	sprintf(path,
+		"/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/thread_siblings_list",
+		cpu);
+	filep = fopen(path, "r");
+	if (filep == NULL) {
+		perror(path);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; i < topo.num_threads_per_core; i++) {
+		fscanf(filep, "%d", &this_cpu);
+		if (this_cpu == cpu) {
+			fclose(filep);
+			return i;
+		}
+
+		/* Account for no separator after last thread*/
+		if (i != (topo.num_threads_per_core - 1))
+			fscanf(filep, "%c", &character);
+	}
+
+	fclose(filep);
+	return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * cpu_is_first_core_in_package(cpu)
+ * return 1 if given CPU is 1st core in package
+ */
+int cpu_is_first_core_in_package(int cpu)
+{
+	return cpu == parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/core_siblings_list", cpu);
+}
+
+int get_physical_package_id(int cpu)
+{
+	return parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/physical_package_id", cpu);
+}
+
+int get_core_id(int cpu)
+{
+	return parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/core_id", cpu);
+}
+
+int get_num_ht_siblings(int cpu)
+{
+	char path[80];
+	FILE *filep;
+	int sib1;
+	int matches = 0;
+	char character;
+	char str[100];
+	char *ch;
+
+	sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/thread_siblings_list", cpu);
+	filep = fopen_or_die(path, "r");
+
+	/*
+	 * file format:
+	 * A ',' separated or '-' separated set of numbers
+	 * (eg 1-2 or 1,3,4,5)
+	 */
+	fscanf(filep, "%d%c\n", &sib1, &character);
+	fseek(filep, 0, SEEK_SET);
+	fgets(str, 100, filep);
+	ch = strchr(str, character);
+	while (ch != NULL) {
+		matches++;
+		ch = strchr(ch+1, character);
+	}
+
+	fclose(filep);
+	return matches+1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * run func(thread, core, package) in topology order
+ * skip non-present cpus
+ */
+
+int for_all_cpus_2(int (func)(struct thread_data *, struct core_data *,
+	struct pkg_data *, struct thread_data *, struct core_data *,
+	struct pkg_data *), struct thread_data *thread_base,
+	struct core_data *core_base, struct pkg_data *pkg_base,
+	struct thread_data *thread_base2, struct core_data *core_base2,
+	struct pkg_data *pkg_base2)
+{
+	int retval, pkg_no, core_no, thread_no;
+
+	for (pkg_no = 0; pkg_no < topo.num_packages; ++pkg_no) {
+		for (core_no = 0; core_no < topo.num_cores_per_pkg; ++core_no) {
+			for (thread_no = 0; thread_no <
+				topo.num_threads_per_core; ++thread_no) {
+				struct thread_data *t, *t2;
+				struct core_data *c, *c2;
+				struct pkg_data *p, *p2;
+
+				t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no, core_no, pkg_no);
+
+				if (cpu_is_not_present(t->cpu_id))
+					continue;
+
+				t2 = GET_THREAD(thread_base2, thread_no, core_no, pkg_no);
+
+				c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_no, pkg_no);
+				c2 = GET_CORE(core_base2, core_no, pkg_no);
+
+				p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no);
+				p2 = GET_PKG(pkg_base2, pkg_no);
+
+				retval = func(t, c, p, t2, c2, p2);
+				if (retval)
+					return retval;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * run func(cpu) on every cpu in /proc/stat
+ * return max_cpu number
+ */
+int for_all_proc_cpus(int (func)(int))
+{
+	FILE *fp;
+	int cpu_num;
+	int retval;
+
+	fp = fopen_or_die(proc_stat, "r");
+
+	retval = fscanf(fp, "cpu %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d\n");
+	if (retval != 0)
+		err(1, "%s: failed to parse format", proc_stat);
+
+	while (1) {
+		retval = fscanf(fp, "cpu%u %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d\n", &cpu_num);
+		if (retval != 1)
+			break;
+
+		retval = func(cpu_num);
+		if (retval) {
+			fclose(fp);
+			return(retval);
+		}
+	}
+	fclose(fp);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void re_initialize(void)
+{
+	free_all_buffers();
+	setup_all_buffers();
+	printf("turbostat: re-initialized with num_cpus %d\n", topo.num_cpus);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * count_cpus()
+ * remember the last one seen, it will be the max
+ */
+int count_cpus(int cpu)
+{
+	if (topo.max_cpu_num < cpu)
+		topo.max_cpu_num = cpu;
+
+	topo.num_cpus += 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+int mark_cpu_present(int cpu)
+{
+	CPU_SET_S(cpu, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void turbostat_loop()
+{
+	int retval;
+	int restarted = 0;
+
+restart:
+	restarted++;
+
+	retval = for_all_cpus(get_counters, EVEN_COUNTERS);
+	if (retval < -1) {
+		exit(retval);
+	} else if (retval == -1) {
+		if (restarted > 1) {
+			exit(retval);
+		}
+		re_initialize();
+		goto restart;
+	}
+	restarted = 0;
+	gettimeofday(&tv_even, (struct timezone *)NULL);
+
+	while (1) {
+		if (for_all_proc_cpus(cpu_is_not_present)) {
+			re_initialize();
+			goto restart;
+		}
+		sleep(interval_sec);
+		retval = for_all_cpus(get_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
+		if (retval < -1) {
+			exit(retval);
+		} else if (retval == -1) {
+			re_initialize();
+			goto restart;
+		}
+		gettimeofday(&tv_odd, (struct timezone *)NULL);
+		timersub(&tv_odd, &tv_even, &tv_delta);
+		for_all_cpus_2(delta_cpu, ODD_COUNTERS, EVEN_COUNTERS);
+		compute_average(EVEN_COUNTERS);
+		format_all_counters(EVEN_COUNTERS);
+		flush_stdout();
+		sleep(interval_sec);
+		retval = for_all_cpus(get_counters, EVEN_COUNTERS);
+		if (retval < -1) {
+			exit(retval);
+		} else if (retval == -1) {
+			re_initialize();
+			goto restart;
+		}
+		gettimeofday(&tv_even, (struct timezone *)NULL);
+		timersub(&tv_even, &tv_odd, &tv_delta);
+		for_all_cpus_2(delta_cpu, EVEN_COUNTERS, ODD_COUNTERS);
+		compute_average(ODD_COUNTERS);
+		format_all_counters(ODD_COUNTERS);
+		flush_stdout();
+	}
+}
+
+void check_dev_msr()
+{
+	struct stat sb;
+	char pathname[32];
+
+	sprintf(pathname, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", base_cpu);
+	if (stat(pathname, &sb))
+ 		if (system("/sbin/modprobe msr > /dev/null 2>&1"))
+			err(-5, "no /dev/cpu/0/msr, Try \"# modprobe msr\" ");
+}
+
+void check_permissions()
+{
+	struct __user_cap_header_struct cap_header_data;
+	cap_user_header_t cap_header = &cap_header_data;
+	struct __user_cap_data_struct cap_data_data;
+	cap_user_data_t cap_data = &cap_data_data;
+	extern int capget(cap_user_header_t hdrp, cap_user_data_t datap);
+	int do_exit = 0;
+	char pathname[32];
+
+	/* check for CAP_SYS_RAWIO */
+	cap_header->pid = getpid();
+	cap_header->version = _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION;
+	if (capget(cap_header, cap_data) < 0)
+		err(-6, "capget(2) failed");
+
+	if ((cap_data->effective & (1 << CAP_SYS_RAWIO)) == 0) {
+		do_exit++;
+		warnx("capget(CAP_SYS_RAWIO) failed,"
+			" try \"# setcap cap_sys_rawio=ep %s\"", progname);
+	}
+
+	/* test file permissions */
+	sprintf(pathname, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", base_cpu);
+	if (euidaccess(pathname, R_OK)) {
+		do_exit++;
+		warn("/dev/cpu/0/msr open failed, try chown or chmod +r /dev/cpu/*/msr");
+	}
+
+	/* if all else fails, thell them to be root */
+	if (do_exit)
+		if (getuid() != 0)
+			warnx("... or simply run as root");
+
+	if (do_exit)
+		exit(-6);
+}
+
+/*
+ * NHM adds support for additional MSRs:
+ *
+ * MSR_SMI_COUNT                   0x00000034
+ *
+ * MSR_NHM_PLATFORM_INFO           0x000000ce
+ * MSR_NHM_SNB_PKG_CST_CFG_CTL     0x000000e2
+ *
+ * MSR_PKG_C3_RESIDENCY            0x000003f8
+ * MSR_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY            0x000003f9
+ * MSR_CORE_C3_RESIDENCY           0x000003fc
+ * MSR_CORE_C6_RESIDENCY           0x000003fd
+ *
+ * Side effect:
+ * sets global pkg_cstate_limit to decode MSR_NHM_SNB_PKG_CST_CFG_CTL
+ */
+int probe_nhm_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	int *pkg_cstate_limits;
+
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (family != 6)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case 0x1A:	/* Core i7, Xeon 5500 series - Bloomfield, Gainstown NHM-EP */
+	case 0x1E:	/* Core i7 and i5 Processor - Clarksfield, Lynnfield, Jasper Forest */
+	case 0x1F:	/* Core i7 and i5 Processor - Nehalem */
+	case 0x25:	/* Westmere Client - Clarkdale, Arrandale */
+	case 0x2C:	/* Westmere EP - Gulftown */
+	case 0x2E:	/* Nehalem-EX Xeon - Beckton */
+	case 0x2F:	/* Westmere-EX Xeon - Eagleton */
+		pkg_cstate_limits = nhm_pkg_cstate_limits;
+		break;
+	case 0x2A:	/* SNB */
+	case 0x2D:	/* SNB Xeon */
+	case 0x3A:	/* IVB */
+	case 0x3E:	/* IVB Xeon */
+		pkg_cstate_limits = snb_pkg_cstate_limits;
+		break;
+	case 0x3C:	/* HSW */
+	case 0x3F:	/* HSX */
+	case 0x45:	/* HSW */
+	case 0x46:	/* HSW */
+	case 0x3D:	/* BDW */
+	case 0x47:	/* BDW */
+	case 0x4F:	/* BDX */
+	case 0x56:	/* BDX-DE */
+	case 0x4E:	/* SKL */
+	case 0x5E:	/* SKL */
+		pkg_cstate_limits = hsw_pkg_cstate_limits;
+		break;
+	case 0x37:	/* BYT */
+	case 0x4D:	/* AVN */
+		pkg_cstate_limits = slv_pkg_cstate_limits;
+		break;
+	case 0x4C:	/* AMT */
+		pkg_cstate_limits = amt_pkg_cstate_limits;
+		break;
+	case 0x57:	/* PHI */
+		pkg_cstate_limits = phi_pkg_cstate_limits;
+		break;
+	default:
+		return 0;
+	}
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_NHM_SNB_PKG_CST_CFG_CTL, &msr);
+
+	pkg_cstate_limit = pkg_cstate_limits[msr & 0xF];
+
+	return 1;
+}
+int has_nhm_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	switch (model) {
+	/* Nehalem compatible, but do not include turbo-ratio limit support */
+	case 0x2E:	/* Nehalem-EX Xeon - Beckton */
+	case 0x2F:	/* Westmere-EX Xeon - Eagleton */
+		return 0;
+	default:
+		return 1;
+	}
+}
+int has_ivt_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (family != 6)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case 0x3E:	/* IVB Xeon */
+	case 0x3F:	/* HSW Xeon */
+		return 1;
+	default:
+		return 0;
+	}
+}
+int has_hsw_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (family != 6)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case 0x3F:	/* HSW Xeon */
+		return 1;
+	default:
+		return 0;
+	}
+}
+
+int has_knl_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (family != 6)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case 0x57:	/* Knights Landing */
+		return 1;
+	default:
+		return 0;
+	}
+}
+static void
+dump_cstate_pstate_config_info(family, model)
+{
+	if (!do_nhm_platform_info)
+		return;
+
+	dump_nhm_platform_info();
+
+	if (has_hsw_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model))
+		dump_hsw_turbo_ratio_limits();
+
+	if (has_ivt_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model))
+		dump_ivt_turbo_ratio_limits();
+
+	if (has_nhm_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model))
+		dump_nhm_turbo_ratio_limits();
+
+	if (has_knl_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model))
+		dump_knl_turbo_ratio_limits();
+
+	dump_nhm_cst_cfg();
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * print_epb()
+ * Decode the ENERGY_PERF_BIAS MSR
+ */
+int print_epb(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	char *epb_string;
+	int cpu;
+
+	if (!has_epb)
+		return 0;
+
+	cpu = t->cpu_id;
+
+	/* EPB is per-package */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS, &msr))
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (msr & 0xF) {
+	case ENERGY_PERF_BIAS_PERFORMANCE:
+		epb_string = "performance";
+		break;
+	case ENERGY_PERF_BIAS_NORMAL:
+		epb_string = "balanced";
+		break;
+	case ENERGY_PERF_BIAS_POWERSAVE:
+		epb_string = "powersave";
+		break;
+	default:
+		epb_string = "custom";
+		break;
+	}
+	fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS: 0x%08llx (%s)\n", cpu, msr, epb_string);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * print_perf_limit()
+ */
+int print_perf_limit(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	int cpu;
+
+	cpu = t->cpu_id;
+
+	/* per-package */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (do_core_perf_limit_reasons) {
+		get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, &msr);
+		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_CORE_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x%08llx", cpu, msr);
+		fprintf(stderr, " (Active: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s)",
+			(msr & 1 << 15) ? "bit15, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 14) ? "bit14, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 13) ? "Transitions, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 12) ? "MultiCoreTurbo, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 11) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 10) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 9) ? "CorePwr, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 8) ? "Amps, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 6) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 5) ? "Auto-HWP, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 4) ? "Graphics, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 2) ? "bit2, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 1) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 0) ? "PROCHOT, " : "");
+		fprintf(stderr, " (Logged: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s)\n",
+			(msr & 1 << 31) ? "bit31, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 30) ? "bit30, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 29) ? "Transitions, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 28) ? "MultiCoreTurbo, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 27) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 26) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 25) ? "CorePwr, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 24) ? "Amps, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 22) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 21) ? "Auto-HWP, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 20) ? "Graphics, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 18) ? "bit18, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 17) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 16) ? "PROCHOT, " : "");
+
+	}
+	if (do_gfx_perf_limit_reasons) {
+		get_msr(cpu, MSR_GFX_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, &msr);
+		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_GFX_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x%08llx", cpu, msr);
+		fprintf(stderr, " (Active: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s)",
+			(msr & 1 << 0) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 1) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 4) ? "Graphics, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 6) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 8) ? "Amps, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 9) ? "GFXPwr, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 10) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 11) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "");
+		fprintf(stderr, " (Logged: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s)\n",
+			(msr & 1 << 16) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 17) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 20) ? "Graphics, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 22) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 24) ? "Amps, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 25) ? "GFXPwr, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 26) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 27) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "");
+	}
+	if (do_ring_perf_limit_reasons) {
+		get_msr(cpu, MSR_RING_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, &msr);
+		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_RING_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x%08llx", cpu, msr);
+		fprintf(stderr, " (Active: %s%s%s%s%s%s)",
+			(msr & 1 << 0) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 1) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 6) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 8) ? "Amps, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 10) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 11) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "");
+		fprintf(stderr, " (Logged: %s%s%s%s%s%s)\n",
+			(msr & 1 << 16) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 17) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 22) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 24) ? "Amps, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 26) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 27) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "");
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+#define	RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY	0x7FFF	/* 15 bit power granularity */
+#define	RAPL_TIME_GRANULARITY	0x3F /* 6 bit time granularity */
+
+double get_tdp(model)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO)
+		if (!get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO, &msr))
+			return ((msr >> 0) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case 0x37:
+	case 0x4D:
+		return 30.0;
+	default:
+		return 135.0;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * rapl_dram_energy_units_probe()
+ * Energy units are either hard-coded, or come from RAPL Energy Unit MSR.
+ */
+static double
+rapl_dram_energy_units_probe(int  model, double rapl_energy_units)
+{
+	/* only called for genuine_intel, family 6 */
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case 0x3F:	/* HSX */
+	case 0x4F:	/* BDX */
+	case 0x56:	/* BDX-DE */
+	case 0x57:	/* KNL */
+		return (rapl_dram_energy_units = 15.3 / 1000000);
+	default:
+		return (rapl_energy_units);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * rapl_probe()
+ *
+ * sets do_rapl, rapl_power_units, rapl_energy_units, rapl_time_units
+ */
+void rapl_probe(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	unsigned int time_unit;
+	double tdp;
+
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return;
+
+	if (family != 6)
+		return;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case 0x2A:
+	case 0x3A:
+	case 0x3C:	/* HSW */
+	case 0x45:	/* HSW */
+	case 0x46:	/* HSW */
+	case 0x3D:	/* BDW */
+	case 0x47:	/* BDW */
+		do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_CORES | RAPL_CORE_POLICY | RAPL_GFX | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
+		break;
+	case 0x4E:	/* SKL */
+	case 0x5E:	/* SKL */
+		do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_DRAM | RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
+		break;
+	case 0x3F:	/* HSX */
+	case 0x4F:	/* BDX */
+	case 0x56:	/* BDX-DE */
+	case 0x57:	/* KNL */
+		do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_DRAM | RAPL_DRAM_POWER_INFO | RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
+		break;
+	case 0x2D:
+	case 0x3E:
+		do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_CORES | RAPL_CORE_POLICY | RAPL_DRAM | RAPL_DRAM_POWER_INFO | RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
+		break;
+	case 0x37:	/* BYT */
+	case 0x4D:	/* AVN */
+		do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_CORES ;
+		break;
+	default:
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* units on package 0, verify later other packages match */
+	if (get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT, &msr))
+		return;
+
+	rapl_power_units = 1.0 / (1 << (msr & 0xF));
+	if (model == 0x37)
+		rapl_energy_units = 1.0 * (1 << (msr >> 8 & 0x1F)) / 1000000;
+	else
+		rapl_energy_units = 1.0 / (1 << (msr >> 8 & 0x1F));
+
+	rapl_dram_energy_units = rapl_dram_energy_units_probe(model, rapl_energy_units);
+
+	time_unit = msr >> 16 & 0xF;
+	if (time_unit == 0)
+		time_unit = 0xA;
+
+	rapl_time_units = 1.0 / (1 << (time_unit));
+
+	tdp = get_tdp(model);
+
+	rapl_joule_counter_range = 0xFFFFFFFF * rapl_energy_units / tdp;
+	if (debug)
+		fprintf(stderr, "RAPL: %.0f sec. Joule Counter Range, at %.0f Watts\n", rapl_joule_counter_range, tdp);
+
+	return;
+}
+
+void perf_limit_reasons_probe(family, model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return;
+
+	if (family != 6)
+		return;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case 0x3C:	/* HSW */
+	case 0x45:	/* HSW */
+	case 0x46:	/* HSW */
+		do_gfx_perf_limit_reasons = 1;
+	case 0x3F:	/* HSX */
+		do_core_perf_limit_reasons = 1;
+		do_ring_perf_limit_reasons = 1;
+	default:
+		return;
+	}
+}
+
+int print_thermal(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	unsigned int dts;
+	int cpu;
+
+	if (!(do_dts || do_ptm))
+		return 0;
+
+	cpu = t->cpu_id;
+
+	/* DTS is per-core, no need to print for each thread */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE)) 
+		return 0;
+
+	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (do_ptm && (t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE)) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
+			return 0;
+
+		dts = (msr >> 16) & 0x7F;
+		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS: 0x%08llx (%d C)\n",
+			cpu, msr, tcc_activation_temp - dts);
+
+#ifdef	THERM_DEBUG
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_INTERRUPT, &msr))
+			return 0;
+
+		dts = (msr >> 16) & 0x7F;
+		dts2 = (msr >> 8) & 0x7F;
+		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_INTERRUPT: 0x%08llx (%d C, %d C)\n",
+			cpu, msr, tcc_activation_temp - dts, tcc_activation_temp - dts2);
+#endif
+	}
+
+
+	if (do_dts) {
+		unsigned int resolution;
+
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
+			return 0;
+
+		dts = (msr >> 16) & 0x7F;
+		resolution = (msr >> 27) & 0xF;
+		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS: 0x%08llx (%d C +/- %d)\n",
+			cpu, msr, tcc_activation_temp - dts, resolution);
+
+#ifdef THERM_DEBUG
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_THERM_INTERRUPT, &msr))
+			return 0;
+
+		dts = (msr >> 16) & 0x7F;
+		dts2 = (msr >> 8) & 0x7F;
+		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_THERM_INTERRUPT: 0x%08llx (%d C, %d C)\n",
+			cpu, msr, tcc_activation_temp - dts, tcc_activation_temp - dts2);
+#endif
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+	
+void print_power_limit_msr(int cpu, unsigned long long msr, char *label)
+{
+	fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: %s: %sabled (%f Watts, %f sec, clamp %sabled)\n",
+		cpu, label,
+		((msr >> 15) & 1) ? "EN" : "DIS",
+		((msr >> 0) & 0x7FFF) * rapl_power_units,
+		(1.0 + (((msr >> 22) & 0x3)/4.0)) * (1 << ((msr >> 17) & 0x1F)) * rapl_time_units,
+		(((msr >> 16) & 1) ? "EN" : "DIS"));
+
+	return;
+}
+
+int print_rapl(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	int cpu;
+
+	if (!do_rapl)
+		return 0;
+
+	/* RAPL counters are per package, so print only for 1st thread/package */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		return 0;
+
+	cpu = t->cpu_id;
+	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT, &msr))
+		return -1;
+
+	if (debug) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT: 0x%08llx "
+			"(%f Watts, %f Joules, %f sec.)\n", cpu, msr,
+			rapl_power_units, rapl_energy_units, rapl_time_units);
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO) {
+
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO, &msr))
+                	return -5;
+
+
+		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO: 0x%08llx (%.0f W TDP, RAPL %.0f - %.0f W, %f sec.)\n",
+			cpu, msr,
+			((msr >>  0) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
+			((msr >> 16) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
+			((msr >> 32) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
+			((msr >> 48) & RAPL_TIME_GRANULARITY) * rapl_time_units);
+
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG) {
+
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT, &msr))
+			return -9;
+
+		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT: 0x%08llx (%slocked)\n",
+			cpu, msr, (msr >> 63) & 1 ? "": "UN");
+
+		print_power_limit_msr(cpu, msr, "PKG Limit #1");
+		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: PKG Limit #2: %sabled (%f Watts, %f* sec, clamp %sabled)\n",
+			cpu,
+			((msr >> 47) & 1) ? "EN" : "DIS",
+			((msr >> 32) & 0x7FFF) * rapl_power_units,
+			(1.0 + (((msr >> 54) & 0x3)/4.0)) * (1 << ((msr >> 49) & 0x1F)) * rapl_time_units,
+			((msr >> 48) & 1) ? "EN" : "DIS");
+	}
+
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM_POWER_INFO) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_POWER_INFO, &msr))
+                	return -6;
+
+		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_DRAM_POWER_INFO,: 0x%08llx (%.0f W TDP, RAPL %.0f - %.0f W, %f sec.)\n",
+			cpu, msr,
+			((msr >>  0) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
+			((msr >> 16) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
+			((msr >> 32) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
+			((msr >> 48) & RAPL_TIME_GRANULARITY) * rapl_time_units);
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_POWER_LIMIT, &msr))
+			return -9;
+		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_DRAM_POWER_LIMIT: 0x%08llx (%slocked)\n",
+				cpu, msr, (msr >> 31) & 1 ? "": "UN");
+
+		print_power_limit_msr(cpu, msr, "DRAM Limit");
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORE_POLICY) {
+		if (debug) {
+			if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP0_POLICY, &msr))
+				return -7;
+
+			fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_PP0_POLICY: %lld\n", cpu, msr & 0xF);
+		}
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES) {
+		if (debug) {
+
+			if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT, &msr))
+				return -9;
+			fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT: 0x%08llx (%slocked)\n",
+					cpu, msr, (msr >> 31) & 1 ? "": "UN");
+			print_power_limit_msr(cpu, msr, "Cores Limit");
+		}
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX) {
+		if (debug) {
+			if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP1_POLICY, &msr))
+				return -8;
+
+			fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_PP1_POLICY: %lld\n", cpu, msr & 0xF);
+
+			if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT, &msr))
+				return -9;
+			fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT: 0x%08llx (%slocked)\n",
+					cpu, msr, (msr >> 31) & 1 ? "": "UN");
+			print_power_limit_msr(cpu, msr, "GFX Limit");
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * SNB adds support for additional MSRs:
+ *
+ * MSR_PKG_C7_RESIDENCY            0x000003fa
+ * MSR_CORE_C7_RESIDENCY           0x000003fe
+ * MSR_PKG_C2_RESIDENCY            0x0000060d
+ */
+
+int has_snb_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case 0x2A:
+	case 0x2D:
+	case 0x3A:	/* IVB */
+	case 0x3E:	/* IVB Xeon */
+	case 0x3C:	/* HSW */
+	case 0x3F:	/* HSW */
+	case 0x45:	/* HSW */
+	case 0x46:	/* HSW */
+	case 0x3D:	/* BDW */
+	case 0x47:	/* BDW */
+	case 0x4F:	/* BDX */
+	case 0x56:	/* BDX-DE */
+	case 0x4E:	/* SKL */
+	case 0x5E:	/* SKL */
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * HSW adds support for additional MSRs:
+ *
+ * MSR_PKG_C8_RESIDENCY            0x00000630
+ * MSR_PKG_C9_RESIDENCY            0x00000631
+ * MSR_PKG_C10_RESIDENCY           0x00000632
+ */
+int has_hsw_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case 0x45:	/* HSW */
+	case 0x3D:	/* BDW */
+	case 0x4E:	/* SKL */
+	case 0x5E:	/* SKL */
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * SKL adds support for additional MSRS:
+ *
+ * MSR_PKG_WEIGHTED_CORE_C0_RES    0x00000658
+ * MSR_PKG_ANY_CORE_C0_RES         0x00000659
+ * MSR_PKG_ANY_GFXE_C0_RES         0x0000065A
+ * MSR_PKG_BOTH_CORE_GFXE_C0_RES   0x0000065B
+ */
+int has_skl_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case 0x4E:	/* SKL */
+	case 0x5E:	/* SKL */
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+
+int is_slm(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+	switch (model) {
+	case 0x37:	/* BYT */
+	case 0x4D:	/* AVN */
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int is_knl(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+	switch (model) {
+	case 0x57:	/* KNL */
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+#define SLM_BCLK_FREQS 5
+double slm_freq_table[SLM_BCLK_FREQS] = { 83.3, 100.0, 133.3, 116.7, 80.0};
+
+double slm_bclk(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr = 3;
+	unsigned int i;
+	double freq;
+
+	if (get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_FSB_FREQ, &msr))
+		fprintf(stderr, "SLM BCLK: unknown\n");
+
+	i = msr & 0xf;
+	if (i >= SLM_BCLK_FREQS) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "SLM BCLK[%d] invalid\n", i);
+		msr = 3;
+	}
+	freq = slm_freq_table[i];
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "SLM BCLK: %.1f Mhz\n", freq);
+
+	return freq;
+}
+
+double discover_bclk(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (has_snb_msrs(family, model))
+		return 100.00;
+	else if (is_slm(family, model))
+		return slm_bclk();
+	else
+		return 133.33;
+}
+
+/*
+ * MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET indicates the temperature where
+ * the Thermal Control Circuit (TCC) activates.
+ * This is usually equal to tjMax.
+ *
+ * Older processors do not have this MSR, so there we guess,
+ * but also allow cmdline over-ride with -T.
+ *
+ * Several MSR temperature values are in units of degrees-C
+ * below this value, including the Digital Thermal Sensor (DTS),
+ * Package Thermal Management Sensor (PTM), and thermal event thresholds.
+ */
+int set_temperature_target(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	unsigned int target_c_local;
+	int cpu;
+
+	/* tcc_activation_temp is used only for dts or ptm */
+	if (!(do_dts || do_ptm))
+		return 0;
+
+	/* this is a per-package concept */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		return 0;
+
+	cpu = t->cpu_id;
+	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (tcc_activation_temp_override != 0) {
+		tcc_activation_temp = tcc_activation_temp_override;
+		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: Using cmdline TCC Target (%d C)\n",
+			cpu, tcc_activation_temp);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* Temperature Target MSR is Nehalem and newer only */
+	if (!do_nhm_platform_info)
+		goto guess;
+
+	if (get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET, &msr))
+		goto guess;
+
+	target_c_local = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;
+
+	if (debug)
+		fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET: 0x%08llx (%d C)\n",
+			cpu, msr, target_c_local);
+
+	if (!target_c_local)
+		goto guess;
+
+	tcc_activation_temp = target_c_local;
+
+	return 0;
+
+guess:
+	tcc_activation_temp = TJMAX_DEFAULT;
+	fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d: Guessing tjMax %d C, Please use -T to specify\n",
+		cpu, tcc_activation_temp);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+void process_cpuid()
+{
+	unsigned int eax, ebx, ecx, edx, max_level;
+	unsigned int fms, family, model, stepping;
+
+	eax = ebx = ecx = edx = 0;
+
+	__get_cpuid(0, &max_level, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
+
+	if (ebx == 0x756e6547 && edx == 0x49656e69 && ecx == 0x6c65746e)
+		genuine_intel = 1;
+
+	if (debug)
+		fprintf(stderr, "CPUID(0): %.4s%.4s%.4s ",
+			(char *)&ebx, (char *)&edx, (char *)&ecx);
+
+	__get_cpuid(1, &fms, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
+	family = (fms >> 8) & 0xf;
+	model = (fms >> 4) & 0xf;
+	stepping = fms & 0xf;
+	if (family == 6 || family == 0xf)
+		model += ((fms >> 16) & 0xf) << 4;
+
+	if (debug)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d CPUID levels; family:model:stepping 0x%x:%x:%x (%d:%d:%d)\n",
+			max_level, family, model, stepping, family, model, stepping);
+
+	if (!(edx & (1 << 5)))
+		errx(1, "CPUID: no MSR");
+
+	/*
+	 * check max extended function levels of CPUID.
+	 * This is needed to check for invariant TSC.
+	 * This check is valid for both Intel and AMD.
+	 */
+	ebx = ecx = edx = 0;
+	__get_cpuid(0x80000000, &max_level, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
+
+	if (max_level >= 0x80000007) {
+
+		/*
+		 * Non-Stop TSC is advertised by CPUID.EAX=0x80000007: EDX.bit8
+		 * this check is valid for both Intel and AMD
+		 */
+		__get_cpuid(0x80000007, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
+		has_invariant_tsc = edx & (1 << 8);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * APERF/MPERF is advertised by CPUID.EAX=0x6: ECX.bit0
+	 * this check is valid for both Intel and AMD
+	 */
+
+	__get_cpuid(0x6, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
+	has_aperf = ecx & (1 << 0);
+	do_dts = eax & (1 << 0);
+	do_ptm = eax & (1 << 6);
+	has_epb = ecx & (1 << 3);
+
+	if (debug)
+		fprintf(stderr, "CPUID(6): %sAPERF, %sDTS, %sPTM, %sEPB\n",
+			has_aperf ? "" : "No ",
+			do_dts ? "" : "No ",
+			do_ptm ? "" : "No ",
+			has_epb ? "" : "No ");
+
+	if (max_level > 0x15) {
+		unsigned int eax_crystal;
+		unsigned int ebx_tsc;
+
+		/*
+		 * CPUID 15H TSC/Crystal ratio, possibly Crystal Hz
+		 */
+		eax_crystal = ebx_tsc = crystal_hz = edx = 0;
+		__get_cpuid(0x15, &eax_crystal, &ebx_tsc, &crystal_hz, &edx);
+
+		if (ebx_tsc != 0) {
+
+			if (debug && (ebx != 0))
+				fprintf(stderr, "CPUID(0x15): eax_crystal: %d ebx_tsc: %d ecx_crystal_hz: %d\n",
+					eax_crystal, ebx_tsc, crystal_hz);
+
+			if (crystal_hz == 0)
+				switch(model) {
+				case 0x4E:	/* SKL */
+				case 0x5E:	/* SKL */
+					crystal_hz = 24000000;	/* 24 MHz */
+					break;
+				default:
+					crystal_hz = 0;
+			}
+
+			if (crystal_hz) {
+				tsc_hz =  (unsigned long long) crystal_hz * ebx_tsc / eax_crystal;
+				if (debug)
+					fprintf(stderr, "TSC: %lld MHz (%d Hz * %d / %d / 1000000)\n",
+						tsc_hz / 1000000, crystal_hz, ebx_tsc,  eax_crystal);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	do_nhm_platform_info = do_nhm_cstates = do_smi = probe_nhm_msrs(family, model);
+	do_snb_cstates = has_snb_msrs(family, model);
+	do_pc2 = do_snb_cstates && (pkg_cstate_limit >= PCL__2);
+	do_pc3 = (pkg_cstate_limit >= PCL__3);
+	do_pc6 = (pkg_cstate_limit >= PCL__6);
+	do_pc7 = do_snb_cstates && (pkg_cstate_limit >= PCL__7);
+	do_c8_c9_c10 = has_hsw_msrs(family, model);
+	do_skl_residency = has_skl_msrs(family, model);
+	do_slm_cstates = is_slm(family, model);
+	do_knl_cstates  = is_knl(family, model);
+	bclk = discover_bclk(family, model);
+
+	rapl_probe(family, model);
+	perf_limit_reasons_probe(family, model);
+
+	if (debug)
+		dump_cstate_pstate_config_info();
+
+	return;
+}
+
+void help()
+{
+	fprintf(stderr,
+	"Usage: turbostat [OPTIONS][(--interval seconds) | COMMAND ...]\n"
+	"\n"
+	"Turbostat forks the specified COMMAND and prints statistics\n"
+	"when COMMAND completes.\n"
+	"If no COMMAND is specified, turbostat wakes every 5-seconds\n"
+	"to print statistics, until interrupted.\n"
+	"--debug	run in \"debug\" mode\n"
+	"--interval sec	Override default 5-second measurement interval\n"
+	"--help		print this help message\n"
+	"--counter msr	print 32-bit counter at address \"msr\"\n"
+	"--Counter msr	print 64-bit Counter at address \"msr\"\n"
+	"--msr msr	print 32-bit value at address \"msr\"\n"
+	"--MSR msr	print 64-bit Value at address \"msr\"\n"
+	"--version	print version information\n"
+	"\n"
+	"For more help, run \"man turbostat\"\n");
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * in /dev/cpu/ return success for names that are numbers
+ * ie. filter out ".", "..", "microcode".
+ */
+int dir_filter(const struct dirent *dirp)
+{
+	if (isdigit(dirp->d_name[0]))
+		return 1;
+	else
+		return 0;
+}
+
+int open_dev_cpu_msr(int dummy1)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void topology_probe()
+{
+	int i;
+	int max_core_id = 0;
+	int max_package_id = 0;
+	int max_siblings = 0;
+	struct cpu_topology {
+		int core_id;
+		int physical_package_id;
+	} *cpus;
+
+	/* Initialize num_cpus, max_cpu_num */
+	topo.num_cpus = 0;
+	topo.max_cpu_num = 0;
+	for_all_proc_cpus(count_cpus);
+	if (!summary_only && topo.num_cpus > 1)
+		show_cpu = 1;
+
+	if (debug > 1)
+		fprintf(stderr, "num_cpus %d max_cpu_num %d\n", topo.num_cpus, topo.max_cpu_num);
+
+	cpus = calloc(1, (topo.max_cpu_num  + 1) * sizeof(struct cpu_topology));
+	if (cpus == NULL)
+		err(1, "calloc cpus");
+
+	/*
+	 * Allocate and initialize cpu_present_set
+	 */
+	cpu_present_set = CPU_ALLOC((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
+	if (cpu_present_set == NULL)
+		err(3, "CPU_ALLOC");
+	cpu_present_setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
+	CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
+	for_all_proc_cpus(mark_cpu_present);
+
+	/*
+	 * Allocate and initialize cpu_affinity_set
+	 */
+	cpu_affinity_set = CPU_ALLOC((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
+	if (cpu_affinity_set == NULL)
+		err(3, "CPU_ALLOC");
+	cpu_affinity_setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
+	CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);
+
+
+	/*
+	 * For online cpus
+	 * find max_core_id, max_package_id
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++i) {
+		int siblings;
+
+		if (cpu_is_not_present(i)) {
+			if (debug > 1)
+				fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d NOT PRESENT\n", i);
+			continue;
+		}
+		cpus[i].core_id = get_core_id(i);
+		if (cpus[i].core_id > max_core_id)
+			max_core_id = cpus[i].core_id;
+
+		cpus[i].physical_package_id = get_physical_package_id(i);
+		if (cpus[i].physical_package_id > max_package_id)
+			max_package_id = cpus[i].physical_package_id;
+
+		siblings = get_num_ht_siblings(i);
+		if (siblings > max_siblings)
+			max_siblings = siblings;
+		if (debug > 1)
+			fprintf(stderr, "cpu %d pkg %d core %d\n",
+				i, cpus[i].physical_package_id, cpus[i].core_id);
+	}
+	topo.num_cores_per_pkg = max_core_id + 1;
+	if (debug > 1)
+		fprintf(stderr, "max_core_id %d, sizing for %d cores per package\n",
+			max_core_id, topo.num_cores_per_pkg);
+	if (debug && !summary_only && topo.num_cores_per_pkg > 1)
+		show_core = 1;
+
+	topo.num_packages = max_package_id + 1;
+	if (debug > 1)
+		fprintf(stderr, "max_package_id %d, sizing for %d packages\n",
+			max_package_id, topo.num_packages);
+	if (debug && !summary_only && topo.num_packages > 1)
+		show_pkg = 1;
+
+	topo.num_threads_per_core = max_siblings;
+	if (debug > 1)
+		fprintf(stderr, "max_siblings %d\n", max_siblings);
+
+	free(cpus);
+}
+
+void
+allocate_counters(struct thread_data **t, struct core_data **c, struct pkg_data **p)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	*t = calloc(topo.num_threads_per_core * topo.num_cores_per_pkg *
+		topo.num_packages, sizeof(struct thread_data));
+	if (*t == NULL)
+		goto error;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < topo.num_threads_per_core *
+		topo.num_cores_per_pkg * topo.num_packages; i++)
+		(*t)[i].cpu_id = -1;
+
+	*c = calloc(topo.num_cores_per_pkg * topo.num_packages,
+		sizeof(struct core_data));
+	if (*c == NULL)
+		goto error;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < topo.num_cores_per_pkg * topo.num_packages; i++)
+		(*c)[i].core_id = -1;
+
+	*p = calloc(topo.num_packages, sizeof(struct pkg_data));
+	if (*p == NULL)
+		goto error;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < topo.num_packages; i++)
+		(*p)[i].package_id = i;
+
+	return;
+error:
+	err(1, "calloc counters");
+}
+/*
+ * init_counter()
+ *
+ * set cpu_id, core_num, pkg_num
+ * set FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE and FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE
+ *
+ * increment topo.num_cores when 1st core in pkg seen
+ */
+void init_counter(struct thread_data *thread_base, struct core_data *core_base,
+	struct pkg_data *pkg_base, int thread_num, int core_num,
+	int pkg_num, int cpu_id)
+{
+	struct thread_data *t;
+	struct core_data *c;
+	struct pkg_data *p;
+
+	t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_num, core_num, pkg_num);
+	c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_num, pkg_num);
+	p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_num);
+
+	t->cpu_id = cpu_id;
+	if (thread_num == 0) {
+		t->flags |= CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE;
+		if (cpu_is_first_core_in_package(cpu_id))
+			t->flags |= CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE;
+	}
+
+	c->core_id = core_num;
+	p->package_id = pkg_num;
+}
+
+
+int initialize_counters(int cpu_id)
+{
+	int my_thread_id, my_core_id, my_package_id;
+
+	my_package_id = get_physical_package_id(cpu_id);
+	my_core_id = get_core_id(cpu_id);
+	my_thread_id = get_cpu_position_in_core(cpu_id);
+	if (!my_thread_id)
+		topo.num_cores++;
+
+	init_counter(EVEN_COUNTERS, my_thread_id, my_core_id, my_package_id, cpu_id);
+	init_counter(ODD_COUNTERS, my_thread_id, my_core_id, my_package_id, cpu_id);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void allocate_output_buffer()
+{
+	output_buffer = calloc(1, (1 + topo.num_cpus) * 1024);
+	outp = output_buffer;
+	if (outp == NULL)
+		err(-1, "calloc output buffer");
+}
+
+void setup_all_buffers(void)
+{
+	topology_probe();
+	allocate_counters(&thread_even, &core_even, &package_even);
+	allocate_counters(&thread_odd, &core_odd, &package_odd);
+	allocate_output_buffer();
+	for_all_proc_cpus(initialize_counters);
+}
+
+void set_base_cpu(void)
+{
+	base_cpu = sched_getcpu();
+	if (base_cpu < 0)
+		err(-ENODEV, "No valid cpus found");
+
+	if (debug > 1)
+		fprintf(stderr, "base_cpu = %d\n", base_cpu);
+}
+
+void turbostat_init()
+{
+	setup_all_buffers();
+	set_base_cpu();
+	check_dev_msr();
+	check_permissions();
+	process_cpuid();
+
+
+	if (debug)
+		for_all_cpus(print_epb, ODD_COUNTERS);
+
+	if (debug)
+		for_all_cpus(print_perf_limit, ODD_COUNTERS);
+
+	if (debug)
+		for_all_cpus(print_rapl, ODD_COUNTERS);
+
+	for_all_cpus(set_temperature_target, ODD_COUNTERS);
+
+	if (debug)
+		for_all_cpus(print_thermal, ODD_COUNTERS);
+}
+
+int fork_it(char **argv)
+{
+	pid_t child_pid;
+	int status;
+
+	status = for_all_cpus(get_counters, EVEN_COUNTERS);
+	if (status)
+		exit(status);
+	/* clear affinity side-effect of get_counters() */
+	sched_setaffinity(0, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
+	gettimeofday(&tv_even, (struct timezone *)NULL);
+
+	child_pid = fork();
+	if (!child_pid) {
+		/* child */
+		execvp(argv[0], argv);
+	} else {
+
+		/* parent */
+		if (child_pid == -1)
+			err(1, "fork");
+
+		signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
+		signal(SIGQUIT, SIG_IGN);
+		if (waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0) == -1)
+			err(status, "waitpid");
+	}
+	/*
+	 * n.b. fork_it() does not check for errors from for_all_cpus()
+	 * because re-starting is problematic when forking
+	 */
+	for_all_cpus(get_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
+	gettimeofday(&tv_odd, (struct timezone *)NULL);
+	timersub(&tv_odd, &tv_even, &tv_delta);
+	for_all_cpus_2(delta_cpu, ODD_COUNTERS, EVEN_COUNTERS);
+	compute_average(EVEN_COUNTERS);
+	format_all_counters(EVEN_COUNTERS);
+	flush_stderr();
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "%.6f sec\n", tv_delta.tv_sec + tv_delta.tv_usec/1000000.0);
+
+	return status;
+}
+
+int get_and_dump_counters(void)
+{
+	int status;
+
+	status = for_all_cpus(get_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
+	if (status)
+		return status;
+
+	status = for_all_cpus(dump_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
+	if (status)
+		return status;
+
+	flush_stdout();
+
+	return status;
+}
+
+void print_version() {
+	fprintf(stderr, "turbostat version 4.7 27-May, 2015"
+		" - Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>\n");
+}
+
+void cmdline(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int opt;
+	int option_index = 0;
+	static struct option long_options[] = {
+		{"Counter",	required_argument,	0, 'C'},
+		{"counter",	required_argument,	0, 'c'},
+		{"Dump",	no_argument,		0, 'D'},
+		{"debug",	no_argument,		0, 'd'},
+		{"interval",	required_argument,	0, 'i'},
+		{"help",	no_argument,		0, 'h'},
+		{"Joules",	no_argument,		0, 'J'},
+		{"MSR",		required_argument,	0, 'M'},
+		{"msr",		required_argument,	0, 'm'},
+		{"Package",	no_argument,		0, 'p'},
+		{"processor",	no_argument,		0, 'p'},
+		{"Summary",	no_argument,		0, 'S'},
+		{"TCC",		required_argument,	0, 'T'},
+		{"version",	no_argument,		0, 'v' },
+		{0,		0,			0,  0 }
+	};
+
+	progname = argv[0];
+
+	while ((opt = getopt_long_only(argc, argv, "C:c:Ddhi:JM:m:PpST:v",
+				long_options, &option_index)) != -1) {
+		switch (opt) {
+		case 'C':
+			sscanf(optarg, "%x", &extra_delta_offset64);
+			break;
+		case 'c':
+			sscanf(optarg, "%x", &extra_delta_offset32);
+			break;
+		case 'D':
+			dump_only++;
+			break;
+		case 'd':
+			debug++;
+			break;
+		case 'h':
+		default:
+			help();
+			exit(1);
+		case 'i':
+			interval_sec = atoi(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 'J':
+			rapl_joules++;
+			break;
+		case 'M':
+			sscanf(optarg, "%x", &extra_msr_offset64);
+			break;
+		case 'm':
+			sscanf(optarg, "%x", &extra_msr_offset32);
+			break;
+		case 'P':
+			show_pkg_only++;
+			break;
+		case 'p':
+			show_core_only++;
+			break;
+		case 'S':
+			summary_only++;
+			break;
+		case 'T':
+			tcc_activation_temp_override = atoi(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 'v':
+			print_version();
+			exit(0);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	cmdline(argc, argv);
+
+	if (debug)
+		print_version();
+
+	turbostat_init();
+
+	/* dump counters and exit */
+	if (dump_only)
+		return get_and_dump_counters();
+
+	/*
+	 * if any params left, it must be a command to fork
+	 */
+	if (argc - optind)
+		return fork_it(argv + optind);
+	else
+		turbostat_loop();
+
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/tools/power/x86/x86_energy_perf_policy/Makefile b/tools/power/x86/x86_energy_perf_policy/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..971c9ffdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/power/x86/x86_energy_perf_policy/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+DESTDIR ?=
+
+x86_energy_perf_policy : x86_energy_perf_policy.c
+
+clean :
+	rm -f x86_energy_perf_policy
+
+install :
+	install x86_energy_perf_policy ${DESTDIR}/usr/bin/
+	install x86_energy_perf_policy.8 ${DESTDIR}/usr/share/man/man8/
diff --git a/tools/power/x86/x86_energy_perf_policy/x86_energy_perf_policy.8 b/tools/power/x86/x86_energy_perf_policy/x86_energy_perf_policy.8
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8eaaad648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/power/x86/x86_energy_perf_policy/x86_energy_perf_policy.8
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+.\"  This page Copyright (C) 2010 Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
+.\"  Distributed under the GPL, Copyleft 1994.
+.TH X86_ENERGY_PERF_POLICY 8
+.SH NAME
+x86_energy_perf_policy \- read or write MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.ft B
+.B x86_energy_perf_policy
+.RB [ "\-c cpu" ]
+.RB [ "\-v" ]
+.RB "\-r"
+.br
+.B x86_energy_perf_policy
+.RB [ "\-c cpu" ]
+.RB [ "\-v" ]
+.RB 'performance'
+.br
+.B x86_energy_perf_policy
+.RB [ "\-c cpu" ]
+.RB [ "\-v" ]
+.RB 'normal'
+.br
+.B x86_energy_perf_policy
+.RB [ "\-c cpu" ]
+.RB [ "\-v" ]
+.RB 'powersave'
+.br
+.B x86_energy_perf_policy
+.RB [ "\-c cpu" ]
+.RB [ "\-v" ]
+.RB n
+.br
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+\fBx86_energy_perf_policy\fP
+allows software to convey
+its policy for the relative importance of performance
+versus energy savings to the processor.
+
+The processor uses this information in model-specific ways
+when it must select trade-offs between performance and
+energy efficiency.
+
+This policy hint does not supersede Processor Performance states
+(P-states) or CPU Idle power states (C-states), but allows
+software to have influence where it would otherwise be unable
+to express a preference.
+
+For example, this setting may tell the hardware how
+aggressively or conservatively to control frequency
+in the "turbo range" above the explicitly OS-controlled
+P-state frequency range.  It may also tell the hardware
+how aggressively is should enter the OS requested C-states.
+
+Support for this feature is indicated by CPUID.06H.ECX.bit3
+per the Intel Architectures Software Developer's Manual.
+
+.SS Options
+\fB-c\fP limits operation to a single CPU.
+The default is to operate on all CPUs.
+Note that MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS is defined per
+logical processor, but that the initial implementations
+of the MSR were shared among all processors in each package.
+.PP
+\fB-v\fP increases verbosity.  By default
+x86_energy_perf_policy is silent.
+.PP
+\fB-r\fP is for "read-only" mode - the unchanged state
+is read and displayed.
+.PP
+.I performance
+Set a policy where performance is paramount.
+The processor will be unwilling to sacrifice any performance
+for the sake of energy saving. This is the hardware default.
+.PP
+.I normal
+Set a policy with a normal balance between performance and energy efficiency.
+The processor will tolerate minor performance compromise
+for potentially significant energy savings.
+This reasonable default for most desktops and servers.
+.PP
+.I powersave
+Set a policy where the processor can accept
+a measurable performance hit to maximize energy efficiency.
+.PP
+.I n
+Set MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS to the specified number.
+The range of valid numbers is 0-15, where 0 is maximum
+performance and 15 is maximum energy efficiency.
+
+.SH NOTES
+.B "x86_energy_perf_policy "
+runs only as root.
+.SH FILES
+.ta
+.nf
+/dev/cpu/*/msr
+.fi
+
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+msr(4)
+.PP
+.SH AUTHORS
+.nf
+Written by Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
diff --git a/tools/power/x86/x86_energy_perf_policy/x86_energy_perf_policy.c b/tools/power/x86/x86_energy_perf_policy/x86_energy_perf_policy.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40b3e5482
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/power/x86/x86_energy_perf_policy/x86_energy_perf_policy.c
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+/*
+ * x86_energy_perf_policy -- set the energy versus performance
+ * policy preference bias on recent X86 processors.
+ */
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2010, Intel Corporation.
+ * Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public License,
+ * version 2, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for
+ * more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+ * this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 51 Franklin St - Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+unsigned int verbose;		/* set with -v */
+unsigned int read_only;		/* set with -r */
+char *progname;
+unsigned long long new_bias;
+int cpu = -1;
+
+/*
+ * Usage:
+ *
+ * -c cpu: limit action to a single CPU (default is all CPUs)
+ * -v: verbose output (can invoke more than once)
+ * -r: read-only, don't change any settings
+ *
+ *  performance
+ *	Performance is paramount.
+ *	Unwilling to sacrifice any performance
+ *	for the sake of energy saving. (hardware default)
+ *
+ *  normal
+ *	Can tolerate minor performance compromise
+ *	for potentially significant energy savings.
+ *	(reasonable default for most desktops and servers)
+ *
+ *  powersave
+ *	Can tolerate significant performance hit
+ *	to maximize energy savings.
+ *
+ * n
+ *	a numerical value to write to the underlying MSR.
+ */
+void usage(void)
+{
+	printf("%s: [-c cpu] [-v] "
+		"(-r | 'performance' | 'normal' | 'powersave' | n)\n",
+		progname);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
+#define MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS	0x000001b0
+
+#define	BIAS_PERFORMANCE		0
+#define BIAS_BALANCE			6
+#define	BIAS_POWERSAVE			15
+
+void cmdline(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int opt;
+
+	progname = argv[0];
+
+	while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "+rvc:")) != -1) {
+		switch (opt) {
+		case 'c':
+			cpu = atoi(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 'r':
+			read_only = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'v':
+			verbose++;
+			break;
+		default:
+			usage();
+		}
+	}
+	/* if -r, then should be no additional optind */
+	if (read_only && (argc > optind))
+		usage();
+
+	/*
+	 * if no -r , then must be one additional optind
+	 */
+	if (!read_only) {
+
+		if (argc != optind + 1) {
+			printf("must supply -r or policy param\n");
+			usage();
+			}
+
+		if (!strcmp("performance", argv[optind])) {
+			new_bias = BIAS_PERFORMANCE;
+		} else if (!strcmp("normal", argv[optind])) {
+			new_bias = BIAS_BALANCE;
+		} else if (!strcmp("powersave", argv[optind])) {
+			new_bias = BIAS_POWERSAVE;
+		} else {
+			char *endptr;
+
+			new_bias = strtoull(argv[optind], &endptr, 0);
+			if (endptr == argv[optind] ||
+				new_bias > BIAS_POWERSAVE) {
+					fprintf(stderr, "invalid value: %s\n",
+						argv[optind]);
+				usage();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * validate_cpuid()
+ * returns on success, quietly exits on failure (make verbose with -v)
+ */
+void validate_cpuid(void)
+{
+	unsigned int eax, ebx, ecx, edx, max_level;
+	unsigned int fms, family, model, stepping;
+
+	eax = ebx = ecx = edx = 0;
+
+	asm("cpuid" : "=a" (max_level), "=b" (ebx), "=c" (ecx),
+		"=d" (edx) : "a" (0));
+
+	if (ebx != 0x756e6547 || edx != 0x49656e69 || ecx != 0x6c65746e) {
+		if (verbose)
+			fprintf(stderr, "%.4s%.4s%.4s != GenuineIntel",
+				(char *)&ebx, (char *)&edx, (char *)&ecx);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	asm("cpuid" : "=a" (fms), "=c" (ecx), "=d" (edx) : "a" (1) : "ebx");
+	family = (fms >> 8) & 0xf;
+	model = (fms >> 4) & 0xf;
+	stepping = fms & 0xf;
+	if (family == 6 || family == 0xf)
+		model += ((fms >> 16) & 0xf) << 4;
+
+	if (verbose > 1)
+		printf("CPUID %d levels family:model:stepping "
+			"0x%x:%x:%x (%d:%d:%d)\n", max_level,
+			family, model, stepping, family, model, stepping);
+
+	if (!(edx & (1 << 5))) {
+		if (verbose)
+			printf("CPUID: no MSR\n");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Support for MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS
+	 * is indicated by CPUID.06H.ECX.bit3
+	 */
+	asm("cpuid" : "=a" (eax), "=b" (ebx), "=c" (ecx), "=d" (edx) : "a" (6));
+	if (verbose)
+		printf("CPUID.06H.ECX: 0x%x\n", ecx);
+	if (!(ecx & (1 << 3))) {
+		if (verbose)
+			printf("CPUID: No MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS\n");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	return;	/* success */
+}
+
+unsigned long long get_msr(int cpu, int offset)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	char msr_path[32];
+	int retval;
+	int fd;
+
+	sprintf(msr_path, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", cpu);
+	fd = open(msr_path, O_RDONLY);
+	if (fd < 0) {
+		printf("Try \"# modprobe msr\"\n");
+		perror(msr_path);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	retval = pread(fd, &msr, sizeof msr, offset);
+
+	if (retval != sizeof msr) {
+		printf("pread cpu%d 0x%x = %d\n", cpu, offset, retval);
+		exit(-2);
+	}
+	close(fd);
+	return msr;
+}
+
+unsigned long long  put_msr(int cpu, unsigned long long new_msr, int offset)
+{
+	unsigned long long old_msr;
+	char msr_path[32];
+	int retval;
+	int fd;
+
+	sprintf(msr_path, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", cpu);
+	fd = open(msr_path, O_RDWR);
+	if (fd < 0) {
+		perror(msr_path);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	retval = pread(fd, &old_msr, sizeof old_msr, offset);
+	if (retval != sizeof old_msr) {
+		perror("pwrite");
+		printf("pread cpu%d 0x%x = %d\n", cpu, offset, retval);
+		exit(-2);
+	}
+
+	retval = pwrite(fd, &new_msr, sizeof new_msr, offset);
+	if (retval != sizeof new_msr) {
+		perror("pwrite");
+		printf("pwrite cpu%d 0x%x = %d\n", cpu, offset, retval);
+		exit(-2);
+	}
+
+	close(fd);
+
+	return old_msr;
+}
+
+void print_msr(int cpu)
+{
+	printf("cpu%d: 0x%016llx\n",
+		cpu, get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS));
+}
+
+void update_msr(int cpu)
+{
+	unsigned long long previous_msr;
+
+	previous_msr = put_msr(cpu, new_bias, MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS);
+
+	if (verbose)
+		printf("cpu%d  msr0x%x 0x%016llx -> 0x%016llx\n",
+			cpu, MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS, previous_msr, new_bias);
+
+	return;
+}
+
+char *proc_stat = "/proc/stat";
+/*
+ * run func() on every cpu in /dev/cpu
+ */
+void for_every_cpu(void (func)(int))
+{
+	FILE *fp;
+	int retval;
+
+	fp = fopen(proc_stat, "r");
+	if (fp == NULL) {
+		perror(proc_stat);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	retval = fscanf(fp, "cpu %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d\n");
+	if (retval != 0) {
+		perror("/proc/stat format");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	while (1) {
+		int cpu;
+
+		retval = fscanf(fp,
+			"cpu%u %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d\n",
+			&cpu);
+		if (retval != 1)
+			break;
+
+		func(cpu);
+	}
+	fclose(fp);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	cmdline(argc, argv);
+
+	if (verbose > 1)
+		printf("x86_energy_perf_policy Nov 24, 2010"
+				" - Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>\n");
+	if (verbose > 1 && !read_only)
+		printf("new_bias %lld\n", new_bias);
+
+	validate_cpuid();
+
+	if (cpu != -1) {
+		if (read_only)
+			print_msr(cpu);
+		else
+			update_msr(cpu);
+	} else {
+		if (read_only)
+			for_every_cpu(print_msr);
+		else
+			for_every_cpu(update_msr);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}