diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/driver-model')
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-model/binding.txt | 98 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-model/bus.txt | 143 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-model/class.txt | 147 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-model/design-patterns.txt | 116 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-model/device.txt | 106 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-model/devres.txt | 341 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-model/driver.txt | 214 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-model/overview.txt | 123 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-model/platform.txt | 230 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-model/porting.txt | 445 |
10 files changed, 1963 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/binding.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/binding.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abfc8e290 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-model/binding.txt @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ + +Driver Binding + +Driver binding is the process of associating a device with a device +driver that can control it. Bus drivers have typically handled this +because there have been bus-specific structures to represent the +devices and the drivers. With generic device and device driver +structures, most of the binding can take place using common code. + + +Bus +~~~ + +The bus type structure contains a list of all devices that are on that bus +type in the system. When device_register is called for a device, it is +inserted into the end of this list. The bus object also contains a +list of all drivers of that bus type. When driver_register is called +for a driver, it is inserted at the end of this list. These are the +two events which trigger driver binding. + + +device_register +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When a new device is added, the bus's list of drivers is iterated over +to find one that supports it. In order to determine that, the device +ID of the device must match one of the device IDs that the driver +supports. The format and semantics for comparing IDs is bus-specific. +Instead of trying to derive a complex state machine and matching +algorithm, it is up to the bus driver to provide a callback to compare +a device against the IDs of a driver. The bus returns 1 if a match was +found; 0 otherwise. + +int match(struct device * dev, struct device_driver * drv); + +If a match is found, the device's driver field is set to the driver +and the driver's probe callback is called. This gives the driver a +chance to verify that it really does support the hardware, and that +it's in a working state. + +Device Class +~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Upon the successful completion of probe, the device is registered with +the class to which it belongs. Device drivers belong to one and only one +class, and that is set in the driver's devclass field. +devclass_add_device is called to enumerate the device within the class +and actually register it with the class, which happens with the +class's register_dev callback. + + +Driver +~~~~~~ + +When a driver is attached to a device, the device is inserted into the +driver's list of devices. + + +sysfs +~~~~~ + +A symlink is created in the bus's 'devices' directory that points to +the device's directory in the physical hierarchy. + +A symlink is created in the driver's 'devices' directory that points +to the device's directory in the physical hierarchy. + +A directory for the device is created in the class's directory. A +symlink is created in that directory that points to the device's +physical location in the sysfs tree. + +A symlink can be created (though this isn't done yet) in the device's +physical directory to either its class directory, or the class's +top-level directory. One can also be created to point to its driver's +directory also. + + +driver_register +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The process is almost identical for when a new driver is added. +The bus's list of devices is iterated over to find a match. Devices +that already have a driver are skipped. All the devices are iterated +over, to bind as many devices as possible to the driver. + + +Removal +~~~~~~~ + +When a device is removed, the reference count for it will eventually +go to 0. When it does, the remove callback of the driver is called. It +is removed from the driver's list of devices and the reference count +of the driver is decremented. All symlinks between the two are removed. + +When a driver is removed, the list of devices that it supports is +iterated over, and the driver's remove callback is called for each +one. The device is removed from that list and the symlinks removed. + diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/bus.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/bus.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b577a45b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-model/bus.txt @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ + +Bus Types + +Definition +~~~~~~~~~~ +See the kerneldoc for the struct bus_type. + +int bus_register(struct bus_type * bus); + + +Declaration +~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Each bus type in the kernel (PCI, USB, etc) should declare one static +object of this type. They must initialize the name field, and may +optionally initialize the match callback. + +struct bus_type pci_bus_type = { + .name = "pci", + .match = pci_bus_match, +}; + +The structure should be exported to drivers in a header file: + +extern struct bus_type pci_bus_type; + + +Registration +~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When a bus driver is initialized, it calls bus_register. This +initializes the rest of the fields in the bus object and inserts it +into a global list of bus types. Once the bus object is registered, +the fields in it are usable by the bus driver. + + +Callbacks +~~~~~~~~~ + +match(): Attaching Drivers to Devices +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The format of device ID structures and the semantics for comparing +them are inherently bus-specific. Drivers typically declare an array +of device IDs of devices they support that reside in a bus-specific +driver structure. + +The purpose of the match callback is to give the bus an opportunity to +determine if a particular driver supports a particular device by +comparing the device IDs the driver supports with the device ID of a +particular device, without sacrificing bus-specific functionality or +type-safety. + +When a driver is registered with the bus, the bus's list of devices is +iterated over, and the match callback is called for each device that +does not have a driver associated with it. + + + +Device and Driver Lists +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The lists of devices and drivers are intended to replace the local +lists that many buses keep. They are lists of struct devices and +struct device_drivers, respectively. Bus drivers are free to use the +lists as they please, but conversion to the bus-specific type may be +necessary. + +The LDM core provides helper functions for iterating over each list. + +int bus_for_each_dev(struct bus_type * bus, struct device * start, void * data, + int (*fn)(struct device *, void *)); + +int bus_for_each_drv(struct bus_type * bus, struct device_driver * start, + void * data, int (*fn)(struct device_driver *, void *)); + +These helpers iterate over the respective list, and call the callback +for each device or driver in the list. All list accesses are +synchronized by taking the bus's lock (read currently). The reference +count on each object in the list is incremented before the callback is +called; it is decremented after the next object has been obtained. The +lock is not held when calling the callback. + + +sysfs +~~~~~~~~ +There is a top-level directory named 'bus'. + +Each bus gets a directory in the bus directory, along with two default +directories: + + /sys/bus/pci/ + |-- devices + `-- drivers + +Drivers registered with the bus get a directory in the bus's drivers +directory: + + /sys/bus/pci/ + |-- devices + `-- drivers + |-- Intel ICH + |-- Intel ICH Joystick + |-- agpgart + `-- e100 + +Each device that is discovered on a bus of that type gets a symlink in +the bus's devices directory to the device's directory in the physical +hierarchy: + + /sys/bus/pci/ + |-- devices + | |-- 00:00.0 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:00.0 + | |-- 00:01.0 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:01.0 + | `-- 00:02.0 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:02.0 + `-- drivers + + +Exporting Attributes +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +struct bus_attribute { + struct attribute attr; + ssize_t (*show)(struct bus_type *, char * buf); + ssize_t (*store)(struct bus_type *, const char * buf, size_t count); +}; + +Bus drivers can export attributes using the BUS_ATTR macro that works +similarly to the DEVICE_ATTR macro for devices. For example, a definition +like this: + +static BUS_ATTR(debug,0644,show_debug,store_debug); + +is equivalent to declaring: + +static bus_attribute bus_attr_debug; + +This can then be used to add and remove the attribute from the bus's +sysfs directory using: + +int bus_create_file(struct bus_type *, struct bus_attribute *); +void bus_remove_file(struct bus_type *, struct bus_attribute *); + + diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/class.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/class.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fefc480a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-model/class.txt @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ + +Device Classes + + +Introduction +~~~~~~~~~~~~ +A device class describes a type of device, like an audio or network +device. The following device classes have been identified: + +<Insert List of Device Classes Here> + + +Each device class defines a set of semantics and a programming interface +that devices of that class adhere to. Device drivers are the +implementation of that programming interface for a particular device on +a particular bus. + +Device classes are agnostic with respect to what bus a device resides +on. + + +Programming Interface +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The device class structure looks like: + + +typedef int (*devclass_add)(struct device *); +typedef void (*devclass_remove)(struct device *); + +See the kerneldoc for the struct class. + +A typical device class definition would look like: + +struct device_class input_devclass = { + .name = "input", + .add_device = input_add_device, + .remove_device = input_remove_device, +}; + +Each device class structure should be exported in a header file so it +can be used by drivers, extensions and interfaces. + +Device classes are registered and unregistered with the core using: + +int devclass_register(struct device_class * cls); +void devclass_unregister(struct device_class * cls); + + +Devices +~~~~~~~ +As devices are bound to drivers, they are added to the device class +that the driver belongs to. Before the driver model core, this would +typically happen during the driver's probe() callback, once the device +has been initialized. It now happens after the probe() callback +finishes from the core. + +The device is enumerated in the class. Each time a device is added to +the class, the class's devnum field is incremented and assigned to the +device. The field is never decremented, so if the device is removed +from the class and re-added, it will receive a different enumerated +value. + +The class is allowed to create a class-specific structure for the +device and store it in the device's class_data pointer. + +There is no list of devices in the device class. Each driver has a +list of devices that it supports. The device class has a list of +drivers of that particular class. To access all of the devices in the +class, iterate over the device lists of each driver in the class. + + +Device Drivers +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Device drivers are added to device classes when they are registered +with the core. A driver specifies the class it belongs to by setting +the struct device_driver::devclass field. + + +sysfs directory structure +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +There is a top-level sysfs directory named 'class'. + +Each class gets a directory in the class directory, along with two +default subdirectories: + + class/ + `-- input + |-- devices + `-- drivers + + +Drivers registered with the class get a symlink in the drivers/ directory +that points to the driver's directory (under its bus directory): + + class/ + `-- input + |-- devices + `-- drivers + `-- usb:usb_mouse -> ../../../bus/drivers/usb_mouse/ + + +Each device gets a symlink in the devices/ directory that points to the +device's directory in the physical hierarchy: + + class/ + `-- input + |-- devices + | `-- 1 -> ../../../root/pci0/00:1f.0/usb_bus/00:1f.2-1:0/ + `-- drivers + + +Exporting Attributes +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +struct devclass_attribute { + struct attribute attr; + ssize_t (*show)(struct device_class *, char * buf, size_t count, loff_t off); + ssize_t (*store)(struct device_class *, const char * buf, size_t count, loff_t off); +}; + +Class drivers can export attributes using the DEVCLASS_ATTR macro that works +similarly to the DEVICE_ATTR macro for devices. For example, a definition +like this: + +static DEVCLASS_ATTR(debug,0644,show_debug,store_debug); + +is equivalent to declaring: + +static devclass_attribute devclass_attr_debug; + +The bus driver can add and remove the attribute from the class's +sysfs directory using: + +int devclass_create_file(struct device_class *, struct devclass_attribute *); +void devclass_remove_file(struct device_class *, struct devclass_attribute *); + +In the example above, the file will be named 'debug' in placed in the +class's directory in sysfs. + + +Interfaces +~~~~~~~~~~ +There may exist multiple mechanisms for accessing the same device of a +particular class type. Device interfaces describe these mechanisms. + +When a device is added to a device class, the core attempts to add it +to every interface that is registered with the device class. + diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/design-patterns.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/design-patterns.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba7b2df64 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-model/design-patterns.txt @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ + +Device Driver Design Patterns +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This document describes a few common design patterns found in device drivers. +It is likely that subsystem maintainers will ask driver developers to +conform to these design patterns. + +1. State Container +2. container_of() + + +1. State Container +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +While the kernel contains a few device drivers that assume that they will +only be probed() once on a certain system (singletons), it is custom to assume +that the device the driver binds to will appear in several instances. This +means that the probe() function and all callbacks need to be reentrant. + +The most common way to achieve this is to use the state container design +pattern. It usually has this form: + +struct foo { + spinlock_t lock; /* Example member */ + (...) +}; + +static int foo_probe(...) +{ + struct foo *foo; + + foo = devm_kzalloc(dev, sizeof(*foo), GFP_KERNEL); + if (!foo) + return -ENOMEM; + spin_lock_init(&foo->lock); + (...) +} + +This will create an instance of struct foo in memory every time probe() is +called. This is our state container for this instance of the device driver. +Of course it is then necessary to always pass this instance of the +state around to all functions that need access to the state and its members. + +For example, if the driver is registering an interrupt handler, you would +pass around a pointer to struct foo like this: + +static irqreturn_t foo_handler(int irq, void *arg) +{ + struct foo *foo = arg; + (...) +} + +static int foo_probe(...) +{ + struct foo *foo; + + (...) + ret = request_irq(irq, foo_handler, 0, "foo", foo); +} + +This way you always get a pointer back to the correct instance of foo in +your interrupt handler. + + +2. container_of() +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Continuing on the above example we add an offloaded work: + +struct foo { + spinlock_t lock; + struct workqueue_struct *wq; + struct work_struct offload; + (...) +}; + +static void foo_work(struct work_struct *work) +{ + struct foo *foo = container_of(work, struct foo, offload); + + (...) +} + +static irqreturn_t foo_handler(int irq, void *arg) +{ + struct foo *foo = arg; + + queue_work(foo->wq, &foo->offload); + (...) +} + +static int foo_probe(...) +{ + struct foo *foo; + + foo->wq = create_singlethread_workqueue("foo-wq"); + INIT_WORK(&foo->offload, foo_work); + (...) +} + +The design pattern is the same for an hrtimer or something similar that will +return a single argument which is a pointer to a struct member in the +callback. + +container_of() is a macro defined in <linux/kernel.h> + +What container_of() does is to obtain a pointer to the containing struct from +a pointer to a member by a simple subtraction using the offsetof() macro from +standard C, which allows something similar to object oriented behaviours. +Notice that the contained member must not be a pointer, but an actual member +for this to work. + +We can see here that we avoid having global pointers to our struct foo * +instance this way, while still keeping the number of parameters passed to the +work function to a single pointer. diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/device.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/device.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e70220d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-model/device.txt @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ + +The Basic Device Structure +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +See the kerneldoc for the struct device. + + +Programming Interface +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The bus driver that discovers the device uses this to register the +device with the core: + +int device_register(struct device * dev); + +The bus should initialize the following fields: + + - parent + - name + - bus_id + - bus + +A device is removed from the core when its reference count goes to +0. The reference count can be adjusted using: + +struct device * get_device(struct device * dev); +void put_device(struct device * dev); + +get_device() will return a pointer to the struct device passed to it +if the reference is not already 0 (if it's in the process of being +removed already). + +A driver can access the lock in the device structure using: + +void lock_device(struct device * dev); +void unlock_device(struct device * dev); + + +Attributes +~~~~~~~~~~ +struct device_attribute { + struct attribute attr; + ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, + char *buf); + ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, + const char *buf, size_t count); +}; + +Attributes of devices can be exported by a device driver through sysfs. + +Please see Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt for more information +on how sysfs works. + +As explained in Documentation/kobject.txt, device attributes must be be +created before the KOBJ_ADD uevent is generated. The only way to realize +that is by defining an attribute group. + +Attributes are declared using a macro called DEVICE_ATTR: + +#define DEVICE_ATTR(name,mode,show,store) + +Example: + +static DEVICE_ATTR(type, 0444, show_type, NULL); +static DEVICE_ATTR(power, 0644, show_power, store_power); + +This declares two structures of type struct device_attribute with respective +names 'dev_attr_type' and 'dev_attr_power'. These two attributes can be +organized as follows into a group: + +static struct attribute *dev_attrs[] = { + &dev_attr_type.attr, + &dev_attr_power.attr, + NULL, +}; + +static struct attribute_group dev_attr_group = { + .attrs = dev_attrs, +}; + +static const struct attribute_group *dev_attr_groups[] = { + &dev_attr_group, + NULL, +}; + +This array of groups can then be associated with a device by setting the +group pointer in struct device before device_register() is invoked: + + dev->groups = dev_attr_groups; + device_register(dev); + +The device_register() function will use the 'groups' pointer to create the +device attributes and the device_unregister() function will use this pointer +to remove the device attributes. + +Word of warning: While the kernel allows device_create_file() and +device_remove_file() to be called on a device at any time, userspace has +strict expectations on when attributes get created. When a new device is +registered in the kernel, a uevent is generated to notify userspace (like +udev) that a new device is available. If attributes are added after the +device is registered, then userspace won't get notified and userspace will +not know about the new attributes. + +This is important for device driver that need to publish additional +attributes for a device at driver probe time. If the device driver simply +calls device_create_file() on the device structure passed to it, then +userspace will never be notified of the new attributes. diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/devres.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/devres.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..831a5363f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-model/devres.txt @@ -0,0 +1,341 @@ +Devres - Managed Device Resource +================================ + +Tejun Heo <teheo@suse.de> + +First draft 10 January 2007 + + +1. Intro : Huh? Devres? +2. Devres : Devres in a nutshell +3. Devres Group : Group devres'es and release them together +4. Details : Life time rules, calling context, ... +5. Overhead : How much do we have to pay for this? +6. List of managed interfaces : Currently implemented managed interfaces + + + 1. Intro + -------- + +devres came up while trying to convert libata to use iomap. Each +iomapped address should be kept and unmapped on driver detach. For +example, a plain SFF ATA controller (that is, good old PCI IDE) in +native mode makes use of 5 PCI BARs and all of them should be +maintained. + +As with many other device drivers, libata low level drivers have +sufficient bugs in ->remove and ->probe failure path. Well, yes, +that's probably because libata low level driver developers are lazy +bunch, but aren't all low level driver developers? After spending a +day fiddling with braindamaged hardware with no document or +braindamaged document, if it's finally working, well, it's working. + +For one reason or another, low level drivers don't receive as much +attention or testing as core code, and bugs on driver detach or +initialization failure don't happen often enough to be noticeable. +Init failure path is worse because it's much less travelled while +needs to handle multiple entry points. + +So, many low level drivers end up leaking resources on driver detach +and having half broken failure path implementation in ->probe() which +would leak resources or even cause oops when failure occurs. iomap +adds more to this mix. So do msi and msix. + + + 2. Devres + --------- + +devres is basically linked list of arbitrarily sized memory areas +associated with a struct device. Each devres entry is associated with +a release function. A devres can be released in several ways. No +matter what, all devres entries are released on driver detach. On +release, the associated release function is invoked and then the +devres entry is freed. + +Managed interface is created for resources commonly used by device +drivers using devres. For example, coherent DMA memory is acquired +using dma_alloc_coherent(). The managed version is called +dmam_alloc_coherent(). It is identical to dma_alloc_coherent() except +for the DMA memory allocated using it is managed and will be +automatically released on driver detach. Implementation looks like +the following. + + struct dma_devres { + size_t size; + void *vaddr; + dma_addr_t dma_handle; + }; + + static void dmam_coherent_release(struct device *dev, void *res) + { + struct dma_devres *this = res; + + dma_free_coherent(dev, this->size, this->vaddr, this->dma_handle); + } + + dmam_alloc_coherent(dev, size, dma_handle, gfp) + { + struct dma_devres *dr; + void *vaddr; + + dr = devres_alloc(dmam_coherent_release, sizeof(*dr), gfp); + ... + + /* alloc DMA memory as usual */ + vaddr = dma_alloc_coherent(...); + ... + + /* record size, vaddr, dma_handle in dr */ + dr->vaddr = vaddr; + ... + + devres_add(dev, dr); + + return vaddr; + } + +If a driver uses dmam_alloc_coherent(), the area is guaranteed to be +freed whether initialization fails half-way or the device gets +detached. If most resources are acquired using managed interface, a +driver can have much simpler init and exit code. Init path basically +looks like the following. + + my_init_one() + { + struct mydev *d; + + d = devm_kzalloc(dev, sizeof(*d), GFP_KERNEL); + if (!d) + return -ENOMEM; + + d->ring = dmam_alloc_coherent(...); + if (!d->ring) + return -ENOMEM; + + if (check something) + return -EINVAL; + ... + + return register_to_upper_layer(d); + } + +And exit path, + + my_remove_one() + { + unregister_from_upper_layer(d); + shutdown_my_hardware(); + } + +As shown above, low level drivers can be simplified a lot by using +devres. Complexity is shifted from less maintained low level drivers +to better maintained higher layer. Also, as init failure path is +shared with exit path, both can get more testing. + + + 3. Devres group + --------------- + +Devres entries can be grouped using devres group. When a group is +released, all contained normal devres entries and properly nested +groups are released. One usage is to rollback series of acquired +resources on failure. For example, + + if (!devres_open_group(dev, NULL, GFP_KERNEL)) + return -ENOMEM; + + acquire A; + if (failed) + goto err; + + acquire B; + if (failed) + goto err; + ... + + devres_remove_group(dev, NULL); + return 0; + + err: + devres_release_group(dev, NULL); + return err_code; + +As resource acquisition failure usually means probe failure, constructs +like above are usually useful in midlayer driver (e.g. libata core +layer) where interface function shouldn't have side effect on failure. +For LLDs, just returning error code suffices in most cases. + +Each group is identified by void *id. It can either be explicitly +specified by @id argument to devres_open_group() or automatically +created by passing NULL as @id as in the above example. In both +cases, devres_open_group() returns the group's id. The returned id +can be passed to other devres functions to select the target group. +If NULL is given to those functions, the latest open group is +selected. + +For example, you can do something like the following. + + int my_midlayer_create_something() + { + if (!devres_open_group(dev, my_midlayer_create_something, GFP_KERNEL)) + return -ENOMEM; + + ... + + devres_close_group(dev, my_midlayer_create_something); + return 0; + } + + void my_midlayer_destroy_something() + { + devres_release_group(dev, my_midlayer_create_something); + } + + + 4. Details + ---------- + +Lifetime of a devres entry begins on devres allocation and finishes +when it is released or destroyed (removed and freed) - no reference +counting. + +devres core guarantees atomicity to all basic devres operations and +has support for single-instance devres types (atomic +lookup-and-add-if-not-found). Other than that, synchronizing +concurrent accesses to allocated devres data is caller's +responsibility. This is usually non-issue because bus ops and +resource allocations already do the job. + +For an example of single-instance devres type, read pcim_iomap_table() +in lib/devres.c. + +All devres interface functions can be called without context if the +right gfp mask is given. + + + 5. Overhead + ----------- + +Each devres bookkeeping info is allocated together with requested data +area. With debug option turned off, bookkeeping info occupies 16 +bytes on 32bit machines and 24 bytes on 64bit (three pointers rounded +up to ull alignment). If singly linked list is used, it can be +reduced to two pointers (8 bytes on 32bit, 16 bytes on 64bit). + +Each devres group occupies 8 pointers. It can be reduced to 6 if +singly linked list is used. + +Memory space overhead on ahci controller with two ports is between 300 +and 400 bytes on 32bit machine after naive conversion (we can +certainly invest a bit more effort into libata core layer). + + + 6. List of managed interfaces + ----------------------------- + +CLOCK + devm_clk_get() + devm_clk_put() + +DMA + dmam_alloc_coherent() + dmam_alloc_noncoherent() + dmam_declare_coherent_memory() + dmam_free_coherent() + dmam_free_noncoherent() + dmam_pool_create() + dmam_pool_destroy() + +GPIO + devm_gpiod_get() + devm_gpiod_get_index() + devm_gpiod_get_index_optional() + devm_gpiod_get_optional() + devm_gpiod_put() + +IIO + devm_iio_device_alloc() + devm_iio_device_free() + devm_iio_device_register() + devm_iio_device_unregister() + devm_iio_kfifo_allocate() + devm_iio_kfifo_free() + devm_iio_trigger_alloc() + devm_iio_trigger_free() + +IO region + devm_release_mem_region() + devm_release_region() + devm_release_resource() + devm_request_mem_region() + devm_request_region() + devm_request_resource() + +IOMAP + devm_ioport_map() + devm_ioport_unmap() + devm_ioremap() + devm_ioremap_nocache() + devm_ioremap_wc() + devm_ioremap_resource() : checks resource, requests memory region, ioremaps + devm_iounmap() + pcim_iomap() + pcim_iomap_regions() : do request_region() and iomap() on multiple BARs + pcim_iomap_table() : array of mapped addresses indexed by BAR + pcim_iounmap() + +IRQ + devm_free_irq() + devm_request_any_context_irq() + devm_request_irq() + devm_request_threaded_irq() + +LED + devm_led_classdev_register() + devm_led_classdev_unregister() + +MDIO + devm_mdiobus_alloc() + devm_mdiobus_alloc_size() + devm_mdiobus_free() + +MEM + devm_free_pages() + devm_get_free_pages() + devm_kasprintf() + devm_kcalloc() + devm_kfree() + devm_kmalloc() + devm_kmalloc_array() + devm_kmemdup() + devm_kstrdup() + devm_kvasprintf() + devm_kzalloc() + +PCI + pcim_enable_device() : after success, all PCI ops become managed + pcim_pin_device() : keep PCI device enabled after release + +PHY + devm_usb_get_phy() + devm_usb_put_phy() + +PINCTRL + devm_pinctrl_get() + devm_pinctrl_put() + +PWM + devm_pwm_get() + devm_pwm_put() + +REGULATOR + devm_regulator_bulk_get() + devm_regulator_get() + devm_regulator_put() + devm_regulator_register() + +SLAVE DMA ENGINE + devm_acpi_dma_controller_register() + +SPI + devm_spi_register_master() diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/driver.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/driver.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..442113582 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-model/driver.txt @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ + +Device Drivers + +See the kerneldoc for the struct device_driver. + + +Allocation +~~~~~~~~~~ + +Device drivers are statically allocated structures. Though there may +be multiple devices in a system that a driver supports, struct +device_driver represents the driver as a whole (not a particular +device instance). + +Initialization +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The driver must initialize at least the name and bus fields. It should +also initialize the devclass field (when it arrives), so it may obtain +the proper linkage internally. It should also initialize as many of +the callbacks as possible, though each is optional. + +Declaration +~~~~~~~~~~~ + +As stated above, struct device_driver objects are statically +allocated. Below is an example declaration of the eepro100 +driver. This declaration is hypothetical only; it relies on the driver +being converted completely to the new model. + +static struct device_driver eepro100_driver = { + .name = "eepro100", + .bus = &pci_bus_type, + + .probe = eepro100_probe, + .remove = eepro100_remove, + .suspend = eepro100_suspend, + .resume = eepro100_resume, +}; + +Most drivers will not be able to be converted completely to the new +model because the bus they belong to has a bus-specific structure with +bus-specific fields that cannot be generalized. + +The most common example of this are device ID structures. A driver +typically defines an array of device IDs that it supports. The format +of these structures and the semantics for comparing device IDs are +completely bus-specific. Defining them as bus-specific entities would +sacrifice type-safety, so we keep bus-specific structures around. + +Bus-specific drivers should include a generic struct device_driver in +the definition of the bus-specific driver. Like this: + +struct pci_driver { + const struct pci_device_id *id_table; + struct device_driver driver; +}; + +A definition that included bus-specific fields would look like +(using the eepro100 driver again): + +static struct pci_driver eepro100_driver = { + .id_table = eepro100_pci_tbl, + .driver = { + .name = "eepro100", + .bus = &pci_bus_type, + .probe = eepro100_probe, + .remove = eepro100_remove, + .suspend = eepro100_suspend, + .resume = eepro100_resume, + }, +}; + +Some may find the syntax of embedded struct initialization awkward or +even a bit ugly. So far, it's the best way we've found to do what we want... + +Registration +~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +int driver_register(struct device_driver * drv); + +The driver registers the structure on startup. For drivers that have +no bus-specific fields (i.e. don't have a bus-specific driver +structure), they would use driver_register and pass a pointer to their +struct device_driver object. + +Most drivers, however, will have a bus-specific structure and will +need to register with the bus using something like pci_driver_register. + +It is important that drivers register their driver structure as early as +possible. Registration with the core initializes several fields in the +struct device_driver object, including the reference count and the +lock. These fields are assumed to be valid at all times and may be +used by the device model core or the bus driver. + + +Transition Bus Drivers +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +By defining wrapper functions, the transition to the new model can be +made easier. Drivers can ignore the generic structure altogether and +let the bus wrapper fill in the fields. For the callbacks, the bus can +define generic callbacks that forward the call to the bus-specific +callbacks of the drivers. + +This solution is intended to be only temporary. In order to get class +information in the driver, the drivers must be modified anyway. Since +converting drivers to the new model should reduce some infrastructural +complexity and code size, it is recommended that they are converted as +class information is added. + +Access +~~~~~~ + +Once the object has been registered, it may access the common fields of +the object, like the lock and the list of devices. + +int driver_for_each_dev(struct device_driver * drv, void * data, + int (*callback)(struct device * dev, void * data)); + +The devices field is a list of all the devices that have been bound to +the driver. The LDM core provides a helper function to operate on all +the devices a driver controls. This helper locks the driver on each +node access, and does proper reference counting on each device as it +accesses it. + + +sysfs +~~~~~ + +When a driver is registered, a sysfs directory is created in its +bus's directory. In this directory, the driver can export an interface +to userspace to control operation of the driver on a global basis; +e.g. toggling debugging output in the driver. + +A future feature of this directory will be a 'devices' directory. This +directory will contain symlinks to the directories of devices it +supports. + + + +Callbacks +~~~~~~~~~ + + int (*probe) (struct device * dev); + +The probe() entry is called in task context, with the bus's rwsem locked +and the driver partially bound to the device. Drivers commonly use +container_of() to convert "dev" to a bus-specific type, both in probe() +and other routines. That type often provides device resource data, such +as pci_dev.resource[] or platform_device.resources, which is used in +addition to dev->platform_data to initialize the driver. + +This callback holds the driver-specific logic to bind the driver to a +given device. That includes verifying that the device is present, that +it's a version the driver can handle, that driver data structures can +be allocated and initialized, and that any hardware can be initialized. +Drivers often store a pointer to their state with dev_set_drvdata(). +When the driver has successfully bound itself to that device, then probe() +returns zero and the driver model code will finish its part of binding +the driver to that device. + +A driver's probe() may return a negative errno value to indicate that +the driver did not bind to this device, in which case it should have +released all resources it allocated. + + int (*remove) (struct device * dev); + +remove is called to unbind a driver from a device. This may be +called if a device is physically removed from the system, if the +driver module is being unloaded, during a reboot sequence, or +in other cases. + +It is up to the driver to determine if the device is present or +not. It should free any resources allocated specifically for the +device; i.e. anything in the device's driver_data field. + +If the device is still present, it should quiesce the device and place +it into a supported low-power state. + + int (*suspend) (struct device * dev, pm_message_t state); + +suspend is called to put the device in a low power state. + + int (*resume) (struct device * dev); + +Resume is used to bring a device back from a low power state. + + +Attributes +~~~~~~~~~~ +struct driver_attribute { + struct attribute attr; + ssize_t (*show)(struct device_driver *driver, char *buf); + ssize_t (*store)(struct device_driver *, const char * buf, size_t count); +}; + +Device drivers can export attributes via their sysfs directories. +Drivers can declare attributes using a DRIVER_ATTR macro that works +identically to the DEVICE_ATTR macro. + +Example: + +DRIVER_ATTR(debug,0644,show_debug,store_debug); + +This is equivalent to declaring: + +struct driver_attribute driver_attr_debug; + +This can then be used to add and remove the attribute from the +driver's directory using: + +int driver_create_file(struct device_driver *, const struct driver_attribute *); +void driver_remove_file(struct device_driver *, const struct driver_attribute *); diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/overview.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/overview.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a8f9a807 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-model/overview.txt @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +The Linux Kernel Device Model + +Patrick Mochel <mochel@digitalimplant.org> + +Drafted 26 August 2002 +Updated 31 January 2006 + + +Overview +~~~~~~~~ + +The Linux Kernel Driver Model is a unification of all the disparate driver +models that were previously used in the kernel. It is intended to augment the +bus-specific drivers for bridges and devices by consolidating a set of data +and operations into globally accessible data structures. + +Traditional driver models implemented some sort of tree-like structure +(sometimes just a list) for the devices they control. There wasn't any +uniformity across the different bus types. + +The current driver model provides a common, uniform data model for describing +a bus and the devices that can appear under the bus. The unified bus +model includes a set of common attributes which all busses carry, and a set +of common callbacks, such as device discovery during bus probing, bus +shutdown, bus power management, etc. + +The common device and bridge interface reflects the goals of the modern +computer: namely the ability to do seamless device "plug and play", power +management, and hot plug. In particular, the model dictated by Intel and +Microsoft (namely ACPI) ensures that almost every device on almost any bus +on an x86-compatible system can work within this paradigm. Of course, +not every bus is able to support all such operations, although most +buses support most of those operations. + + +Downstream Access +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Common data fields have been moved out of individual bus layers into a common +data structure. These fields must still be accessed by the bus layers, +and sometimes by the device-specific drivers. + +Other bus layers are encouraged to do what has been done for the PCI layer. +struct pci_dev now looks like this: + +struct pci_dev { + ... + + struct device dev; /* Generic device interface */ + ... +}; + +Note first that the struct device dev within the struct pci_dev is +statically allocated. This means only one allocation on device discovery. + +Note also that that struct device dev is not necessarily defined at the +front of the pci_dev structure. This is to make people think about what +they're doing when switching between the bus driver and the global driver, +and to discourage meaningless and incorrect casts between the two. + +The PCI bus layer freely accesses the fields of struct device. It knows about +the structure of struct pci_dev, and it should know the structure of struct +device. Individual PCI device drivers that have been converted to the current +driver model generally do not and should not touch the fields of struct device, +unless there is a compelling reason to do so. + +The above abstraction prevents unnecessary pain during transitional phases. +If it were not done this way, then when a field was renamed or removed, every +downstream driver would break. On the other hand, if only the bus layer +(and not the device layer) accesses the struct device, it is only the bus +layer that needs to change. + + +User Interface +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +By virtue of having a complete hierarchical view of all the devices in the +system, exporting a complete hierarchical view to userspace becomes relatively +easy. This has been accomplished by implementing a special purpose virtual +file system named sysfs. + +Almost all mainstream Linux distros mount this filesystem automatically; you +can see some variation of the following in the output of the "mount" command: + +$ mount +... +none on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) +... +$ + +The auto-mounting of sysfs is typically accomplished by an entry similar to +the following in the /etc/fstab file: + +none /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 + +or something similar in the /lib/init/fstab file on Debian-based systems: + +none /sys sysfs nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 + +If sysfs is not automatically mounted, you can always do it manually with: + +# mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys + +Whenever a device is inserted into the tree, a directory is created for it. +This directory may be populated at each layer of discovery - the global layer, +the bus layer, or the device layer. + +The global layer currently creates two files - 'name' and 'power'. The +former only reports the name of the device. The latter reports the +current power state of the device. It will also be used to set the current +power state. + +The bus layer may also create files for the devices it finds while probing the +bus. For example, the PCI layer currently creates 'irq' and 'resource' files +for each PCI device. + +A device-specific driver may also export files in its directory to expose +device-specific data or tunable interfaces. + +More information about the sysfs directory layout can be found in +the other documents in this directory and in the file +Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt. + diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/platform.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/platform.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07795ec51 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-model/platform.txt @@ -0,0 +1,230 @@ +Platform Devices and Drivers +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +See <linux/platform_device.h> for the driver model interface to the +platform bus: platform_device, and platform_driver. This pseudo-bus +is used to connect devices on busses with minimal infrastructure, +like those used to integrate peripherals on many system-on-chip +processors, or some "legacy" PC interconnects; as opposed to large +formally specified ones like PCI or USB. + + +Platform devices +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Platform devices are devices that typically appear as autonomous +entities in the system. This includes legacy port-based devices and +host bridges to peripheral buses, and most controllers integrated +into system-on-chip platforms. What they usually have in common +is direct addressing from a CPU bus. Rarely, a platform_device will +be connected through a segment of some other kind of bus; but its +registers will still be directly addressable. + +Platform devices are given a name, used in driver binding, and a +list of resources such as addresses and IRQs. + +struct platform_device { + const char *name; + u32 id; + struct device dev; + u32 num_resources; + struct resource *resource; +}; + + +Platform drivers +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Platform drivers follow the standard driver model convention, where +discovery/enumeration is handled outside the drivers, and drivers +provide probe() and remove() methods. They support power management +and shutdown notifications using the standard conventions. + +struct platform_driver { + int (*probe)(struct platform_device *); + int (*remove)(struct platform_device *); + void (*shutdown)(struct platform_device *); + int (*suspend)(struct platform_device *, pm_message_t state); + int (*suspend_late)(struct platform_device *, pm_message_t state); + int (*resume_early)(struct platform_device *); + int (*resume)(struct platform_device *); + struct device_driver driver; +}; + +Note that probe() should in general verify that the specified device hardware +actually exists; sometimes platform setup code can't be sure. The probing +can use device resources, including clocks, and device platform_data. + +Platform drivers register themselves the normal way: + + int platform_driver_register(struct platform_driver *drv); + +Or, in common situations where the device is known not to be hot-pluggable, +the probe() routine can live in an init section to reduce the driver's +runtime memory footprint: + + int platform_driver_probe(struct platform_driver *drv, + int (*probe)(struct platform_device *)) + + +Device Enumeration +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +As a rule, platform specific (and often board-specific) setup code will +register platform devices: + + int platform_device_register(struct platform_device *pdev); + + int platform_add_devices(struct platform_device **pdevs, int ndev); + +The general rule is to register only those devices that actually exist, +but in some cases extra devices might be registered. For example, a kernel +might be configured to work with an external network adapter that might not +be populated on all boards, or likewise to work with an integrated controller +that some boards might not hook up to any peripherals. + +In some cases, boot firmware will export tables describing the devices +that are populated on a given board. Without such tables, often the +only way for system setup code to set up the correct devices is to build +a kernel for a specific target board. Such board-specific kernels are +common with embedded and custom systems development. + +In many cases, the memory and IRQ resources associated with the platform +device are not enough to let the device's driver work. Board setup code +will often provide additional information using the device's platform_data +field to hold additional information. + +Embedded systems frequently need one or more clocks for platform devices, +which are normally kept off until they're actively needed (to save power). +System setup also associates those clocks with the device, so that that +calls to clk_get(&pdev->dev, clock_name) return them as needed. + + +Legacy Drivers: Device Probing +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Some drivers are not fully converted to the driver model, because they take +on a non-driver role: the driver registers its platform device, rather than +leaving that for system infrastructure. Such drivers can't be hotplugged +or coldplugged, since those mechanisms require device creation to be in a +different system component than the driver. + +The only "good" reason for this is to handle older system designs which, like +original IBM PCs, rely on error-prone "probe-the-hardware" models for hardware +configuration. Newer systems have largely abandoned that model, in favor of +bus-level support for dynamic configuration (PCI, USB), or device tables +provided by the boot firmware (e.g. PNPACPI on x86). There are too many +conflicting options about what might be where, and even educated guesses by +an operating system will be wrong often enough to make trouble. + +This style of driver is discouraged. If you're updating such a driver, +please try to move the device enumeration to a more appropriate location, +outside the driver. This will usually be cleanup, since such drivers +tend to already have "normal" modes, such as ones using device nodes that +were created by PNP or by platform device setup. + +None the less, there are some APIs to support such legacy drivers. Avoid +using these calls except with such hotplug-deficient drivers. + + struct platform_device *platform_device_alloc( + const char *name, int id); + +You can use platform_device_alloc() to dynamically allocate a device, which +you will then initialize with resources and platform_device_register(). +A better solution is usually: + + struct platform_device *platform_device_register_simple( + const char *name, int id, + struct resource *res, unsigned int nres); + +You can use platform_device_register_simple() as a one-step call to allocate +and register a device. + + +Device Naming and Driver Binding +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The platform_device.dev.bus_id is the canonical name for the devices. +It's built from two components: + + * platform_device.name ... which is also used to for driver matching. + + * platform_device.id ... the device instance number, or else "-1" + to indicate there's only one. + +These are concatenated, so name/id "serial"/0 indicates bus_id "serial.0", and +"serial/3" indicates bus_id "serial.3"; both would use the platform_driver +named "serial". While "my_rtc"/-1 would be bus_id "my_rtc" (no instance id) +and use the platform_driver called "my_rtc". + +Driver binding is performed automatically by the driver core, invoking +driver probe() after finding a match between device and driver. If the +probe() succeeds, the driver and device are bound as usual. There are +three different ways to find such a match: + + - Whenever a device is registered, the drivers for that bus are + checked for matches. Platform devices should be registered very + early during system boot. + + - When a driver is registered using platform_driver_register(), all + unbound devices on that bus are checked for matches. Drivers + usually register later during booting, or by module loading. + + - Registering a driver using platform_driver_probe() works just like + using platform_driver_register(), except that the driver won't + be probed later if another device registers. (Which is OK, since + this interface is only for use with non-hotpluggable devices.) + + +Early Platform Devices and Drivers +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The early platform interfaces provide platform data to platform device +drivers early on during the system boot. The code is built on top of the +early_param() command line parsing and can be executed very early on. + +Example: "earlyprintk" class early serial console in 6 steps + +1. Registering early platform device data +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The architecture code registers platform device data using the function +early_platform_add_devices(). In the case of early serial console this +should be hardware configuration for the serial port. Devices registered +at this point will later on be matched against early platform drivers. + +2. Parsing kernel command line +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The architecture code calls parse_early_param() to parse the kernel +command line. This will execute all matching early_param() callbacks. +User specified early platform devices will be registered at this point. +For the early serial console case the user can specify port on the +kernel command line as "earlyprintk=serial.0" where "earlyprintk" is +the class string, "serial" is the name of the platform driver and +0 is the platform device id. If the id is -1 then the dot and the +id can be omitted. + +3. Installing early platform drivers belonging to a certain class +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The architecture code may optionally force registration of all early +platform drivers belonging to a certain class using the function +early_platform_driver_register_all(). User specified devices from +step 2 have priority over these. This step is omitted by the serial +driver example since the early serial driver code should be disabled +unless the user has specified port on the kernel command line. + +4. Early platform driver registration +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Compiled-in platform drivers making use of early_platform_init() are +automatically registered during step 2 or 3. The serial driver example +should use early_platform_init("earlyprintk", &platform_driver). + +5. Probing of early platform drivers belonging to a certain class +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The architecture code calls early_platform_driver_probe() to match +registered early platform devices associated with a certain class with +registered early platform drivers. Matched devices will get probed(). +This step can be executed at any point during the early boot. As soon +as possible may be good for the serial port case. + +6. Inside the early platform driver probe() +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The driver code needs to take special care during early boot, especially +when it comes to memory allocation and interrupt registration. The code +in the probe() function can use is_early_platform_device() to check if +it is called at early platform device or at the regular platform device +time. The early serial driver performs register_console() at this point. + +For further information, see <linux/platform_device.h>. diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/porting.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/porting.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92d86f727 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/driver-model/porting.txt @@ -0,0 +1,445 @@ + +Porting Drivers to the New Driver Model + +Patrick Mochel + +7 January 2003 + + +Overview + +Please refer to Documentation/driver-model/*.txt for definitions of +various driver types and concepts. + +Most of the work of porting devices drivers to the new model happens +at the bus driver layer. This was intentional, to minimize the +negative effect on kernel drivers, and to allow a gradual transition +of bus drivers. + +In a nutshell, the driver model consists of a set of objects that can +be embedded in larger, bus-specific objects. Fields in these generic +objects can replace fields in the bus-specific objects. + +The generic objects must be registered with the driver model core. By +doing so, they will exported via the sysfs filesystem. sysfs can be +mounted by doing + + # mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys + + + +The Process + +Step 0: Read include/linux/device.h for object and function definitions. + +Step 1: Registering the bus driver. + + +- Define a struct bus_type for the bus driver. + +struct bus_type pci_bus_type = { + .name = "pci", +}; + + +- Register the bus type. + This should be done in the initialization function for the bus type, + which is usually the module_init(), or equivalent, function. + +static int __init pci_driver_init(void) +{ + return bus_register(&pci_bus_type); +} + +subsys_initcall(pci_driver_init); + + + The bus type may be unregistered (if the bus driver may be compiled + as a module) by doing: + + bus_unregister(&pci_bus_type); + + +- Export the bus type for others to use. + + Other code may wish to reference the bus type, so declare it in a + shared header file and export the symbol. + +From include/linux/pci.h: + +extern struct bus_type pci_bus_type; + + +From file the above code appears in: + +EXPORT_SYMBOL(pci_bus_type); + + + +- This will cause the bus to show up in /sys/bus/pci/ with two + subdirectories: 'devices' and 'drivers'. + +# tree -d /sys/bus/pci/ +/sys/bus/pci/ +|-- devices +`-- drivers + + + +Step 2: Registering Devices. + +struct device represents a single device. It mainly contains metadata +describing the relationship the device has to other entities. + + +- Embed a struct device in the bus-specific device type. + + +struct pci_dev { + ... + struct device dev; /* Generic device interface */ + ... +}; + + It is recommended that the generic device not be the first item in + the struct to discourage programmers from doing mindless casts + between the object types. Instead macros, or inline functions, + should be created to convert from the generic object type. + + +#define to_pci_dev(n) container_of(n, struct pci_dev, dev) + +or + +static inline struct pci_dev * to_pci_dev(struct kobject * kobj) +{ + return container_of(n, struct pci_dev, dev); +} + + This allows the compiler to verify type-safety of the operations + that are performed (which is Good). + + +- Initialize the device on registration. + + When devices are discovered or registered with the bus type, the + bus driver should initialize the generic device. The most important + things to initialize are the bus_id, parent, and bus fields. + + The bus_id is an ASCII string that contains the device's address on + the bus. The format of this string is bus-specific. This is + necessary for representing devices in sysfs. + + parent is the physical parent of the device. It is important that + the bus driver sets this field correctly. + + The driver model maintains an ordered list of devices that it uses + for power management. This list must be in order to guarantee that + devices are shutdown before their physical parents, and vice versa. + The order of this list is determined by the parent of registered + devices. + + Also, the location of the device's sysfs directory depends on a + device's parent. sysfs exports a directory structure that mirrors + the device hierarchy. Accurately setting the parent guarantees that + sysfs will accurately represent the hierarchy. + + The device's bus field is a pointer to the bus type the device + belongs to. This should be set to the bus_type that was declared + and initialized before. + + Optionally, the bus driver may set the device's name and release + fields. + + The name field is an ASCII string describing the device, like + + "ATI Technologies Inc Radeon QD" + + The release field is a callback that the driver model core calls + when the device has been removed, and all references to it have + been released. More on this in a moment. + + +- Register the device. + + Once the generic device has been initialized, it can be registered + with the driver model core by doing: + + device_register(&dev->dev); + + It can later be unregistered by doing: + + device_unregister(&dev->dev); + + This should happen on buses that support hotpluggable devices. + If a bus driver unregisters a device, it should not immediately free + it. It should instead wait for the driver model core to call the + device's release method, then free the bus-specific object. + (There may be other code that is currently referencing the device + structure, and it would be rude to free the device while that is + happening). + + + When the device is registered, a directory in sysfs is created. + The PCI tree in sysfs looks like: + +/sys/devices/pci0/ +|-- 00:00.0 +|-- 00:01.0 +| `-- 01:00.0 +|-- 00:02.0 +| `-- 02:1f.0 +| `-- 03:00.0 +|-- 00:1e.0 +| `-- 04:04.0 +|-- 00:1f.0 +|-- 00:1f.1 +| |-- ide0 +| | |-- 0.0 +| | `-- 0.1 +| `-- ide1 +| `-- 1.0 +|-- 00:1f.2 +|-- 00:1f.3 +`-- 00:1f.5 + + Also, symlinks are created in the bus's 'devices' directory + that point to the device's directory in the physical hierarchy. + +/sys/bus/pci/devices/ +|-- 00:00.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:00.0 +|-- 00:01.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:01.0 +|-- 00:02.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:02.0 +|-- 00:1e.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1e.0 +|-- 00:1f.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.0 +|-- 00:1f.1 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.1 +|-- 00:1f.2 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.2 +|-- 00:1f.3 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.3 +|-- 00:1f.5 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1f.5 +|-- 01:00.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:01.0/01:00.0 +|-- 02:1f.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:02.0/02:1f.0 +|-- 03:00.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:02.0/02:1f.0/03:00.0 +`-- 04:04.0 -> ../../../devices/pci0/00:1e.0/04:04.0 + + + +Step 3: Registering Drivers. + +struct device_driver is a simple driver structure that contains a set +of operations that the driver model core may call. + + +- Embed a struct device_driver in the bus-specific driver. + + Just like with devices, do something like: + +struct pci_driver { + ... + struct device_driver driver; +}; + + +- Initialize the generic driver structure. + + When the driver registers with the bus (e.g. doing pci_register_driver()), + initialize the necessary fields of the driver: the name and bus + fields. + + +- Register the driver. + + After the generic driver has been initialized, call + + driver_register(&drv->driver); + + to register the driver with the core. + + When the driver is unregistered from the bus, unregister it from the + core by doing: + + driver_unregister(&drv->driver); + + Note that this will block until all references to the driver have + gone away. Normally, there will not be any. + + +- Sysfs representation. + + Drivers are exported via sysfs in their bus's 'driver's directory. + For example: + +/sys/bus/pci/drivers/ +|-- 3c59x +|-- Ensoniq AudioPCI +|-- agpgart-amdk7 +|-- e100 +`-- serial + + +Step 4: Define Generic Methods for Drivers. + +struct device_driver defines a set of operations that the driver model +core calls. Most of these operations are probably similar to +operations the bus already defines for drivers, but taking different +parameters. + +It would be difficult and tedious to force every driver on a bus to +simultaneously convert their drivers to generic format. Instead, the +bus driver should define single instances of the generic methods that +forward call to the bus-specific drivers. For instance: + + +static int pci_device_remove(struct device * dev) +{ + struct pci_dev * pci_dev = to_pci_dev(dev); + struct pci_driver * drv = pci_dev->driver; + + if (drv) { + if (drv->remove) + drv->remove(pci_dev); + pci_dev->driver = NULL; + } + return 0; +} + + +The generic driver should be initialized with these methods before it +is registered. + + /* initialize common driver fields */ + drv->driver.name = drv->name; + drv->driver.bus = &pci_bus_type; + drv->driver.probe = pci_device_probe; + drv->driver.resume = pci_device_resume; + drv->driver.suspend = pci_device_suspend; + drv->driver.remove = pci_device_remove; + + /* register with core */ + driver_register(&drv->driver); + + +Ideally, the bus should only initialize the fields if they are not +already set. This allows the drivers to implement their own generic +methods. + + +Step 5: Support generic driver binding. + +The model assumes that a device or driver can be dynamically +registered with the bus at any time. When registration happens, +devices must be bound to a driver, or drivers must be bound to all +devices that it supports. + +A driver typically contains a list of device IDs that it supports. The +bus driver compares these IDs to the IDs of devices registered with it. +The format of the device IDs, and the semantics for comparing them are +bus-specific, so the generic model does attempt to generalize them. + +Instead, a bus may supply a method in struct bus_type that does the +comparison: + + int (*match)(struct device * dev, struct device_driver * drv); + +match should return '1' if the driver supports the device, and '0' +otherwise. + +When a device is registered, the bus's list of drivers is iterated +over. bus->match() is called for each one until a match is found. + +When a driver is registered, the bus's list of devices is iterated +over. bus->match() is called for each device that is not already +claimed by a driver. + +When a device is successfully bound to a driver, device->driver is +set, the device is added to a per-driver list of devices, and a +symlink is created in the driver's sysfs directory that points to the +device's physical directory: + +/sys/bus/pci/drivers/ +|-- 3c59x +| `-- 00:0b.0 -> ../../../../devices/pci0/00:0b.0 +|-- Ensoniq AudioPCI +|-- agpgart-amdk7 +| `-- 00:00.0 -> ../../../../devices/pci0/00:00.0 +|-- e100 +| `-- 00:0c.0 -> ../../../../devices/pci0/00:0c.0 +`-- serial + + +This driver binding should replace the existing driver binding +mechanism the bus currently uses. + + +Step 6: Supply a hotplug callback. + +Whenever a device is registered with the driver model core, the +userspace program /sbin/hotplug is called to notify userspace. +Users can define actions to perform when a device is inserted or +removed. + +The driver model core passes several arguments to userspace via +environment variables, including + +- ACTION: set to 'add' or 'remove' +- DEVPATH: set to the device's physical path in sysfs. + +A bus driver may also supply additional parameters for userspace to +consume. To do this, a bus must implement the 'hotplug' method in +struct bus_type: + + int (*hotplug) (struct device *dev, char **envp, + int num_envp, char *buffer, int buffer_size); + +This is called immediately before /sbin/hotplug is executed. + + +Step 7: Cleaning up the bus driver. + +The generic bus, device, and driver structures provide several fields +that can replace those defined privately to the bus driver. + +- Device list. + +struct bus_type contains a list of all devices registered with the bus +type. This includes all devices on all instances of that bus type. +An internal list that the bus uses may be removed, in favor of using +this one. + +The core provides an iterator to access these devices. + +int bus_for_each_dev(struct bus_type * bus, struct device * start, + void * data, int (*fn)(struct device *, void *)); + + +- Driver list. + +struct bus_type also contains a list of all drivers registered with +it. An internal list of drivers that the bus driver maintains may +be removed in favor of using the generic one. + +The drivers may be iterated over, like devices: + +int bus_for_each_drv(struct bus_type * bus, struct device_driver * start, + void * data, int (*fn)(struct device_driver *, void *)); + + +Please see drivers/base/bus.c for more information. + + +- rwsem + +struct bus_type contains an rwsem that protects all core accesses to +the device and driver lists. This can be used by the bus driver +internally, and should be used when accessing the device or driver +lists the bus maintains. + + +- Device and driver fields. + +Some of the fields in struct device and struct device_driver duplicate +fields in the bus-specific representations of these objects. Feel free +to remove the bus-specific ones and favor the generic ones. Note +though, that this will likely mean fixing up all the drivers that +reference the bus-specific fields (though those should all be 1-line +changes). + |