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diff --git a/Documentation/networking/dsa/dsa.txt b/Documentation/networking/dsa/dsa.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa9c1f931 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/networking/dsa/dsa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,615 @@ +Distributed Switch Architecture +=============================== + +Introduction +============ + +This document describes the Distributed Switch Architecture (DSA) subsystem +design principles, limitations, interactions with other subsystems, and how to +develop drivers for this subsystem as well as a TODO for developers interested +in joining the effort. + +Design principles +================= + +The Distributed Switch Architecture is a subsystem which was primarily designed +to support Marvell Ethernet switches (MV88E6xxx, a.k.a Linkstreet product line) +using Linux, but has since evolved to support other vendors as well. + +The original philosophy behind this design was to be able to use unmodified +Linux tools such as bridge, iproute2, ifconfig to work transparently whether +they configured/queried a switch port network device or a regular network +device. + +An Ethernet switch is typically comprised of multiple front-panel ports, and one +or more CPU or management port. The DSA subsystem currently relies on the +presence of a management port connected to an Ethernet controller capable of +receiving Ethernet frames from the switch. This is a very common setup for all +kinds of Ethernet switches found in Small Home and Office products: routers, +gateways, or even top-of-the rack switches. This host Ethernet controller will +be later referred to as "master" and "cpu" in DSA terminology and code. + +The D in DSA stands for Distributed, because the subsystem has been designed +with the ability to configure and manage cascaded switches on top of each other +using upstream and downstream Ethernet links between switches. These specific +ports are referred to as "dsa" ports in DSA terminology and code. A collection +of multiple switches connected to each other is called a "switch tree". + +For each front-panel port, DSA will create specialized network devices which are +used as controlling and data-flowing endpoints for use by the Linux networking +stack. These specialized network interfaces are referred to as "slave" network +interfaces in DSA terminology and code. + +The ideal case for using DSA is when an Ethernet switch supports a "switch tag" +which is a hardware feature making the switch insert a specific tag for each +Ethernet frames it received to/from specific ports to help the management +interface figure out: + +- what port is this frame coming from +- what was the reason why this frame got forwarded +- how to send CPU originated traffic to specific ports + +The subsystem does support switches not capable of inserting/stripping tags, but +the features might be slightly limited in that case (traffic separation relies +on Port-based VLAN IDs). + +Note that DSA does not currently create network interfaces for the "cpu" and +"dsa" ports because: + +- the "cpu" port is the Ethernet switch facing side of the management + controller, and as such, would create a duplication of feature, since you + would get two interfaces for the same conduit: master netdev, and "cpu" netdev + +- the "dsa" port(s) are just conduits between two or more switches, and as such + cannot really be used as proper network interfaces either, only the + downstream, or the top-most upstream interface makes sense with that model + +Switch tagging protocols +------------------------ + +DSA currently supports 4 different tagging protocols, and a tag-less mode as +well. The different protocols are implemented in: + +net/dsa/tag_trailer.c: Marvell's 4 trailer tag mode (legacy) +net/dsa/tag_dsa.c: Marvell's original DSA tag +net/dsa/tag_edsa.c: Marvell's enhanced DSA tag +net/dsa/tag_brcm.c: Broadcom's 4 bytes tag + +The exact format of the tag protocol is vendor specific, but in general, they +all contain something which: + +- identifies which port the Ethernet frame came from/should be sent to +- provides a reason why this frame was forwarded to the management interface + +Master network devices +---------------------- + +Master network devices are regular, unmodified Linux network device drivers for +the CPU/management Ethernet interface. Such a driver might occasionally need to +know whether DSA is enabled (e.g.: to enable/disable specific offload features), +but the DSA subsystem has been proven to work with industry standard drivers: +e1000e, mv643xx_eth etc. without having to introduce modifications to these +drivers. Such network devices are also often referred to as conduit network +devices since they act as a pipe between the host processor and the hardware +Ethernet switch. + +Networking stack hooks +---------------------- + +When a master netdev is used with DSA, a small hook is placed in in the +networking stack is in order to have the DSA subsystem process the Ethernet +switch specific tagging protocol. DSA accomplishes this by registering a +specific (and fake) Ethernet type (later becoming skb->protocol) with the +networking stack, this is also known as a ptype or packet_type. A typical +Ethernet Frame receive sequence looks like this: + +Master network device (e.g.: e1000e): + +Receive interrupt fires: +- receive function is invoked +- basic packet processing is done: getting length, status etc. +- packet is prepared to be processed by the Ethernet layer by calling + eth_type_trans + +net/ethernet/eth.c: + +eth_type_trans(skb, dev) + if (dev->dsa_ptr != NULL) + -> skb->protocol = ETH_P_XDSA + +drivers/net/ethernet/*: + +netif_receive_skb(skb) + -> iterate over registered packet_type + -> invoke handler for ETH_P_XDSA, calls dsa_switch_rcv() + +net/dsa/dsa.c: + -> dsa_switch_rcv() + -> invoke switch tag specific protocol handler in + net/dsa/tag_*.c + +net/dsa/tag_*.c: + -> inspect and strip switch tag protocol to determine originating port + -> locate per-port network device + -> invoke eth_type_trans() with the DSA slave network device + -> invoked netif_receive_skb() + +Past this point, the DSA slave network devices get delivered regular Ethernet +frames that can be processed by the networking stack. + +Slave network devices +--------------------- + +Slave network devices created by DSA are stacked on top of their master network +device, each of these network interfaces will be responsible for being a +controlling and data-flowing end-point for each front-panel port of the switch. +These interfaces are specialized in order to: + +- insert/remove the switch tag protocol (if it exists) when sending traffic + to/from specific switch ports +- query the switch for ethtool operations: statistics, link state, + Wake-on-LAN, register dumps... +- external/internal PHY management: link, auto-negotiation etc. + +These slave network devices have custom net_device_ops and ethtool_ops function +pointers which allow DSA to introduce a level of layering between the networking +stack/ethtool, and the switch driver implementation. + +Upon frame transmission from these slave network devices, DSA will look up which +switch tagging protocol is currently registered with these network devices, and +invoke a specific transmit routine which takes care of adding the relevant +switch tag in the Ethernet frames. + +These frames are then queued for transmission using the master network device +ndo_start_xmit() function, since they contain the appropriate switch tag, the +Ethernet switch will be able to process these incoming frames from the +management interface and delivers these frames to the physical switch port. + +Graphical representation +------------------------ + +Summarized, this is basically how DSA looks like from a network device +perspective: + + + |--------------------------- + | CPU network device (eth0)| + ---------------------------- + | <tag added by switch | + | | + | | + | tag added by CPU> | + |--------------------------------------------| + | Switch driver | + |--------------------------------------------| + || || || + |-------| |-------| |-------| + | sw0p0 | | sw0p1 | | sw0p2 | + |-------| |-------| |-------| + +Slave MDIO bus +-------------- + +In order to be able to read to/from a switch PHY built into it, DSA creates a +slave MDIO bus which allows a specific switch driver to divert and intercept +MDIO reads/writes towards specific PHY addresses. In most MDIO-connected +switches, these functions would utilize direct or indirect PHY addressing mode +to return standard MII registers from the switch builtin PHYs, allowing the PHY +library and/or to return link status, link partner pages, auto-negotiation +results etc.. + +For Ethernet switches which have both external and internal MDIO busses, the +slave MII bus can be utilized to mux/demux MDIO reads and writes towards either +internal or external MDIO devices this switch might be connected to: internal +PHYs, external PHYs, or even external switches. + +Data structures +--------------- + +DSA data structures are defined in include/net/dsa.h as well as +net/dsa/dsa_priv.h. + +dsa_chip_data: platform data configuration for a given switch device, this +structure describes a switch device's parent device, its address, as well as +various properties of its ports: names/labels, and finally a routing table +indication (when cascading switches) + +dsa_platform_data: platform device configuration data which can reference a +collection of dsa_chip_data structure if multiples switches are cascaded, the +master network device this switch tree is attached to needs to be referenced + +dsa_switch_tree: structure assigned to the master network device under +"dsa_ptr", this structure references a dsa_platform_data structure as well as +the tagging protocol supported by the switch tree, and which receive/transmit +function hooks should be invoked, information about the directly attached switch +is also provided: CPU port. Finally, a collection of dsa_switch are referenced +to address individual switches in the tree. + +dsa_switch: structure describing a switch device in the tree, referencing a +dsa_switch_tree as a backpointer, slave network devices, master network device, +and a reference to the backing dsa_switch_driver + +dsa_switch_driver: structure referencing function pointers, see below for a full +description. + +Design limitations +================== + +DSA is a platform device driver +------------------------------- + +DSA is implemented as a DSA platform device driver which is convenient because +it will register the entire DSA switch tree attached to a master network device +in one-shot, facilitating the device creation and simplifying the device driver +model a bit, this comes however with a number of limitations: + +- building DSA and its switch drivers as modules is currently not working +- the device driver parenting does not necessarily reflect the original + bus/device the switch can be created from +- supporting non-MDIO and non-MMIO (platform) switches is not possible + +Limits on the number of devices and ports +----------------------------------------- + +DSA currently limits the number of maximum switches within a tree to 4 +(DSA_MAX_SWITCHES), and the number of ports per switch to 12 (DSA_MAX_PORTS). +These limits could be extended to support larger configurations would this need +arise. + +Lack of CPU/DSA network devices +------------------------------- + +DSA does not currently create slave network devices for the CPU or DSA ports, as +described before. This might be an issue in the following cases: + +- inability to fetch switch CPU port statistics counters using ethtool, which + can make it harder to debug MDIO switch connected using xMII interfaces + +- inability to configure the CPU port link parameters based on the Ethernet + controller capabilities attached to it: http://patchwork.ozlabs.org/patch/509806/ + +- inability to configure specific VLAN IDs / trunking VLANs between switches + when using a cascaded setup + +Common pitfalls using DSA setups +-------------------------------- + +Once a master network device is configured to use DSA (dev->dsa_ptr becomes +non-NULL), and the switch behind it expects a tagging protocol, this network +interface can only exclusively be used as a conduit interface. Sending packets +directly through this interface (e.g.: opening a socket using this interface) +will not make us go through the switch tagging protocol transmit function, so +the Ethernet switch on the other end, expecting a tag will typically drop this +frame. + +Slave network devices check that the master network device is UP before allowing +you to administratively bring UP these slave network devices. A common +configuration mistake is forgetting to bring UP the master network device first. + +Interactions with other subsystems +================================== + +DSA currently leverages the following subsystems: + +- MDIO/PHY library: drivers/net/phy/phy.c, mdio_bus.c +- Switchdev: net/switchdev/* +- Device Tree for various of_* functions +- HWMON: drivers/hwmon/* + +MDIO/PHY library +---------------- + +Slave network devices exposed by DSA may or may not be interfacing with PHY +devices (struct phy_device as defined in include/linux/phy.h), but the DSA +subsystem deals with all possible combinations: + +- internal PHY devices, built into the Ethernet switch hardware +- external PHY devices, connected via an internal or external MDIO bus +- internal PHY devices, connected via an internal MDIO bus +- special, non-autonegotiated or non MDIO-managed PHY devices: SFPs, MoCA; a.k.a + fixed PHYs + +The PHY configuration is done by the dsa_slave_phy_setup() function and the +logic basically looks like this: + +- if Device Tree is used, the PHY device is looked up using the standard + "phy-handle" property, if found, this PHY device is created and registered + using of_phy_connect() + +- if Device Tree is used, and the PHY device is "fixed", that is, conforms to + the definition of a non-MDIO managed PHY as defined in + Documentation/devicetree/bindings/net/fixed-link.txt, the PHY is registered + and connected transparently using the special fixed MDIO bus driver + +- finally, if the PHY is built into the switch, as is very common with + standalone switch packages, the PHY is probed using the slave MII bus created + by DSA + + +SWITCHDEV +--------- + +DSA directly utilizes SWITCHDEV when interfacing with the bridge layer, and +more specifically with its VLAN filtering portion when configuring VLANs on top +of per-port slave network devices. Since DSA primarily deals with +MDIO-connected switches, although not exclusively, SWITCHDEV's +prepare/abort/commit phases are often simplified into a prepare phase which +checks whether the operation is supporte by the DSA switch driver, and a commit +phase which applies the changes. + +As of today, the only SWITCHDEV objects supported by DSA are the FDB and VLAN +objects. + +Device Tree +----------- + +DSA features a standardized binding which is documented in +Documentation/devicetree/bindings/net/dsa/dsa.txt. PHY/MDIO library helper +functions such as of_get_phy_mode(), of_phy_connect() are also used to query +per-port PHY specific details: interface connection, MDIO bus location etc.. + +HWMON +----- + +Some switch drivers feature internal temperature sensors which are exposed as +regular HWMON devices in /sys/class/hwmon/. + +Driver development +================== + +DSA switch drivers need to implement a dsa_switch_driver structure which will +contain the various members described below. + +register_switch_driver() registers this dsa_switch_driver in its internal list +of drivers to probe for. unregister_switch_driver() does the exact opposite. + +Unless requested differently by setting the priv_size member accordingly, DSA +does not allocate any driver private context space. + +Switch configuration +-------------------- + +- priv_size: additional size needed by the switch driver for its private context + +- tag_protocol: this is to indicate what kind of tagging protocol is supported, + should be a valid value from the dsa_tag_protocol enum + +- probe: probe routine which will be invoked by the DSA platform device upon + registration to test for the presence/absence of a switch device. For MDIO + devices, it is recommended to issue a read towards internal registers using + the switch pseudo-PHY and return whether this is a supported device. For other + buses, return a non-NULL string + +- setup: setup function for the switch, this function is responsible for setting + up the dsa_switch_driver private structure with all it needs: register maps, + interrupts, mutexes, locks etc.. This function is also expected to properly + configure the switch to separate all network interfaces from each other, that + is, they should be isolated by the switch hardware itself, typically by creating + a Port-based VLAN ID for each port and allowing only the CPU port and the + specific port to be in the forwarding vector. Ports that are unused by the + platform should be disabled. Past this function, the switch is expected to be + fully configured and ready to serve any kind of request. It is recommended + to issue a software reset of the switch during this setup function in order to + avoid relying on what a previous software agent such as a bootloader/firmware + may have previously configured. + +- set_addr: Some switches require the programming of the management interface's + Ethernet MAC address, switch drivers can also disable ageing of MAC addresses + on the management interface and "hardcode"/"force" this MAC address for the + CPU/management interface as an optimization + +PHY devices and link management +------------------------------- + +- get_phy_flags: Some switches are interfaced to various kinds of Ethernet PHYs, + if the PHY library PHY driver needs to know about information it cannot obtain + on its own (e.g.: coming from switch memory mapped registers), this function + should return a 32-bits bitmask of "flags", that is private between the switch + driver and the Ethernet PHY driver in drivers/net/phy/*. + +- phy_read: Function invoked by the DSA slave MDIO bus when attempting to read + the switch port MDIO registers. If unavailable, return 0xffff for each read. + For builtin switch Ethernet PHYs, this function should allow reading the link + status, auto-negotiation results, link partner pages etc.. + +- phy_write: Function invoked by the DSA slave MDIO bus when attempting to write + to the switch port MDIO registers. If unavailable return a negative error + code. + +- poll_link: Function invoked by DSA to query the link state of the switch + builtin Ethernet PHYs, per port. This function is responsible for calling + netif_carrier_{on,off} when appropriate, and can be used to poll all ports in a + single call. Executes from workqueue context. + +- adjust_link: Function invoked by the PHY library when a slave network device + is attached to a PHY device. This function is responsible for appropriately + configuring the switch port link parameters: speed, duplex, pause based on + what the phy_device is providing. + +- fixed_link_update: Function invoked by the PHY library, and specifically by + the fixed PHY driver asking the switch driver for link parameters that could + not be auto-negotiated, or obtained by reading the PHY registers through MDIO. + This is particularly useful for specific kinds of hardware such as QSGMII, + MoCA or other kinds of non-MDIO managed PHYs where out of band link + information is obtained + +Ethtool operations +------------------ + +- get_strings: ethtool function used to query the driver's strings, will + typically return statistics strings, private flags strings etc. + +- get_ethtool_stats: ethtool function used to query per-port statistics and + return their values. DSA overlays slave network devices general statistics: + RX/TX counters from the network device, with switch driver specific statistics + per port + +- get_sset_count: ethtool function used to query the number of statistics items + +- get_wol: ethtool function used to obtain Wake-on-LAN settings per-port, this + function may, for certain implementations also query the master network device + Wake-on-LAN settings if this interface needs to participate in Wake-on-LAN + +- set_wol: ethtool function used to configure Wake-on-LAN settings per-port, + direct counterpart to set_wol with similar restrictions + +- set_eee: ethtool function which is used to configure a switch port EEE (Green + Ethernet) settings, can optionally invoke the PHY library to enable EEE at the + PHY level if relevant. This function should enable EEE at the switch port MAC + controller and data-processing logic + +- get_eee: ethtool function which is used to query a switch port EEE settings, + this function should return the EEE state of the switch port MAC controller + and data-processing logic as well as query the PHY for its currently configured + EEE settings + +- get_eeprom_len: ethtool function returning for a given switch the EEPROM + length/size in bytes + +- get_eeprom: ethtool function returning for a given switch the EEPROM contents + +- set_eeprom: ethtool function writing specified data to a given switch EEPROM + +- get_regs_len: ethtool function returning the register length for a given + switch + +- get_regs: ethtool function returning the Ethernet switch internal register + contents. This function might require user-land code in ethtool to + pretty-print register values and registers + +Power management +---------------- + +- suspend: function invoked by the DSA platform device when the system goes to + suspend, should quiesce all Ethernet switch activities, but keep ports + participating in Wake-on-LAN active as well as additional wake-up logic if + supported + +- resume: function invoked by the DSA platform device when the system resumes, + should resume all Ethernet switch activities and re-configure the switch to be + in a fully active state + +- port_enable: function invoked by the DSA slave network device ndo_open + function when a port is administratively brought up, this function should be + fully enabling a given switch port. DSA takes care of marking the port with + BR_STATE_BLOCKING if the port is a bridge member, or BR_STATE_FORWARDING if it + was not, and propagating these changes down to the hardware + +- port_disable: function invoked by the DSA slave network device ndo_close + function when a port is administratively brought down, this function should be + fully disabling a given switch port. DSA takes care of marking the port with + BR_STATE_DISABLED and propagating changes to the hardware if this port is + disabled while being a bridge member + +Hardware monitoring +------------------- + +These callbacks are only available if CONFIG_NET_DSA_HWMON is enabled: + +- get_temp: this function queries the given switch for its temperature + +- get_temp_limit: this function returns the switch current maximum temperature + limit + +- set_temp_limit: this function configures the maximum temperature limit allowed + +- get_temp_alarm: this function returns the critical temperature threshold + returning an alarm notification + +See Documentation/hwmon/sysfs-interface for details. + +Bridge layer +------------ + +- port_join_bridge: bridge layer function invoked when a given switch port is + added to a bridge, this function should be doing the necessary at the switch + level to permit the joining port from being added to the relevant logical + domain for it to ingress/egress traffic with other members of the bridge. DSA + does nothing but calculate a bitmask of switch ports currently members of the + specified bridge being requested the join + +- port_leave_bridge: bridge layer function invoked when a given switch port is + removed from a bridge, this function should be doing the necessary at the + switch level to deny the leaving port from ingress/egress traffic from the + remaining bridge members. When the port leaves the bridge, it should be aged + out at the switch hardware for the switch to (re) learn MAC addresses behind + this port. DSA calculates the bitmask of ports still members of the bridge + being left + +- port_stp_update: bridge layer function invoked when a given switch port STP + state is computed by the bridge layer and should be propagated to switch + hardware to forward/block/learn traffic. The switch driver is responsible for + computing a STP state change based on current and asked parameters and perform + the relevant ageing based on the intersection results + +Bridge VLAN filtering +--------------------- + +- port_pvid_get: bridge layer function invoked when a Port-based VLAN ID is + queried for the given switch port + +- port_pvid_set: bridge layer function invoked when a Port-based VLAN ID needs + to be configured on the given switch port + +- port_vlan_add: bridge layer function invoked when a VLAN is configured + (tagged or untagged) for the given switch port + +- port_vlan_del: bridge layer function invoked when a VLAN is removed from the + given switch port + +- vlan_getnext: bridge layer function invoked to query the next configured VLAN + in the switch, i.e. returns the bitmaps of members and untagged ports + +- port_fdb_add: bridge layer function invoked when the bridge wants to install a + Forwarding Database entry, the switch hardware should be programmed with the + specified address in the specified VLAN Id in the forwarding database + associated with this VLAN ID + +Note: VLAN ID 0 corresponds to the port private database, which, in the context +of DSA, would be the its port-based VLAN, used by the associated bridge device. + +- port_fdb_del: bridge layer function invoked when the bridge wants to remove a + Forwarding Database entry, the switch hardware should be programmed to delete + the specified MAC address from the specified VLAN ID if it was mapped into + this port forwarding database + +TODO +==== + +The platform device problem +--------------------------- +DSA is currently implemented as a platform device driver which is far from ideal +as was discussed in this thread: + +http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.linux.network/329848 + +This basically prevents the device driver model to be properly used and applied, +and support non-MDIO, non-MMIO Ethernet connected switches. + +Another problem with the platform device driver approach is that it prevents the +use of a modular switch drivers build due to a circular dependency, illustrated +here: + +http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.linux.network/345803 + +Attempts of reworking this has been done here: + +https://lwn.net/Articles/643149/ + +Making SWITCHDEV and DSA converge towards an unified codebase +------------------------------------------------------------- + +SWITCHDEV properly takes care of abstracting the networking stack with offload +capable hardware, but does not enforce a strict switch device driver model. On +the other DSA enforces a fairly strict device driver model, and deals with most +of the switch specific. At some point we should envision a merger between these +two subsystems and get the best of both worlds. + +Other hanging fruits +-------------------- + +- making the number of ports fully dynamic and not dependent on DSA_MAX_PORTS +- allowing more than one CPU/management interface: + http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.linux.network/365657 +- porting more drivers from other vendors: + http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.linux.network/365510 |