Merge pull request #1408 from poettering/systemctl-and-more

Systemctl and more

113 files changed, 2253 insertions, 2377 deletions

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 605d109dfa..6149b01c6c 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -96,7 +96,6 @@
 /systemd-kmsg-syslogd
 /systemd-localed
 /systemd-logind
-/systemd-machine-id-commit
 /systemd-machine-id-setup
 /systemd-machined
 /systemd-modules-load
diff --git a/Makefile-man.am b/Makefile-man.am
index 7dd014116f..49586fe04c 100644
--- a/Makefile-man.am
+++ b/Makefile-man.am
@@ -102,7 +102,6 @@ MANPAGES += \
 	man/systemd-inhibit.1 \
 	man/systemd-initctl.service.8 \
 	man/systemd-journald.service.8 \
-	man/systemd-machine-id-commit.1 \
 	man/systemd-machine-id-commit.service.8 \
 	man/systemd-machine-id-setup.1 \
 	man/systemd-notify.1 \
@@ -2351,7 +2350,6 @@ EXTRA_DIST += \
 	man/systemd-localed.service.xml \
 	man/systemd-logind.service.xml \
 	man/systemd-machine-id-commit.service.xml \
-	man/systemd-machine-id-commit.xml \
 	man/systemd-machine-id-setup.xml \
 	man/systemd-machined.service.xml \
 	man/systemd-modules-load.service.xml \
diff --git a/Makefile.am b/Makefile.am
index e9ad72333b..6ddc0b74f3 100644
--- a/Makefile.am
+++ b/Makefile.am
@@ -397,7 +397,6 @@ rootlibexec_PROGRAMS = \
 	systemd-remount-fs \
 	systemd-reply-password \
 	systemd-fsck \
-	systemd-machine-id-commit \
 	systemd-ac-power \
 	systemd-sysctl \
 	systemd-sleep \
@@ -2331,6 +2330,9 @@ systemd_machine_id_setup_SOURCES = \
 systemd_machine_id_setup_LDADD = \
 	libshared.la
 
+SYSINIT_TARGET_WANTS += \
+	systemd-machine-id-commit.service
+
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 systemd_sysctl_SOURCES = \
 	src/sysctl/sysctl.c
@@ -2353,18 +2355,6 @@ systemd_fsck_LDADD = \
 	libshared.la
 
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-systemd_machine_id_commit_SOURCES = \
-	src/machine-id-commit/machine-id-commit.c \
-	src/core/machine-id-setup.c \
-	src/core/machine-id-setup.h
-
-systemd_machine_id_commit_LDADD = \
-	libshared.la
-
-SYSINIT_TARGET_WANTS += \
-	systemd-machine-id-commit.service
-
-# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 systemd_ac_power_SOURCES = \
 	src/ac-power/ac-power.c
 
diff --git a/man/kernel-command-line.xml b/man/kernel-command-line.xml
index eb73727027..2f81746b5e 100644
--- a/man/kernel-command-line.xml
+++ b/man/kernel-command-line.xml
@@ -79,8 +79,9 @@
         <term><varname>systemd.unit=</varname></term>
         <term><varname>rd.systemd.unit=</varname></term>
         <term><varname>systemd.dump_core=</varname></term>
-        <term><varname>systemd.crash_shell=</varname></term>
         <term><varname>systemd.crash_chvt=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>systemd.crash_shell=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>systemd.crash_reboot=</varname></term>
         <term><varname>systemd.confirm_spawn=</varname></term>
         <term><varname>systemd.show_status=</varname></term>
         <term><varname>systemd.log_target=</varname></term>
diff --git a/man/machine-id.xml b/man/machine-id.xml
index 92d67a3869..8ce9c46ff1 100644
--- a/man/machine-id.xml
+++ b/man/machine-id.xml
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
     <para>The machine ID is usually generated from a random source
     during system installation and stays constant for all subsequent
     boots. Optionally, for stateless systems, it is generated during
-    runtime at boot if it is found to be empty.</para>
+    runtime at early boot if it is found to be empty.</para>
 
     <para>The machine ID does not change based on user configuration
     or when hardware is replaced.</para>
diff --git a/man/systemctl.xml b/man/systemctl.xml
index c1359d1678..9e9ba5a5b6 100644
--- a/man/systemctl.xml
+++ b/man/systemctl.xml
@@ -1120,9 +1120,9 @@ kobject-uevent 1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service
               <tgroup cols='3'>
                 <thead>
                   <row>
-                    <entry>Printed string</entry>
-                    <entry>Meaning</entry>
-                    <entry>Return value</entry>
+                    <entry>Name</entry>
+                    <entry>Description</entry>
+                    <entry>Exit Code</entry>
                   </row>
                 </thead>
                 <tbody>
@@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@ kobject-uevent 1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service
                   <row>
                     <entry><literal>linked</literal></entry>
                     <entry morerows='1'>Made available through a symlink to the unit file (permanently or just in <filename>/run</filename>).</entry>
-                    <entry morerows='1'>1</entry>
+                    <entry morerows='1'>&gt; 0</entry>
                   </row>
                   <row>
                     <entry><literal>linked-runtime</literal></entry>
@@ -1145,7 +1145,7 @@ kobject-uevent 1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service
                   <row>
                     <entry><literal>masked</literal></entry>
                     <entry morerows='1'>Disabled entirely (permanently or just in <filename>/run</filename>).</entry>
-                    <entry morerows='1'>1</entry>
+                    <entry morerows='1'>&gt; 0</entry>
                   </row>
                   <row>
                     <entry><literal>masked-runtime</literal></entry>
@@ -1163,7 +1163,7 @@ kobject-uevent 1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service
                   <row>
                     <entry><literal>disabled</literal></entry>
                     <entry>Unit file is not enabled.</entry>
-                    <entry>1</entry>
+                    <entry>&gt; 0</entry>
                   </row>
                 </tbody>
               </tgroup>
@@ -1474,22 +1474,25 @@ kobject-uevent 1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service
 
           <listitem>
             <para>Checks whether the system is operational. This
-            returns success when the system is fully up and running,
-            meaning not in startup, shutdown or maintenance
-            mode. Failure is returned otherwise. In addition, the
+            returns success (exit code 0) when the system is fully up
+            and running, specifically not in startup, shutdown or
+            maintenance mode, and with no failed services. Failure is
+            returned otherwise (exit code non-zero). In addition, the
             current state is printed in a short string to standard
             output, see table below. Use <option>--quiet</option> to
             suppress this output.</para>
 
             <table>
-              <title>Manager Operational States</title>
-              <tgroup cols='2'>
-                <colspec colname='name' />
-                <colspec colname='description' />
+              <title><command>is-system-running</command> output</title>
+              <tgroup cols='3'>
+                <colspec colname='name'/>
+                <colspec colname='description'/>
+                <colspec colname='exit-code'/>
                 <thead>
                   <row>
                     <entry>Name</entry>
                     <entry>Description</entry>
+                    <entry>Exit Code</entry>
                   </row>
                 </thead>
                 <tbody>
@@ -1499,32 +1502,53 @@ kobject-uevent 1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service
                     <filename>basic.target</filename> is reached
                     or the <varname>maintenance</varname> state entered.
                     </para></entry>
+                    <entry>&gt; 0</entry>
                   </row>
                   <row>
                     <entry><varname>starting</varname></entry>
                     <entry><para>Late bootup, before the job queue
                     becomes idle for the first time, or one of the
                     rescue targets are reached.</para></entry>
+                    <entry>&gt; 0</entry>
                   </row>
                   <row>
                     <entry><varname>running</varname></entry>
                     <entry><para>The system is fully
                     operational.</para></entry>
+                    <entry>0</entry>
                   </row>
                   <row>
                     <entry><varname>degraded</varname></entry>
                     <entry><para>The system is operational but one or more
                     units failed.</para></entry>
+                    <entry>&gt; 0</entry>
                   </row>
                   <row>
                     <entry><varname>maintenance</varname></entry>
                     <entry><para>The rescue or emergency target is
                     active.</para></entry>
+                    <entry>&gt; 0</entry>
                   </row>
                   <row>
                     <entry><varname>stopping</varname></entry>
                     <entry><para>The manager is shutting
                     down.</para></entry>
+                    <entry>&gt; 0</entry>
+                  </row>
+                  <row>
+                    <entry><varname>offline</varname></entry>
+                    <entry><para>The manager is not
+                    running. Specifically, this is the operational
+                    state if an incompatible program is running as
+                    system manager (PID 1).</para></entry>
+                    <entry>&gt; 0</entry>
+                  </row>
+                  <row>
+                    <entry><varname>unknown</varname></entry>
+                    <entry><para>The operational state could not be
+                    determined, due to lack of resources or another
+                    error cause.</para></entry>
+                    <entry>&gt; 0</entry>
                   </row>
                 </tbody>
               </tgroup>
diff --git a/man/systemd-machine-id-commit.service.xml b/man/systemd-machine-id-commit.service.xml
index 7c8fc0874e..10f36b3008 100644
--- a/man/systemd-machine-id-commit.service.xml
+++ b/man/systemd-machine-id-commit.service.xml
@@ -42,55 +42,50 @@
 
   <refnamediv>
     <refname>systemd-machine-id-commit.service</refname>
-    <refpurpose>Commit transient machine-id to disk</refpurpose>
+    <refpurpose>Commit a transient machine-id to disk</refpurpose>
   </refnamediv>
 
   <refsynopsisdiv>
     <para><filename>systemd-machine-id-commit.service</filename></para>
-    <para><filename>/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-machine-id-commit</filename></para>
   </refsynopsisdiv>
 
   <refsect1>
     <title>Description</title>
 
-    <para><filename>systemd-machine-id-commit.service</filename> is a
-    service responsible for committing any transient
-    <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> file to a writable file
+    <para><filename>systemd-machine-id-commit.service</filename> is an
+    early-boot service responsible for committing transient
+    <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> files to a writable disk file
     system. See
     <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
-    for more information about this file.</para>
-
-    <para>This service is started shortly after
-    <filename>local-fs.target</filename> if
-    <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> is an independent mount point
-    (probably a tmpfs one) and /etc is writable.
-    <command>systemd-machine-id-commit</command> will then write
-    current machine ID to disk and unmount the transient
+    for more information about machine IDs.</para>
+
+    <para>This service is started after
+    <filename>local-fs.target</filename> in case
+    <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> is a mount point of its own
+    (usually from a memory file system such as
+    <literal>tmpfs</literal>) and /etc is writable. The service will
+    invoke <command>systemd-machine-id-setup --commit</command>, which
+    writes the current transient machine ID to disk and unmount the
     <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> file in a race-free manner to
-    ensure that file is always valid for other processes.</para>
-
-    <para>Note that the traditional way to initialize the machine ID
-    in <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> is to use
-    <command>systemd-machine-id-setup</command> by system installer
-    tools. You can also use
-    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-firstboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
-    to initialize the machine ID on mounted (but not booted) system
-    images. The main use case for that service is
-    <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> being an empty file at boot
-    and initrd chaining to systemd giving it a read only file system
-    that will be turned read-write later during the boot
-    process.</para>
-
-    <para>There is no consequence if that service fails other than a
-    newer machine-id will be generated during next system boot.
-    </para>
+    ensure that file is always valid and accessible for other
+    processes. See
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machine-id-setup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    for details.</para>
+
+    <para>The main use case of this service are systems where
+    <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> is read-only and initially
+    not initialized. In this case the system manager will generate a
+    transient machine ID file on a memory file system, and mount it
+    over <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename>, during the early boot
+    phase. This service is then invoked in a later boot phase, as soon
+    as <filename>/etc</filename> has been remounted writable and the
+    ID may thus be committed to disk to make it permanent.</para>
   </refsect1>
 
   <refsect1>
     <title>See Also</title>
     <para>
       <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
-      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machine-id-commit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
       <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machine-id-setup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
       <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
       <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-firstboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
diff --git a/man/systemd-machine-id-commit.xml b/man/systemd-machine-id-commit.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index d216aa0745..0000000000
--- a/man/systemd-machine-id-commit.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
-<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
-  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
-
-<!--
-  This file is part of systemd.
-
-  Copyright 2014 Didier Roche
-
-  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
-  (at your option) any later version.
-
-  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
-  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
-  Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
-  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
--->
-
-<refentry id="systemd-machine-id-commit"
-    xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
-
-  <refentryinfo>
-    <title>systemd-machine-id-commit</title>
-    <productname>systemd</productname>
-
-    <authorgroup>
-      <author>
-        <contrib>Developer</contrib>
-        <firstname>Didier</firstname>
-        <surname>Roche</surname>
-        <email>didrocks@ubuntu.com</email>
-      </author>
-    </authorgroup>
-  </refentryinfo>
-
-  <refmeta>
-    <refentrytitle>systemd-machine-id-commit</refentrytitle>
-    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
-  </refmeta>
-
-  <refnamediv>
-    <refname>systemd-machine-id-commit</refname>
-    <refpurpose>Commit transient machine ID to /etc/machine-id</refpurpose>
-  </refnamediv>
-
-  <refsynopsisdiv>
-    <cmdsynopsis>
-      <command>systemd-machine-id-commit</command>
-    </cmdsynopsis>
-  </refsynopsisdiv>
-
-  <refsect1>
-    <title>Description</title>
-
-    <para><command>systemd-machine-id-commit</command> may be used to
-    write on disk any transient machine ID mounted as a temporary file
-    system in <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> at boot time. See
-    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
-    for more information about this file.</para>
-
-    <para>This tool will execute no operation if
-    <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> doesn't contain any valid
-    machine ID, isn't mounted as an independent temporary file system,
-    or <filename>/etc</filename> is read-only. If those conditions are
-    met, it will then write current machine ID to disk and unmount the
-    transient <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> file in a race-free
-    manner to ensure that this file is always valid for other
-    processes.</para>
-
-    <para>Note that the traditional way to initialize the machine ID
-    in <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> is to use
-    <command>systemd-machine-id-setup</command> by system installer
-    tools. You can also use
-    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-firstboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
-    to initialize the machine ID on mounted (but not booted) system
-    images.</para>
-  </refsect1>
-
-  <refsect1>
-    <title>Options</title>
-
-    <para>The following options are understood:</para>
-
-    <variablelist>
-      <varlistentry>
-        <term><option>--root=<replaceable>root</replaceable></option></term>
-        <listitem><para>Takes a directory path
-        as an argument. All paths will be
-        prefixed with the given alternate
-        <replaceable>root</replaceable> path,
-        including config search paths.
-        </para></listitem>
-      </varlistentry>
-      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
-      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
-    </variablelist>
-
-  </refsect1>
-
-  <refsect1>
-    <title>Exit status</title>
-
-    <para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code
-    otherwise.</para>
-  </refsect1>
-
-  <refsect1>
-    <title>See Also</title>
-    <para>
-      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
-      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machine-id-commit.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
-      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machine-id-setup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
-      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
-      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-firstboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
-    </para>
-  </refsect1>
-
-</refentry>
diff --git a/man/systemd-machine-id-setup.xml b/man/systemd-machine-id-setup.xml
index 182717f524..efcf408332 100644
--- a/man/systemd-machine-id-setup.xml
+++ b/man/systemd-machine-id-setup.xml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
+<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*- Mode: nxml; nxml-child-indent: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-->
 <!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
   "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
 
@@ -35,6 +35,12 @@
         <surname>Poettering</surname>
         <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
       </author>
+      <author>
+        <contrib>Developer</contrib>
+        <firstname>Didier</firstname>
+        <surname>Roche</surname>
+        <email>didrocks@ubuntu.com</email>
+      </author>
     </authorgroup>
   </refentryinfo>
 
@@ -59,30 +65,43 @@
 
     <para><command>systemd-machine-id-setup</command> may be used by
     system installer tools to initialize the machine ID stored in
-    <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> at install time with a
-    randomly generated ID. See
+    <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> at install time, with a
+    provisioned or randomly generated ID. See
     <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
     for more information about this file.</para>
 
-    <para>This tool will execute no operation if
-    <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> is already
-    initialized.</para>
-
-    <para>If a valid D-Bus machine ID is already configured for the
-    system, the D-Bus machine ID is copied and used to initialize the
-    machine ID in <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename>.</para>
-
-    <para>If run inside a KVM virtual machine and a UUID is passed via
-    the <option>-uuid</option> option, this UUID is used to initialize
-    the machine ID instead of a randomly generated one. The caller
-    must ensure that the UUID passed is sufficiently unique and is
-    different for every booted instanced of the VM.</para>
-
-    <para>Similar, if run inside a Linux container environment and a
-    UUID is set for the container this is used to initialize the
-    machine ID. For details see the documentation of the <ulink
-    url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ContainerInterface">Container
-    Interface</ulink>.</para>
+    <para>If the tool is invoked without the <option>--commit</option>
+    switch <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> is initialized with a
+    valid, new machined ID if it is missing or empty. The new machine
+    ID will be acquired in the following fashion:</para>
+
+    <orderedlist>
+      <listitem><para>If a valid D-Bus machine ID is already
+      configured for the system, the D-Bus machine ID is copied and
+      used to initialize the machine ID in
+      <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename>.</para></listitem>
+
+      <listitem><para>If run inside a KVM virtual machine and a UUID
+      is was configured (via the <option>-uuid</option>
+      option), this UUID is used to initialize the machine ID. The
+      caller must ensure that the UUID passed is sufficiently unique
+      and is different for every booted instance of the
+      VM.</para></listitem>
+
+      <listitem><para>Similar, if run inside a Linux container
+      environment and a UUID is configured for the container this is
+      used to initialize the machine ID. For details see the
+      documentation of the <ulink
+      url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ContainerInterface">Container
+      Interface</ulink>.</para></listitem>
+
+      <listitem><para>Otherwise a new ID is randomly
+      generated.</para></listitem>
+    </orderedlist>
+
+    <para>The <option>--commit</option> switch may be used to commit a
+    transient machined ID to disk, making it persistent. For details,
+    see below.</para>
 
     <para>Use
     <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-firstboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
@@ -97,13 +116,41 @@
     <para>The following options are understood:</para>
 
     <variablelist>
+
       <varlistentry>
         <term><option>--root=<replaceable>root</replaceable></option></term>
-        <listitem><para>Takes a directory path as an argument. All
-        paths will be prefixed with the given alternate
-        <replaceable>root</replaceable> path, including config search
-        paths. </para></listitem>
+        <listitem><para>Takes a directory path as argument. All paths
+        operated will be prefixed with the given alternate
+        <replaceable>root</replaceable> path, including the path for
+        <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> itself.</para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--commit</option></term>
+        <listitem><para>Commit a transient machine ID to disk. This
+        command may be used to convert a transient machine ID into a
+        persistent one. A transient machine ID file is one that was
+        bind mounted from a memory file system (usually
+        <literal>tmpfs</literal>) to
+        <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> during the early phase of
+        the boot process. This may happen because
+        <filename>/etc</filename> is initially read-only and was
+        missing a valid machine ID file at that point.</para>
+
+        <para>This command will execute no operation if
+        <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> is not mounted from a
+        memory file system, or if <filename>/etc</filename> is
+        read-only. The command will write the current transient
+        machine ID to disk and unmount the
+        <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> mount point in a
+        race-free manner to ensure that this file is always valid and
+        accessible for other processes.</para>
+
+        <para>This command is primarily used by the
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machine-id-commit.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+        early-boot service.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
       <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
       <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
     </variablelist>
@@ -122,6 +169,7 @@
     <para>
       <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
       <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machine-id-commit.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
       <citerefentry project='dbus'><refentrytitle>dbus-uuidgen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
       <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-firstboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
     </para>
diff --git a/man/systemd-notify.xml b/man/systemd-notify.xml
index 06d5ae5319..71d501f435 100644
--- a/man/systemd-notify.xml
+++ b/man/systemd-notify.xml
@@ -124,7 +124,12 @@
         systemd, non-zero otherwise. If this option is passed, no
         message is sent. This option is hence unrelated to the other
         options. For details about the semantics of this option, see
-        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_booted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_booted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. An
+        alternative way to check for this state is to call
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+        with the <command>is-system-running</command> command. It will
+        return <literal>offline</literal> if the system was not booted
+        with systemd.  </para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
 
       <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
@@ -156,12 +161,12 @@ mkfifo /tmp/waldo
 systemd-notify --ready --status="Waiting for data..."
 
 while : ; do
-  read a &lt; /tmp/waldo
-  systemd-notify --status="Processing $a"
+        read a &lt; /tmp/waldo
+        systemd-notify --status="Processing $a"
 
-  # Do something with $a ...
+        # Do something with $a ...
 
-  systemd-notify --status="Waiting for data..."
+        systemd-notify --status="Waiting for data..."
 done</programlisting>
     </example>
   </refsect1>
diff --git a/man/systemd-system.conf.xml b/man/systemd-system.conf.xml
index a4ba0959ea..56db9ff17e 100644
--- a/man/systemd-system.conf.xml
+++ b/man/systemd-system.conf.xml
@@ -90,9 +90,10 @@
         <term><varname>LogColor=</varname></term>
         <term><varname>LogLocation=</varname></term>
         <term><varname>DumpCore=yes</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>CrashChangeVT=no</varname></term>
         <term><varname>CrashShell=no</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>CrashReboot=no</varname></term>
         <term><varname>ShowStatus=yes</varname></term>
-        <term><varname>CrashChVT=1</varname></term>
         <term><varname>DefaultStandardOutput=journal</varname></term>
         <term><varname>DefaultStandardError=inherit</varname></term>
 
diff --git a/man/systemd.exec.xml b/man/systemd.exec.xml
index 7633948645..d3f56fee40 100644
--- a/man/systemd.exec.xml
+++ b/man/systemd.exec.xml
@@ -84,22 +84,27 @@
       <varlistentry>
         <term><varname>WorkingDirectory=</varname></term>
 
-        <listitem><para>Takes an absolute directory path. Sets the
-        working directory for executed processes. If not set, defaults
-        to the root directory when systemd is running as a system
-        instance and the respective user's home directory if run as
-        user.</para></listitem>
+        <listitem><para>Takes an absolute directory path, or the
+        special value <literal>~</literal>. Sets the working directory
+        for executed processes. If set to <literal>~</literal> the
+        home directory of the user specified in
+        <varname>User=</varname> is used. If not set, defaults to the
+        root directory when systemd is running as a system instance
+        and the respective user's home directory if run as user. If
+        the setting is prefixed with the <literal>-</literal>
+        character, a missing working directory is not considered
+        fatal.</para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
 
       <varlistentry>
         <term><varname>RootDirectory=</varname></term>
 
         <listitem><para>Takes an absolute directory path. Sets the
-        root directory for executed processes, with the
-        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+        root directory for executed processes, with the <citerefentry
+        project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
         system call. If this is used, it must be ensured that the
-        process and all its auxiliary files are available in the
-        <function>chroot()</function> jail.</para></listitem>
+        process binary and all its auxiliary files are available in
+        the <function>chroot()</function> jail.</para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
 
       <varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/systemd.xml b/man/systemd.xml
index 479f55de76..9e927c3204 100644
--- a/man/systemd.xml
+++ b/man/systemd.xml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
+<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*- Mode: nxml; nxml-child-indent: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-->
 <!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
   "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
 
@@ -131,17 +131,48 @@
       <varlistentry>
         <term><option>--dump-core</option></term>
 
-        <listitem><para>Dump core on crash. This switch has no effect
-        when run as user instance.</para></listitem>
+        <listitem><para>Enable core dumping on crash. This switch has
+        no effect when running as user instance. This setting may also
+        be enabled during boot on the kernel command line via the
+        <varname>systemd.dump_core=</varname> option, see
+        below.</para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--crash-vt=</option><replaceable>VT</replaceable></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Switch to a specific virtual console (VT) on
+        crash. Takes a positive integer in the range 1..63, or a
+        boolean argument. If an integer is passed, selects which VT to
+        switch to. If <constant>yes</constant>, the VT kernel messages
+        are written to is selected. If <constant>no</constant>, no VT
+        switch is attempted. This switch has no effect when running as
+        user instance. This setting may also be enabled during boot,
+        on the kernel command line via the
+        <varname>systemd.crash_vt=</varname> option, see
+        below.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
       <varlistentry>
         <term><option>--crash-shell</option></term>
 
-        <listitem><para>Run shell on
-        crash. This switch has no effect when
-        run as user
-        instance.</para></listitem>
+        <listitem><para>Run a shell on crash. This switch has no
+        effect when running as user instance. This setting may also be
+        enabled during boot, on the kernel command line via the
+        <varname>systemd.crash_shell=</varname> option, see
+        below.</para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--crash-reboot</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Automatically reboot the system on crash. This
+        switch has no effect when running as user instance. This
+        setting may also be enabled during boot, on the kernel command
+        line via the <varname>systemd.crash_reboot=</varname> option,
+        see below.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
       <varlistentry>
         <term><option>--confirm-spawn</option></term>
 
@@ -854,50 +885,67 @@
         <term><varname>systemd.dump_core=</varname></term>
 
         <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
-        <option>true</option>, systemd dumps core when it crashes.
-        Otherwise, no core dump is created. Defaults to
-        <option>true</option>.</para></listitem>
+        <option>yes</option>, the systemd manager (PID 1) dumps core
+        when it crashes.  Otherwise, no core dump is created. Defaults
+        to <option>yes</option>.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>systemd.crash_chvt=</varname></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Takes a positive integer, or a boolean
+        argument. If a positive integer (in the range 1..63) is
+        specified the system manager (PID 1) will activate the specified
+        virtual terminal (VT) when it crashes. Defaults to
+        <constant>no</constant>, meaning that no such switch is
+        attempted. If set to <constant>yes</constant> the VT the
+        kernel messages are written to is selected.</para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
 
       <varlistentry>
         <term><varname>systemd.crash_shell=</varname></term>
 
         <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
-        <option>true</option>, systemd spawns a shell when it crashes.
-        Otherwise, no shell is spawned. Defaults to
-        <option>false</option>, for security reasons, as the shell is
-        not protected by any password
+        <option>yes</option>, the system manager (PID 1) spawns a
+        shell when it crashes, after a 10s delay. Otherwise, no shell
+        is spawned. Defaults to <option>no</option>, for security
+        reasons, as the shell is not protected by password
         authentication.</para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
 
       <varlistentry>
-        <term><varname>systemd.crash_chvt=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>systemd.crash_reboot=</varname></term>
 
-        <listitem><para>Takes an integer argument. If positive systemd
-        activates the specified virtual terminal when it crashes.
-        Defaults to <constant>-1</constant>.</para></listitem>
+        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
+        <option>yes</option>, the system manager (PID 1) will reboot
+        the machine automatically when it crashes, after a 10s delay.
+        Otherwise, the system will hang indefinitely. Defaults to
+        <option>no</option>, in order to avoid a reboot loop. If
+        combined with <varname>systemd.crash_shell=</varname>, it is
+        first attempted to invoke a shell, and if this is not
+        successful the system is rebooted.</para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
 
       <varlistentry>
         <term><varname>systemd.confirm_spawn=</varname></term>
 
         <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If
-        <option>true</option>, asks for confirmation when spawning
-        processes. Defaults to
-        <option>false</option>.</para></listitem>
+        <option>yes</option>, the system manager (PID 1) asks for
+        confirmation when spawning processes. Defaults to
+        <option>no</option>.</para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
 
       <varlistentry>
         <term><varname>systemd.show_status=</varname></term>
 
         <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument or the constant
-        <constant>auto</constant>. If <option>true</option>, shows
-        terse service status updates on the console during bootup.
-        <constant>auto</constant> behaves like <option>false</option>
-        until a service fails or there is a significant delay in boot.
-        Defaults to <option>true</option>, unless
-        <option>quiet</option> is passed as kernel command line option
-        in which case it defaults to
+        <constant>auto</constant>. If <option>yes</option>, the
+        systemd manager (PID 1) shows terse service status updates on
+        the console during bootup.  <constant>auto</constant> behaves
+        like <option>false</option> until a service fails or there is
+        a significant delay in boot.  Defaults to
+        <option>yes</option>, unless <option>quiet</option> is passed
+        as kernel command line option in which case it defaults to
         <constant>auto</constant>.</para></listitem>
       </varlistentry>
 
diff --git a/src/activate/activate.c b/src/activate/activate.c
index 5318829442..2dfc4a0bc4 100644
--- a/src/activate/activate.c
+++ b/src/activate/activate.c
@@ -19,21 +19,20 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <unistd.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
 #include <sys/epoll.h>
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
-#include <getopt.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "systemd/sd-daemon.h"
 
-#include "socket-util.h"
-#include "build.h"
 #include "log.h"
-#include "strv.h"
 #include "macro.h"
 #include "signal-util.h"
+#include "socket-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
 
 static char** arg_listen = NULL;
 static bool arg_accept = false;
@@ -314,9 +313,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0 /* done */;
+                        return version();
 
                 case 'l': {
                         int r = strv_extend(&arg_listen, optarg);
diff --git a/src/analyze/analyze.c b/src/analyze/analyze.c
index 3657ef50f1..7054deeae5 100644
--- a/src/analyze/analyze.c
+++ b/src/analyze/analyze.c
@@ -20,25 +20,25 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
 #include <locale.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 
 #include "sd-bus.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
+
+#include "analyze-verify.h"
 #include "bus-error.h"
-#include "log.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "util.h"
-#include "strxcpyx.h"
-#include "strv.h"
-#include "unit-name.h"
-#include "special.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
 #include "hashmap.h"
+#include "log.h"
 #include "pager.h"
-#include "analyze-verify.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "strxcpyx.h"
 #include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 #define SCALE_X (0.1 / 1000.0)   /* pixels per us */
 #define SCALE_Y (20.0)
@@ -1339,9 +1339,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_USER:
                         arg_user = true;
@@ -1434,7 +1432,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         else {
                 _cleanup_bus_flush_close_unref_ sd_bus *bus = NULL;
 
-                r = bus_open_transport_systemd(arg_transport, arg_host, arg_user, &bus);
+                r = bus_connect_transport_systemd(arg_transport, arg_host, arg_user, &bus);
                 if (r < 0) {
                         log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create bus connection: %m");
                         goto finish;
diff --git a/src/basic/selinux-util.c b/src/basic/selinux-util.c
index a39a0f775a..747e6f4dbb 100644
--- a/src/basic/selinux-util.c
+++ b/src/basic/selinux-util.c
@@ -295,14 +295,20 @@ int mac_selinux_get_child_mls_label(int socket_fd, const char *exe, const char *
         return r;
 }
 
-void mac_selinux_free(char *label) {
+char* mac_selinux_free(char *label) {
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        if (!label)
+                return NULL;
+
         if (!mac_selinux_use())
-                return;
+                return NULL;
+
 
         freecon((security_context_t) label);
 #endif
+
+        return NULL;
 }
 
 int mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(const char *path, mode_t mode) {
diff --git a/src/basic/selinux-util.h b/src/basic/selinux-util.h
index 8467185291..2afcaec183 100644
--- a/src/basic/selinux-util.h
+++ b/src/basic/selinux-util.h
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
+#include "macro.h"
+
 bool mac_selinux_use(void);
 void mac_selinux_retest(void);
 
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ int mac_selinux_apply(const char *path, const char *label);
 int mac_selinux_get_create_label_from_exe(const char *exe, char **label);
 int mac_selinux_get_our_label(char **label);
 int mac_selinux_get_child_mls_label(int socket_fd, const char *exe, const char *exec_label, char **label);
-void mac_selinux_free(char *label);
+char* mac_selinux_free(char *label);
 
 int mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(const char *path, mode_t mode);
 void mac_selinux_create_file_clear(void);
@@ -45,3 +47,5 @@ int mac_selinux_create_socket_prepare(const char *label);
 void mac_selinux_create_socket_clear(void);
 
 int mac_selinux_bind(int fd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen);
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(char*, mac_selinux_free);
diff --git a/src/basic/strv.c b/src/basic/strv.c
index b9aef64b15..9524e80a6f 100644
--- a/src/basic/strv.c
+++ b/src/basic/strv.c
@@ -720,3 +720,28 @@ bool strv_fnmatch(char* const* patterns, const char *s, int flags) {
 
         return false;
 }
+
+char ***strv_free_free(char ***l) {
+        char ***i;
+
+        if (!l)
+                return NULL;
+
+        for (i = l; *i; i++)
+                strv_free(*i);
+
+        free(l);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+char **strv_skip(char **l, size_t n) {
+
+        while (n > 0) {
+                if (strv_isempty(l))
+                        return l;
+
+                l++, n--;
+        }
+
+        return l;
+}
diff --git a/src/basic/strv.h b/src/basic/strv.h
index f07da8cdf3..4c4b6526de 100644
--- a/src/basic/strv.h
+++ b/src/basic/strv.h
@@ -154,3 +154,7 @@ static inline bool strv_fnmatch_or_empty(char* const* patterns, const char *s, i
         return strv_isempty(patterns) ||
                strv_fnmatch(patterns, s, flags);
 }
+
+char ***strv_free_free(char ***l);
+
+char **strv_skip(char **l, size_t n);
diff --git a/src/basic/terminal-util.c b/src/basic/terminal-util.c
index dd3d525854..287e0dfa13 100644
--- a/src/basic/terminal-util.c
+++ b/src/basic/terminal-util.c
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ int chvt(int vt) {
         if (fd < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
-        if (vt < 0) {
+        if (vt <= 0) {
                 int tiocl[2] = {
                         TIOCL_GETKMSGREDIRECT,
                         0
diff --git a/src/basic/util.c b/src/basic/util.c
index bc61ec0115..2bad33be1b 100644
--- a/src/basic/util.c
+++ b/src/basic/util.c
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@
  * otherwise conflicts with sys/mount.h. Yay, Linux is great! */
 #include <linux/fs.h>
 
+#include "build.h"
 #include "def.h"
 #include "device-nodes.h"
 #include "env-util.h"
@@ -6201,15 +6202,6 @@ int ptsname_malloc(int fd, char **ret) {
 int openpt_in_namespace(pid_t pid, int flags) {
         _cleanup_close_ int pidnsfd = -1, mntnsfd = -1, usernsfd = -1, rootfd = -1;
         _cleanup_close_pair_ int pair[2] = { -1, -1 };
-        union {
-                struct cmsghdr cmsghdr;
-                uint8_t buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))];
-        } control = {};
-        struct msghdr mh = {
-                .msg_control = &control,
-                .msg_controllen = sizeof(control),
-        };
-        struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
         siginfo_t si;
         pid_t child;
         int r;
@@ -6243,15 +6235,7 @@ int openpt_in_namespace(pid_t pid, int flags) {
                 if (unlockpt(master) < 0)
                         _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 
-                cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&mh);
-                cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
-                cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS;
-                cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int));
-                memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), &master, sizeof(int));
-
-                mh.msg_controllen = cmsg->cmsg_len;
-
-                if (sendmsg(pair[1], &mh, MSG_NOSIGNAL) < 0)
+                if (send_one_fd(pair[1], master, 0) < 0)
                         _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 
                 _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
@@ -6265,26 +6249,7 @@ int openpt_in_namespace(pid_t pid, int flags) {
         if (si.si_code != CLD_EXITED || si.si_status != EXIT_SUCCESS)
                 return -EIO;
 
-        if (recvmsg(pair[0], &mh, MSG_NOSIGNAL|MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC) < 0)
-                return -errno;
-
-        CMSG_FOREACH(cmsg, &mh)
-                if (cmsg->cmsg_level == SOL_SOCKET && cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_RIGHTS) {
-                        int *fds;
-                        unsigned n_fds;
-
-                        fds = (int*) CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
-                        n_fds = (cmsg->cmsg_len - CMSG_LEN(0)) / sizeof(int);
-
-                        if (n_fds != 1) {
-                                close_many(fds, n_fds);
-                                return -EIO;
-                        }
-
-                        return fds[0];
-                }
-
-        return -EIO;
+        return receive_one_fd(pair[0], 0);
 }
 
 ssize_t fgetxattrat_fake(int dirfd, const char *filename, const char *attribute, void *value, size_t size, int flags) {
@@ -6884,7 +6849,7 @@ int fgetxattr_malloc(int fd, const char *name, char **value) {
         }
 }
 
-int send_one_fd(int transport_fd, int fd) {
+int send_one_fd(int transport_fd, int fd, int flags) {
         union {
                 struct cmsghdr cmsghdr;
                 uint8_t buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))];
@@ -6894,7 +6859,6 @@ int send_one_fd(int transport_fd, int fd) {
                 .msg_controllen = sizeof(control),
         };
         struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
-        ssize_t k;
 
         assert(transport_fd >= 0);
         assert(fd >= 0);
@@ -6906,14 +6870,13 @@ int send_one_fd(int transport_fd, int fd) {
         memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), &fd, sizeof(int));
 
         mh.msg_controllen = CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int));
-        k = sendmsg(transport_fd, &mh, MSG_NOSIGNAL);
-        if (k < 0)
+        if (sendmsg(transport_fd, &mh, MSG_NOSIGNAL | flags) < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
         return 0;
 }
 
-int receive_one_fd(int transport_fd) {
+int receive_one_fd(int transport_fd, int flags) {
         union {
                 struct cmsghdr cmsghdr;
                 uint8_t buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))];
@@ -6922,33 +6885,45 @@ int receive_one_fd(int transport_fd) {
                 .msg_control = &control,
                 .msg_controllen = sizeof(control),
         };
-        struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
-        ssize_t k;
+        struct cmsghdr *cmsg, *found = NULL;
 
         assert(transport_fd >= 0);
 
         /*
-         * Receive a single FD via @transport_fd. We don't care for the
-         * transport-type, but the caller must assure that no other CMSG types
-         * than SCM_RIGHTS is enabled. We also retrieve a single FD at most, so
-         * for packet-based transports, the caller must ensure to send only a
-         * single FD per packet.
-         * This is best used in combination with send_one_fd().
+         * Receive a single FD via @transport_fd. We don't care for
+         * the transport-type. We retrieve a single FD at most, so for
+         * packet-based transports, the caller must ensure to send
+         * only a single FD per packet.  This is best used in
+         * combination with send_one_fd().
          */
 
-        k = recvmsg(transport_fd, &mh, MSG_NOSIGNAL | MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC);
-        if (k < 0)
+        if (recvmsg(transport_fd, &mh, MSG_NOSIGNAL | MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC | flags) < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
-        cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&mh);
-        if (!cmsg || CMSG_NXTHDR(&mh, cmsg) ||
-            cmsg->cmsg_level != SOL_SOCKET ||
-            cmsg->cmsg_type != SCM_RIGHTS ||
-            cmsg->cmsg_len != CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int)) ||
-            *(const int *)CMSG_DATA(cmsg) < 0) {
+        CMSG_FOREACH(cmsg, &mh) {
+                if (cmsg->cmsg_level == SOL_SOCKET &&
+                    cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_RIGHTS &&
+                    cmsg->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int))) {
+                        assert(!found);
+                        found = cmsg;
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!found) {
                 cmsg_close_all(&mh);
                 return -EIO;
         }
 
-        return *(const int *)CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
+        return *(int*) CMSG_DATA(found);
+}
+
+void nop_signal_handler(int sig) {
+        /* nothing here */
+}
+
+int version(void) {
+        puts(PACKAGE_STRING "\n"
+             SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
+        return 0;
 }
diff --git a/src/basic/util.h b/src/basic/util.h
index 56d9f037bf..afd906477a 100644
--- a/src/basic/util.h
+++ b/src/basic/util.h
@@ -942,5 +942,9 @@ int reset_uid_gid(void);
 int getxattr_malloc(const char *path, const char *name, char **value, bool allow_symlink);
 int fgetxattr_malloc(int fd, const char *name, char **value);
 
-int send_one_fd(int transport_fd, int fd);
-int receive_one_fd(int transport_fd);
+int send_one_fd(int transport_fd, int fd, int flags);
+int receive_one_fd(int transport_fd, int flags);
+
+void nop_signal_handler(int sig);
+
+int version(void);
diff --git a/src/binfmt/binfmt.c b/src/binfmt/binfmt.c
index 1e216f52bd..ddb5c88806 100644
--- a/src/binfmt/binfmt.c
+++ b/src/binfmt/binfmt.c
@@ -19,20 +19,19 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <errno.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <limits.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
 
+#include "conf-files.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
 #include "log.h"
 #include "strv.h"
 #include "util.h"
-#include "conf-files.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
-#include "build.h"
 
 static const char conf_file_dirs[] = CONF_DIRS_NULSTR("binfmt");
 
@@ -143,9 +142,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case '?':
                         return -EINVAL;
diff --git a/src/boot/bootctl.c b/src/boot/bootctl.c
index ac1711b318..f991e30cfa 100644
--- a/src/boot/bootctl.c
+++ b/src/boot/bootctl.c
@@ -20,28 +20,27 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <getopt.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <assert.h>
-#include <sys/statfs.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-#include <dirent.h>
+#include <blkid/blkid.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
-#include <limits.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
 #include <ftw.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <limits.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
-#include <blkid/blkid.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/statfs.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
+#include "blkid-util.h"
 #include "efivars.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "util.h"
 #include "rm-rf.h"
-#include "blkid-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 static int verify_esp(const char *p, uint32_t *part, uint64_t *pstart, uint64_t *psize, sd_id128_t *uuid) {
         struct statfs sfs;
@@ -967,8 +966,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        printf(VERSION "\n");
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_PATH:
                         arg_path = optarg;
diff --git a/src/bus-proxyd/bus-proxyd.c b/src/bus-proxyd/bus-proxyd.c
index 3cc3b33ae7..2bc265d9b4 100644
--- a/src/bus-proxyd/bus-proxyd.c
+++ b/src/bus-proxyd/bus-proxyd.c
@@ -22,26 +22,26 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <string.h>
 #include <errno.h>
-#include <sys/prctl.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
 #include <pthread.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
-#include "log.h"
-#include "util.h"
 #include "sd-daemon.h"
+
 #include "bus-internal.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "strv.h"
-#include "def.h"
-#include "capability.h"
 #include "bus-xml-policy.h"
-#include "proxy.h"
+#include "capability.h"
+#include "def.h"
 #include "formats-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "proxy.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 static char *arg_address = NULL;
 static char **arg_configuration = NULL;
@@ -215,9 +215,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_ADDRESS:
                         r = free_and_strdup(&arg_address, optarg);
diff --git a/src/bus-proxyd/stdio-bridge.c b/src/bus-proxyd/stdio-bridge.c
index f275f6705f..168fc9ead0 100644
--- a/src/bus-proxyd/stdio-bridge.c
+++ b/src/bus-proxyd/stdio-bridge.c
@@ -21,23 +21,23 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <string.h>
 #include <errno.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
-#include "log.h"
-#include "util.h"
 #include "sd-daemon.h"
 #include "sd-bus.h"
+
 #include "bus-internal.h"
 #include "bus-util.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "strv.h"
 #include "def.h"
-#include "proxy.h"
 #include "formats-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "proxy.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 static char *arg_address = NULL;
 static char *arg_command_line_buffer = NULL;
@@ -86,9 +86,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_ADDRESS: {
                         char *a;
diff --git a/src/cgls/cgls.c b/src/cgls/cgls.c
index ec4215f741..41c539a1bc 100644
--- a/src/cgls/cgls.c
+++ b/src/cgls/cgls.c
@@ -19,25 +19,25 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "sd-bus.h"
 
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
 #include "cgroup-show.h"
 #include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
 #include "log.h"
-#include "path-util.h"
-#include "util.h"
-#include "pager.h"
-#include "build.h"
 #include "output-mode.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
-#include "sd-bus.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
-#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "pager.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
 #include "unit-name.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 static bool arg_no_pager = false;
 static bool arg_kernel_threads = false;
@@ -89,9 +89,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_NO_PAGER:
                         arg_no_pager = true;
@@ -147,7 +145,7 @@ static int get_cgroup_root(char **ret) {
         if (!path)
                 return log_oom();
 
-        r = bus_open_transport(BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL, NULL, false, &bus);
+        r = bus_connect_transport_systemd(BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL, NULL, false, &bus);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create bus connection: %m");
 
diff --git a/src/cgroups-agent/cgroups-agent.c b/src/cgroups-agent/cgroups-agent.c
index 612bc8fdec..b79519dd09 100644
--- a/src/cgroups-agent/cgroups-agent.c
+++ b/src/cgroups-agent/cgroups-agent.c
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
          * this to avoid an activation loop when we start dbus when we
          * are called when the dbus service is shut down. */
 
-        r = bus_open_system_systemd(&bus);
+        r = bus_connect_system_systemd(&bus);
         if (r < 0) {
                 /* If we couldn't connect we assume this was triggered
                  * while systemd got restarted/transitioned from
diff --git a/src/cgtop/cgtop.c b/src/cgtop/cgtop.c
index 9cf13cf57d..ad9cd2532f 100644
--- a/src/cgtop/cgtop.c
+++ b/src/cgtop/cgtop.c
@@ -19,27 +19,27 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <alloca.h>
+#include <errno.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
 #include <signal.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
-#include "path-util.h"
-#include "terminal-util.h"
-#include "process-util.h"
-#include "util.h"
-#include "hashmap.h"
-#include "cgroup-util.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "sd-bus.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
+
 #include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
 #include "unit-name.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 typedef struct Group {
         char *path;
@@ -696,9 +696,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_CPU_TYPE:
                         if (optarg) {
@@ -863,7 +861,7 @@ static int get_cgroup_root(char **ret) {
         if (!path)
                 return log_oom();
 
-        r = bus_open_transport(BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL, NULL, false, &bus);
+        r = bus_connect_transport_systemd(BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL, NULL, false, &bus);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create bus connection: %m");
 
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-execute.c b/src/core/dbus-execute.c
index 868c8cc05a..adf613d328 100644
--- a/src/core/dbus-execute.c
+++ b/src/core/dbus-execute.c
@@ -595,6 +595,33 @@ static int property_get_address_families(
         return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
 }
 
+static int property_get_working_directory(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+        const char *wd;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->working_directory_home)
+                wd = "~";
+        else
+                wd = c->working_directory;
+
+        if (c->working_directory_missing_ok)
+                wd = strjoina("!", wd);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", wd);
+}
+
 const sd_bus_vtable bus_exec_vtable[] = {
         SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Environment", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, environment), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
@@ -616,7 +643,7 @@ const sd_bus_vtable bus_exec_vtable[] = {
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitNICE", "t", property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_NICE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitRTPRIO", "t", property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_RTPRIO]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitRTTIME", "t", property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_RTTIME]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
-        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("WorkingDirectory", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, working_directory), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("WorkingDirectory", "s", property_get_working_directory, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RootDirectory", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, root_directory), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("OOMScoreAdjust", "i", property_get_oom_score_adjust, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Nice", "i", property_get_nice, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
@@ -847,8 +874,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
 
                 return 1;
 
-        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name,
-                              "TTYPath", "WorkingDirectory", "RootDirectory")) {
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name, "TTYPath", "RootDirectory")) {
                 const char *s;
 
                 r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &s);
@@ -859,24 +885,51 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                         return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "%s takes an absolute path", name);
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
-                        char *t;
+                        if (streq(name, "TTYPath"))
+                                r = free_and_strdup(&c->tty_path, s);
+                        else {
+                                assert(streq(name, "RootDirectory"));
+                                r = free_and_strdup(&c->root_directory, s);
+                        }
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
 
-                        t = strdup(s);
-                        if (!t)
-                                return -ENOMEM;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, s);
+                }
 
-                        if (streq(name, "TTYPath")) {
-                                free(c->tty_path);
-                                c->tty_path = t;
-                        } else if (streq(name, "WorkingDirectory")) {
-                                free(c->working_directory);
-                                c->working_directory = t;
-                        } else if (streq(name, "RootDirectory")) {
-                                free(c->root_directory);
-                                c->root_directory = t;
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "WorkingDirectory")) {
+                const char *s;
+                bool missing_ok;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (s[0] == '-') {
+                        missing_ok = true;
+                        s++;
+                } else
+                        missing_ok = false;
+
+                if (!streq(s, "~") && !path_is_absolute(s))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "WorkingDirectory= expects an absolute path or '~'");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        if (streq(s, "~")) {
+                                c->working_directory = mfree(c->working_directory);
+                                c->working_directory_home = true;
+                        } else {
+                                r = free_and_strdup(&c->working_directory, s);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                c->working_directory_home = false;
                         }
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, s);
+                        c->working_directory_missing_ok = missing_ok;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "WorkingDirectory=%s%s", missing_ok ? "-" : "", s);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
diff --git a/src/core/execute.c b/src/core/execute.c
index 7796c07fcf..137a176c18 100644
--- a/src/core/execute.c
+++ b/src/core/execute.c
@@ -1325,7 +1325,7 @@ static int exec_child(
 
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **our_env = NULL, **pam_env = NULL, **final_env = NULL, **final_argv = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ char *mac_selinux_context_net = NULL;
-        const char *username = NULL, *home = NULL, *shell = NULL;
+        const char *username = NULL, *home = NULL, *shell = NULL, *wd;
         unsigned n_dont_close = 0;
         int dont_close[n_fds + 4];
         uid_t uid = UID_INVALID;
@@ -1698,6 +1698,13 @@ static int exec_child(
                 }
         }
 
+        if (context->working_directory_home)
+                wd = home;
+        else if (context->working_directory)
+                wd = context->working_directory;
+        else
+                wd = "/";
+
         if (params->apply_chroot) {
                 if (!needs_mount_namespace && context->root_directory)
                         if (chroot(context->root_directory) < 0) {
@@ -1705,21 +1712,15 @@ static int exec_child(
                                 return -errno;
                         }
 
-                if (chdir(context->working_directory ?: "/") < 0 &&
+                if (chdir(wd) < 0 &&
                     !context->working_directory_missing_ok) {
                         *exit_status = EXIT_CHDIR;
                         return -errno;
                 }
         } else {
-                _cleanup_free_ char *d = NULL;
-
-                if (asprintf(&d, "%s/%s",
-                             context->root_directory ?: "",
-                             context->working_directory ?: "") < 0) {
-                        *exit_status = EXIT_MEMORY;
-                        return -ENOMEM;
-                }
+                const char *d;
 
+                d = strjoina(strempty(context->root_directory), "/", strempty(wd));
                 if (chdir(d) < 0 &&
                     !context->working_directory_missing_ok) {
                         *exit_status = EXIT_CHDIR;
diff --git a/src/core/execute.h b/src/core/execute.h
index a750246a89..2c93044748 100644
--- a/src/core/execute.h
+++ b/src/core/execute.h
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ struct ExecContext {
         struct rlimit *rlimit[_RLIMIT_MAX];
         char *working_directory, *root_directory;
         bool working_directory_missing_ok;
+        bool working_directory_home;
 
         mode_t umask;
         int oom_score_adjust;
diff --git a/src/core/load-fragment-gperf.gperf.m4 b/src/core/load-fragment-gperf.gperf.m4
index fd293d8287..27159aa4c7 100644
--- a/src/core/load-fragment-gperf.gperf.m4
+++ b/src/core/load-fragment-gperf.gperf.m4
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ struct ConfigPerfItem;
 %%
 m4_dnl Define the context options only once
 m4_define(`EXEC_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS',
-`$1.WorkingDirectory,            config_parse_unit_path_printf,      0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.working_directory)
+`$1.WorkingDirectory,            config_parse_working_directory,     0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
 $1.RootDirectory,                config_parse_unit_path_printf,      0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.root_directory)
 $1.User,                         config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.user)
 $1.Group,                        config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.group)
diff --git a/src/core/load-fragment.c b/src/core/load-fragment.c
index a13f42b5e0..7045c31f2e 100644
--- a/src/core/load-fragment.c
+++ b/src/core/load-fragment.c
@@ -20,44 +20,42 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <linux/oom.h>
 #include <errno.h>
-#include <string.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
-#include <sched.h>
 #include <linux/fs.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <linux/oom.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include <sys/resource.h>
-
+#include <sys/stat.h>
 #ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
 #include <seccomp.h>
 #endif
 
-#include "unit.h"
-#include "strv.h"
+#include "af-list.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-internal.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "cap-list.h"
+#include "cgroup.h"
 #include "conf-parser.h"
-#include "load-fragment.h"
-#include "log.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "errno-list.h"
 #include "ioprio.h"
-#include "securebits.h"
+#include "log.h"
 #include "missing.h"
-#include "unit-name.h"
-#include "unit-printf.h"
-#include "utf8.h"
 #include "path-util.h"
-#include "env-util.h"
-#include "cgroup.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
-#include "bus-error.h"
-#include "errno-list.h"
-#include "af-list.h"
-#include "cap-list.h"
-#include "signal-util.h"
-#include "bus-internal.h"
-
 #ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
 #include "seccomp-util.h"
 #endif
+#include "securebits.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit-printf.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
 
 int config_parse_warn_compat(
                 const char *unit,
@@ -195,16 +193,17 @@ int config_parse_unit_strv_printf(const char *unit,
                                  k ? k : rvalue, data, userdata);
 }
 
-int config_parse_unit_path_printf(const char *unit,
-                                  const char *filename,
-                                  unsigned line,
-                                  const char *section,
-                                  unsigned section_line,
-                                  const char *lvalue,
-                                  int ltype,
-                                  const char *rvalue,
-                                  void *data,
-                                  void *userdata) {
+int config_parse_unit_path_printf(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
 
         _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
         Unit *u = userdata;
@@ -1846,6 +1845,70 @@ int config_parse_bus_endpoint_policy(
         return bus_endpoint_add_policy(c->bus_endpoint, name, access);
 }
 
+int config_parse_working_directory(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        bool missing_ok;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(c);
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (rvalue[0] == '-') {
+                missing_ok = true;
+                rvalue++;
+        } else
+                missing_ok = false;
+
+        if (streq(rvalue, "~")) {
+                c->working_directory_home = true;
+                c->working_directory = mfree(c->working_directory);
+        } else {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+
+                r = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue, &k);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve unit specifiers in working directory path '%s', ignoring: %m", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                path_kill_slashes(k);
+
+                if (!utf8_is_valid(k)) {
+                        log_invalid_utf8(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                if (!path_is_absolute(k)) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Working directory path '%s' is not absolute, ignoring.", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                free(c->working_directory);
+                c->working_directory = k;
+                k = NULL;
+
+                c->working_directory_home = false;
+        }
+
+        c->working_directory_missing_ok = missing_ok;
+        return 0;
+}
+
 int config_parse_unit_env_file(const char *unit,
                                const char *filename,
                                unsigned line,
diff --git a/src/core/load-fragment.h b/src/core/load-fragment.h
index 5d0a09249f..6ee7c71bc4 100644
--- a/src/core/load-fragment.h
+++ b/src/core/load-fragment.h
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ int config_parse_protect_home(const char* unit, const char *filename, unsigned l
 int config_parse_protect_system(const char* unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
 int config_parse_bus_name(const char* unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
 int config_parse_exec_utmp_mode(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_working_directory(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
 
 /* gperf prototypes */
 const struct ConfigPerfItem* load_fragment_gperf_lookup(const char *key, unsigned length);
diff --git a/src/core/main.c b/src/core/main.c
index bc72a2b00b..bac2043281 100644
--- a/src/core/main.c
+++ b/src/core/main.c
@@ -19,63 +19,63 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdio.h>
 #include <errno.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
 #include <signal.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
-
-#ifdef HAVE_VALGRIND_VALGRIND_H
-#include <valgrind/valgrind.h>
-#endif
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <sys/reboot.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 #ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
 #include <seccomp.h>
 #endif
+#ifdef HAVE_VALGRIND_VALGRIND_H
+#include <valgrind/valgrind.h>
+#endif
 
 #include "sd-daemon.h"
 #include "sd-bus.h"
-#include "log.h"
-#include "fdset.h"
-#include "special.h"
-#include "conf-parser.h"
-#include "missing.h"
-#include "pager.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "strv.h"
-#include "def.h"
-#include "virt.h"
+
 #include "architecture.h"
-#include "watchdog.h"
-#include "switch-root.h"
+#include "build.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
 #include "capability.h"
-#include "killall.h"
-#include "env-util.h"
 #include "clock-util.h"
+#include "conf-parser.h"
+#include "dbus-manager.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "fdset.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
-#include "bus-error.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
-#include "selinux-util.h"
 #include "formats-util.h"
-#include "process-util.h"
-#include "terminal-util.h"
-#include "signal-util.h"
-#include "manager.h"
-#include "dbus-manager.h"
+#include "hostname-setup.h"
+#include "ima-setup.h"
+#include "killall.h"
+#include "kmod-setup.h"
 #include "load-fragment.h"
-
-#include "mount-setup.h"
+#include "log.h"
 #include "loopback-setup.h"
-#include "hostname-setup.h"
 #include "machine-id-setup.h"
+#include "manager.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "mount-setup.h"
+#include "pager.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
 #include "selinux-setup.h"
-#include "ima-setup.h"
+#include "selinux-util.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
 #include "smack-setup.h"
-#include "kmod-setup.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "switch-root.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+#include "watchdog.h"
 
 static enum {
         ACTION_RUN,
@@ -88,8 +88,9 @@ static enum {
 static char *arg_default_unit = NULL;
 static ManagerRunningAs arg_running_as = _MANAGER_RUNNING_AS_INVALID;
 static bool arg_dump_core = true;
-static bool arg_crash_shell = false;
 static int arg_crash_chvt = -1;
+static bool arg_crash_shell = false;
+static bool arg_crash_reboot = false;
 static bool arg_confirm_spawn = false;
 static ShowStatus arg_show_status = _SHOW_STATUS_UNSET;
 static bool arg_switched_root = false;
@@ -116,8 +117,6 @@ static bool arg_default_blockio_accounting = false;
 static bool arg_default_memory_accounting = false;
 static bool arg_default_tasks_accounting = false;
 
-static void nop_handler(int sig) {}
-
 static void pager_open_if_enabled(void) {
 
         if (arg_no_pager <= 0)
@@ -126,49 +125,65 @@ static void pager_open_if_enabled(void) {
         pager_open(false);
 }
 
+noreturn static void freeze_or_reboot(void) {
+
+        if (arg_crash_reboot) {
+                log_notice("Rebooting in 10s...");
+                (void) sleep(10);
+
+                log_notice("Rebooting now...");
+                (void) reboot(RB_AUTOBOOT);
+                log_emergency_errno(errno, "Failed to reboot: %m");
+        }
+
+        log_emergency("Freezing execution.");
+        freeze();
+}
+
 noreturn static void crash(int sig) {
 
         if (getpid() != 1)
                 /* Pass this on immediately, if this is not PID 1 */
-                raise(sig);
+                (void) raise(sig);
         else if (!arg_dump_core)
                 log_emergency("Caught <%s>, not dumping core.", signal_to_string(sig));
         else {
                 struct sigaction sa = {
-                        .sa_handler = nop_handler,
+                        .sa_handler = nop_signal_handler,
                         .sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP|SA_RESTART,
                 };
                 pid_t pid;
 
                 /* We want to wait for the core process, hence let's enable SIGCHLD */
-                sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL);
+                (void) sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL);
 
                 pid = raw_clone(SIGCHLD, NULL);
                 if (pid < 0)
                         log_emergency_errno(errno, "Caught <%s>, cannot fork for core dump: %m", signal_to_string(sig));
-
                 else if (pid == 0) {
-                        struct rlimit rl = {};
+                        struct rlimit rl = {
+                                .rlim_cur = RLIM_INFINITY,
+                                .rlim_max = RLIM_INFINITY,
+                        };
 
                         /* Enable default signal handler for core dump */
-                        zero(sa);
-                        sa.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
-                        sigaction(sig, &sa, NULL);
+                        sa = (struct sigaction) {
+                                .sa_handler = SIG_DFL,
+                        };
+                        (void) sigaction(sig, &sa, NULL);
 
                         /* Don't limit the core dump size */
-                        rl.rlim_cur = RLIM_INFINITY;
-                        rl.rlim_max = RLIM_INFINITY;
-                        setrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &rl);
+                        (void) setrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &rl);
 
                         /* Just to be sure... */
                         (void) chdir("/");
 
                         /* Raise the signal again */
                         pid = raw_getpid();
-                        kill(pid, sig); /* raise() would kill the parent */
+                        (void) kill(pid, sig); /* raise() would kill the parent */
 
                         assert_not_reached("We shouldn't be here...");
-                        _exit(1);
+                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                 } else {
                         siginfo_t status;
                         int r;
@@ -190,8 +205,8 @@ noreturn static void crash(int sig) {
                 }
         }
 
-        if (arg_crash_chvt)
-                chvt(arg_crash_chvt);
+        if (arg_crash_chvt >= 0)
+                (void) chvt(arg_crash_chvt);
 
         if (arg_crash_shell) {
                 struct sigaction sa = {
@@ -200,27 +215,30 @@ noreturn static void crash(int sig) {
                 };
                 pid_t pid;
 
-                log_info("Executing crash shell in 10s...");
-                sleep(10);
+                log_notice("Executing crash shell in 10s...");
+                (void) sleep(10);
 
                 /* Let the kernel reap children for us */
-                assert_se(sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL) == 0);
+                (void) sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL);
 
                 pid = raw_clone(SIGCHLD, NULL);
                 if (pid < 0)
                         log_emergency_errno(errno, "Failed to fork off crash shell: %m");
                 else if (pid == 0) {
-                        make_console_stdio();
-                        execle("/bin/sh", "/bin/sh", NULL, environ);
+                        (void) setsid();
+                        (void) make_console_stdio();
+                        (void) execle("/bin/sh", "/bin/sh", NULL, environ);
 
                         log_emergency_errno(errno, "execle() failed: %m");
-                        _exit(1);
-                } else
-                        log_info("Successfully spawned crash shell as PID "PID_FMT".", pid);
+                        freeze_or_reboot();
+                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                } else {
+                        log_info("Spawned crash shell as PID "PID_FMT".", pid);
+                        freeze();
+                }
         }
 
-        log_emergency("Freezing execution.");
-        freeze();
+        freeze_or_reboot();
 }
 
 static void install_crash_handler(void) {
@@ -254,17 +272,20 @@ static int console_setup(void) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int set_default_unit(const char *u) {
-        char *c;
+static int parse_crash_chvt(const char *value) {
+        int b;
 
-        assert(u);
+        if (safe_atoi(value, &arg_crash_chvt) >= 0)
+                return 0;
 
-        c = strdup(u);
-        if (!c)
-                return -ENOMEM;
+        b = parse_boolean(value);
+        if (b < 0)
+                return b;
 
-        free(arg_default_unit);
-        arg_default_unit = c;
+        if (b > 0)
+                arg_crash_chvt = 0; /* switch to where kmsg goes */
+        else
+                arg_crash_chvt = -1; /* turn off switching */
 
         return 0;
 }
@@ -292,12 +313,12 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value) {
         if (streq(key, "systemd.unit") && value) {
 
                 if (!in_initrd())
-                        return set_default_unit(value);
+                        return free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, value);
 
         } else if (streq(key, "rd.systemd.unit") && value) {
 
                 if (in_initrd())
-                        return set_default_unit(value);
+                        return free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, value);
 
         } else if (streq(key, "systemd.dump_core") && value) {
 
@@ -307,6 +328,11 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value) {
                 else
                         arg_dump_core = r;
 
+        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.crash_chvt") && value) {
+
+                if (parse_crash_chvt(value) < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse crash chvt switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
+
         } else if (streq(key, "systemd.crash_shell") && value) {
 
                 r = parse_boolean(value);
@@ -315,12 +341,13 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value) {
                 else
                         arg_crash_shell = r;
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.crash_chvt") && value) {
+        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.crash_reboot") && value) {
 
-                if (safe_atoi(value, &r) < 0)
-                        log_warning("Failed to parse crash chvt switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
+                r = parse_boolean(value);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse crash reboot switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
                 else
-                        arg_crash_chvt = r;
+                        arg_crash_reboot = r;
 
         } else if (streq(key, "systemd.confirm_spawn") && value) {
 
@@ -384,7 +411,7 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value) {
                 /* SysV compatibility */
                 for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(rlmap); i += 2)
                         if (streq(key, rlmap[i]))
-                                return set_default_unit(rlmap[i+1]);
+                                return free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, rlmap[i+1]);
         }
 
         return 0;
@@ -410,9 +437,9 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value) {
                                                                       \
                 r = func(rvalue);                                     \
                 if (r < 0)                                            \
-                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r, \
-                                   "Invalid " descr "'%s': %s",       \
-                                   rvalue, strerror(-r));             \
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r,  \
+                                   "Invalid " descr "'%s': %m",       \
+                                   rvalue);                           \
                                                                       \
                 return 0;                                             \
         }
@@ -478,21 +505,32 @@ static int config_parse_show_status(
         return 0;
 }
 
-static void strv_free_free(char ***l) {
-        char ***i;
+static int config_parse_crash_chvt(
+                const char* unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
 
-        if (!l)
-                return;
+        int r;
 
-        for (i = l; *i; i++)
-                strv_free(*i);
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
 
-        free(l);
-}
+        r = parse_crash_chvt(rvalue);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse CrashChangeVT= setting, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
 
-static void free_join_controllers(void) {
-        strv_free_free(arg_join_controllers);
-        arg_join_controllers = NULL;
+        return 0;
 }
 
 static int config_parse_join_controllers(const char *unit,
@@ -513,7 +551,7 @@ static int config_parse_join_controllers(const char *unit,
         assert(lvalue);
         assert(rvalue);
 
-        free_join_controllers();
+        arg_join_controllers = strv_free_free(arg_join_controllers);
 
         for (;;) {
                 _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
@@ -530,7 +568,7 @@ static int config_parse_join_controllers(const char *unit,
 
                 l = strv_split(word, ",");
                 if (!l)
-                        log_oom();
+                        return log_oom();
                 strv_uniq(l);
 
                 if (strv_length(l) <= 1) {
@@ -605,9 +643,11 @@ static int parse_config_file(void) {
                 { "Manager", "LogColor",                  config_parse_color,            0, NULL                                   },
                 { "Manager", "LogLocation",               config_parse_location,         0, NULL                                   },
                 { "Manager", "DumpCore",                  config_parse_bool,             0, &arg_dump_core                         },
+                { "Manager", "CrashChVT", /* legacy */    config_parse_crash_chvt,       0, NULL                                   },
+                { "Manager", "CrashChangeVT",             config_parse_crash_chvt,       0, NULL                                   },
                 { "Manager", "CrashShell",                config_parse_bool,             0, &arg_crash_shell                       },
+                { "Manager", "CrashReboot",               config_parse_bool,             0, &arg_crash_reboot                      },
                 { "Manager", "ShowStatus",                config_parse_show_status,      0, &arg_show_status                       },
-                { "Manager", "CrashChVT",                 config_parse_int,              0, &arg_crash_chvt                        },
                 { "Manager", "CPUAffinity",               config_parse_cpu_affinity2,    0, NULL                                   },
                 { "Manager", "JoinControllers",           config_parse_join_controllers, 0, &arg_join_controllers                  },
                 { "Manager", "RuntimeWatchdogSec",        config_parse_sec,              0, &arg_runtime_watchdog                  },
@@ -695,7 +735,9 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 ARG_VERSION,
                 ARG_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS,
                 ARG_DUMP_CORE,
+                ARG_CRASH_CHVT,
                 ARG_CRASH_SHELL,
+                ARG_CRASH_REBOOT,
                 ARG_CONFIRM_SPAWN,
                 ARG_SHOW_STATUS,
                 ARG_DESERIALIZE,
@@ -718,7 +760,9 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 { "version",                  no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION                  },
                 { "dump-configuration-items", no_argument,       NULL, ARG_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS },
                 { "dump-core",                optional_argument, NULL, ARG_DUMP_CORE                },
+                { "crash-chvt",               required_argument, NULL, ARG_CRASH_CHVT               },
                 { "crash-shell",              optional_argument, NULL, ARG_CRASH_SHELL              },
+                { "crash-reboot",             optional_argument, NULL, ARG_CRASH_REBOOT             },
                 { "confirm-spawn",            optional_argument, NULL, ARG_CONFIRM_SPAWN            },
                 { "show-status",              optional_argument, NULL, ARG_SHOW_STATUS              },
                 { "deserialize",              required_argument, NULL, ARG_DESERIALIZE              },
@@ -803,7 +847,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
                 case ARG_UNIT:
 
-                        r = set_default_unit(optarg);
+                        r = free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, optarg);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set default unit %s: %m", optarg);
 
@@ -836,21 +880,42 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         break;
 
                 case ARG_DUMP_CORE:
-                        r = optarg ? parse_boolean(optarg) : 1;
-                        if (r < 0) {
-                                log_error("Failed to parse dump core boolean %s.", optarg);
-                                return r;
+                        if (!optarg)
+                                arg_dump_core = true;
+                        else {
+                                r = parse_boolean(optarg);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse dump core boolean: %s", optarg);
+                                arg_dump_core = r;
                         }
-                        arg_dump_core = r;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_CRASH_CHVT:
+                        r = parse_crash_chvt(optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse crash virtual terminal index: %s", optarg);
                         break;
 
                 case ARG_CRASH_SHELL:
-                        r = optarg ? parse_boolean(optarg) : 1;
-                        if (r < 0) {
-                                log_error("Failed to parse crash shell boolean %s.", optarg);
-                                return r;
+                        if (!optarg)
+                                arg_crash_shell = true;
+                        else {
+                                r = parse_boolean(optarg);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse crash shell boolean: %s", optarg);
+                                arg_crash_shell = r;
+                        }
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_CRASH_REBOOT:
+                        if (!optarg)
+                                arg_crash_reboot = true;
+                        else {
+                                r = parse_boolean(optarg);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse crash shell boolean: %s", optarg);
+                                arg_crash_reboot = r;
                         }
-                        arg_crash_shell = r;
                         break;
 
                 case ARG_CONFIRM_SPAWN:
@@ -880,17 +945,16 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         r = safe_atoi(optarg, &fd);
                         if (r < 0 || fd < 0) {
                                 log_error("Failed to parse deserialize option %s.", optarg);
-                                return r < 0 ? r : -EINVAL;
+                                return -EINVAL;
                         }
 
-                        fd_cloexec(fd, true);
+                        (void) fd_cloexec(fd, true);
 
                         f = fdopen(fd, "r");
                         if (!f)
                                 return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open serialization fd: %m");
 
                         safe_fclose(arg_serialization);
-
                         arg_serialization = f;
 
                         break;
@@ -950,14 +1014,16 @@ static int help(void) {
                "     --unit=UNIT                 Set default unit\n"
                "     --system                    Run a system instance, even if PID != 1\n"
                "     --user                      Run a user instance\n"
-               "     --dump-core[=0|1]           Dump core on crash\n"
-               "     --crash-shell[=0|1]         Run shell on crash\n"
-               "     --confirm-spawn[=0|1]       Ask for confirmation when spawning processes\n"
-               "     --show-status[=0|1]         Show status updates on the console during bootup\n"
+               "     --dump-core[=BOOL]          Dump core on crash\n"
+               "     --crash-vt=NR               Change to specified VT on crash\n"
+               "     --crash-reboot[=BOOL]       Reboot on crash\n"
+               "     --crash-shell[=BOOL]        Run shell on crash\n"
+               "     --confirm-spawn[=BOOL]      Ask for confirmation when spawning processes\n"
+               "     --show-status[=BOOL]        Show status updates on the console during bootup\n"
                "     --log-target=TARGET         Set log target (console, journal, kmsg, journal-or-kmsg, null)\n"
                "     --log-level=LEVEL           Set log level (debug, info, notice, warning, err, crit, alert, emerg)\n"
-               "     --log-color[=0|1]           Highlight important log messages\n"
-               "     --log-location[=0|1]        Include code location in log messages\n"
+               "     --log-color[=BOOL]          Highlight important log messages\n"
+               "     --log-location[=BOOL]       Include code location in log messages\n"
                "     --default-standard-output=  Set default standard output for services\n"
                "     --default-standard-error=   Set default standard error output for services\n",
                program_invocation_short_name);
@@ -965,16 +1031,9 @@ static int help(void) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int version(void) {
-        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
 static int prepare_reexecute(Manager *m, FILE **_f, FDSet **_fds, bool switching_root) {
-        FILE *f = NULL;
-        FDSet *fds = NULL;
+        _cleanup_fdset_free_ FDSet *fds = NULL;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
         int r;
 
         assert(m);
@@ -982,56 +1041,39 @@ static int prepare_reexecute(Manager *m, FILE **_f, FDSet **_fds, bool switching
         assert(_fds);
 
         r = manager_open_serialization(m, &f);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create serialization file: %m");
-                goto fail;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create serialization file: %m");
 
         /* Make sure nothing is really destructed when we shut down */
         m->n_reloading ++;
         bus_manager_send_reloading(m, true);
 
         fds = fdset_new();
-        if (!fds) {
-                r = -ENOMEM;
-                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to allocate fd set: %m");
-                goto fail;
-        }
+        if (!fds)
+                return log_oom();
 
         r = manager_serialize(m, f, fds, switching_root);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to serialize state: %m");
-                goto fail;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to serialize state: %m");
 
-        if (fseeko(f, 0, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
-                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to rewind serialization fd: %m");
-                goto fail;
-        }
+        if (fseeko(f, 0, SEEK_SET) == (off_t) -1)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to rewind serialization fd: %m");
 
         r = fd_cloexec(fileno(f), false);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to disable O_CLOEXEC for serialization: %m");
-                goto fail;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to disable O_CLOEXEC for serialization: %m");
 
         r = fdset_cloexec(fds, false);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to disable O_CLOEXEC for serialization fds: %m");
-                goto fail;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to disable O_CLOEXEC for serialization fds: %m");
 
         *_f = f;
         *_fds = fds;
 
-        return 0;
-
-fail:
-        fdset_free(fds);
-
-        safe_fclose(f);
+        f = NULL;
+        fds = NULL;
 
-        return r;
+        return 0;
 }
 
 static int bump_rlimit_nofile(struct rlimit *saved_rlimit) {
@@ -1090,7 +1132,7 @@ static void test_mtab(void) {
         log_error("/etc/mtab is not a symlink or not pointing to /proc/self/mounts. "
                   "This is not supported anymore. "
                   "Please make sure to replace this file by a symlink to avoid incorrect or misleading mount(8) output.");
-        freeze();
+        freeze_or_reboot();
 }
 
 static void test_usr(void) {
@@ -1116,15 +1158,19 @@ static int initialize_join_controllers(void) {
                 return -ENOMEM;
 
         arg_join_controllers[0] = strv_new("cpu", "cpuacct", NULL);
-        arg_join_controllers[1] = strv_new("net_cls", "net_prio", NULL);
-        arg_join_controllers[2] = NULL;
+        if (!arg_join_controllers[0])
+                goto oom;
 
-        if (!arg_join_controllers[0] || !arg_join_controllers[1]) {
-                free_join_controllers();
-                return -ENOMEM;
-        }
+        arg_join_controllers[1] = strv_new("net_cls", "net_prio", NULL);
+        if (!arg_join_controllers[1])
+                goto oom;
 
+        arg_join_controllers[2] = NULL;
         return 0;
+
+oom:
+        arg_join_controllers = strv_free_free(arg_join_controllers);
+        return -ENOMEM;
 }
 
 static int enforce_syscall_archs(Set *archs) {
@@ -1222,7 +1268,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         char *switch_root_dir = NULL, *switch_root_init = NULL;
         struct rlimit saved_rlimit_nofile = RLIMIT_MAKE_CONST(0);
         const char *error_message = NULL;
-        uint8_t shutdown_exit_code = 0;
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
         if (getpid() != 1 && strstr(program_invocation_short_name, "init")) {
@@ -1369,7 +1414,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         }
 
         /* Initialize default unit */
-        r = set_default_unit(SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET);
+        r = free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_emergency_errno(r, "Failed to set default unit %s: %m", SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET);
                 error_message = "Failed to set default unit";
@@ -1646,8 +1691,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         /* This will close all file descriptors that were opened, but
          * not claimed by any unit. */
-        fdset_free(fds);
-        fds = NULL;
+        fds = fdset_free(fds);
 
         arg_serialization = safe_fclose(arg_serialization);
 
@@ -1775,8 +1819,9 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         goto finish;
 
                 case MANAGER_EXIT:
+                        retval = m->return_value;
+
                         if (m->running_as == MANAGER_USER) {
-                                retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
                                 log_debug("Exit.");
                                 goto finish;
                         }
@@ -1809,21 +1854,17 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 finish:
         pager_close();
 
-        if (m) {
+        if (m)
                 arg_shutdown_watchdog = m->shutdown_watchdog;
-                shutdown_exit_code = m->return_value;
-        }
+
         m = manager_free(m);
 
         for (j = 0; j < ELEMENTSOF(arg_default_rlimit); j++)
                 arg_default_rlimit[j] = mfree(arg_default_rlimit[j]);
 
         arg_default_unit = mfree(arg_default_unit);
-
-        free_join_controllers();
-
+        arg_join_controllers = strv_free_free(arg_join_controllers);
         arg_default_environment = strv_free(arg_default_environment);
-
         arg_syscall_archs = set_free(arg_syscall_archs);
 
         mac_selinux_finish();
@@ -1841,7 +1882,7 @@ finish:
                  * that the new systemd can pass the kernel default to
                  * its child processes */
                 if (saved_rlimit_nofile.rlim_cur > 0)
-                        setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &saved_rlimit_nofile);
+                        (void) setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &saved_rlimit_nofile);
 
                 if (switch_root_dir) {
                         /* Kill all remaining processes from the
@@ -1883,10 +1924,10 @@ finish:
 
                         /* do not pass along the environment we inherit from the kernel or initrd */
                         if (switch_root_dir)
-                                clearenv();
+                                (void) clearenv();
 
                         assert(i <= args_size);
-                        execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
+                        (void) execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
                 }
 
                 /* Try the fallback, if there is any, without any
@@ -1896,14 +1937,10 @@ finish:
                  * but let's hope that doesn't matter.) */
 
                 arg_serialization = safe_fclose(arg_serialization);
-
-                if (fds) {
-                        fdset_free(fds);
-                        fds = NULL;
-                }
+                fds = fdset_free(fds);
 
                 /* Reopen the console */
-                make_console_stdio();
+                (void) make_console_stdio();
 
                 for (j = 1, i = 1; j < (unsigned) argc; j++)
                         args[i++] = argv[j];
@@ -1917,30 +1954,26 @@ finish:
 
                 if (switch_root_init) {
                         args[0] = switch_root_init;
-                        execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
+                        (void) execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
                         log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to execute configured init, trying fallback: %m");
                 }
 
                 args[0] = "/sbin/init";
-                execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
+                (void) execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
 
                 if (errno == ENOENT) {
                         log_warning("No /sbin/init, trying fallback");
 
                         args[0] = "/bin/sh";
                         args[1] = NULL;
-                        execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
+                        (void) execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
                         log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to execute /bin/sh, giving up: %m");
                 } else
                         log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to execute /sbin/init, giving up: %m");
         }
 
         arg_serialization = safe_fclose(arg_serialization);
-
-        if (fds) {
-                fdset_free(fds);
-                fds = NULL;
-        }
+        fds = fdset_free(fds);
 
 #ifdef HAVE_VALGRIND_VALGRIND_H
         /* If we are PID 1 and running under valgrind, then let's exit
@@ -1969,6 +2002,7 @@ finish:
                 xsprintf(log_level, "%d", log_get_max_level());
 
                 switch (log_get_target()) {
+
                 case LOG_TARGET_KMSG:
                 case LOG_TARGET_JOURNAL_OR_KMSG:
                 case LOG_TARGET_SYSLOG_OR_KMSG:
@@ -1994,7 +2028,7 @@ finish:
                 if (streq(shutdown_verb, "exit")) {
                         command_line[pos++] = "--exit-code";
                         command_line[pos++] = exit_code;
-                        xsprintf(exit_code, "%d", shutdown_exit_code);
+                        xsprintf(exit_code, "%d", retval);
                 }
 
                 assert(pos < ELEMENTSOF(command_line));
@@ -2010,7 +2044,7 @@ finish:
 
                         /* Tell the binary how often to ping, ignore failure */
                         if (asprintf(&e, "WATCHDOG_USEC="USEC_FMT, arg_shutdown_watchdog) > 0)
-                                strv_push(&env_block, e);
+                                (void) strv_push(&env_block, e);
                 } else
                         watchdog_close(true);
 
@@ -2030,7 +2064,7 @@ finish:
                         manager_status_printf(NULL, STATUS_TYPE_EMERGENCY,
                                               ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED "!!!!!!" ANSI_NORMAL,
                                               "%s, freezing.", error_message);
-                freeze();
+                freeze_or_reboot();
         }
 
         return retval;
diff --git a/src/core/manager.c b/src/core/manager.c
index 9bfe867ea0..9de9691a47 100644
--- a/src/core/manager.c
+++ b/src/core/manager.c
@@ -19,19 +19,19 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
+#include <dirent.h>
 #include <errno.h>
-#include <string.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/kd.h>
 #include <signal.h>
-#include <sys/wait.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <sys/inotify.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include <sys/epoll.h>
-#include <sys/reboot.h>
+#include <sys/inotify.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
-#include <linux/kd.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <dirent.h>
+#include <sys/reboot.h>
 #include <sys/timerfd.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
 #include <libaudit.h>
@@ -40,40 +40,40 @@
 #include "sd-daemon.h"
 #include "sd-messages.h"
 
+#include "audit-fd.h"
+#include "boot-timestamps.h"
+#include "bus-common-errors.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-kernel.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "dbus-job.h"
+#include "dbus-manager.h"
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
 #include "hashmap.h"
-#include "macro.h"
-#include "strv.h"
+#include "locale-setup.h"
 #include "log.h"
-#include "util.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "missing.h"
 #include "mkdir.h"
+#include "path-lookup.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
 #include "ratelimit.h"
-#include "locale-setup.h"
-#include "unit-name.h"
-#include "missing.h"
 #include "rm-rf.h"
-#include "path-lookup.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
 #include "special.h"
-#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+#include "transaction.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "util.h"
 #include "virt.h"
 #include "watchdog.h"
-#include "path-util.h"
-#include "audit-fd.h"
-#include "boot-timestamps.h"
-#include "env-util.h"
-#include "bus-common-errors.h"
-#include "bus-error.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
-#include "bus-kernel.h"
-#include "time-util.h"
-#include "process-util.h"
-#include "terminal-util.h"
-#include "signal-util.h"
-#include "dbus.h"
-#include "dbus-unit.h"
-#include "dbus-job.h"
-#include "dbus-manager.h"
 #include "manager.h"
-#include "transaction.h"
 
 /* Initial delay and the interval for printing status messages about running jobs */
 #define JOBS_IN_PROGRESS_WAIT_USEC (5*USEC_PER_SEC)
diff --git a/src/core/manager.h b/src/core/manager.h
index cc0e5e3361..fad10aaacf 100644
--- a/src/core/manager.h
+++ b/src/core/manager.h
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@
 
 #include "sd-bus.h"
 #include "sd-event.h"
-#include "fdset.h"
 #include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "fdset.h"
 #include "hashmap.h"
 #include "list.h"
 #include "ratelimit.h"
@@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ typedef enum StatusType {
         STATUS_TYPE_EMERGENCY,
 } StatusType;
 
+#include "execute.h"
 #include "job.h"
 #include "path-lookup.h"
-#include "execute.h"
-#include "unit-name.h"
 #include "show-status.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
 
 struct Manager {
         /* Note that the set of units we know of is allowed to be
diff --git a/src/core/namespace.c b/src/core/namespace.c
index eb88574f8f..2b8b707df5 100644
--- a/src/core/namespace.c
+++ b/src/core/namespace.c
@@ -643,16 +643,7 @@ int setup_tmp_dirs(const char *id, char **tmp_dir, char **var_tmp_dir) {
 
 int setup_netns(int netns_storage_socket[2]) {
         _cleanup_close_ int netns = -1;
-        union {
-                struct cmsghdr cmsghdr;
-                uint8_t buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))];
-        } control = {};
-        struct msghdr mh = {
-                .msg_control = &control,
-                .msg_controllen = sizeof(control),
-        };
-        struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
-        int r;
+        int r, q;
 
         assert(netns_storage_socket);
         assert(netns_storage_socket[0] >= 0);
@@ -669,12 +660,8 @@ int setup_netns(int netns_storage_socket[2]) {
         if (lockf(netns_storage_socket[0], F_LOCK, 0) < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
-        if (recvmsg(netns_storage_socket[0], &mh, MSG_DONTWAIT|MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC) < 0) {
-                if (errno != EAGAIN) {
-                        r = -errno;
-                        goto fail;
-                }
-
+        netns = receive_one_fd(netns_storage_socket[0], MSG_DONTWAIT);
+        if (netns == -EAGAIN) {
                 /* Nothing stored yet, so let's create a new namespace */
 
                 if (unshare(CLONE_NEWNET) < 0) {
@@ -691,15 +678,13 @@ int setup_netns(int netns_storage_socket[2]) {
                 }
 
                 r = 1;
-        } else {
-                /* Yay, found something, so let's join the namespace */
 
-                CMSG_FOREACH(cmsg, &mh)
-                        if (cmsg->cmsg_level == SOL_SOCKET && cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_RIGHTS) {
-                                assert(cmsg->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int)));
-                                netns = *(int*) CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
-                        }
+        } else if (netns < 0) {
+                r = netns;
+                goto fail;
 
+        } else {
+                /* Yay, found something, so let's join the namespace */
                 if (setns(netns, CLONE_NEWNET) < 0) {
                         r = -errno;
                         goto fail;
@@ -708,21 +693,14 @@ int setup_netns(int netns_storage_socket[2]) {
                 r = 0;
         }
 
-        cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&mh);
-        cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
-        cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS;
-        cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int));
-        memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), &netns, sizeof(int));
-        mh.msg_controllen = cmsg->cmsg_len;
-
-        if (sendmsg(netns_storage_socket[1], &mh, MSG_DONTWAIT|MSG_NOSIGNAL) < 0) {
-                r = -errno;
+        q = send_one_fd(netns_storage_socket[1], netns, MSG_DONTWAIT);
+        if (q < 0) {
+                r = q;
                 goto fail;
         }
 
 fail:
         lockf(netns_storage_socket[0], F_ULOCK, 0);
-
         return r;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/core/selinux-setup.c b/src/core/selinux-setup.c
index e5b457643b..ff1ea23528 100644
--- a/src/core/selinux-setup.c
+++ b/src/core/selinux-setup.c
@@ -78,14 +78,14 @@ int mac_selinux_setup(bool *loaded_policy) {
         before_load = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
         r = selinux_init_load_policy(&enforce);
         if (r == 0) {
+                _cleanup_(mac_selinux_freep) char *label = NULL;
                 char timespan[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
-                char *label;
 
                 mac_selinux_retest();
 
                 /* Transition to the new context */
                 r = mac_selinux_get_create_label_from_exe(SYSTEMD_BINARY_PATH, &label);
-                if (r < 0 || label == NULL) {
+                if (r < 0 || !label) {
                         log_open();
                         log_error("Failed to compute init label, ignoring.");
                 } else {
@@ -94,8 +94,6 @@ int mac_selinux_setup(bool *loaded_policy) {
                         log_open();
                         if (r < 0)
                                 log_error("Failed to transition into init label '%s', ignoring.", label);
-
-                        mac_selinux_free(label);
                 }
 
                 after_load = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
diff --git a/src/core/shutdown.c b/src/core/shutdown.c
index 5296efce1d..27c581d9c1 100644
--- a/src/core/shutdown.c
+++ b/src/core/shutdown.c
@@ -430,6 +430,5 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
   error:
         log_emergency_errno(r, "Critical error while doing system shutdown: %m");
-
         freeze();
 }
diff --git a/src/core/socket.c b/src/core/socket.c
index 54e94c4f74..0025054122 100644
--- a/src/core/socket.c
+++ b/src/core/socket.c
@@ -19,38 +19,39 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
-#include <sys/epoll.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <netinet/tcp.h>
 #include <mqueue.h>
+#include <netinet/tcp.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "sd-event.h"
+
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "copy.h"
+#include "dbus-socket.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "label.h"
 #include "log.h"
-#include "strv.h"
+#include "missing.h"
 #include "mkdir.h"
 #include "path-util.h"
-#include "unit-name.h"
-#include "unit-printf.h"
-#include "missing.h"
-#include "special.h"
-#include "label.h"
-#include "exit-status.h"
-#include "def.h"
-#include "smack-util.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
-#include "bus-error.h"
 #include "selinux-util.h"
-#include "dbus-socket.h"
-#include "unit.h"
-#include "formats-util.h"
 #include "signal-util.h"
+#include "smack-util.h"
 #include "socket.h"
-#include "copy.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit-printf.h"
+#include "unit.h"
 
 static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_SOCKET_STATE_MAX] = {
         [SOCKET_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
@@ -955,50 +956,48 @@ static void socket_apply_fifo_options(Socket *s, int fd) {
 
         if (s->pipe_size > 0)
                 if (fcntl(fd, F_SETPIPE_SZ, s->pipe_size) < 0)
-                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "F_SETPIPE_SZ: %m");
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "Setting pipe size failed, ignoring: %m");
 
         if (s->smack) {
                 r = mac_smack_apply_fd(fd, SMACK_ATTR_ACCESS, s->smack);
                 if (r < 0)
-                        log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "mac_smack_apply_fd: %m");
+                        log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "SMACK relabelling failed, ignoring: %m");
         }
 }
 
 static int fifo_address_create(
                 const char *path,
                 mode_t directory_mode,
-                mode_t socket_mode,
-                int *_fd) {
+                mode_t socket_mode) {
 
-        int fd = -1, r = 0;
-        struct stat st;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
         mode_t old_mask;
+        struct stat st;
+        int r;
 
         assert(path);
-        assert(_fd);
 
         mkdir_parents_label(path, directory_mode);
 
         r = mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(path, S_IFIFO);
         if (r < 0)
-                goto fail;
+                return r;
 
         /* Enforce the right access mode for the fifo */
         old_mask = umask(~ socket_mode);
 
         /* Include the original umask in our mask */
-        umask(~socket_mode | old_mask);
+        (void) umask(~socket_mode | old_mask);
 
         r = mkfifo(path, socket_mode);
-        umask(old_mask);
+        (void) umask(old_mask);
 
         if (r < 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
                 r = -errno;
                 goto fail;
         }
 
-        fd = open(path,
-                  O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC | O_NOCTTY | O_NONBLOCK | O_NOFOLLOW);
+        fd = open(path, O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC | O_NOCTTY | O_NONBLOCK | O_NOFOLLOW);
         if (fd < 0) {
                 r = -errno;
                 goto fail;
@@ -1015,13 +1014,14 @@ static int fifo_address_create(
             (st.st_mode & 0777) != (socket_mode & ~old_mask) ||
             st.st_uid != getuid() ||
             st.st_gid != getgid()) {
-
                 r = -EEXIST;
                 goto fail;
         }
 
-        *_fd = fd;
-        return 0;
+        r = fd;
+        fd = -1;
+
+        return r;
 
 fail:
         mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
@@ -1030,51 +1030,36 @@ fail:
         return r;
 }
 
-static int special_address_create(
-                const char *path,
-                int *_fd) {
-
-        int fd = -1, r = 0;
+static int special_address_create(const char *path) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
         struct stat st;
+        int r;
 
         assert(path);
-        assert(_fd);
 
         fd = open(path, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOFOLLOW);
-        if (fd < 0) {
-                r = -errno;
-                goto fail;
-        }
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
 
-        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
-                r = -errno;
-                goto fail;
-        }
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
 
         /* Check whether this is a /proc, /sys or /dev file or char device */
-        if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode) && !S_ISCHR(st.st_mode)) {
-                r = -EEXIST;
-                goto fail;
-        }
-
-        *_fd = fd;
-        return 0;
+        if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode) && !S_ISCHR(st.st_mode))
+                return -EEXIST;
 
-fail:
-        safe_close(fd);
+        r = fd;
+        fd = -1;
 
         return r;
 }
 
-static int ffs_address_create(
-                const char *path,
-                int *_fd) {
-
+static int usbffs_address_create(const char *path) {
         _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
         struct stat st;
+        int r;
 
         assert(path);
-        assert(_fd);
 
         fd = open(path, O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOFOLLOW);
         if (fd < 0)
@@ -1087,32 +1072,32 @@ static int ffs_address_create(
         if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
                 return -EEXIST;
 
-        *_fd = fd;
+        r = fd;
         fd = -1;
 
-        return 0;
+        return r;
 }
 
 static int mq_address_create(
                 const char *path,
                 mode_t mq_mode,
                 long maxmsg,
-                long msgsize,
-                int *_fd) {
+                long msgsize) {
 
-        int fd = -1, r = 0;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
         struct stat st;
         mode_t old_mask;
         struct mq_attr _attr, *attr = NULL;
+        int r;
 
         assert(path);
-        assert(_fd);
 
         if (maxmsg > 0 && msgsize > 0) {
-                zero(_attr);
-                _attr.mq_flags = O_NONBLOCK;
-                _attr.mq_maxmsg = maxmsg;
-                _attr.mq_msgsize = msgsize;
+                _attr = (struct mq_attr) {
+                        .mq_flags = O_NONBLOCK,
+                        .mq_maxmsg = maxmsg,
+                        .mq_msgsize = msgsize,
+                };
                 attr = &_attr;
         }
 
@@ -1120,33 +1105,24 @@ static int mq_address_create(
         old_mask = umask(~ mq_mode);
 
         /* Include the original umask in our mask */
-        umask(~mq_mode | old_mask);
+        (void) umask(~mq_mode | old_mask);
         fd = mq_open(path, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK|O_CREAT, mq_mode, attr);
-        umask(old_mask);
+        (void) umask(old_mask);
 
-        if (fd < 0) {
-                r = -errno;
-                goto fail;
-        }
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
 
-        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
-                r = -errno;
-                goto fail;
-        }
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
 
         if ((st.st_mode & 0777) != (mq_mode & ~old_mask) ||
             st.st_uid != getuid() ||
-            st.st_gid != getgid()) {
-
-                r = -EEXIST;
-                goto fail;
-        }
+            st.st_gid != getgid())
+                return -EEXIST;
 
-        *_fd = fd;
-        return 0;
+        r = fd;
+        fd = -1;
 
-fail:
-        safe_close(fd);
         return r;
 }
 
@@ -1166,8 +1142,7 @@ static int socket_symlink(Socket *s) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int ffs_write_descs(int fd, Unit *u) {
-        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+static int usbffs_write_descs(int fd, Service *s) {
         int r;
 
         if (!s->usb_function_descriptors || !s->usb_function_strings)
@@ -1175,27 +1150,25 @@ static int ffs_write_descs(int fd, Unit *u) {
 
         r = copy_file_fd(s->usb_function_descriptors, fd, false);
         if (r < 0)
-                return 0;
-
-        r = copy_file_fd(s->usb_function_strings, fd, false);
+                return r;
 
-        return r;
+        return copy_file_fd(s->usb_function_strings, fd, false);
 }
 
-static int select_ep(const struct dirent *d) {
+static int usbffs_select_ep(const struct dirent *d) {
         return d->d_name[0] != '.' && !streq(d->d_name, "ep0");
 }
 
-static int ffs_dispatch_eps(SocketPort *p) {
+static int usbffs_dispatch_eps(SocketPort *p) {
         _cleanup_free_ struct dirent **ent = NULL;
-        int r, i, n, k;
         _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        int r, i, n, k;
 
         r = path_get_parent(p->path, &path);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        r = scandir(path, &ent, select_ep, alphasort);
+        r = scandir(path, &ent, usbffs_select_ep, alphasort);
         if (r < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
@@ -1216,10 +1189,12 @@ static int ffs_dispatch_eps(SocketPort *p) {
 
                 path_kill_slashes(ep);
 
-                r = ffs_address_create(ep, &p->auxiliary_fds[k]);
+                r = usbffs_address_create(ep);
                 if (r < 0)
                         goto fail;
 
+                p->auxiliary_fds[k] = r;
+
                 ++k;
                 free(ent[i]);
         }
@@ -1227,9 +1202,7 @@ static int ffs_dispatch_eps(SocketPort *p) {
         return r;
 
 fail:
-        while (k)
-                safe_close(p->auxiliary_fds[--k]);
-
+        close_many(p->auxiliary_fds, k);
         p->auxiliary_fds = mfree(p->auxiliary_fds);
         p->n_auxiliary_fds = 0;
 
@@ -1237,10 +1210,10 @@ fail:
 }
 
 static int socket_open_fds(Socket *s) {
+        _cleanup_(mac_selinux_freep) char *label = NULL;
+        bool know_label = false;
         SocketPort *p;
         int r;
-        char *label = NULL;
-        bool know_label = false;
 
         assert(s);
 
@@ -1249,7 +1222,9 @@ static int socket_open_fds(Socket *s) {
                 if (p->fd >= 0)
                         continue;
 
-                if (p->type == SOCKET_SOCKET) {
+                switch (p->type) {
+
+                case SOCKET_SOCKET:
 
                         if (!know_label) {
                                 /* Figure out label, if we don't it know
@@ -1300,64 +1275,72 @@ static int socket_open_fds(Socket *s) {
                         p->fd = r;
                         socket_apply_socket_options(s, p->fd);
                         socket_symlink(s);
+                        break;
 
-                } else  if (p->type == SOCKET_SPECIAL) {
+                case SOCKET_SPECIAL:
 
-                        r = special_address_create(
-                                        p->path,
-                                        &p->fd);
-                        if (r < 0)
+                        p->fd = special_address_create(p->path);
+                        if (p->fd < 0) {
+                                r = p->fd;
                                 goto rollback;
+                        }
+                        break;
 
-                } else  if (p->type == SOCKET_FIFO) {
+                case SOCKET_FIFO:
 
-                        r = fifo_address_create(
+                        p->fd = fifo_address_create(
                                         p->path,
                                         s->directory_mode,
-                                        s->socket_mode,
-                                        &p->fd);
-                        if (r < 0)
+                                        s->socket_mode);
+                        if (p->fd < 0) {
+                                r = p->fd;
                                 goto rollback;
+                        }
 
                         socket_apply_fifo_options(s, p->fd);
                         socket_symlink(s);
+                        break;
 
-                } else if (p->type == SOCKET_MQUEUE) {
+                case SOCKET_MQUEUE:
 
-                        r = mq_address_create(
+                        p->fd = mq_address_create(
                                         p->path,
                                         s->socket_mode,
                                         s->mq_maxmsg,
-                                        s->mq_msgsize,
-                                        &p->fd);
-                        if (r < 0)
+                                        s->mq_msgsize);
+                        if (p->fd < 0) {
+                                r = p->fd;
                                 goto rollback;
-                } else  if (p->type == SOCKET_USB_FUNCTION) {
+                        }
+                        break;
 
-                        r = ffs_address_create(
-                                        p->path,
-                                        &p->fd);
-                        if (r < 0)
+                case SOCKET_USB_FUNCTION:
+
+                        p->fd = usbffs_address_create(p->path);
+                        if (p->fd < 0) {
+                                r = p->fd;
                                 goto rollback;
+                        }
 
-                        r = ffs_write_descs(p->fd, s->service.unit);
+                        r = usbffs_write_descs(p->fd, SERVICE(UNIT_DEREF(s->service)));
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto rollback;
 
-                        r = ffs_dispatch_eps(p);
+                        r = usbffs_dispatch_eps(p);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto rollback;
-                } else
+
+                        break;
+
+                default:
                         assert_not_reached("Unknown port type");
+                }
         }
 
-        mac_selinux_free(label);
         return 0;
 
 rollback:
         socket_close_fds(s);
-        mac_selinux_free(label);
-
         return r;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/core/system.conf b/src/core/system.conf
index 231609033b..c30c595413 100644
--- a/src/core/system.conf
+++ b/src/core/system.conf
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@
 #LogColor=yes
 #LogLocation=no
 #DumpCore=yes
-#CrashShell=no
 #ShowStatus=yes
-#CrashChVT=1
+#CrashChangeVT=no
+#CrashShell=no
+#CrashReboot=no
 #CPUAffinity=1 2
 #JoinControllers=cpu,cpuacct net_cls,net_prio
 #RuntimeWatchdogSec=0
diff --git a/src/core/unit.c b/src/core/unit.c
index 3a6313e4a2..30d4e00c94 100644
--- a/src/core/unit.c
+++ b/src/core/unit.c
@@ -1129,12 +1129,12 @@ static int unit_add_slice_dependencies(Unit *u) {
                 return 0;
 
         if (UNIT_ISSET(u->slice))
-                return unit_add_two_dependencies(u, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_WANTS, UNIT_DEREF(u->slice), true);
+                return unit_add_two_dependencies(u, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES, UNIT_DEREF(u->slice), true);
 
-        if (streq(u->id, SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE))
+        if (unit_has_name(u, SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE))
                 return 0;
 
-        return unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(u, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_WANTS, SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE, NULL, true);
+        return unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(u, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES, SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE, NULL, true);
 }
 
 static int unit_add_mount_dependencies(Unit *u) {
diff --git a/src/delta/delta.c b/src/delta/delta.c
index 990130d00b..4edafc7cdf 100644
--- a/src/delta/delta.c
+++ b/src/delta/delta.c
@@ -21,21 +21,20 @@
 ***/
 
 #include <errno.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "hashmap.h"
-#include "util.h"
-#include "path-util.h"
 #include "log.h"
 #include "pager.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "strv.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
 #include "process-util.h"
-#include "terminal-util.h"
 #include "signal-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 static const char prefixes[] =
         "/etc\0"
@@ -544,9 +543,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_NO_PAGER:
                         arg_no_pager = true;
diff --git a/src/detect-virt/detect-virt.c b/src/detect-virt/detect-virt.c
index 97ae569ca5..dcf4e9749e 100644
--- a/src/detect-virt/detect-virt.c
+++ b/src/detect-virt/detect-virt.c
@@ -19,14 +19,13 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 
 #include "util.h"
 #include "virt.h"
-#include "build.h"
 
 static bool arg_quiet = false;
 static enum {
@@ -75,9 +74,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case 'q':
                         arg_quiet = true;
@@ -99,8 +96,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 }
 
         if (optind < argc) {
-                log_error("%s takes no arguments.",
-                          program_invocation_short_name);
+                log_error("%s takes no arguments.", program_invocation_short_name);
                 return -EINVAL;
         }
 
@@ -108,7 +104,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
-        int retval = EXIT_SUCCESS, r;
+        int r;
 
         /* This is mostly intended to be used for scripts which want
          * to detect whether we are being run in a virtualized
@@ -126,7 +122,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         case ONLY_VM:
                 r = detect_vm();
                 if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to check for vm: %m");
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to check for VM: %m");
                         return EXIT_FAILURE;
                 }
 
@@ -155,7 +151,5 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         if (!arg_quiet)
                 puts(virtualization_to_string(r));
 
-        retval = r != VIRTUALIZATION_NONE ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
-
-        return retval;
+        return r != VIRTUALIZATION_NONE ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
 }
diff --git a/src/escape/escape.c b/src/escape/escape.c
index 341453398d..a4bfeb5df5 100644
--- a/src/escape/escape.c
+++ b/src/escape/escape.c
@@ -19,14 +19,13 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
+#include <getopt.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <getopt.h>
 
 #include "log.h"
-#include "unit-name.h"
-#include "build.h"
 #include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
 
 static enum {
         ACTION_ESCAPE,
@@ -83,9 +82,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_SUFFIX:
 
diff --git a/src/firstboot/firstboot.c b/src/firstboot/firstboot.c
index e2a1c00a75..4f0c669ca1 100644
--- a/src/firstboot/firstboot.c
+++ b/src/firstboot/firstboot.c
@@ -19,24 +19,22 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-
 #include <fcntl.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
 #include <shadow.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
-#include "strv.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
+#include "ask-password-api.h"
 #include "copy.h"
-#include "build.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "hostname-util.h"
+#include "locale-util.h"
 #include "mkdir.h"
-#include "time-util.h"
 #include "path-util.h"
 #include "random-util.h"
-#include "locale-util.h"
-#include "ask-password-api.h"
+#include "strv.h"
 #include "terminal-util.h"
-#include "hostname-util.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
 
 static char *arg_root = NULL;
 static char *arg_locale = NULL;  /* $LANG */
@@ -704,9 +702,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_ROOT:
                         free(arg_root);
diff --git a/src/fsck/fsck.c b/src/fsck/fsck.c
index bd3051f30d..8e790b85ae 100644
--- a/src/fsck/fsck.c
+++ b/src/fsck/fsck.c
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ static void start_target(const char *target) {
 
         assert(target);
 
-        r = bus_open_system_systemd(&bus);
+        r = bus_connect_system_systemd(&bus);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get D-Bus connection: %m");
                 return;
diff --git a/src/hostname/hostnamectl.c b/src/hostname/hostnamectl.c
index dcbad99ae9..0724fcc16d 100644
--- a/src/hostname/hostnamectl.c
+++ b/src/hostname/hostnamectl.c
@@ -19,21 +19,21 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
 #include <locale.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include "sd-bus.h"
 #include "sd-id128.h"
-#include "hostname-util.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
+
+#include "architecture.h"
 #include "bus-error.h"
-#include "util.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "hostname-util.h"
 #include "spawn-polkit-agent.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "architecture.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 static bool arg_ask_password = true;
 static BusTransport arg_transport = BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL;
@@ -387,9 +387,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case 'H':
                         arg_transport = BUS_TRANSPORT_REMOTE;
@@ -519,7 +517,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         if (r <= 0)
                 goto finish;
 
-        r = bus_open_transport(arg_transport, arg_host, false, &bus);
+        r = bus_connect_transport(arg_transport, arg_host, false, &bus);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create bus connection: %m");
                 goto finish;
diff --git a/src/hwdb/hwdb.c b/src/hwdb/hwdb.c
index 446de3a2fc..1e415db845 100644
--- a/src/hwdb/hwdb.c
+++ b/src/hwdb/hwdb.c
@@ -17,21 +17,19 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
 
-#include "util.h"
-#include "strbuf.h"
 #include "conf-files.h"
-#include "strv.h"
-#include "mkdir.h"
-#include "verbs.h"
-#include "build.h"
-
 #include "hwdb-internal.h"
 #include "hwdb-util.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "strbuf.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "verbs.h"
 
 /*
  * Generic udev properties, key/value database based on modalias strings.
@@ -688,9 +686,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_USR:
                         arg_hwdb_bin_dir = UDEVLIBEXECDIR;
diff --git a/src/import/export.c b/src/import/export.c
index b88d71fec6..d34105e4ca 100644
--- a/src/import/export.c
+++ b/src/import/export.c
@@ -22,15 +22,15 @@
 #include <getopt.h>
 
 #include "sd-event.h"
+
 #include "event-util.h"
-#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "export-raw.h"
+#include "export-tar.h"
 #include "hostname-util.h"
-#include "verbs.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "machine-image.h"
 #include "import-util.h"
-#include "export-tar.h"
-#include "export-raw.h"
+#include "machine-image.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "verbs.h"
 
 static ImportCompressType arg_compress = IMPORT_COMPRESS_UNKNOWN;
 
@@ -260,9 +260,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return help(0, NULL, NULL);
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_FORMAT:
                         if (streq(optarg, "uncompressed"))
diff --git a/src/import/import.c b/src/import/import.c
index 929a840298..1c92312585 100644
--- a/src/import/import.c
+++ b/src/import/import.c
@@ -22,15 +22,15 @@
 #include <getopt.h>
 
 #include "sd-event.h"
+
 #include "event-util.h"
-#include "verbs.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "signal-util.h"
 #include "hostname-util.h"
-#include "machine-image.h"
-#include "import-util.h"
-#include "import-tar.h"
 #include "import-raw.h"
+#include "import-tar.h"
+#include "import-util.h"
+#include "machine-image.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "verbs.h"
 
 static bool arg_force = false;
 static bool arg_read_only = false;
@@ -280,9 +280,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return help(0, NULL, NULL);
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_FORCE:
                         arg_force = true;
diff --git a/src/import/importd.c b/src/import/importd.c
index c90ada5da4..a29e9d4bd5 100644
--- a/src/import/importd.c
+++ b/src/import/importd.c
@@ -600,11 +600,11 @@ static int manager_on_notify(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents, void
 
         cmsg_close_all(&msghdr);
 
-        CMSG_FOREACH(cmsg, &msghdr) {
-                if (cmsg->cmsg_level == SOL_SOCKET && cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_CREDENTIALS && cmsg->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct ucred)))
-
+        CMSG_FOREACH(cmsg, &msghdr)
+                if (cmsg->cmsg_level == SOL_SOCKET &&
+                    cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_CREDENTIALS &&
+                    cmsg->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct ucred)))
                         ucred = (struct ucred*) CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
-        }
 
         if (msghdr.msg_flags & MSG_TRUNC) {
                 log_warning("Got overly long notification datagram, ignoring.");
diff --git a/src/import/pull.c b/src/import/pull.c
index 98c22aeec9..29e9424b52 100644
--- a/src/import/pull.c
+++ b/src/import/pull.c
@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@
 #include <getopt.h>
 
 #include "sd-event.h"
+
 #include "event-util.h"
-#include "verbs.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "signal-util.h"
 #include "hostname-util.h"
-#include "machine-image.h"
 #include "import-util.h"
-#include "pull-tar.h"
-#include "pull-raw.h"
+#include "machine-image.h"
 #include "pull-dkr.h"
+#include "pull-raw.h"
+#include "pull-tar.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "verbs.h"
 
 static bool arg_force = false;
 static const char *arg_image_root = "/var/lib/machines";
@@ -381,9 +381,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return help(0, NULL, NULL);
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_FORCE:
                         arg_force = true;
diff --git a/src/initctl/initctl.c b/src/initctl/initctl.c
index 6d08db74ef..2d5f7501e7 100644
--- a/src/initctl/initctl.c
+++ b/src/initctl/initctl.c
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ static int server_init(Server *s, unsigned n_sockets) {
                 s->n_fifos ++;
         }
 
-        r = bus_open_system_systemd(&s->bus);
+        r = bus_connect_system_systemd(&s->bus);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get D-Bus connection: %m");
                 r = -EIO;
diff --git a/src/journal-remote/journal-gatewayd.c b/src/journal-remote/journal-gatewayd.c
index 4e5572db0b..29df842277 100644
--- a/src/journal-remote/journal-gatewayd.c
+++ b/src/journal-remote/journal-gatewayd.c
@@ -24,9 +24,7 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
-
 #include <microhttpd.h>
-
 #ifdef HAVE_GNUTLS
 #include <gnutls/gnutls.h>
 #endif
@@ -34,15 +32,15 @@
 #include "sd-journal.h"
 #include "sd-daemon.h"
 #include "sd-bus.h"
-#include "log.h"
-#include "util.h"
+
 #include "bus-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "hostname-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
 #include "logs-show.h"
 #include "microhttpd-util.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "sigbus.h"
-#include "hostname-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 static char *arg_key_pem = NULL;
 static char *arg_cert_pem = NULL;
@@ -909,9 +907,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_KEY:
                         if (arg_key_pem) {
diff --git a/src/journal-remote/journal-remote.c b/src/journal-remote/journal-remote.c
index d6ebca20ec..50f41a575d 100644
--- a/src/journal-remote/journal-remote.c
+++ b/src/journal-remote/journal-remote.c
@@ -21,31 +21,30 @@
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
-#include <getopt.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GNUTLS
+#include <gnutls/gnutls.h>
+#endif
 
 #include "sd-daemon.h"
-#include "signal-util.h"
+
+#include "conf-parser.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
 #include "journal-file.h"
 #include "journald-native.h"
-#include "socket-util.h"
-#include "build.h"
 #include "macro.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "socket-util.h"
 #include "strv.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
-#include "conf-parser.h"
-
-#ifdef HAVE_GNUTLS
-#include <gnutls/gnutls.h>
-#endif
-
-#include "journal-remote.h"
 #include "journal-remote-write.h"
+#include "journal-remote.h"
 
 #define REMOTE_JOURNAL_PATH "/var/log/journal/remote"
 
@@ -1259,9 +1258,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0 /* done */;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0 /* done */;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_URL:
                         if (arg_url) {
diff --git a/src/journal-remote/journal-upload.c b/src/journal-remote/journal-upload.c
index 311bd3fdda..92ce56805a 100644
--- a/src/journal-remote/journal-upload.c
+++ b/src/journal-remote/journal-upload.c
@@ -19,22 +19,22 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <curl/curl.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <curl/curl.h>
 
 #include "sd-daemon.h"
-#include "log.h"
-#include "util.h"
-#include "build.h"
+
+#include "conf-parser.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
 #include "mkdir.h"
-#include "conf-parser.h"
 #include "sigbus.h"
-#include "formats-util.h"
 #include "signal-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
 #include "journal-upload.h"
 
 #define PRIV_KEY_FILE CERTIFICATE_ROOT "/private/journal-upload.pem"
@@ -619,9 +619,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0 /* done */;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0 /* done */;
+                        return version();
 
                 case 'u':
                         if (arg_url) {
diff --git a/src/journal/cat.c b/src/journal/cat.c
index be2c2e3354..f9b279d7de 100644
--- a/src/journal/cat.c
+++ b/src/journal/cat.c
@@ -19,17 +19,16 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <getopt.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
-#include "systemd/sd-journal.h"
+#include "sd-journal.h"
 
 #include "util.h"
-#include "build.h"
 
 static char *arg_identifier = NULL;
 static int arg_priority = LOG_INFO;
@@ -76,9 +75,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case 't':
                         free(arg_identifier);
@@ -95,7 +92,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         arg_priority = log_level_from_string(optarg);
                         if (arg_priority < 0) {
                                 log_error("Failed to parse priority value.");
-                                return arg_priority;
+                                return -EINVAL;
                         }
                         break;
 
@@ -103,10 +100,9 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         int k;
 
                         k = parse_boolean(optarg);
-                        if (k < 0) {
-                                log_error("Failed to parse level prefix value.");
-                                return k;
-                        }
+                        if (k < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(k, "Failed to parse level prefix value.");
+
                         arg_level_prefix = k;
                         break;
                 }
@@ -122,7 +118,8 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
-        int r, fd = -1, saved_stderr = -1;
+        _cleanup_close_ int  fd = -1, saved_stderr = -1;
+        int r;
 
         log_parse_environment();
         log_open();
@@ -133,8 +130,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         fd = sd_journal_stream_fd(arg_identifier, arg_priority, arg_level_prefix);
         if (fd < 0) {
-                log_error_errno(fd, "Failed to create stream fd: %m");
-                r = fd;
+                r = log_error_errno(fd, "Failed to create stream fd: %m");
                 goto finish;
         }
 
@@ -148,25 +144,20 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         if (fd >= 3)
                 safe_close(fd);
-
         fd = -1;
 
         if (argc <= optind)
-                execl("/bin/cat", "/bin/cat", NULL);
+                (void) execl("/bin/cat", "/bin/cat", NULL);
         else
-                execvp(argv[optind], argv + optind);
-
+                (void) execvp(argv[optind], argv + optind);
         r = -errno;
 
         /* Let's try to restore a working stderr, so we can print the error message */
         if (saved_stderr >= 0)
-                dup3(saved_stderr, STDERR_FILENO, 0);
+                (void) dup3(saved_stderr, STDERR_FILENO, 0);
 
         log_error_errno(r, "Failed to execute process: %m");
 
 finish:
-        safe_close(fd);
-        safe_close(saved_stderr);
-
         return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/src/journal/coredumpctl.c b/src/journal/coredumpctl.c
index 6628e82421..dde56008c1 100644
--- a/src/journal/coredumpctl.c
+++ b/src/journal/coredumpctl.c
@@ -19,27 +19,27 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
 #include <locale.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
-#include <getopt.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "sd-journal.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "set.h"
-#include "util.h"
+
+#include "compress.h"
+#include "journal-internal.h"
 #include "log.h"
-#include "path-util.h"
-#include "pager.h"
 #include "macro.h"
-#include "journal-internal.h"
-#include "compress.h"
-#include "sigbus.h"
+#include "pager.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
 #include "process-util.h"
-#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "sigbus.h"
 #include "signal-util.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 static enum {
         ACTION_NONE,
@@ -175,9 +175,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[], Set *matches) {
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
                         arg_action = ACTION_NONE;
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_NO_PAGER:
                         arg_no_pager = true;
diff --git a/src/journal/journal-send.c b/src/journal/journal-send.c
index 1e3a463504..dc1b2105dd 100644
--- a/src/journal/journal-send.c
+++ b/src/journal/journal-send.c
@@ -212,11 +212,6 @@ _public_ int sd_journal_sendv(const struct iovec *iov, int n) {
                 .msg_namelen = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(sa.sun_path),
         };
         ssize_t k;
-        union {
-                struct cmsghdr cmsghdr;
-                uint8_t buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))];
-        } control;
-        struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
         bool have_syslog_identifier = false;
         bool seal = true;
 
@@ -335,26 +330,7 @@ _public_ int sd_journal_sendv(const struct iovec *iov, int n) {
                         return r;
         }
 
-        mh.msg_iov = NULL;
-        mh.msg_iovlen = 0;
-
-        zero(control);
-        mh.msg_control = &control;
-        mh.msg_controllen = sizeof(control);
-
-        cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&mh);
-        cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
-        cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS;
-        cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int));
-        memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), &buffer_fd, sizeof(int));
-
-        mh.msg_controllen = cmsg->cmsg_len;
-
-        k = sendmsg(fd, &mh, MSG_NOSIGNAL);
-        if (k < 0)
-                return -errno;
-
-        return 0;
+        return send_one_fd(fd, buffer_fd, 0);
 }
 
 static int fill_iovec_perror_and_send(const char *message, int skip, struct iovec iov[]) {
diff --git a/src/journal/journalctl.c b/src/journal/journalctl.c
index b38b151485..75e59dbd42 100644
--- a/src/journal/journalctl.c
+++ b/src/journal/journalctl.c
@@ -19,48 +19,47 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <locale.h>
+#include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <fnmatch.h>
-#include <errno.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <signal.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
-#include <string.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <getopt.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <poll.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include <sys/inotify.h>
-#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
-#include "sd-journal.h"
 #include "sd-bus.h"
-#include "log.h"
-#include "logs-show.h"
-#include "util.h"
+#include "sd-journal.h"
+
 #include "acl-util.h"
-#include "path-util.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "catalog.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "pager.h"
-#include "strv.h"
-#include "set.h"
-#include "sigbus.h"
-#include "journal-internal.h"
+#include "fsprg.h"
+#include "hostname-util.h"
 #include "journal-def.h"
-#include "journal-verify.h"
+#include "journal-internal.h"
 #include "journal-qrcode.h"
 #include "journal-vacuum.h"
-#include "fsprg.h"
-#include "unit-name.h"
-#include "catalog.h"
+#include "journal-verify.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "logs-show.h"
 #include "mkdir.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
-#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "pager.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "sigbus.h"
+#include "strv.h"
 #include "terminal-util.h"
-#include "hostname-util.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
 
 #define DEFAULT_FSS_INTERVAL_USEC (15*USEC_PER_MINUTE)
 
@@ -350,9 +349,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_NO_PAGER:
                         arg_no_pager = true;
@@ -1725,7 +1722,7 @@ static int flush_to_var(void) {
 
         /* OK, let's actually do the full logic, send SIGUSR1 to the
          * daemon and set up inotify to wait for the flushed file to appear */
-        r = bus_open_system_systemd(&bus);
+        r = bus_connect_system_systemd(&bus);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get D-Bus connection: %m");
 
diff --git a/src/libsystemd/sd-bus/bus-container.c b/src/libsystemd/sd-bus/bus-container.c
index 5c607f49b1..435ec92d6f 100644
--- a/src/libsystemd/sd-bus/bus-container.c
+++ b/src/libsystemd/sd-bus/bus-container.c
@@ -217,15 +217,8 @@ int bus_container_connect_kernel(sd_bus *b) {
                                 _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                         }
 
-                        cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&mh);
-                        cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_SOCKET;
-                        cmsg->cmsg_type = SCM_RIGHTS;
-                        cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int));
-                        memcpy(CMSG_DATA(cmsg), &fd, sizeof(int));
-
-                        mh.msg_controllen = cmsg->cmsg_len;
-
-                        if (sendmsg(pair[1], &mh, MSG_NOSIGNAL) < 0)
+                        r = send_one_fd(pair[1], fd, 0);
+                        if (r < 0)
                                 _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 
                         _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
diff --git a/src/libsystemd/sd-bus/busctl.c b/src/libsystemd/sd-bus/busctl.c
index 5d07d5809c..ab8816942c 100644
--- a/src/libsystemd/sd-bus/busctl.c
+++ b/src/libsystemd/sd-bus/busctl.c
@@ -21,22 +21,21 @@
 
 #include <getopt.h>
 
-#include "strv.h"
-#include "util.h"
-#include "log.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "pager.h"
-#include "path-util.h"
-#include "set.h"
-
 #include "sd-bus.h"
-#include "bus-internal.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
+
 #include "bus-dump.h"
+#include "bus-internal.h"
 #include "bus-signature.h"
 #include "bus-type.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
 #include "busctl-introspect.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "pager.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "strv.h"
 #include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 static bool arg_no_pager = false;
 static bool arg_legend = true;
@@ -1786,9 +1785,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return help();
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_NO_PAGER:
                         arg_no_pager = true;
diff --git a/src/libsystemd/sd-daemon/sd-daemon.c b/src/libsystemd/sd-daemon/sd-daemon.c
index 9ec73406c6..ba7b8da85f 100644
--- a/src/libsystemd/sd-daemon/sd-daemon.c
+++ b/src/libsystemd/sd-daemon/sd-daemon.c
@@ -498,16 +498,11 @@ _public_ int sd_notifyf(int unset_environment, const char *format, ...) {
 }
 
 _public_ int sd_booted(void) {
-        struct stat st;
-
         /* We test whether the runtime unit file directory has been
          * created. This takes place in mount-setup.c, so is
          * guaranteed to happen very early during boot. */
 
-        if (lstat("/run/systemd/system/", &st) < 0)
-                return 0;
-
-        return !!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode);
+        return laccess("/run/systemd/system/", F_OK) >= 0;
 }
 
 _public_ int sd_watchdog_enabled(int unset_environment, uint64_t *usec) {
diff --git a/src/libsystemd/sd-hwdb/hwdb-internal.h b/src/libsystemd/sd-hwdb/hwdb-internal.h
index fedccdec72..13fddfc8ad 100644
--- a/src/libsystemd/sd-hwdb/hwdb-internal.h
+++ b/src/libsystemd/sd-hwdb/hwdb-internal.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "sparse-endian.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 #define HWDB_SIG { 'K', 'S', 'L', 'P', 'H', 'H', 'R', 'H' }
 
diff --git a/src/locale/localectl.c b/src/locale/localectl.c
index 4a91c7420a..880a1794aa 100644
--- a/src/locale/localectl.c
+++ b/src/locale/localectl.c
@@ -20,26 +20,26 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
+#include <ftw.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
 #include <locale.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
-#include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
-#include <ftw.h>
 
 #include "sd-bus.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
+
 #include "bus-error.h"
-#include "util.h"
-#include "spawn-polkit-agent.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "strv.h"
-#include "pager.h"
-#include "set.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
 #include "def.h"
-#include "virt.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
 #include "locale-util.h"
+#include "pager.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "spawn-polkit-agent.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
 
 static bool arg_no_pager = false;
 static bool arg_ask_password = true;
@@ -546,9 +546,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_NO_CONVERT:
                         arg_convert = false;
@@ -678,7 +676,7 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[]) {
         if (r <= 0)
                 goto finish;
 
-        r = bus_open_transport(arg_transport, arg_host, false, &bus);
+        r = bus_connect_transport(arg_transport, arg_host, false, &bus);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create bus connection: %m");
                 goto finish;
diff --git a/src/login/inhibit.c b/src/login/inhibit.c
index c53ea8add7..e671341b42 100644
--- a/src/login/inhibit.c
+++ b/src/login/inhibit.c
@@ -19,21 +19,21 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
+#include <fcntl.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
 
 #include "sd-bus.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
+
 #include "bus-error.h"
-#include "util.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "strv.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
 #include "formats-util.h"
 #include "process-util.h"
 #include "signal-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 static const char* arg_what = "idle:sleep:shutdown";
 static const char* arg_who = NULL;
@@ -179,9 +179,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_WHAT:
                         arg_what = optarg;
diff --git a/src/login/loginctl.c b/src/login/loginctl.c
index be52518161..bfc8716009 100644
--- a/src/login/loginctl.c
+++ b/src/login/loginctl.c
@@ -19,31 +19,31 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <errno.h>
-#include <string.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
 #include <locale.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "sd-bus.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
+
 #include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "cgroup-show.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
 #include "log.h"
-#include "util.h"
+#include "logs-show.h"
 #include "macro.h"
 #include "pager.h"
-#include "build.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "spawn-polkit-agent.h"
 #include "strv.h"
-#include "unit-name.h"
 #include "sysfs-show.h"
-#include "logs-show.h"
-#include "cgroup-show.h"
-#include "cgroup-util.h"
-#include "spawn-polkit-agent.h"
-#include "verbs.h"
-#include "process-util.h"
 #include "terminal-util.h"
-#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "verbs.h"
 
 static char **arg_property = NULL;
 static bool arg_all = false;
@@ -1416,9 +1416,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case 'p': {
                         r = strv_extend(&arg_property, optarg);
@@ -1544,7 +1542,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         if (r <= 0)
                 goto finish;
 
-        r = bus_open_transport(arg_transport, arg_host, false, &bus);
+        r = bus_connect_transport(arg_transport, arg_host, false, &bus);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create bus connection: %m");
                 goto finish;
diff --git a/src/machine-id-commit/Makefile b/src/machine-id-commit/Makefile
deleted file mode 120000
index d0b0e8e008..0000000000
--- a/src/machine-id-commit/Makefile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../Makefile
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/machine-id-commit/machine-id-commit.c b/src/machine-id-commit/machine-id-commit.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f7748e453..0000000000
--- a/src/machine-id-commit/machine-id-commit.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
-
-/***
-  This file is part of systemd.
-
-  Copyright 2014 Didier Roche
-
-  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
-  (at your option) any later version.
-
-  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
-  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
-  Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
-  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-***/
-
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <getopt.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-
-#include "machine-id-setup.h"
-#include "log.h"
-#include "build.h"
-
-static const char *arg_root = NULL;
-
-static void help(void) {
-        printf("%s [OPTIONS...]\n\n"
-               "Commit a transient /etc/machine-id on disk if writable.\n\n"
-               "  -h --help             Show this help\n"
-               "     --version          Show package version\n"
-               "     --root=ROOT        Filesystem root\n",
-               program_invocation_short_name);
-}
-
-static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
-
-        enum {
-                ARG_VERSION = 0x100,
-                ARG_ROOT,
-        };
-
-        static const struct option options[] = {
-                { "help",      no_argument,       NULL, 'h'           },
-                { "version",   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION   },
-                { "root",      required_argument, NULL, ARG_ROOT      },
-                {}
-        };
-
-        int c;
-
-        assert(argc >= 0);
-        assert(argv);
-
-        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hqcv", options, NULL)) >= 0)
-                switch (c) {
-
-                case 'h':
-                        help();
-                        return 0;
-
-                case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
-
-                case ARG_ROOT:
-                        arg_root = optarg;
-                        break;
-
-                case '?':
-                        return -EINVAL;
-
-                default:
-                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
-                }
-
-        if (optind < argc) {
-                log_error("Extraneous arguments");
-                return -EINVAL;
-        }
-
-        return 1;
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
-        int r;
-
-        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
-        log_parse_environment();
-        log_open();
-
-        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
-        if (r <= 0)
-                goto finish;
-
-        r = machine_id_commit(arg_root);
-
-finish:
-        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
-}
diff --git a/src/machine-id-setup/machine-id-setup-main.c b/src/machine-id-setup/machine-id-setup-main.c
index 20cb60b804..a9c4e3fadf 100644
--- a/src/machine-id-setup/machine-id-setup-main.c
+++ b/src/machine-id-setup/machine-id-setup-main.c
@@ -19,24 +19,26 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <getopt.h>
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 
-#include "machine-id-setup.h"
 #include "log.h"
-#include "build.h"
+#include "machine-id-setup.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
-static const char *arg_root = "";
+static const char *arg_root = NULL;
+static bool arg_commit = false;
 
 static void help(void) {
         printf("%s [OPTIONS...]\n\n"
                "Initialize /etc/machine-id from a random source.\n\n"
                "  -h --help             Show this help\n"
                "     --version          Show package version\n"
-               "     --root=ROOT        Filesystem root\n",
-               program_invocation_short_name);
+               "     --root=ROOT        Filesystem root\n"
+               "     --commit           Commit transient ID\n"
+               , program_invocation_short_name);
 }
 
 static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
@@ -44,12 +46,14 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         enum {
                 ARG_VERSION = 0x100,
                 ARG_ROOT,
+                ARG_COMMIT,
         };
 
         static const struct option options[] = {
                 { "help",      no_argument,       NULL, 'h'           },
                 { "version",   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION   },
                 { "root",      required_argument, NULL, ARG_ROOT      },
+                { "commit",    no_argument,       NULL, ARG_COMMIT    },
                 {}
         };
 
@@ -67,14 +71,16 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_ROOT:
                         arg_root = optarg;
                         break;
 
+                case ARG_COMMIT:
+                        arg_commit = true;
+                        break;
+
                 case '?':
                         return -EINVAL;
 
@@ -100,5 +106,11 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         if (r <= 0)
                 return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
 
-        return machine_id_setup(arg_root) < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+        if (arg_commit)
+                r = machine_id_commit(arg_root);
+        else
+                r = machine_id_setup(arg_root);
+
+
+        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/src/machine/machine-dbus.c b/src/machine/machine-dbus.c
index b010c90989..21026829a9 100644
--- a/src/machine/machine-dbus.c
+++ b/src/machine/machine-dbus.c
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ int bus_machine_method_open_shell(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bu
 
         description = strjoina("Shell for User ", isempty(user) ? "root" : user);
         r = sd_bus_message_append(tm,
-                                  "(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)",
+                                  "(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)(sv)",
                                   "Description", "s", description,
                                   "StandardInput", "s", "tty",
                                   "StandardOutput", "s", "tty",
@@ -748,7 +748,8 @@ int bus_machine_method_open_shell(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bu
                                   "TTYReset", "b", true,
                                   "UtmpIdentifier", "s", utmp_id,
                                   "UtmpMode", "s", "user",
-                                  "PAMName", "s", "login");
+                                  "PAMName", "s", "login",
+                                  "WorkingDirectory", "s", "-~");
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
diff --git a/src/machine/machinectl.c b/src/machine/machinectl.c
index d276fbe956..17a186eb0e 100644
--- a/src/machine/machinectl.c
+++ b/src/machine/machinectl.c
@@ -19,44 +19,44 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
 #include <errno.h>
-#include <string.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
 #include <locale.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
 #include <net/if.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "sd-bus.h"
-#include "log.h"
-#include "util.h"
-#include "macro.h"
-#include "pager.h"
-#include "spawn-polkit-agent.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
+
 #include "bus-error.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "strv.h"
-#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
 #include "cgroup-show.h"
-#include "logs-show.h"
 #include "cgroup-util.h"
-#include "ptyfwd.h"
-#include "event-util.h"
-#include "path-util.h"
-#include "mkdir.h"
 #include "copy.h"
-#include "verbs.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "event-util.h"
+#include "hostname-util.h"
 #include "import-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "logs-show.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "pager.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
 #include "process-util.h"
-#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "ptyfwd.h"
 #include "signal-util.h"
-#include "env-util.h"
-#include "hostname-util.h"
+#include "spawn-polkit-agent.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "verbs.h"
 
 static char **arg_property = NULL;
 static bool arg_all = false;
@@ -2554,9 +2554,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return help(0, NULL, NULL);
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case 'p':
                         r = strv_extend(&arg_property, optarg);
@@ -2747,7 +2745,7 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[]) {
         if (r <= 0)
                 goto finish;
 
-        r = bus_open_transport(arg_transport, arg_host, false, &bus);
+        r = bus_connect_transport(arg_transport, arg_host, false, &bus);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create bus connection: %m");
                 goto finish;
diff --git a/src/modules-load/modules-load.c b/src/modules-load/modules-load.c
index 5bbe314ba0..55bb35b9f7 100644
--- a/src/modules-load/modules-load.c
+++ b/src/modules-load/modules-load.c
@@ -20,17 +20,16 @@
 ***/
 
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <limits.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <limits.h>
-#include <getopt.h>
 #include <libkmod.h>
 
+#include "conf-files.h"
 #include "log.h"
-#include "util.h"
 #include "strv.h"
-#include "conf-files.h"
-#include "build.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 static char **arg_proc_cmdline_modules = NULL;
 
@@ -199,9 +198,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case '?':
                         return -EINVAL;
diff --git a/src/network/networkctl.c b/src/network/networkctl.c
index 75572b6388..c78b9444b6 100644
--- a/src/network/networkctl.c
+++ b/src/network/networkctl.c
@@ -19,29 +19,28 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
 #include <net/if.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
 
-#include "sd-network.h"
-#include "sd-netlink.h"
-#include "sd-hwdb.h"
 #include "sd-device.h"
+#include "sd-hwdb.h"
+#include "sd-netlink.h"
+#include "sd-network.h"
 
-#include "strv.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "util.h"
-#include "pager.h"
-#include "lldp.h"
-#include "netlink-util.h"
+#include "arphrd-list.h"
 #include "device-util.h"
+#include "ether-addr-util.h"
 #include "hwdb-util.h"
-#include "arphrd-list.h"
+#include "lldp.h"
 #include "local-addresses.h"
+#include "netlink-util.h"
+#include "pager.h"
 #include "socket-util.h"
-#include "ether-addr-util.h"
-#include "verbs.h"
+#include "strv.h"
 #include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "verbs.h"
 
 static bool arg_no_pager = false;
 static bool arg_legend = true;
@@ -1063,9 +1062,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_NO_PAGER:
                         arg_no_pager = true;
diff --git a/src/network/networkd-wait-online.c b/src/network/networkd-wait-online.c
index d958b48771..3220c4b7ef 100644
--- a/src/network/networkd-wait-online.c
+++ b/src/network/networkd-wait-online.c
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@
 #include <getopt.h>
 
 #include "sd-daemon.h"
-#include "strv.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "signal-util.h"
+
 #include "networkd-wait-online.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
 
 static bool arg_quiet = false;
 static usec_t arg_timeout = 120 * USEC_PER_SEC;
@@ -79,9 +79,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         break;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case 'i':
                         if (strv_extend(&arg_interfaces, optarg) < 0)
diff --git a/src/notify/notify.c b/src/notify/notify.c
index 7d53cb6d75..805ea1a627 100644
--- a/src/notify/notify.c
+++ b/src/notify/notify.c
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include "sd-daemon.h"
 
-#include "build.h"
 #include "env-util.h"
 #include "formats-util.h"
 #include "log.h"
@@ -85,9 +84,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_READY:
                         arg_ready = true;
diff --git a/src/nspawn/nspawn-expose-ports.c b/src/nspawn/nspawn-expose-ports.c
index 9e63d88b69..3658f45381 100644
--- a/src/nspawn/nspawn-expose-ports.c
+++ b/src/nspawn/nspawn-expose-ports.c
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ int expose_port_send_rtnl(int send_fd) {
 
         /* Store away the fd in the socket, so that it stays open as
          * long as we run the child */
-        r = send_one_fd(send_fd, fd);
+        r = send_one_fd(send_fd, fd, 0);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to send netlink fd: %m");
 
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ int expose_port_watch_rtnl(
         assert(recv_fd >= 0);
         assert(ret);
 
-        fd = receive_one_fd(recv_fd);
+        fd = receive_one_fd(recv_fd, 0);
         if (fd < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(fd, "Failed to recv netlink fd: %m");
 
diff --git a/src/nspawn/nspawn.c b/src/nspawn/nspawn.c
index 7451c2bf64..16dfe8a7c1 100644
--- a/src/nspawn/nspawn.c
+++ b/src/nspawn/nspawn.c
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@
 #include "base-filesystem.h"
 #include "blkid-util.h"
 #include "btrfs-util.h"
-#include "build.h"
 #include "cap-list.h"
 #include "capability.h"
 #include "cgroup-util.h"
@@ -414,9 +413,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case 'D':
                         r = set_sanitized_path(&arg_directory, optarg);
@@ -1291,7 +1288,7 @@ static int setup_kmsg(const char *dest, int kmsg_socket) {
 
         /* Store away the fd in the socket, so that it stays open as
          * long as we run the child */
-        r = send_one_fd(kmsg_socket, fd);
+        r = send_one_fd(kmsg_socket, fd, 0);
         safe_close(fd);
 
         if (r < 0)
@@ -2282,8 +2279,6 @@ static int wait_for_container(pid_t pid, ContainerStatus *container) {
         return r;
 }
 
-static void nop_handler(int sig) {}
-
 static int on_orderly_shutdown(sd_event_source *s, const struct signalfd_siginfo *si, void *userdata) {
         pid_t pid;
 
@@ -3241,7 +3236,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 ContainerStatus container_status;
                 _cleanup_(barrier_destroy) Barrier barrier = BARRIER_NULL;
                 static const struct sigaction sa = {
-                        .sa_handler = nop_handler,
+                        .sa_handler = nop_signal_handler,
                         .sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP,
                 };
                 int ifi = 0;
@@ -3338,8 +3333,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
                 barrier_set_role(&barrier, BARRIER_PARENT);
 
-                fdset_free(fds);
-                fds = NULL;
+                fds = fdset_free(fds);
 
                 kmsg_socket_pair[1] = safe_close(kmsg_socket_pair[1]);
                 rtnl_socket_pair[1] = safe_close(rtnl_socket_pair[1]);
diff --git a/src/path/path.c b/src/path/path.c
index f7736a4202..73b7bd2c01 100644
--- a/src/path/path.c
+++ b/src/path/path.c
@@ -19,16 +19,16 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <getopt.h>
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 #include "sd-path.h"
-#include "build.h"
+
+#include "log.h"
 #include "macro.h"
 #include "util.h"
-#include "log.h"
 
 static const char *arg_suffix = NULL;
 
@@ -155,9 +155,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_SUFFIX:
                         arg_suffix = optarg;
diff --git a/src/resolve-host/resolve-host.c b/src/resolve-host/resolve-host.c
index 22af092cc0..97516a87a8 100644
--- a/src/resolve-host/resolve-host.c
+++ b/src/resolve-host/resolve-host.c
@@ -23,14 +23,13 @@
 #include <getopt.h>
 
 #include "sd-bus.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
+
+#include "af-list.h"
 #include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
 #include "in-addr-util.h"
-#include "af-list.h"
-#include "build.h"
-
-#include "resolved-dns-packet.h"
 #include "resolved-def.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-packet.h"
 
 #define DNS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC (45*USEC_PER_SEC)
 
@@ -507,9 +506,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0; /* done */;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0 /* done */;
+                        return version();
 
                 case '4':
                         arg_family = AF_INET;
diff --git a/src/run/run.c b/src/run/run.c
index 657c6fcaf1..62687591f4 100644
--- a/src/run/run.c
+++ b/src/run/run.c
@@ -19,24 +19,24 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdio.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 
 #include "sd-bus.h"
 #include "sd-event.h"
+
+#include "bus-error.h"
 #include "bus-util.h"
-#include "event-util.h"
-#include "strv.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "calendarspec.h"
 #include "env-util.h"
+#include "event-util.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
 #include "path-util.h"
-#include "bus-error.h"
-#include "calendarspec.h"
 #include "ptyfwd.h"
-#include "formats-util.h"
 #include "signal-util.h"
 #include "spawn-polkit-agent.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
 
 static bool arg_ask_password = true;
 static bool arg_scope = false;
@@ -199,9 +199,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         break;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_USER:
                         arg_user = true;
@@ -1176,7 +1174,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
                 arg_description = description;
         }
 
-        r = bus_open_transport_systemd(arg_transport, arg_host, arg_user, &bus);
+        r = bus_connect_transport_systemd(arg_transport, arg_host, arg_user, &bus);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create bus connection: %m");
                 goto finish;
diff --git a/src/shared/ask-password-api.h b/src/shared/ask-password-api.h
index 0954e072be..ccb3be0fca 100644
--- a/src/shared/ask-password-api.h
+++ b/src/shared/ask-password-api.h
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "time-util.h"
 
 int ask_password_tty(const char *message, usec_t until, bool echo, const char *flag_file, char **_passphrase);
 
diff --git a/src/shared/bus-util.c b/src/shared/bus-util.c
index 16b17c2c82..10df3fc3d6 100644
--- a/src/shared/bus-util.c
+++ b/src/shared/bus-util.c
@@ -574,14 +574,14 @@ int bus_check_peercred(sd_bus *c) {
         return 1;
 }
 
-int bus_open_system_systemd(sd_bus **_bus) {
+int bus_connect_system_systemd(sd_bus **_bus) {
         _cleanup_bus_unref_ sd_bus *bus = NULL;
         int r;
 
         assert(_bus);
 
         if (geteuid() != 0)
-                return sd_bus_open_system(_bus);
+                return sd_bus_default_system(_bus);
 
         /* If we are root and kdbus is not available, then let's talk
          * directly to the system instance, instead of going via the
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ int bus_open_system_systemd(sd_bus **_bus) {
 
         r = sd_bus_start(bus);
         if (r < 0)
-                return sd_bus_open_system(_bus);
+                return sd_bus_default_system(_bus);
 
         r = bus_check_peercred(bus);
         if (r < 0)
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ int bus_open_system_systemd(sd_bus **_bus) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-int bus_open_user_systemd(sd_bus **_bus) {
+int bus_connect_user_systemd(sd_bus **_bus) {
         _cleanup_bus_unref_ sd_bus *bus = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ char *ee = NULL;
         const char *e;
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ int bus_open_user_systemd(sd_bus **_bus) {
 
         e = secure_getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");
         if (!e)
-                return sd_bus_open_user(_bus);
+                return sd_bus_default_user(_bus);
 
         ee = bus_address_escape(e);
         if (!ee)
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ int bus_open_user_systemd(sd_bus **_bus) {
 
         r = sd_bus_start(bus);
         if (r < 0)
-                return sd_bus_open_user(_bus);
+                return sd_bus_default_user(_bus);
 
         r = bus_check_peercred(bus);
         if (r < 0)
@@ -1209,7 +1209,7 @@ int bus_map_all_properties(
         return bus_message_map_all_properties(m, map, userdata);
 }
 
-int bus_open_transport(BusTransport transport, const char *host, bool user, sd_bus **bus) {
+int bus_connect_transport(BusTransport transport, const char *host, bool user, sd_bus **bus) {
         int r;
 
         assert(transport >= 0);
@@ -1244,7 +1244,7 @@ int bus_open_transport(BusTransport transport, const char *host, bool user, sd_b
         return r;
 }
 
-int bus_open_transport_systemd(BusTransport transport, const char *host, bool user, sd_bus **bus) {
+int bus_connect_transport_systemd(BusTransport transport, const char *host, bool user, sd_bus **bus) {
         int r;
 
         assert(transport >= 0);
@@ -1258,9 +1258,9 @@ int bus_open_transport_systemd(BusTransport transport, const char *host, bool us
 
         case BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL:
                 if (user)
-                        r = bus_open_user_systemd(bus);
+                        r = bus_connect_user_systemd(bus);
                 else
-                        r = bus_open_system_systemd(bus);
+                        r = bus_connect_system_systemd(bus);
 
                 break;
 
diff --git a/src/shared/bus-util.h b/src/shared/bus-util.h
index d2b2d701ce..f03f951dc7 100644
--- a/src/shared/bus-util.h
+++ b/src/shared/bus-util.h
@@ -65,11 +65,11 @@ int bus_test_polkit(sd_bus_message *call, int capability, const char *action, co
 int bus_verify_polkit_async(sd_bus_message *call, int capability, const char *action, const char **details, bool interactive, uid_t good_user, Hashmap **registry, sd_bus_error *error);
 void bus_verify_polkit_async_registry_free(Hashmap *registry);
 
-int bus_open_system_systemd(sd_bus **_bus);
-int bus_open_user_systemd(sd_bus **_bus);
+int bus_connect_system_systemd(sd_bus **_bus);
+int bus_connect_user_systemd(sd_bus **_bus);
 
-int bus_open_transport(BusTransport transport, const char *host, bool user, sd_bus **bus);
-int bus_open_transport_systemd(BusTransport transport, const char *host, bool user, sd_bus **bus);
+int bus_connect_transport(BusTransport transport, const char *host, bool user, sd_bus **bus);
+int bus_connect_transport_systemd(BusTransport transport, const char *host, bool user, sd_bus **bus);
 
 int bus_print_property(const char *name, sd_bus_message *property, bool all);
 int bus_print_all_properties(sd_bus *bus, const char *dest, const char *path, char **filter, bool all);
diff --git a/src/shared/pager.c b/src/shared/pager.c
index 41da820938..d8f0fb404d 100644
--- a/src/shared/pager.c
+++ b/src/shared/pager.c
@@ -48,24 +48,27 @@ noreturn static void pager_fallback(void) {
 }
 
 int pager_open(bool jump_to_end) {
-        int fd[2];
+        _cleanup_close_pair_ int fd[2] = { -1, -1 };
         const char *pager;
         pid_t parent_pid;
-        int r;
 
         if (pager_pid > 0)
                 return 1;
 
-        if ((pager = getenv("SYSTEMD_PAGER")) || (pager = getenv("PAGER")))
-                if (!*pager || streq(pager, "cat"))
-                        return 0;
-
         if (!on_tty())
                 return 0;
 
+        pager = getenv("SYSTEMD_PAGER");
+        if (!pager)
+                pager = getenv("PAGER");
+
+        /* If the pager is explicitly turned off, honour it */
+        if (pager && (pager[0] == 0 || streq(pager, "cat")))
+                return 0;
+
         /* Determine and cache number of columns before we spawn the
          * pager so that we get the value from the actual tty */
-        columns();
+        (void) columns();
 
         if (pipe(fd) < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create pager pipe: %m");
@@ -73,11 +76,8 @@ int pager_open(bool jump_to_end) {
         parent_pid = getpid();
 
         pager_pid = fork();
-        if (pager_pid < 0) {
-                r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fork pager: %m");
-                safe_close_pair(fd);
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (pager_pid < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fork pager: %m");
 
         /* In the child start the pager */
         if (pager_pid == 0) {
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ int pager_open(bool jump_to_end) {
                 (void) reset_all_signal_handlers();
                 (void) reset_signal_mask();
 
-                dup2(fd[0], STDIN_FILENO);
+                (void) dup2(fd[0], STDIN_FILENO);
                 safe_close_pair(fd);
 
                 /* Initialize a good set of less options */
@@ -141,7 +141,6 @@ int pager_open(bool jump_to_end) {
         if (dup2(fd[1], STDERR_FILENO) < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to duplicate pager pipe: %m");
 
-        safe_close_pair(fd);
         return 1;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/shared/sysctl-util.c b/src/shared/sysctl-util.c
index 1de0b94fd5..b2cab948ef 100644
--- a/src/shared/sysctl-util.c
+++ b/src/shared/sysctl-util.c
@@ -19,18 +19,17 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <errno.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <limits.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
 
+#include "fileio.h"
 #include "log.h"
 #include "util.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
-#include "build.h"
 #include "sysctl-util.h"
 
 char *sysctl_normalize(char *s) {
diff --git a/src/sleep/sleep.c b/src/sleep/sleep.c
index 2b2310152d..1ba66eb998 100644
--- a/src/sleep/sleep.c
+++ b/src/sleep/sleep.c
@@ -20,18 +20,18 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdio.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 
 #include "sd-messages.h"
-#include "log.h"
-#include "util.h"
-#include "strv.h"
+
+#include "def.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
-#include "build.h"
+#include "log.h"
 #include "sleep-config.h"
-#include "def.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 static char* arg_verb = NULL;
 
@@ -165,9 +165,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0; /* done */
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0 /* done */;
+                        return version();
 
                 case '?':
                         return -EINVAL;
diff --git a/src/socket-proxy/socket-proxyd.c b/src/socket-proxy/socket-proxyd.c
index 715f440cb1..73c04fdfc0 100644
--- a/src/socket-proxy/socket-proxyd.c
+++ b/src/socket-proxy/socket-proxyd.c
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@
  ***/
 
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
+#include <netdb.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/un.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
@@ -33,12 +33,12 @@
 #include "sd-daemon.h"
 #include "sd-event.h"
 #include "sd-resolve.h"
+
 #include "log.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "set.h"
 #include "socket-util.h"
 #include "util.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "set.h"
-#include "path-util.h"
 
 #define BUFFER_SIZE (256 * 1024)
 #define CONNECTIONS_MAX 256
@@ -603,9 +603,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case '?':
                         return -EINVAL;
diff --git a/src/sysctl/sysctl.c b/src/sysctl/sysctl.c
index 618844382f..ee34209a30 100644
--- a/src/sysctl/sysctl.c
+++ b/src/sysctl/sysctl.c
@@ -19,23 +19,22 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <errno.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <limits.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
 
-#include "log.h"
-#include "strv.h"
-#include "util.h"
-#include "hashmap.h"
-#include "path-util.h"
 #include "conf-files.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
-#include "build.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
 #include "sysctl-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 static char **arg_prefixes = NULL;
 
@@ -195,9 +194,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_PREFIX: {
                         char *p;
diff --git a/src/systemctl/systemctl.c b/src/systemctl/systemctl.c
index 34e4751b94..e0a69867d2 100644
--- a/src/systemctl/systemctl.c
+++ b/src/systemctl/systemctl.c
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@
 #include "sd-daemon.h"
 #include "sd-login.h"
 
-#include "build.h"
 #include "bus-common-errors.h"
 #include "bus-error.h"
 #include "bus-message.h"
@@ -74,6 +73,7 @@
 #include "unit-name.h"
 #include "util.h"
 #include "utmp-wtmp.h"
+#include "verbs.h"
 
 static char **arg_types = NULL;
 static char **arg_states = NULL;
@@ -134,23 +134,61 @@ static enum action {
         _ACTION_MAX
 } arg_action = ACTION_SYSTEMCTL;
 static BusTransport arg_transport = BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL;
-static char *arg_host = NULL;
+static const char *arg_host = NULL;
 static unsigned arg_lines = 10;
 static OutputMode arg_output = OUTPUT_SHORT;
 static bool arg_plain = false;
 static bool arg_firmware_setup = false;
 static bool arg_now = false;
 
-static bool original_stdout_is_tty;
-
-static int daemon_reload(sd_bus *bus, char **args);
+static int daemon_reload(int argc, char *argv[], void* userdata);
 static int halt_now(enum action a);
 static int check_one_unit(sd_bus *bus, const char *name, const char *good_states, bool quiet);
 
-static char** strv_skip_first(char **strv) {
-        if (strv_length(strv) > 0)
-                return strv + 1;
-        return NULL;
+static bool original_stdout_is_tty;
+
+typedef enum BusFocus {
+        BUS_FULL,      /* The full bus indicated via --system or --user */
+        BUS_MANAGER,   /* The manager itself, possibly directly, possibly via the bus */
+        _BUS_FOCUS_MAX
+} BusFocus;
+
+static sd_bus *busses[_BUS_FOCUS_MAX] = {};
+
+static int acquire_bus(BusFocus focus, sd_bus **ret) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(focus < _BUS_FOCUS_MAX);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        /* We only go directly to the manager, if we are using a local transport */
+        if (arg_transport != BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL)
+                focus = BUS_FULL;
+
+        if (!busses[focus]) {
+                bool user;
+
+                user = arg_scope != UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM;
+
+                if (focus == BUS_MANAGER)
+                        r = bus_connect_transport_systemd(arg_transport, arg_host, user, &busses[focus]);
+                else
+                        r = bus_connect_transport(arg_transport, arg_host, user, &busses[focus]);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to connect to bus: %m");
+
+                (void) sd_bus_set_allow_interactive_authorization(busses[focus], arg_ask_password);
+        }
+
+        *ret = busses[focus];
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void release_busses(void) {
+        BusFocus w;
+
+        for (w = 0; w < _BUS_FOCUS_MAX; w++)
+                busses[w] = sd_bus_flush_close_unref(busses[w]);
 }
 
 static void pager_open_if_enabled(void) {
@@ -230,42 +268,10 @@ static int translate_bus_error_to_exit_status(int r, const sd_bus_error *error)
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
 }
 
-static void warn_wall(enum action a) {
-        static const char *table[_ACTION_MAX] = {
-                [ACTION_HALT]            = "The system is going down for system halt NOW!",
-                [ACTION_REBOOT]          = "The system is going down for reboot NOW!",
-                [ACTION_POWEROFF]        = "The system is going down for power-off NOW!",
-                [ACTION_KEXEC]           = "The system is going down for kexec reboot NOW!",
-                [ACTION_RESCUE]          = "The system is going down to rescue mode NOW!",
-                [ACTION_EMERGENCY]       = "The system is going down to emergency mode NOW!",
-                [ACTION_CANCEL_SHUTDOWN] = "The system shutdown has been cancelled NOW!"
-        };
-
-        if (arg_no_wall)
-                return;
-
-        if (arg_wall) {
-                _cleanup_free_ char *p;
-
-                p = strv_join(arg_wall, " ");
-                if (!p) {
-                        log_oom();
-                        return;
-                }
-
-                if (*p) {
-                        utmp_wall(p, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
-                        return;
-                }
-        }
+static bool install_client_side(void) {
 
-        if (!table[a])
-                return;
-
-        utmp_wall(table[a], NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
-}
-
-static bool avoid_bus(void) {
+        /* Decides when to execute enable/disable/... operations
+         * client-side rather than server-side. */
 
         if (running_in_chroot() > 0)
                 return true;
@@ -652,15 +658,20 @@ static int get_unit_list_recursive(
         return c;
 }
 
-static int list_units(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int list_units(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_free_ UnitInfo *unit_infos = NULL;
         _cleanup_(message_set_freep) Set *replies = NULL;
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **machines = NULL;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         int r;
 
         pager_open_if_enabled();
 
-        r = get_unit_list_recursive(bus, strv_skip_first(args), &unit_infos, &replies, &machines);
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_unit_list_recursive(bus, strv_skip(argv, 1), &unit_infos, &replies, &machines);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
@@ -676,6 +687,10 @@ static int get_triggered_units(
         _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
         int r;
 
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(path);
+        assert(ret);
+
         r = sd_bus_get_property_strv(
                         bus,
                         "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
@@ -684,9 +699,8 @@ static int get_triggered_units(
                         "Triggers",
                         &error,
                         ret);
-
         if (r < 0)
-                log_error("Failed to determine triggers: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine triggers: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         return 0;
 }
@@ -710,10 +724,8 @@ static int get_listening(
                         &error,
                         &reply,
                         "a(ss)");
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to get list of listening sockets: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get list of listening sockets: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(ss)");
         if (r < 0)
@@ -853,7 +865,7 @@ static int output_sockets_list(struct socket_info *socket_infos, unsigned cs) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int list_sockets(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int list_sockets(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_(message_set_freep) Set *replies = NULL;
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **machines = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ UnitInfo *unit_infos = NULL;
@@ -863,10 +875,15 @@ static int list_sockets(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         unsigned cs = 0;
         size_t size = 0;
         int r = 0, n;
+        sd_bus *bus;
 
         pager_open_if_enabled();
 
-        n = get_unit_list_recursive(bus, strv_skip_first(args), &unit_infos, &replies, &machines);
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        n = get_unit_list_recursive(bus, strv_skip(argv, 1), &unit_infos, &replies, &machines);
         if (n < 0)
                 return n;
 
@@ -947,10 +964,8 @@ static int get_next_elapse(
                         &error,
                         't',
                         &t.monotonic);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to get next elapsation time: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get next elapsation time: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         r = sd_bus_get_property_trivial(
                         bus,
@@ -961,10 +976,8 @@ static int get_next_elapse(
                         &error,
                         't',
                         &t.realtime);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to get next elapsation time: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get next elapsation time: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         *next = t;
         return 0;
@@ -991,10 +1004,8 @@ static int get_last_trigger(
                         &error,
                         't',
                         last);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to get last trigger time: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get last trigger time: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         return 0;
 }
@@ -1160,7 +1171,7 @@ static usec_t calc_next_elapse(dual_timestamp *nw, dual_timestamp *next) {
         return next_elapse;
 }
 
-static int list_timers(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int list_timers(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_(message_set_freep) Set *replies = NULL;
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **machines = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ struct timer_info *timer_infos = NULL;
@@ -1170,11 +1181,16 @@ static int list_timers(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         size_t size = 0;
         int n, c = 0;
         dual_timestamp nw;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         int r = 0;
 
         pager_open_if_enabled();
 
-        n = get_unit_list_recursive(bus, strv_skip_first(args), &unit_infos, &replies, &machines);
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        n = get_unit_list_recursive(bus, strv_skip(argv, 1), &unit_infos, &replies, &machines);
         if (n < 0)
                 return n;
 
@@ -1326,7 +1342,7 @@ static void output_unit_file_list(const UnitFileList *units, unsigned c) {
                 printf("\n%u unit files listed.\n", c);
 }
 
-static int list_unit_files(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int list_unit_files(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ UnitFileList *units = NULL;
         UnitFileList *unit;
@@ -1338,7 +1354,7 @@ static int list_unit_files(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
 
         pager_open_if_enabled();
 
-        if (avoid_bus()) {
+        if (install_client_side()) {
                 Hashmap *h;
                 UnitFileList *u;
                 Iterator i;
@@ -1351,8 +1367,7 @@ static int list_unit_files(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                 r = unit_file_get_list(arg_scope, arg_root, h);
                 if (r < 0) {
                         unit_file_list_free(h);
-                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get unit file list: %m");
-                        return r;
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get unit file list: %m");
                 }
 
                 n_units = hashmap_size(h);
@@ -1364,7 +1379,7 @@ static int list_unit_files(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                 }
 
                 HASHMAP_FOREACH(u, h, i) {
-                        if (!output_show_unit_file(u, strv_skip_first(args)))
+                        if (!output_show_unit_file(u, strv_skip(argv, 1)))
                                 continue;
 
                         units[c++] = *u;
@@ -1375,6 +1390,11 @@ static int list_unit_files(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                 hashmap_free(h);
         } else {
                 _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                sd_bus *bus;
+
+                r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
 
                 r = sd_bus_call_method(
                                 bus,
@@ -1385,10 +1405,8 @@ static int list_unit_files(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                                 &error,
                                 &reply,
                                 NULL);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to list unit files: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                        return r;
-                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to list unit files: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
                 r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(ss)");
                 if (r < 0)
@@ -1404,7 +1422,7 @@ static int list_unit_files(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                                 unit_file_state_from_string(state)
                         };
 
-                        if (output_show_unit_file(&units[c], strv_skip_first(args)))
+                        if (output_show_unit_file(&units[c], strv_skip(argv, 1)))
                                 c ++;
 
                 }
@@ -1419,7 +1437,7 @@ static int list_unit_files(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         qsort_safe(units, c, sizeof(UnitFileList), compare_unit_file_list);
         output_unit_file_list(units, c);
 
-        if (avoid_bus()) {
+        if (install_client_side()) {
                 for (unit = units; unit < units + c; unit++)
                         free(unit->path);
         }
@@ -1511,10 +1529,8 @@ static int list_dependencies_get_dependencies(sd_bus *bus, const char *name, cha
                         &error,
                         &reply,
                         "s", "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit");
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to get properties of %s: %s", name, bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get properties of %s: %s", name, bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "{sv}");
         if (r < 0)
@@ -1638,16 +1654,15 @@ static int list_dependencies_one(
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int list_dependencies(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int list_dependencies(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **units = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ char *unit = NULL;
         const char *u;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         int r;
 
-        assert(bus);
-
-        if (args[1]) {
-                r = unit_name_mangle(args[1], UNIT_NAME_NOGLOB, &unit);
+        if (argv[1]) {
+                r = unit_name_mangle(argv[1], UNIT_NAME_NOGLOB, &unit);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to mangle unit name: %m");
 
@@ -1657,6 +1672,10 @@ static int list_dependencies(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
 
         pager_open_if_enabled();
 
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         puts(u);
 
         return list_dependencies_one(bus, u, 0, &units, 0);
@@ -1872,12 +1891,11 @@ static void output_machines_list(struct machine_info *machine_infos, unsigned n)
                 printf("\n%u machines listed.\n", n);
 }
 
-static int list_machines(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int list_machines(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         struct machine_info *machine_infos = NULL;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         int r;
 
-        assert(bus);
-
         if (geteuid() != 0) {
                 log_error("Must be root.");
                 return -EPERM;
@@ -1885,7 +1903,11 @@ static int list_machines(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
 
         pager_open_if_enabled();
 
-        r = get_machine_list(bus, &machine_infos, strv_skip_first(args));
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_machine_list(bus, &machine_infos, strv_skip(argv, 1));
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
@@ -1896,13 +1918,13 @@ static int list_machines(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int get_default(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int get_default(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ char *_path = NULL;
         const char *path;
         int r;
 
-        if (!bus || avoid_bus()) {
+        if (install_client_side()) {
                 r = unit_file_get_default(arg_scope, arg_root, &_path);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get default target: %m");
@@ -1910,6 +1932,11 @@ static int get_default(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
 
         } else {
                 _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                sd_bus *bus;
+
+                r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
 
                 r = sd_bus_call_method(
                                 bus,
@@ -1920,10 +1947,8 @@ static int get_default(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                                 &error,
                                 &reply,
                                 NULL);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to get default target: %s", bus_error_message(&error, -r));
-                        return r;
-                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get default target: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
                 r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "s", &path);
                 if (r < 0)
@@ -1949,17 +1974,21 @@ static void dump_unit_file_changes(const UnitFileChange *changes, unsigned n_cha
         }
 }
 
-static int set_default(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int set_default(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *unit = NULL;
-        UnitFileChange *changes = NULL;
-        unsigned n_changes = 0;
         int r;
 
-        r = unit_name_mangle_with_suffix(args[1], UNIT_NAME_NOGLOB, ".target", &unit);
+        assert(argc >= 2);
+        assert(argv);
+
+        r = unit_name_mangle_with_suffix(argv[1], UNIT_NAME_NOGLOB, ".target", &unit);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to mangle unit name: %m");
 
-        if (!bus || avoid_bus()) {
+        if (install_client_side()) {
+                UnitFileChange *changes = NULL;
+                unsigned n_changes = 0;
+
                 r = unit_file_set_default(arg_scope, arg_root, unit, true, &changes, &n_changes);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set default target: %m");
@@ -1967,13 +1996,19 @@ static int set_default(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                 if (!arg_quiet)
                         dump_unit_file_changes(changes, n_changes);
 
+                unit_file_changes_free(changes, n_changes);
                 r = 0;
         } else {
                 _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
                 _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+                sd_bus *bus;
 
                 polkit_agent_open_if_enabled();
 
+                r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
                 r = sd_bus_call_method(
                                 bus,
                                 "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
@@ -1983,10 +2018,8 @@ static int set_default(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                                 &error,
                                 &reply,
                                 "sb", unit, 1);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to set default target: %s", bus_error_message(&error, -r));
-                        return r;
-                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set default target: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
                 r = bus_deserialize_and_dump_unit_file_changes(reply, arg_quiet, NULL, NULL);
                 if (r < 0)
@@ -1994,13 +2027,11 @@ static int set_default(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
 
                 /* Try to reload if enabled */
                 if (!arg_no_reload)
-                        r = daemon_reload(bus, args);
+                        r = daemon_reload(argc, argv, userdata);
                 else
                         r = 0;
         }
 
-        unit_file_changes_free(changes, n_changes);
-
         return r;
 }
 
@@ -2085,17 +2116,24 @@ static bool output_show_job(struct job_info *job, char **patterns) {
         return strv_fnmatch_or_empty(patterns, job->name, FNM_NOESCAPE);
 }
 
-static int list_jobs(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int list_jobs(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
         const char *name, *type, *state, *job_path, *unit_path;
         _cleanup_free_ struct job_info *jobs = NULL;
         size_t size = 0;
         unsigned c = 0;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         uint32_t id;
         int r;
         bool skipped = false;
 
+        pager_open_if_enabled();
+
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         r = sd_bus_call_method(
                         bus,
                         "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
@@ -2105,10 +2143,8 @@ static int list_jobs(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                         &error,
                         &reply,
                         NULL);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to list jobs: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to list jobs: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(usssoo)");
         if (r < 0)
@@ -2117,7 +2153,7 @@ static int list_jobs(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "(usssoo)", &id, &name, &type, &state, &job_path, &unit_path)) > 0) {
                 struct job_info job = { id, name, type, state };
 
-                if (!output_show_job(&job, strv_skip_first(args))) {
+                if (!output_show_job(&job, strv_skip(argv, 1))) {
                         skipped = true;
                         continue;
                 }
@@ -2138,18 +2174,21 @@ static int list_jobs(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         return r;
 }
 
-static int cancel_job(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int cancel_job(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        sd_bus *bus;
         char **name;
         int r = 0;
 
-        assert(args);
-
-        if (strv_length(args) <= 1)
-                return daemon_reload(bus, args);
+        if (argc <= 1)
+                return daemon_reload(argc, argv, userdata);
 
         polkit_agent_open_if_enabled();
 
-        STRV_FOREACH(name, args+1) {
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(name, strv_skip(argv, 1)) {
                 _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
                 uint32_t id;
                 int q;
@@ -2168,7 +2207,7 @@ static int cancel_job(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                                 NULL,
                                 "u", id);
                 if (q < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to cancel job %"PRIu32": %s", id, bus_error_message(&error, q));
+                        log_error_errno(q, "Failed to cancel job %"PRIu32": %s", id, bus_error_message(&error, q));
                         if (r == 0)
                                 r = q;
                 }
@@ -2253,7 +2292,6 @@ static int unit_file_find_path(LookupPaths *lp, const char *unit_name, char **un
 static int unit_find_paths(
                 sd_bus *bus,
                 const char *unit_name,
-                bool avoid_bus_cache,
                 LookupPaths *lp,
                 char **fragment_path,
                 char ***dropin_paths) {
@@ -2274,7 +2312,7 @@ static int unit_find_paths(
         assert(fragment_path);
         assert(lp);
 
-        if (!avoid_bus_cache && !unit_name_is_valid(unit_name, UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE)) {
+        if (!install_client_side() && !unit_name_is_valid(unit_name, UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE)) {
                 _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
                 _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *unit_load_error = NULL;
                 _cleanup_free_ char *unit = NULL;
@@ -2471,10 +2509,8 @@ static int check_triggering_units(
                         "LoadState",
                         &error,
                         &state);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to get load state of %s: %s", n, bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get load state of %s: %s", n, bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         if (streq(state, "masked"))
                 return 0;
@@ -2487,10 +2523,8 @@ static int check_triggering_units(
                         "TriggeredBy",
                         &error,
                         &triggered_by);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to get triggered by array of %s: %s", n, bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get triggered by array of %s: %s", n, bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         STRV_FOREACH(i, triggered_by) {
                 r = check_one_unit(bus, *i, "active\0reloading\0", true);
@@ -2586,8 +2620,7 @@ static int start_unit_one(
 
                 verb = method_to_verb(method);
 
-                log_error("Failed to %s %s: %s", verb, name, bus_error_message(error, r));
-                return r;
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to %s %s: %s", verb, name, bus_error_message(error, r));
         }
 
         r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "o", &path);
@@ -2608,11 +2641,13 @@ static int start_unit_one(
 }
 
 static int expand_names(sd_bus *bus, char **names, const char* suffix, char ***ret) {
-
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **mangled = NULL, **globs = NULL;
         char **name;
         int r, i;
 
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(ret);
+
         STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                 char *t;
 
@@ -2637,9 +2672,6 @@ static int expand_names(sd_bus *bus, char **names, const char* suffix, char ***r
                 _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
                 _cleanup_free_ UnitInfo *unit_infos = NULL;
 
-                if (!bus)
-                        return log_error_errno(EOPNOTSUPP, "Unit name globbing without bus is not implemented.");
-
                 r = get_unit_list(bus, NULL, globs, &unit_infos, 0, &reply);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
@@ -2687,24 +2719,28 @@ static enum action verb_to_action(const char *verb) {
         return _ACTION_INVALID;
 }
 
-static int start_unit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int start_unit(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_(bus_wait_for_jobs_freep) BusWaitForJobs *w = NULL;
         const char *method, *mode, *one_name, *suffix = NULL;
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         char **name;
         int r = 0;
 
-        assert(bus);
-
         ask_password_agent_open_if_enabled();
         polkit_agent_open_if_enabled();
 
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         if (arg_action == ACTION_SYSTEMCTL) {
                 enum action action;
-                method = verb_to_method(args[0]);
-                action = verb_to_action(args[0]);
 
-                if (streq(args[0], "isolate")) {
+                method = verb_to_method(argv[0]);
+                action = verb_to_action(argv[0]);
+
+                if (streq(argv[0], "isolate")) {
                         mode = "isolate";
                         suffix = ".target";
                 } else
@@ -2724,9 +2760,9 @@ static int start_unit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         if (one_name)
                 names = strv_new(one_name, NULL);
         else {
-                r = expand_names(bus, args + 1, suffix, &names);
+                r = expand_names(bus, strv_skip(argv, 1), suffix, &names);
                 if (r < 0)
-                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to expand names: %m");
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to expand names: %m");
         }
 
         if (!arg_no_block) {
@@ -2761,18 +2797,55 @@ static int start_unit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         return r;
 }
 
+static int logind_set_wall_message(void) {
+#ifdef HAVE_LOGIND
+        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        sd_bus *bus;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *m = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_FULL, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        m = strv_join(arg_wall, " ");
+        if (!m)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = sd_bus_call_method(
+                        bus,
+                        "org.freedesktop.login1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/login1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.login1.Manager",
+                        "SetWallMessage",
+                        &error,
+                        NULL,
+                        "sb",
+                        m,
+                        !arg_no_wall);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to set wall message, ignoring: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+#endif
+        return 0;
+}
+
 /* Ask systemd-logind, which might grant access to unprivileged users
  * through PolicyKit */
-static int reboot_with_logind(sd_bus *bus, enum action a) {
+static int logind_reboot(enum action a) {
 #ifdef HAVE_LOGIND
         _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
         const char *method, *description;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         int r;
 
-        if (!bus)
-                return -EIO;
-
         polkit_agent_open_if_enabled();
+        (void) logind_set_wall_message();
+
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_FULL, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
 
         switch (a) {
 
@@ -2805,33 +2878,6 @@ static int reboot_with_logind(sd_bus *bus, enum action a) {
                 return -EINVAL;
         }
 
-        if (!strv_isempty(arg_wall)) {
-                _cleanup_free_ char *m;
-
-                m = strv_join(arg_wall, " ");
-                if (!m)
-                        return log_oom();
-
-                r = sd_bus_call_method(
-                               bus,
-                               "org.freedesktop.login1",
-                               "/org/freedesktop/login1",
-                               "org.freedesktop.login1.Manager",
-                               "SetWallMessage",
-                               &error,
-                               NULL,
-                               "sb",
-                               m,
-                               !arg_no_wall);
-
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to set wall message, ignoring: %s",
-                                          bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                        sd_bus_error_free(&error);
-                }
-        }
-
-
         r = sd_bus_call_method(
                         bus,
                         "org.freedesktop.login1",
@@ -2842,27 +2888,25 @@ static int reboot_with_logind(sd_bus *bus, enum action a) {
                         NULL,
                         "b", arg_ask_password);
         if (r < 0)
-                log_error("Failed to %s via logind: %s", description, bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to %s via logind: %s", description, bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
-        return r;
+        return 0;
 #else
         return -ENOSYS;
 #endif
 }
 
-static int check_inhibitors(sd_bus *bus, enum action a) {
+static int logind_check_inhibitors(enum action a) {
 #ifdef HAVE_LOGIND
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **sessions = NULL;
         const char *what, *who, *why, *mode;
         uint32_t uid, pid;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         unsigned c = 0;
         char **s;
         int r;
 
-        if (!bus)
-                return 0;
-
         if (arg_ignore_inhibitors || arg_force > 0)
                 return 0;
 
@@ -2875,6 +2919,10 @@ static int check_inhibitors(sd_bus *bus, enum action a) {
         if (!on_tty())
                 return 0;
 
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_FULL, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         r = sd_bus_call_method(
                         bus,
                         "org.freedesktop.login1",
@@ -2964,10 +3012,36 @@ static int check_inhibitors(sd_bus *bus, enum action a) {
 #endif
 }
 
-static int prepare_firmware_setup(sd_bus *bus) {
+static int logind_prepare_firmware_setup(void) {
 #ifdef HAVE_LOGIND
         _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        sd_bus *bus;
+        int r;
+
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_FULL, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_call_method(
+                        bus,
+                        "org.freedesktop.login1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/login1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.login1.Manager",
+                        "SetRebootToFirmwareSetup",
+                        &error,
+                        NULL,
+                        "b", true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Cannot indicate to EFI to boot into setup mode: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        return 0;
+#else
+        log_error("Cannot remotely indicate to EFI to boot into setup mode.");
+        return -ENOSYS;
 #endif
+}
+
+static int prepare_firmware_setup(void) {
         int r;
 
         if (!arg_firmware_setup)
@@ -2982,38 +3056,42 @@ static int prepare_firmware_setup(sd_bus *bus) {
                         return r;
         }
 
-#ifdef HAVE_LOGIND
+        return logind_prepare_firmware_setup();
+}
+
+static int set_exit_code(uint8_t code) {
+        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        sd_bus *bus;
+        int r;
+
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         r = sd_bus_call_method(
                         bus,
-                        "org.freedesktop.login1",
-                        "/org/freedesktop/login1",
-                        "org.freedesktop.login1.Manager",
-                        "SetRebootToFirmwareSetup",
+                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
+                        "SetExitCode",
                         &error,
                         NULL,
-                        "b", true);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Cannot indicate to EFI to boot into setup mode: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+                        "y", code);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to execute operation: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         return 0;
-#else
-        log_error("Cannot remotely indicate to EFI to boot into setup mode.");
-        return -EINVAL;
-#endif
 }
 
-static int start_special(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
-        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+static int start_special(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         enum action a;
         int r;
 
-        assert(args);
+        assert(argv);
 
-        a = verb_to_action(args[0]);
+        a = verb_to_action(argv[0]);
 
-        r = check_inhibitors(bus, a);
+        r = logind_check_inhibitors(a);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
@@ -3022,39 +3100,29 @@ static int start_special(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                 return -EPERM;
         }
 
-        r = prepare_firmware_setup(bus);
+        r = prepare_firmware_setup();
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        if (a == ACTION_REBOOT && args[1]) {
-                r = update_reboot_param_file(args[1]);
+        if (a == ACTION_REBOOT && argc > 1) {
+                r = update_reboot_param_file(argv[1]);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
-        } else if (a == ACTION_EXIT && strv_length(args) > 1) {
-                /* If the exit code is not given on the command line, don't
-                 * reset it to zero: just keep it as it might have been set
-                 * previously. */
+
+        } else if (a == ACTION_EXIT && argc > 1) {
                 uint8_t code = 0;
 
-                r = safe_atou8(args[1], &code);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error("Invalid exit code.");
-                        return -EINVAL;
-                }
+                /* If the exit code is not given on the command line,
+                 * don't reset it to zero: just keep it as it might
+                 * have been set previously. */
 
-                r = sd_bus_call_method(
-                                bus,
-                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
-                                "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
-                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
-                                "SetExitCode",
-                                &error,
-                                NULL,
-                                "y", code);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to execute operation: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                r = safe_atou8(argv[1], &code);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Invalid exit code.");
+
+                r = set_exit_code(code);
+                if (r < 0)
                         return r;
-                }
         }
 
         if (arg_force >= 2 &&
@@ -3071,39 +3139,37 @@ static int start_special(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                    ACTION_REBOOT,
                    ACTION_KEXEC,
                    ACTION_EXIT))
-                return daemon_reload(bus, args);
+                return daemon_reload(argc, argv, userdata);
 
-        /* first try logind, to allow authentication with polkit */
-        if (geteuid() != 0 &&
-            IN_SET(a,
+        /* First try logind, to allow authentication with polkit */
+        if (IN_SET(a,
                    ACTION_POWEROFF,
                    ACTION_REBOOT,
                    ACTION_SUSPEND,
                    ACTION_HIBERNATE,
                    ACTION_HYBRID_SLEEP)) {
-                r = reboot_with_logind(bus, a);
+                r = logind_reboot(a);
                 if (r >= 0)
                         return r;
                 if (IN_SET(r, -EOPNOTSUPP, -EINPROGRESS))
                         /* requested operation is not supported or already in progress */
                         return r;
-                /* on all other errors, try low-level operation */
-        }
 
-        r = start_unit(bus, args);
-        if (r == EXIT_SUCCESS)
-                warn_wall(a);
+                /* On all other errors, try low-level operation */
+        }
 
-        return r;
+        return start_unit(argc, argv, userdata);
 }
 
-static int check_unit_generic(sd_bus *bus, int code, const char *good_states, char **args) {
+static int check_unit_generic(int code, const char *good_states, char **args) {
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         char **name;
         int r;
 
-        assert(bus);
-        assert(args);
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
 
         r = expand_names(bus, args, NULL, &names);
         if (r < 0)
@@ -3122,25 +3188,27 @@ static int check_unit_generic(sd_bus *bus, int code, const char *good_states, ch
         return r;
 }
 
-static int check_unit_active(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int check_unit_active(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         /* According to LSB: 3, "program is not running" */
-        return check_unit_generic(bus, 3, "active\0reloading\0", args + 1);
+        return check_unit_generic(3, "active\0reloading\0", strv_skip(argv, 1));
 }
 
-static int check_unit_failed(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
-        return check_unit_generic(bus, 1, "failed\0", args + 1);
+static int check_unit_failed(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        return check_unit_generic(1, "failed\0", strv_skip(argv, 1));
 }
 
-static int kill_unit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int kill_unit(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
         char *kill_who = NULL, **name;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         int r, q;
 
-        assert(bus);
-        assert(args);
-
         polkit_agent_open_if_enabled();
 
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         if (!arg_kill_who)
                 arg_kill_who = "all";
 
@@ -3148,9 +3216,9 @@ static int kill_unit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         if (streq(arg_job_mode, "fail"))
                 kill_who = strjoina(arg_kill_who, "-fail", NULL);
 
-        r = expand_names(bus, args + 1, NULL, &names);
+        r = expand_names(bus, strv_skip(argv, 1), NULL, &names);
         if (r < 0)
-                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to expand names: %m");
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to expand names: %m");
 
         STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                 _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
@@ -3165,7 +3233,7 @@ static int kill_unit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                                 NULL,
                                 "ssi", *names, kill_who ? kill_who : arg_kill_who, arg_signal);
                 if (q < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to kill unit %s: %s", *names, bus_error_message(&error, q));
+                        log_error_errno(q, "Failed to kill unit %s: %s", *names, bus_error_message(&error, q));
                         if (r == 0)
                                 r = q;
                 }
@@ -3861,13 +3929,13 @@ static int status_property(const char *name, sd_bus_message *m, UnitStatusInfo *
 
                                 info->name = strdup(name);
                                 if (!info->name)
-                                        log_oom();
+                                        return log_oom();
 
                                 LIST_PREPEND(exec, i->exec, info);
 
                                 info = new0(ExecStatusInfo, 1);
                                 if (!info)
-                                        log_oom();
+                                        return log_oom();
                         }
 
                         if (r < 0)
@@ -4439,10 +4507,8 @@ static int get_unit_dbus_path_by_pid(
                         &error,
                         &reply,
                         "u", pid);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to get unit for PID %"PRIu32": %s", pid, bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get unit for PID %"PRIu32": %s", pid, bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "o", &u);
         if (r < 0)
@@ -4551,16 +4617,22 @@ static int show_system_status(sd_bus *bus) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int show(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
-        bool show_properties, show_status, new_line = false;
+static int show(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
+        bool show_properties, show_status, show_help, new_line = false;
         bool ellipsized = false;
         int r, ret = 0;
+        sd_bus *bus;
 
-        assert(bus);
-        assert(args);
+        assert(argv);
 
-        show_properties = streq(args[0], "show");
-        show_status = streq(args[0], "status");
+        show_properties = streq(argv[0], "show");
+        show_status = streq(argv[0], "status");
+        show_help = streq(argv[0], "help");
+
+        if (show_help && argc <= 1) {
+                log_error("This command expects one or more unit names. Did you mean --help?");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
 
         if (show_properties)
                 pager_open_if_enabled();
@@ -4571,24 +4643,27 @@ static int show(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                  * be split up into many files. */
                 setrlimit_closest(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &RLIMIT_MAKE_CONST(16384));
 
-        /* If no argument is specified inspect the manager itself */
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
 
-        if (show_properties && strv_length(args) <= 1)
-                return show_one(args[0], bus, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1", show_properties, &new_line, &ellipsized);
+        /* If no argument is specified inspect the manager itself */
+        if (show_properties && argc <= 1)
+                return show_one(argv[0], bus, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1", show_properties, &new_line, &ellipsized);
 
-        if (show_status && strv_length(args) <= 1) {
+        if (show_status && argc <= 1) {
 
                 pager_open_if_enabled();
                 show_system_status(bus);
                 new_line = true;
 
                 if (arg_all)
-                        ret = show_all(args[0], bus, false, &new_line, &ellipsized);
+                        ret = show_all(argv[0], bus, false, &new_line, &ellipsized);
         } else {
                 _cleanup_free_ char **patterns = NULL;
                 char **name;
 
-                STRV_FOREACH(name, args + 1) {
+                STRV_FOREACH(name, strv_skip(argv, 1)) {
                         _cleanup_free_ char *unit = NULL;
                         uint32_t id;
 
@@ -4611,8 +4686,7 @@ static int show(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                                 }
                         }
 
-                        r = show_one(args[0], bus, unit, show_properties,
-                                     &new_line, &ellipsized);
+                        r = show_one(argv[0], bus, unit, show_properties, &new_line, &ellipsized);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 return r;
                         else if (r > 0 && ret == 0)
@@ -4624,7 +4698,7 @@ static int show(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
 
                         r = expand_names(bus, patterns, NULL, &names);
                         if (r < 0)
-                                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to expand names: %m");
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to expand names: %m");
 
                         STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                                 _cleanup_free_ char *unit;
@@ -4633,8 +4707,7 @@ static int show(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                                 if (!unit)
                                         return log_oom();
 
-                                r = show_one(args[0], bus, unit, show_properties,
-                                             &new_line, &ellipsized);
+                                r = show_one(argv[0], bus, unit, show_properties, &new_line, &ellipsized);
                                 if (r < 0)
                                         return r;
                                 else if (r > 0 && ret == 0)
@@ -4694,19 +4767,18 @@ static int cat_file(const char *filename, bool newline) {
         return copy_bytes(fd, STDOUT_FILENO, (uint64_t) -1, false);
 }
 
-static int cat(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int cat(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *user_home = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ char *user_runtime = NULL;
         _cleanup_lookup_paths_free_ LookupPaths lp = {};
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
         char **name;
-        bool first = true, avoid_bus_cache;
+        sd_bus *bus;
+        bool first = true;
         int r;
 
-        assert(args);
-
         if (arg_transport != BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL) {
-                log_error("Cannot remotely cat units");
+                log_error("Cannot remotely cat units.");
                 return -EINVAL;
         }
 
@@ -4714,11 +4786,13 @@ static int cat(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        r = expand_names(bus, args + 1, NULL, &names);
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
         if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to expand names: %m");
+                return r;
 
-        avoid_bus_cache = !bus || avoid_bus();
+        r = expand_names(bus, strv_skip(argv, 1), NULL, &names);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to expand names: %m");
 
         pager_open_if_enabled();
 
@@ -4727,7 +4801,7 @@ static int cat(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                 _cleanup_strv_free_ char **dropin_paths = NULL;
                 char **path;
 
-                r = unit_find_paths(bus, *name, avoid_bus_cache, &lp, &fragment_path, &dropin_paths);
+                r = unit_find_paths(bus, *name, &lp, &fragment_path, &dropin_paths);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
                 else if (r == 0)
@@ -4754,15 +4828,20 @@ static int cat(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int set_property(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int set_property(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
         _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         char **i;
         int r;
 
         polkit_agent_open_if_enabled();
 
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
                         bus,
                         &m,
@@ -4773,7 +4852,7 @@ static int set_property(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return bus_log_create_error(r);
 
-        r = unit_name_mangle(args[1], UNIT_NAME_NOGLOB, &n);
+        r = unit_name_mangle(argv[1], UNIT_NAME_NOGLOB, &n);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to mangle unit name: %m");
 
@@ -4785,7 +4864,7 @@ static int set_property(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return bus_log_create_error(r);
 
-        STRV_FOREACH(i, args + 2) {
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, strv_skip(argv, 2)) {
                 r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT, "sv");
                 if (r < 0)
                         return bus_log_create_error(r);
@@ -4804,25 +4883,24 @@ static int set_property(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                 return bus_log_create_error(r);
 
         r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, 0, &error, NULL);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to set unit properties on %s: %s", n, bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set unit properties on %s: %s", n, bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int snapshot(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int snapshot(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL, *id = NULL;
         const char *path;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         int r;
 
         polkit_agent_open_if_enabled();
 
-        if (strv_length(args) > 1) {
-                r = unit_name_mangle_with_suffix(args[1], UNIT_NAME_NOGLOB, ".snapshot", &n);
+        if (argc > 1) {
+                r = unit_name_mangle_with_suffix(argv[1], UNIT_NAME_NOGLOB, ".snapshot", &n);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to generate unit name: %m");
         } else {
@@ -4831,6 +4909,10 @@ static int snapshot(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                         return log_oom();
         }
 
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         r = sd_bus_call_method(
                         bus,
                         "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
@@ -4840,10 +4922,8 @@ static int snapshot(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                         &error,
                         &reply,
                         "sb", n, false);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to create snapshot: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create snapshot: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "o", &path);
         if (r < 0)
@@ -4857,10 +4937,8 @@ static int snapshot(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                         "Id",
                         &error,
                         &id);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to get ID of snapshot: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get ID of snapshot: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         if (!arg_quiet)
                 puts(id);
@@ -4868,18 +4946,21 @@ static int snapshot(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int delete_snapshot(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int delete_snapshot(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         char **name;
         int r;
 
-        assert(args);
-
         polkit_agent_open_if_enabled();
 
-        r = expand_names(bus, args + 1, ".snapshot", &names);
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
         if (r < 0)
-                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to expand names: %m");
+                return r;
+
+        r = expand_names(bus, strv_skip(argv, 1), ".snapshot", &names);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to expand names: %m");
 
         STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                 _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
@@ -4895,7 +4976,7 @@ static int delete_snapshot(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                                 NULL,
                                 "s", *name);
                 if (q < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to remove snapshot %s: %s", *name, bus_error_message(&error, q));
+                        log_error_errno(q, "Failed to remove snapshot %s: %s", *name, bus_error_message(&error, q));
                         if (r == 0)
                                 r = q;
                 }
@@ -4904,13 +4985,18 @@ static int delete_snapshot(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         return r;
 }
 
-static int daemon_reload(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int daemon_reload(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
         const char *method;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         int r;
 
         polkit_agent_open_if_enabled();
 
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         if (arg_action == ACTION_RELOAD)
                 method = "Reload";
         else if (arg_action == ACTION_REEXEC)
@@ -4919,15 +5005,15 @@ static int daemon_reload(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                 assert(arg_action == ACTION_SYSTEMCTL);
 
                 method =
-                        streq(args[0], "clear-jobs")    ||
-                        streq(args[0], "cancel")        ? "ClearJobs" :
-                        streq(args[0], "daemon-reexec") ? "Reexecute" :
-                        streq(args[0], "reset-failed")  ? "ResetFailed" :
-                        streq(args[0], "halt")          ? "Halt" :
-                        streq(args[0], "poweroff")      ? "PowerOff" :
-                        streq(args[0], "reboot")        ? "Reboot" :
-                        streq(args[0], "kexec")         ? "KExec" :
-                        streq(args[0], "exit")          ? "Exit" :
+                        streq(argv[0], "clear-jobs")    ||
+                        streq(argv[0], "cancel")        ? "ClearJobs" :
+                        streq(argv[0], "daemon-reexec") ? "Reexecute" :
+                        streq(argv[0], "reset-failed")  ? "ResetFailed" :
+                        streq(argv[0], "halt")          ? "Halt" :
+                        streq(argv[0], "poweroff")      ? "PowerOff" :
+                        streq(argv[0], "reboot")        ? "Reboot" :
+                        streq(argv[0], "kexec")         ? "KExec" :
+                        streq(argv[0], "exit")          ? "Exit" :
                                     /* "daemon-reload" */ "Reload";
         }
 
@@ -4949,24 +5035,29 @@ static int daemon_reload(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                  * reply */
                 r = 0;
         else if (r < 0)
-                log_error("Failed to execute operation: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to execute operation: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         return r < 0 ? r : 0;
 }
 
-static int reset_failed(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int reset_failed(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         char **name;
         int r, q;
 
-        if (strv_length(args) <= 1)
-                return daemon_reload(bus, args);
+        if (argc <= 1)
+                return daemon_reload(argc, argv, userdata);
 
         polkit_agent_open_if_enabled();
 
-        r = expand_names(bus, args + 1, NULL, &names);
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
         if (r < 0)
-                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to expand names: %m");
+                return r;
+
+        r = expand_names(bus, strv_skip(argv, 1), NULL, &names);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to expand names: %m");
 
         STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                 _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
@@ -4981,7 +5072,7 @@ static int reset_failed(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                                 NULL,
                                 "s", *name);
                 if (q < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to reset failed state of unit %s: %s", *name, bus_error_message(&error, q));
+                        log_error_errno(q, "Failed to reset failed state of unit %s: %s", *name, bus_error_message(&error, q));
                         if (r == 0)
                                 r = q;
                 }
@@ -4990,14 +5081,19 @@ static int reset_failed(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         return r;
 }
 
-static int show_environment(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int show_environment(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
         const char *text;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         int r;
 
         pager_open_if_enabled();
 
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         r = sd_bus_get_property(
                         bus,
                         "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
@@ -5007,10 +5103,8 @@ static int show_environment(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                         &error,
                         &reply,
                         "as");
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to get environment: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get environment: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "s");
         if (r < 0)
@@ -5028,23 +5122,27 @@ static int show_environment(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int switch_root(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int switch_root(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ char *cmdline_init = NULL;
         const char *root, *init;
-        unsigned l;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         int r;
 
-        l = strv_length(args);
-        if (l < 2 || l > 3) {
+        if (arg_transport != BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL) {
+                log_error("Cannot switch root remotely.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (argc < 2 || argc > 3) {
                 log_error("Wrong number of arguments.");
                 return -EINVAL;
         }
 
-        root = args[1];
+        root = argv[1];
 
-        if (l >= 3)
-                init = args[2];
+        if (argc >= 3)
+                init = argv[2];
         else {
                 r = parse_env_file("/proc/cmdline", WHITESPACE,
                                    "init", &cmdline_init,
@@ -5070,6 +5168,10 @@ static int switch_root(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                         init = NULL;
         }
 
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         log_debug("Switching root - root: %s; init: %s", root, strna(init));
 
         r = sd_bus_call_method(
@@ -5081,26 +5183,29 @@ static int switch_root(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                         &error,
                         NULL,
                         "ss", root, init);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to switch root: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to switch root: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int set_environment(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int set_environment(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
         const char *method;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         int r;
 
-        assert(bus);
-        assert(args);
+        assert(argc > 1);
+        assert(argv);
 
         polkit_agent_open_if_enabled();
 
-        method = streq(args[0], "set-environment")
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        method = streq(argv[0], "set-environment")
                 ? "SetEnvironment"
                 : "UnsetEnvironment";
 
@@ -5114,29 +5219,29 @@ static int set_environment(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return bus_log_create_error(r);
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(m, args + 1);
+        r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(m, strv_skip(argv, 1));
         if (r < 0)
                 return bus_log_create_error(r);
 
         r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, 0, &error, NULL);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to set environment: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set environment: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int import_environment(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int import_environment(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         int r;
 
-        assert(bus);
-        assert(args);
-
         polkit_agent_open_if_enabled();
 
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
                         bus,
                         &m,
@@ -5147,7 +5252,7 @@ static int import_environment(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return bus_log_create_error(r);
 
-        if (strv_isempty(args + 1))
+        if (argc < 2)
                 r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(m, environ);
         else {
                 char **a, **b;
@@ -5156,7 +5261,7 @@ static int import_environment(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                 if (r < 0)
                         return bus_log_create_error(r);
 
-                STRV_FOREACH(a, args + 1) {
+                STRV_FOREACH(a, strv_skip(argv, 1)) {
 
                         if (!env_name_is_valid(*a)) {
                                 log_error("Not a valid environment variable name: %s", *a);
@@ -5184,10 +5289,8 @@ static int import_environment(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                 return bus_log_create_error(r);
 
         r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, 0, &error, NULL);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to import environment: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to import environment: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
         return 0;
 }
@@ -5290,13 +5393,13 @@ static int enable_sysv_units(const char *verb, char **args) {
                         (void) reset_signal_mask();
 
                         execv(argv[0], (char**) argv);
-                        log_error("Failed to execute %s: %m", argv[0]);
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to execute %s: %m", argv[0]);
                         _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                 }
 
                 j = wait_for_terminate(pid, &status);
                 if (j < 0) {
-                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to wait for child: %m");
+                        log_error_errno(j, "Failed to wait for child: %m");
                         return j;
                 }
 
@@ -5366,18 +5469,18 @@ static int mangle_names(char **original_names, char ***mangled_names) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int enable_unit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int enable_unit(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
-        const char *verb = args[0];
+        const char *verb = argv[0];
         UnitFileChange *changes = NULL;
         unsigned n_changes = 0;
         int carries_install_info = -1;
         int r;
 
-        if (!args[1])
+        if (!argv[1])
                 return 0;
 
-        r = mangle_names(args+1, &names);
+        r = mangle_names(strv_skip(argv, 1), &names);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
@@ -5390,7 +5493,7 @@ static int enable_unit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         if (strv_isempty(names))
                 return 0;
 
-        if (!bus || avoid_bus()) {
+        if (install_client_side()) {
                 if (streq(verb, "enable")) {
                         r = unit_file_enable(arg_scope, arg_runtime, arg_root, names, arg_force, &changes, &n_changes);
                         carries_install_info = r;
@@ -5426,9 +5529,14 @@ static int enable_unit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                 int expect_carries_install_info = false;
                 bool send_force = true, send_preset_mode = false;
                 const char *method;
+                sd_bus *bus;
 
                 polkit_agent_open_if_enabled();
 
+                r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
                 if (streq(verb, "enable")) {
                         method = "EnableUnitFiles";
                         expect_carries_install_info = true;
@@ -5488,10 +5596,8 @@ static int enable_unit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                 }
 
                 r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, 0, &error, &reply);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to execute operation: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                        return r;
-                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to execute operation: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
                 if (expect_carries_install_info) {
                         r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "b", &carries_install_info);
@@ -5505,7 +5611,7 @@ static int enable_unit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
 
                 /* Try to reload if enabled */
                 if (!arg_no_reload)
-                        r = daemon_reload(bus, args);
+                        r = daemon_reload(argc, argv, userdata);
                 else
                         r = 0;
         }
@@ -5521,16 +5627,21 @@ static int enable_unit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                             "3) A unit may be started when needed via activation (socket, path, timer,\n"
                             "   D-Bus, udev, scripted systemctl call, ...).\n");
 
-        if (arg_now && n_changes > 0 && STR_IN_SET(args[0], "enable", "disable", "mask")) {
+        if (arg_now && n_changes > 0 && STR_IN_SET(argv[0], "enable", "disable", "mask")) {
                 char *new_args[n_changes + 2];
+                sd_bus *bus;
                 unsigned i;
 
-                new_args[0] = streq(args[0], "enable") ? (char *)"start" : (char *)"stop";
+                r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                new_args[0] = (char*) (streq(argv[0], "enable") ? "start" : "stop");
                 for (i = 0; i < n_changes; i++)
                         new_args[i + 1] = basename(changes[i].path);
                 new_args[i + 1] = NULL;
 
-                r = start_unit(bus, new_args);
+                r = start_unit(strv_length(new_args), new_args, userdata);
         }
 
 finish:
@@ -5539,21 +5650,21 @@ finish:
         return r;
 }
 
-static int add_dependency(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int add_dependency(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ char *target = NULL;
-        const char *verb = args[0];
+        const char *verb = argv[0];
         UnitDependency dep;
         int r = 0;
 
-        if (!args[1])
+        if (!argv[1])
                 return 0;
 
-        r = unit_name_mangle_with_suffix(args[1], UNIT_NAME_NOGLOB, ".target", &target);
+        r = unit_name_mangle_with_suffix(argv[1], UNIT_NAME_NOGLOB, ".target", &target);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to mangle unit name: %m");
 
-        r = mangle_names(args+2, &names);
+        r = mangle_names(strv_skip(argv, 2), &names);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
@@ -5564,7 +5675,7 @@ static int add_dependency(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         else
                 assert_not_reached("Unknown verb");
 
-        if (!bus || avoid_bus()) {
+        if (install_client_side()) {
                 UnitFileChange *changes = NULL;
                 unsigned n_changes = 0;
 
@@ -5581,9 +5692,14 @@ static int add_dependency(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         } else {
                 _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL, *m = NULL;
                 _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                sd_bus *bus;
 
                 polkit_agent_open_if_enabled();
 
+                r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
                 r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
                                 bus,
                                 &m,
@@ -5603,17 +5719,15 @@ static int add_dependency(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                         return bus_log_create_error(r);
 
                 r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, 0, &error, &reply);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to execute operation: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                        return r;
-                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to execute operation: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
                 r = bus_deserialize_and_dump_unit_file_changes(reply, arg_quiet, NULL, NULL);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
 
                 if (!arg_no_reload)
-                        r = daemon_reload(bus, args);
+                        r = daemon_reload(argc, argv, userdata);
                 else
                         r = 0;
         }
@@ -5621,12 +5735,12 @@ static int add_dependency(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         return r;
 }
 
-static int preset_all(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int preset_all(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         UnitFileChange *changes = NULL;
         unsigned n_changes = 0;
         int r;
 
-        if (!bus || avoid_bus()) {
+        if (install_client_side()) {
 
                 r = unit_file_preset_all(arg_scope, arg_runtime, arg_root, arg_preset_mode, arg_force, &changes, &n_changes);
                 if (r < 0) {
@@ -5642,9 +5756,14 @@ static int preset_all(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         } else {
                 _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
                 _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+                sd_bus *bus;
 
                 polkit_agent_open_if_enabled();
 
+                r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
                 r = sd_bus_call_method(
                                 bus,
                                 "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
@@ -5657,17 +5776,15 @@ static int preset_all(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                                 unit_file_preset_mode_to_string(arg_preset_mode),
                                 arg_runtime,
                                 arg_force);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to execute operation: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                        return r;
-                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to execute operation: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
                 r = bus_deserialize_and_dump_unit_file_changes(reply, arg_quiet, NULL, NULL);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
 
                 if (!arg_no_reload)
-                        r = daemon_reload(bus, args);
+                        r = daemon_reload(argc, argv, userdata);
                 else
                         r = 0;
         }
@@ -5678,25 +5795,24 @@ finish:
         return r;
 }
 
-static int unit_is_enabled(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int unit_is_enabled(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
 
-        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
         bool enabled;
         char **name;
         int r;
 
-        r = mangle_names(args+1, &names);
+        r = mangle_names(strv_skip(argv, 1), &names);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        r = enable_sysv_units(args[0], names);
+        r = enable_sysv_units(argv[0], names);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
         enabled = r > 0;
 
-        if (!bus || avoid_bus()) {
+        if (install_client_side()) {
 
                 STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                         UnitFileState state;
@@ -5717,6 +5833,13 @@ static int unit_is_enabled(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                 }
 
         } else {
+                _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                sd_bus *bus;
+
+                r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
                 STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
                         const char *s;
@@ -5730,10 +5853,8 @@ static int unit_is_enabled(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                                         &error,
                                         &reply,
                                         "s", *name);
-                        if (r < 0) {
-                                log_error("Failed to get unit file state for %s: %s", *name, bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                                return r;
-                        }
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get unit file state for %s: %s", *name, bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
                         r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "s", &s);
                         if (r < 0)
@@ -5750,10 +5871,21 @@ static int unit_is_enabled(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
         return !enabled;
 }
 
-static int is_system_running(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int is_system_running(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *state = NULL;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         int r;
 
+        if (arg_transport == BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL && !sd_booted()) {
+                if (!arg_quiet)
+                        puts("offline");
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         r = sd_bus_get_property_string(
                         bus,
                         "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
@@ -5788,9 +5920,8 @@ static int create_edit_temp_file(const char *new_path, const char *original_path
 
         r = mkdir_parents(new_path, 0755);
         if (r < 0) {
-                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create directories for \"%s\": %m", new_path);
                 free(t);
-                return r;
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create directories for \"%s\": %m", new_path);
         }
 
         r = copy_file(original_path, t, 0, 0644, 0);
@@ -5845,12 +5976,16 @@ static int get_file_to_edit(const char *name, const char *user_home, const char
                 return log_oom();
 
         if (arg_runtime) {
-                if (access(path, F_OK) >= 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(EEXIST, "Refusing to create \"%s\" because it would be overridden by \"%s\" anyway.",
-                                               run, path);
-                if (path2 && access(path2, F_OK) >= 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(EEXIST, "Refusing to create \"%s\" because it would be overridden by \"%s\" anyway.",
-                                               run, path2);
+                if (access(path, F_OK) >= 0) {
+                        log_error("Refusing to create \"%s\" because it would be overridden by \"%s\" anyway.", run, path);
+                        return -EEXIST;
+                }
+
+                if (path2 && access(path2, F_OK) >= 0) {
+                        log_error("Refusing to create \"%s\" because it would be overridden by \"%s\" anyway.", run, path2);
+                        return -EEXIST;
+                }
+
                 *ret_path = run;
                 run = NULL;
         } else {
@@ -5943,10 +6078,8 @@ static int run_editor(char **paths) {
         assert(paths);
 
         pid = fork();
-        if (pid < 0) {
-                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fork: %m");
-                return -errno;
-        }
+        if (pid < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fork: %m");
 
         if (pid == 0) {
                 const char **args;
@@ -6004,7 +6137,7 @@ static int run_editor(char **paths) {
                          * failing.
                          */
                         if (errno != ENOENT) {
-                                log_error("Failed to execute %s: %m", editor);
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to execute %s: %m", editor);
                                 _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                         }
                 }
@@ -6024,7 +6157,6 @@ static int find_paths_to_edit(sd_bus *bus, char **names, char ***paths) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *user_home = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ char *user_runtime = NULL;
         _cleanup_lookup_paths_free_ LookupPaths lp = {};
-        bool avoid_bus_cache;
         char **name;
         int r;
 
@@ -6035,13 +6167,11 @@ static int find_paths_to_edit(sd_bus *bus, char **names, char ***paths) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        avoid_bus_cache = !bus || avoid_bus();
-
         STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                 _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
                 char *new_path, *tmp_path;
 
-                r = unit_find_paths(bus, *name, avoid_bus_cache, &lp, &path, NULL);
+                r = unit_find_paths(bus, *name, &lp, &path, NULL);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
                 else if (r == 0)
@@ -6067,25 +6197,28 @@ static int find_paths_to_edit(sd_bus *bus, char **names, char ***paths) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int edit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
+static int edit(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **paths = NULL;
         char **original, **tmp;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         int r;
 
-        assert(args);
-
         if (!on_tty()) {
-                log_error("Cannot edit units if not on a tty");
+                log_error("Cannot edit units if not on a tty.");
                 return -EINVAL;
         }
 
         if (arg_transport != BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL) {
-                log_error("Cannot remotely edit units");
+                log_error("Cannot edit units remotely.");
                 return -EINVAL;
         }
 
-        r = expand_names(bus, args + 1, NULL, &names);
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_MANAGER, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = expand_names(bus, strv_skip(argv, 1), NULL, &names);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to expand names: %m");
 
@@ -6115,8 +6248,8 @@ static int edit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
                 }
         }
 
-        if (!arg_no_reload && bus && !avoid_bus())
-                r = daemon_reload(bus, args);
+        if (!arg_no_reload && bus && !install_client_side())
+                r = daemon_reload(argc, argv, userdata);
 
 end:
         STRV_FOREACH_PAIR(original, tmp, paths)
@@ -6422,9 +6555,7 @@ static int systemctl_parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case 't': {
                         const char *word, *state;
@@ -6598,7 +6729,8 @@ static int systemctl_parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         break;
 
                 case 's':
-                        if ((arg_signal = signal_from_string_try_harder(optarg)) < 0) {
+                        arg_signal = signal_from_string_try_harder(optarg);
+                        if (arg_signal < 0) {
                                 log_error("Failed to parse signal string %s.", optarg);
                                 return -EINVAL;
                         }
@@ -6800,7 +6932,7 @@ static int halt_parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         return 1;
 }
 
-static int parse_time_spec(const char *t, usec_t *_u) {
+static int parse_shutdown_time_spec(const char *t, usec_t *_u) {
         assert(t);
         assert(_u);
 
@@ -6866,6 +6998,7 @@ static int shutdown_parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 {}
         };
 
+        char **wall = NULL;
         int c, r;
 
         assert(argc >= 0);
@@ -6929,7 +7062,7 @@ static int shutdown_parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 }
 
         if (argc > optind && arg_action != ACTION_CANCEL_SHUTDOWN) {
-                r = parse_time_spec(argv[optind], &arg_when);
+                r = parse_shutdown_time_spec(argv[optind], &arg_when);
                 if (r < 0) {
                         log_error("Failed to parse time specification: %s", argv[optind]);
                         return r;
@@ -6939,10 +7072,16 @@ static int shutdown_parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         if (argc > optind && arg_action == ACTION_CANCEL_SHUTDOWN)
                 /* No time argument for shutdown cancel */
-                arg_wall = argv + optind;
+                wall = argv + optind;
         else if (argc > optind + 1)
                 /* We skip the time argument */
-                arg_wall = argv + optind + 1;
+                wall = argv + optind + 1;
+
+        if (wall) {
+                arg_wall = strv_copy(wall);
+                if (!arg_wall)
+                        return log_oom();
+        }
 
         optind = argc;
 
@@ -7006,8 +7145,7 @@ static int telinit_parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 }
 
         if (optind >= argc) {
-                log_error("%s: required argument missing.",
-                          program_invocation_short_name);
+                log_error("%s: required argument missing.", program_invocation_short_name);
                 return -EINVAL;
         }
 
@@ -7142,7 +7280,7 @@ _pure_ static int action_to_runlevel(void) {
 }
 
 static int talk_initctl(void) {
-
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
         struct init_request request = {
                 .magic = INIT_MAGIC,
                 .sleeptime  = 0,
@@ -7164,8 +7302,7 @@ static int talk_initctl(void) {
                 if (errno == ENOENT)
                         return 0;
 
-                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open "INIT_FIFO": %m");
-                return -errno;
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open "INIT_FIFO": %m");
         }
 
         r = loop_write(fd, &request, sizeof(request), false);
@@ -7173,177 +7310,91 @@ static int talk_initctl(void) {
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write to "INIT_FIFO": %m");
 
         return 1;
+#else
+        return 0;
+#endif
 }
 
-static int systemctl_main(sd_bus *bus, int argc, char *argv[], int bus_error) {
-
-        static const struct {
-                const char* verb;
-                const enum {
-                        MORE,
-                        LESS,
-                        EQUAL
-                } argc_cmp;
-                const int argc;
-                int (* const dispatch)(sd_bus *bus, char **args);
-                const enum {
-                        NOBUS = 1,
-                        FORCE,
-                } bus;
-        } verbs[] = {
-                { "list-units",            MORE,  0, list_units        },
-                { "list-unit-files",       MORE,  1, list_unit_files,  NOBUS },
-                { "list-sockets",          MORE,  1, list_sockets      },
-                { "list-timers",           MORE,  1, list_timers       },
-                { "list-jobs",             MORE,  1, list_jobs         },
-                { "list-machines",         MORE,  1, list_machines     },
-                { "clear-jobs",            EQUAL, 1, daemon_reload     },
-                { "cancel",                MORE,  2, cancel_job        },
-                { "start",                 MORE,  2, start_unit        },
-                { "stop",                  MORE,  2, start_unit        },
-                { "condstop",              MORE,  2, start_unit        }, /* For compatibility with ALTLinux */
-                { "reload",                MORE,  2, start_unit        },
-                { "restart",               MORE,  2, start_unit        },
-                { "try-restart",           MORE,  2, start_unit        },
-                { "reload-or-restart",     MORE,  2, start_unit        },
-                { "reload-or-try-restart", MORE,  2, start_unit        },
-                { "force-reload",          MORE,  2, start_unit        }, /* For compatibility with SysV */
-                { "condreload",            MORE,  2, start_unit        }, /* For compatibility with ALTLinux */
-                { "condrestart",           MORE,  2, start_unit        }, /* For compatibility with RH */
-                { "isolate",               EQUAL, 2, start_unit        },
-                { "kill",                  MORE,  2, kill_unit         },
-                { "is-active",             MORE,  2, check_unit_active },
-                { "check",                 MORE,  2, check_unit_active },
-                { "is-failed",             MORE,  2, check_unit_failed },
-                { "show",                  MORE,  1, show              },
-                { "cat",                   MORE,  2, cat,              NOBUS },
-                { "status",                MORE,  1, show              },
-                { "help",                  MORE,  2, show              },
-                { "snapshot",              LESS,  2, snapshot          },
-                { "delete",                MORE,  2, delete_snapshot   },
-                { "daemon-reload",         EQUAL, 1, daemon_reload     },
-                { "daemon-reexec",         EQUAL, 1, daemon_reload     },
-                { "show-environment",      EQUAL, 1, show_environment  },
-                { "set-environment",       MORE,  2, set_environment   },
-                { "unset-environment",     MORE,  2, set_environment   },
-                { "import-environment",    MORE,  1, import_environment},
-                { "halt",                  EQUAL, 1, start_special,    FORCE },
-                { "poweroff",              EQUAL, 1, start_special,    FORCE },
-                { "reboot",                MORE,  1, start_special,    FORCE },
-                { "kexec",                 EQUAL, 1, start_special     },
-                { "suspend",               EQUAL, 1, start_special     },
-                { "hibernate",             EQUAL, 1, start_special     },
-                { "hybrid-sleep",          EQUAL, 1, start_special     },
-                { "default",               EQUAL, 1, start_special     },
-                { "rescue",                EQUAL, 1, start_special     },
-                { "emergency",             EQUAL, 1, start_special     },
-                { "exit",                  LESS,  2, start_special     },
-                { "reset-failed",          MORE,  1, reset_failed      },
-                { "enable",                MORE,  2, enable_unit,      NOBUS },
-                { "disable",               MORE,  2, enable_unit,      NOBUS },
-                { "is-enabled",            MORE,  2, unit_is_enabled,  NOBUS },
-                { "reenable",              MORE,  2, enable_unit,      NOBUS },
-                { "preset",                MORE,  2, enable_unit,      NOBUS },
-                { "preset-all",            EQUAL, 1, preset_all,       NOBUS },
-                { "mask",                  MORE,  2, enable_unit,      NOBUS },
-                { "unmask",                MORE,  2, enable_unit,      NOBUS },
-                { "link",                  MORE,  2, enable_unit,      NOBUS },
-                { "switch-root",           MORE,  2, switch_root       },
-                { "list-dependencies",     LESS,  2, list_dependencies },
-                { "set-default",           EQUAL, 2, set_default,      NOBUS },
-                { "get-default",           EQUAL, 1, get_default,      NOBUS },
-                { "set-property",          MORE,  3, set_property      },
-                { "is-system-running",     EQUAL, 1, is_system_running },
-                { "add-wants",             MORE,  3, add_dependency,   NOBUS },
-                { "add-requires",          MORE,  3, add_dependency,   NOBUS },
-                { "edit",                  MORE,  2, edit,             NOBUS },
+static int systemctl_main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+
+        static const Verb verbs[] = {
+                { "list-units",            VERB_ANY, 1,        VERB_DEFAULT, list_units        },
+                { "list-unit-files",       VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            list_unit_files   },
+                { "list-sockets",          VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            list_sockets      },
+                { "list-timers",           VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            list_timers       },
+                { "list-jobs",             VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            list_jobs         },
+                { "list-machines",         VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            list_machines     },
+                { "clear-jobs",            VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            daemon_reload     },
+                { "cancel",                2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            cancel_job        },
+                { "start",                 2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            start_unit        },
+                { "stop",                  2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            start_unit        },
+                { "condstop",              2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            start_unit        }, /* For compatibility with ALTLinux */
+                { "reload",                2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            start_unit        },
+                { "restart",               2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            start_unit        },
+                { "try-restart",           2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            start_unit        },
+                { "reload-or-restart",     2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            start_unit        },
+                { "reload-or-try-restart", 2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            start_unit        },
+                { "force-reload",          2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            start_unit        }, /* For compatibility with SysV */
+                { "condreload",            2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            start_unit        }, /* For compatibility with ALTLinux */
+                { "condrestart",           2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            start_unit        }, /* For compatibility with RH */
+                { "isolate",               2,        2,        0,            start_unit        },
+                { "kill",                  2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            kill_unit         },
+                { "is-active",             2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            check_unit_active },
+                { "check",                 2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            check_unit_active },
+                { "is-failed",             2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            check_unit_failed },
+                { "show",                  VERB_ANY, VERB_ANY, 0,            show              },
+                { "cat",                   2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            cat               },
+                { "status",                VERB_ANY, VERB_ANY, 0,            show              },
+                { "help",                  VERB_ANY, VERB_ANY, 0,            show              },
+                { "snapshot",              VERB_ANY, 2,        0,            snapshot          },
+                { "delete",                2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            delete_snapshot   },
+                { "daemon-reload",         VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            daemon_reload     },
+                { "daemon-reexec",         VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            daemon_reload     },
+                { "show-environment",      VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            show_environment  },
+                { "set-environment",       2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            set_environment   },
+                { "unset-environment",     2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            set_environment   },
+                { "import-environment",    VERB_ANY, VERB_ANY, 0,            import_environment},
+                { "halt",                  VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            start_special     },
+                { "poweroff",              VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            start_special     },
+                { "reboot",                VERB_ANY, 2,        0,            start_special     },
+                { "kexec",                 VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            start_special     },
+                { "suspend",               VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            start_special     },
+                { "hibernate",             VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            start_special     },
+                { "hybrid-sleep",          VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            start_special     },
+                { "default",               VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            start_special     },
+                { "rescue",                VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            start_special     },
+                { "emergency",             VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            start_special     },
+                { "exit",                  VERB_ANY, 2,        0,            start_special     },
+                { "reset-failed",          VERB_ANY, VERB_ANY, 0,            reset_failed      },
+                { "enable",                2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            enable_unit       },
+                { "disable",               2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            enable_unit       },
+                { "is-enabled",            2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            unit_is_enabled   },
+                { "reenable",              2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            enable_unit       },
+                { "preset",                2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            enable_unit       },
+                { "preset-all",            VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            preset_all        },
+                { "mask",                  2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            enable_unit       },
+                { "unmask",                2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            enable_unit       },
+                { "link",                  2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            enable_unit       },
+                { "switch-root",           2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            switch_root       },
+                { "list-dependencies",     VERB_ANY, 2,        0,            list_dependencies },
+                { "set-default",           2,        2,        0,            set_default       },
+                { "get-default",           VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            get_default,      },
+                { "set-property",          3,        VERB_ANY, 0,            set_property      },
+                { "is-system-running",     VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            is_system_running },
+                { "add-wants",             3,        VERB_ANY, 0,            add_dependency    },
+                { "add-requires",          3,        VERB_ANY, 0,            add_dependency    },
+                { "edit",                  2,        VERB_ANY, 0,            edit              },
                 {}
-        }, *verb = verbs;
-
-        int left;
-
-        assert(argc >= 0);
-        assert(argv);
-
-        left = argc - optind;
-
-        /* Special rule: no arguments (left == 0) means "list-units" */
-        if (left > 0) {
-                if (streq(argv[optind], "help") && !argv[optind+1]) {
-                        log_error("This command expects one or more "
-                                  "unit names. Did you mean --help?");
-                        return -EINVAL;
-                }
-
-                for (; verb->verb; verb++)
-                        if (streq(argv[optind], verb->verb))
-                                goto found;
-
-                log_error("Unknown operation '%s'.", argv[optind]);
-                return -EINVAL;
-        }
-found:
-
-        switch (verb->argc_cmp) {
-
-        case EQUAL:
-                if (left != verb->argc) {
-                        log_error("Invalid number of arguments.");
-                        return -EINVAL;
-                }
-
-                break;
-
-        case MORE:
-                if (left < verb->argc) {
-                        log_error("Too few arguments.");
-                        return -EINVAL;
-                }
-
-                break;
-
-        case LESS:
-                if (left > verb->argc) {
-                        log_error("Too many arguments.");
-                        return -EINVAL;
-                }
-
-                break;
-
-        default:
-                assert_not_reached("Unknown comparison operator.");
-        }
-
-        /* Require a bus connection for all operations but
-         * enable/disable */
-        if (verb->bus == NOBUS) {
-                if (!bus && !avoid_bus()) {
-                        log_error_errno(bus_error, "Failed to get D-Bus connection: %m");
-                        return -EIO;
-                }
-
-        } else {
-                if (running_in_chroot() > 0) {
-                        log_info("Running in chroot, ignoring request.");
-                        return 0;
-                }
-
-                if ((verb->bus != FORCE || arg_force <= 0) && !bus) {
-                        log_error_errno(bus_error, "Failed to get D-Bus connection: %m");
-                        return -EIO;
-                }
-        }
+        };
 
-        return verb->dispatch(bus, argv + optind);
+        return dispatch_verb(argc, argv, verbs, NULL);
 }
 
-static int reload_with_fallback(sd_bus *bus) {
+static int reload_with_fallback(void) {
 
-        if (bus) {
-                /* First, try systemd via D-Bus. */
-                if (daemon_reload(bus, NULL) >= 0)
-                        return 0;
-        }
+        /* First, try systemd via D-Bus. */
+        if (daemon_reload(0, NULL, NULL) >= 0)
+                return 0;
 
         /* Nothing else worked, so let's try signals */
         assert(arg_action == ACTION_RELOAD || arg_action == ACTION_REEXEC);
@@ -7354,25 +7405,19 @@ static int reload_with_fallback(sd_bus *bus) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int start_with_fallback(sd_bus *bus) {
+static int start_with_fallback(void) {
 
-        if (bus) {
-                /* First, try systemd via D-Bus. */
-                if (start_unit(bus, NULL) >= 0)
-                        goto done;
-        }
+        /* First, try systemd via D-Bus. */
+        if (start_unit(0, NULL, NULL) >= 0)
+                return 0;
 
         /* Nothing else worked, so let's try
          * /dev/initctl */
         if (talk_initctl() > 0)
-                goto done;
+                return 0;
 
         log_error("Failed to talk to init daemon.");
         return -EIO;
-
-done:
-        warn_wall(arg_action);
-        return 0;
 }
 
 static int halt_now(enum action a) {
@@ -7380,22 +7425,22 @@ static int halt_now(enum action a) {
         /* The kernel will automaticall flush ATA disks and suchlike
          * on reboot(), but the file systems need to be synce'd
          * explicitly in advance. */
-        sync();
+        (void) sync();
 
         /* Make sure C-A-D is handled by the kernel from this point
          * on... */
-        reboot(RB_ENABLE_CAD);
+        (void) reboot(RB_ENABLE_CAD);
 
         switch (a) {
 
         case ACTION_HALT:
                 log_info("Halting.");
-                reboot(RB_HALT_SYSTEM);
+                (void) reboot(RB_HALT_SYSTEM);
                 return -errno;
 
         case ACTION_POWEROFF:
                 log_info("Powering off.");
-                reboot(RB_POWER_OFF);
+                (void) reboot(RB_POWER_OFF);
                 return -errno;
 
         case ACTION_KEXEC:
@@ -7404,12 +7449,11 @@ static int halt_now(enum action a) {
 
                 if (read_one_line_file(REBOOT_PARAM_FILE, &param) >= 0) {
                         log_info("Rebooting with argument '%s'.", param);
-                        syscall(SYS_reboot, LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC1, LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC2,
-                                LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_RESTART2, param);
+                        (void) syscall(SYS_reboot, LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC1, LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC2, LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_RESTART2, param);
                 }
 
                 log_info("Rebooting.");
-                reboot(RB_AUTOBOOT);
+                (void) reboot(RB_AUTOBOOT);
                 return -errno;
         }
 
@@ -7418,17 +7462,73 @@ static int halt_now(enum action a) {
         }
 }
 
-static int halt_main(sd_bus *bus) {
+static int logind_schedule_shutdown(void) {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LOGIND
+        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        char date[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+        const char *action;
+        sd_bus *bus;
         int r;
 
-        r = check_inhibitors(bus, arg_action);
+        (void) logind_set_wall_message();
+
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_FULL, &bus);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
+        switch (arg_action) {
+        case ACTION_HALT:
+                action = "halt";
+                break;
+        case ACTION_POWEROFF:
+                action = "poweroff";
+                break;
+        case ACTION_KEXEC:
+                action = "kexec";
+                break;
+        default:
+                action = "reboot";
+                break;
+        }
+
+        if (arg_dry)
+                action = strjoina("dry-", action);
+
+        r = sd_bus_call_method(
+                        bus,
+                        "org.freedesktop.login1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/login1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.login1.Manager",
+                        "ScheduleShutdown",
+                        &error,
+                        NULL,
+                        "st",
+                        action,
+                        arg_when);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to call ScheduleShutdown in logind, proceeding with immediate shutdown: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        log_info("Shutdown scheduled for %s, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.", format_timestamp(date, sizeof(date), arg_when));
+        return 0;
+#else
+        log_error("Cannot schedule shutdown without logind support, proceeding with immediate shutdown.");
+        return -ENOSYS;
+#endif
+}
+
+static int halt_main(void) {
+        int r;
+
+        r = logind_check_inhibitors(arg_action);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (arg_when > 0)
+                return logind_schedule_shutdown();
+
         if (geteuid() != 0) {
-                if (arg_when > 0 ||
-                    arg_dry ||
-                    arg_force > 0) {
+                if (arg_dry || arg_force > 0) {
                         log_error("Must be root.");
                         return -EPERM;
                 }
@@ -7436,101 +7536,21 @@ static int halt_main(sd_bus *bus) {
                 /* Try logind if we are a normal user and no special
                  * mode applies. Maybe PolicyKit allows us to shutdown
                  * the machine. */
-                if (IN_SET(arg_action,
-                           ACTION_POWEROFF,
-                           ACTION_REBOOT)) {
-                        r = reboot_with_logind(bus, arg_action);
+                if (IN_SET(arg_action, ACTION_POWEROFF, ACTION_REBOOT)) {
+                        r = logind_reboot(arg_action);
                         if (r >= 0)
                                 return r;
                         if (IN_SET(r, -EOPNOTSUPP, -EINPROGRESS))
-                                /* requested operation is not supported or already in progress */
+                                /* requested operation is not
+                                 * supported on the local system or
+                                 * already in progress */
                                 return r;
                         /* on all other errors, try low-level operation */
                 }
         }
 
-        if (arg_when > 0) {
-                _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
-                _cleanup_bus_flush_close_unref_ sd_bus *b = NULL;
-                _cleanup_free_ char *m = NULL;
-                const char *action;
-
-                assert(geteuid() == 0);
-
-                if (avoid_bus()) {
-                        log_error("Unable to perform operation without bus connection.");
-                        return -ENOSYS;
-                }
-
-                r = sd_bus_open_system(&b);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Unable to open system bus: %m");
-
-                m = strv_join(arg_wall, " ");
-                if (!m)
-                        return log_oom();
-
-                r = sd_bus_call_method(
-                               b,
-                               "org.freedesktop.login1",
-                               "/org/freedesktop/login1",
-                               "org.freedesktop.login1.Manager",
-                               "SetWallMessage",
-                               &error,
-                               NULL,
-                               "sb",
-                               m,
-                               !arg_no_wall);
-
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to set wall message, ignoring: %s",
-                                          bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                        sd_bus_error_free(&error);
-                }
-
-                switch (arg_action) {
-                case ACTION_HALT:
-                        action = "halt";
-                        break;
-                case ACTION_POWEROFF:
-                        action = "poweroff";
-                        break;
-                case ACTION_KEXEC:
-                        action = "kexec";
-                        break;
-                default:
-                        action = "reboot";
-                        break;
-                }
-
-                if (arg_dry)
-                        action = strjoina("dry-", action);
-
-                r = sd_bus_call_method(
-                                b,
-                                "org.freedesktop.login1",
-                                "/org/freedesktop/login1",
-                                "org.freedesktop.login1.Manager",
-                                "ScheduleShutdown",
-                                &error,
-                                NULL,
-                                "st",
-                                action,
-                                arg_when);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to call ScheduleShutdown in logind, proceeding with immediate shutdown: %s",
-                                          bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                else {
-                        char date[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
-
-                        log_info("Shutdown scheduled for %s, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.",
-                                 format_timestamp(date, sizeof(date), arg_when));
-                        return 0;
-                }
-        }
-
         if (!arg_dry && !arg_force)
-                return start_with_fallback(bus);
+                return start_with_fallback();
 
         assert(geteuid() == 0);
 
@@ -7548,9 +7568,7 @@ static int halt_main(sd_bus *bus) {
                 return 0;
 
         r = halt_now(arg_action);
-        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to reboot: %m");
-
-        return r;
+        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to reboot: %m");
 }
 
 static int runlevel_main(void) {
@@ -7569,8 +7587,37 @@ static int runlevel_main(void) {
         return 0;
 }
 
+static int logind_cancel_shutdown(void) {
+#ifdef HAVE_LOGIND
+        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        sd_bus *bus;
+        int r;
+
+        r = acquire_bus(BUS_FULL, &bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) logind_set_wall_message();
+
+        r = sd_bus_call_method(
+                        bus,
+                        "org.freedesktop.login1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/login1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.login1.Manager",
+                        "CancelScheduledShutdown",
+                        &error,
+                        NULL, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to talk to logind, shutdown hasn't been cancelled: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        return 0;
+#else
+        log_error("Not compiled with logind support, cannot cancel scheduled shutdowns.");
+        return -ENOSYS;
+#endif
+}
+
 int main(int argc, char*argv[]) {
-        _cleanup_bus_flush_close_unref_ sd_bus *bus = NULL;
         int r;
 
         setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
@@ -7586,39 +7633,26 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[]) {
         if (r <= 0)
                 goto finish;
 
-        /* /sbin/runlevel doesn't need to communicate via D-Bus, so
-         * let's shortcut this */
-        if (arg_action == ACTION_RUNLEVEL) {
-                r = runlevel_main();
-                goto finish;
-        }
-
         if (running_in_chroot() > 0 && arg_action != ACTION_SYSTEMCTL) {
                 log_info("Running in chroot, ignoring request.");
                 r = 0;
                 goto finish;
         }
 
-        if (!avoid_bus())
-                r = bus_open_transport_systemd(arg_transport, arg_host, arg_scope != UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM, &bus);
-
-        if (bus)
-                sd_bus_set_allow_interactive_authorization(bus, arg_ask_password);
-
         /* systemctl_main() will print an error message for the bus
          * connection, but only if it needs to */
 
         switch (arg_action) {
 
         case ACTION_SYSTEMCTL:
-                r = systemctl_main(bus, argc, argv, r);
+                r = systemctl_main(argc, argv);
                 break;
 
         case ACTION_HALT:
         case ACTION_POWEROFF:
         case ACTION_REBOOT:
         case ACTION_KEXEC:
-                r = halt_main(bus);
+                r = halt_main();
                 break;
 
         case ACTION_RUNLEVEL2:
@@ -7628,69 +7662,22 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[]) {
         case ACTION_RESCUE:
         case ACTION_EMERGENCY:
         case ACTION_DEFAULT:
-                r = start_with_fallback(bus);
+                r = start_with_fallback();
                 break;
 
         case ACTION_RELOAD:
         case ACTION_REEXEC:
-                r = reload_with_fallback(bus);
+                r = reload_with_fallback();
                 break;
 
-        case ACTION_CANCEL_SHUTDOWN: {
-                _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
-                _cleanup_bus_flush_close_unref_ sd_bus *b = NULL;
-                _cleanup_free_ char *m = NULL;
-
-                if (avoid_bus()) {
-                        log_error("Unable to perform operation without bus connection.");
-                        return -ENOSYS;
-                }
-
-                r = sd_bus_open_system(&b);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Unable to open system bus: %m");
-
-                if (arg_wall) {
-                        m = strv_join(arg_wall, " ");
-                        if (!m) {
-                                r = log_oom();
-                                goto finish;
-                        }
-                }
-
-                r = sd_bus_call_method(
-                               b,
-                               "org.freedesktop.login1",
-                               "/org/freedesktop/login1",
-                               "org.freedesktop.login1.Manager",
-                               "SetWallMessage",
-                               &error,
-                               NULL,
-                               "sb",
-                               m,
-                               !arg_no_wall);
-
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to set wall message, ignoring: %s",
-                                          bus_error_message(&error, r));
-                        sd_bus_error_free(&error);
-                }
-
-                r = sd_bus_call_method(
-                                b,
-                                "org.freedesktop.login1",
-                                "/org/freedesktop/login1",
-                                "org.freedesktop.login1.Manager",
-                                "CancelScheduledShutdown",
-                                &error,
-                                NULL, NULL);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to talk to logind, shutdown hasn't been cancelled: %s",
-                                          bus_error_message(&error, r));
+        case ACTION_CANCEL_SHUTDOWN:
+                r = logind_cancel_shutdown();
                 break;
-        }
 
         case ACTION_RUNLEVEL:
+                r = runlevel_main();
+                break;
+
         case _ACTION_INVALID:
         default:
                 assert_not_reached("Unknown action");
@@ -7705,7 +7692,9 @@ finish:
         strv_free(arg_states);
         strv_free(arg_properties);
 
-        sd_bus_default_flush_close();
+        strv_free(arg_wall);
+
+        release_busses();
 
         return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : r;
 }
diff --git a/src/sysusers/sysusers.c b/src/sysusers/sysusers.c
index aaa33354f4..07494e764b 100644
--- a/src/sysusers/sysusers.c
+++ b/src/sysusers/sysusers.c
@@ -19,26 +19,25 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <pwd.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
 #include <grp.h>
-#include <shadow.h>
 #include <gshadow.h>
-#include <getopt.h>
+#include <pwd.h>
+#include <shadow.h>
 #include <utmp.h>
 
-#include "util.h"
-#include "hashmap.h"
-#include "specifier.h"
-#include "path-util.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "strv.h"
 #include "conf-files.h"
 #include "copy.h"
-#include "utf8.h"
 #include "fileio-label.h"
-#include "uid-range.h"
-#include "selinux-util.h"
 #include "formats-util.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "selinux-util.h"
+#include "specifier.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "uid-range.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 typedef enum ItemType {
         ADD_USER = 'u',
@@ -1767,9 +1766,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_ROOT:
                         free(arg_root);
diff --git a/src/test/test-strv.c b/src/test/test-strv.c
index bff43950a9..cc47fd4d34 100644
--- a/src/test/test-strv.c
+++ b/src/test/test-strv.c
@@ -569,6 +569,28 @@ static void test_strv_shell_escape(void) {
         assert_se(streq_ptr(v[3], NULL));
 }
 
+static void test_strv_skip_one(char **a, size_t n, char **b) {
+        a = strv_skip(a, n);
+        assert_se(strv_equal(a, b));
+}
+
+static void test_strv_skip(void) {
+        test_strv_skip_one(STRV_MAKE("foo", "bar", "baz"), 0, STRV_MAKE("foo", "bar", "baz"));
+        test_strv_skip_one(STRV_MAKE("foo", "bar", "baz"), 1, STRV_MAKE("bar", "baz"));
+        test_strv_skip_one(STRV_MAKE("foo", "bar", "baz"), 2, STRV_MAKE("baz"));
+        test_strv_skip_one(STRV_MAKE("foo", "bar", "baz"), 3, STRV_MAKE(NULL));
+        test_strv_skip_one(STRV_MAKE("foo", "bar", "baz"), 4, STRV_MAKE(NULL));
+        test_strv_skip_one(STRV_MAKE("foo", "bar", "baz"), 55, STRV_MAKE(NULL));
+
+        test_strv_skip_one(STRV_MAKE("quux"), 0, STRV_MAKE("quux"));
+        test_strv_skip_one(STRV_MAKE("quux"), 1, STRV_MAKE(NULL));
+        test_strv_skip_one(STRV_MAKE("quux"), 55, STRV_MAKE(NULL));
+
+        test_strv_skip_one(STRV_MAKE(NULL), 0, STRV_MAKE(NULL));
+        test_strv_skip_one(STRV_MAKE(NULL), 1, STRV_MAKE(NULL));
+        test_strv_skip_one(STRV_MAKE(NULL), 55, STRV_MAKE(NULL));
+}
+
 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         test_specifier_printf();
         test_strv_foreach();
@@ -627,6 +649,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         test_strv_is_uniq();
         test_strv_reverse();
         test_strv_shell_escape();
+        test_strv_skip();
 
         return 0;
 }
diff --git a/src/timedate/timedatectl.c b/src/timedate/timedatectl.c
index 12a7ed6718..68fbe3f5b8 100644
--- a/src/timedate/timedatectl.c
+++ b/src/timedate/timedatectl.c
@@ -20,20 +20,20 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
 #include <locale.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 
 #include "sd-bus.h"
-#include "bus-util.h"
+
 #include "bus-error.h"
-#include "util.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "pager.h"
 #include "spawn-polkit-agent.h"
-#include "build.h"
 #include "strv.h"
-#include "pager.h"
 #include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 static bool arg_no_pager = false;
 static bool arg_ask_password = true;
@@ -374,9 +374,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case 'H':
                         arg_transport = BUS_TRANSPORT_REMOTE;
@@ -502,7 +500,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         if (r <= 0)
                 goto finish;
 
-        r = bus_open_transport(arg_transport, arg_host, false, &bus);
+        r = bus_connect_transport(arg_transport, arg_host, false, &bus);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create bus connection: %m");
                 goto finish;
diff --git a/src/tmpfiles/tmpfiles.c b/src/tmpfiles/tmpfiles.c
index 8f29256c6d..d219764bc6 100644
--- a/src/tmpfiles/tmpfiles.c
+++ b/src/tmpfiles/tmpfiles.c
@@ -20,43 +20,42 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
 #include <errno.h>
-#include <string.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <fnmatch.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <glob.h>
 #include <limits.h>
-#include <dirent.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <getopt.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <time.h>
-#include <glob.h>
-#include <fnmatch.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/xattr.h>
-#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
+#include "acl-util.h"
+#include "btrfs-util.h"
+#include "capability.h"
+#include "conf-files.h"
+#include "copy.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "label.h"
 #include "log.h"
-#include "util.h"
 #include "macro.h"
 #include "missing.h"
 #include "mkdir.h"
 #include "path-util.h"
-#include "strv.h"
-#include "label.h"
-#include "set.h"
-#include "conf-files.h"
-#include "capability.h"
-#include "specifier.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "copy.h"
 #include "rm-rf.h"
 #include "selinux-util.h"
-#include "btrfs-util.h"
-#include "acl-util.h"
-#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "specifier.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 /* This reads all files listed in /etc/tmpfiles.d/?*.conf and creates
  * them in the file system. This is intended to be used to create
@@ -2090,9 +2089,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_CREATE:
                         arg_create = true;
diff --git a/src/tty-ask-password-agent/tty-ask-password-agent.c b/src/tty-ask-password-agent/tty-ask-password-agent.c
index 82cbf95f1e..b50f114a34 100644
--- a/src/tty-ask-password-agent/tty-ask-password-agent.c
+++ b/src/tty-ask-password-agent/tty-ask-password-agent.c
@@ -19,32 +19,31 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <sys/inotify.h>
+#include <sys/signalfd.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/un.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <poll.h>
-#include <sys/inotify.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
-#include <getopt.h>
-#include <sys/signalfd.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
 
-#include "util.h"
+#include "ask-password-api.h"
+#include "conf-parser.h"
+#include "def.h"
 #include "mkdir.h"
 #include "path-util.h"
-#include "conf-parser.h"
-#include "utmp-wtmp.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
 #include "socket-util.h"
-#include "ask-password-api.h"
 #include "strv.h"
-#include "build.h"
-#include "def.h"
-#include "process-util.h"
 #include "terminal-util.h"
-#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "utmp-wtmp.h"
 
 static enum {
         ACTION_LIST,
@@ -571,9 +570,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         return 0;
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
-                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
-                        return 0;
+                        return version();
 
                 case ARG_LIST:
                         arg_action = ACTION_LIST;
@@ -628,15 +625,14 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 goto finish;
 
         if (arg_console) {
-                setsid();
-                release_terminal();
+                (void) setsid();
+                (void) release_terminal();
         }
 
         if (IN_SET(arg_action, ACTION_WATCH, ACTION_WALL))
                 r = watch_passwords();
         else
                 r = show_passwords();
-
         if (r < 0)
                 log_error_errno(r, "Error: %m");
 
diff --git a/src/update-utmp/update-utmp.c b/src/update-utmp/update-utmp.c
index b2998dce43..bcabf65a36 100644
--- a/src/update-utmp/update-utmp.c
+++ b/src/update-utmp/update-utmp.c
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ static usec_t get_startup_time(Context *c) {
                         &error,
                         't', &t);
         if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to get timestamp: %s", bus_error_message(&error, -r));
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get timestamp: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                 return 0;
         }
 
@@ -105,10 +105,8 @@ static int get_current_runlevel(Context *c) {
                                 "ActiveState",
                                 &error,
                                 &state);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_warning("Failed to get state: %s", bus_error_message(&error, -r));
-                        return r;
-                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to get state: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
                 if (streq(state, "active") || streq(state, "reloading"))
                         return table[i].runlevel;
@@ -130,8 +128,7 @@ static int on_reboot(Context *c) {
         if (c->audit_fd >= 0)
                 if (audit_log_user_comm_message(c->audit_fd, AUDIT_SYSTEM_BOOT, "", "systemd-update-utmp", NULL, NULL, NULL, 1) < 0 &&
                     errno != EPERM) {
-                        r = log_error_errno(errno,
-                                            "Failed to send audit message: %m");
+                        r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to send audit message: %m");
                 }
 #endif
 
@@ -160,8 +157,7 @@ static int on_shutdown(Context *c) {
         if (c->audit_fd >= 0)
                 if (audit_log_user_comm_message(c->audit_fd, AUDIT_SYSTEM_SHUTDOWN, "", "systemd-update-utmp", NULL, NULL, NULL, 1) < 0 &&
                     errno != EPERM) {
-                        r = log_error_errno(errno,
-                                            "Failed to send audit message: %m");
+                        r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to send audit message: %m");
                 }
 #endif
 
@@ -211,8 +207,7 @@ static int on_runlevel(Context *c) {
                         return log_oom();
 
                 if (audit_log_user_comm_message(c->audit_fd, AUDIT_SYSTEM_RUNLEVEL, s, "systemd-update-utmp", NULL, NULL, NULL, 1) < 0 && errno != EPERM)
-                        r = log_error_errno(errno,
-                                            "Failed to send audit message: %m");
+                        r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to send audit message: %m");
         }
 #endif
 
@@ -256,7 +251,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         if (c.audit_fd < 0 && errno != EAFNOSUPPORT && errno != EPROTONOSUPPORT)
                 log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to connect to audit log: %m");
 #endif
-        r = bus_open_system_systemd(&c.bus);
+        r = bus_connect_system_systemd(&c.bus);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get D-Bus connection: %m");
                 r = -EIO;
@@ -284,6 +279,6 @@ finish:
                 audit_close(c.audit_fd);
 #endif
 
-        sd_bus_unref(c.bus);
+        sd_bus_flush_close_unref(c.bus);
         return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/units/systemd-hostnamed.service.in b/units/systemd-hostnamed.service.in
index cc88ecd0db..b7079e4a7c 100644
--- a/units/systemd-hostnamed.service.in
+++ b/units/systemd-hostnamed.service.in
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Documentation=http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/hostnamed
 ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-hostnamed
 BusName=org.freedesktop.hostname1
 CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_SYS_ADMIN
-WatchdogSec=1min
+WatchdogSec=3min
 PrivateTmp=yes
 PrivateDevices=yes
 PrivateNetwork=yes
diff --git a/units/systemd-importd.service.in b/units/systemd-importd.service.in
index 403f15316d..d3238cf8f5 100644
--- a/units/systemd-importd.service.in
+++ b/units/systemd-importd.service.in
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@ ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-importd
 BusName=org.freedesktop.import1
 CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_CHOWN CAP_FOWNER CAP_FSETID CAP_MKNOD CAP_SETFCAP CAP_SYS_ADMIN CAP_SETPCAP CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE
 NoNewPrivileges=yes
-WatchdogSec=1min
+WatchdogSec=3min
 KillMode=mixed
diff --git a/units/systemd-journal-remote.service.in b/units/systemd-journal-remote.service.in
index 4a898d62f3..2928a23021 100644
--- a/units/systemd-journal-remote.service.in
+++ b/units/systemd-journal-remote.service.in
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Group=systemd-journal-remote
 PrivateTmp=yes
 PrivateDevices=yes
 PrivateNetwork=yes
-WatchdogSec=10min
+WatchdogSec=3min
 
 [Install]
 Also=systemd-journal-remote.socket
diff --git a/units/systemd-journal-upload.service.in b/units/systemd-journal-upload.service.in
index b2e3c769cc..a757673a62 100644
--- a/units/systemd-journal-upload.service.in
+++ b/units/systemd-journal-upload.service.in
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-journal-upload \
 User=systemd-journal-upload
 PrivateTmp=yes
 PrivateDevices=yes
-WatchdogSec=20min
+WatchdogSec=3min
 
 # If there are many split up journal files we need a lot of fds to
 # access them all and combine
diff --git a/units/systemd-journald.service.in b/units/systemd-journald.service.in
index a3540c65d2..41bfde5be3 100644
--- a/units/systemd-journald.service.in
+++ b/units/systemd-journald.service.in
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ RestartSec=0
 NotifyAccess=all
 StandardOutput=null
 CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_SYS_ADMIN CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE CAP_SYS_PTRACE CAP_SYSLOG CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL CAP_AUDIT_READ CAP_CHOWN CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH CAP_FOWNER CAP_SETUID CAP_SETGID CAP_MAC_OVERRIDE
-WatchdogSec=1min
+WatchdogSec=3min
 FileDescriptorStoreMax=1024
 
 # Increase the default a bit in order to allow many simultaneous
diff --git a/units/systemd-localed.service.in b/units/systemd-localed.service.in
index bfa097844f..9b13f901a3 100644
--- a/units/systemd-localed.service.in
+++ b/units/systemd-localed.service.in
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Documentation=http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/localed
 ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-localed
 BusName=org.freedesktop.locale1
 CapabilityBoundingSet=
-WatchdogSec=1min
+WatchdogSec=3min
 PrivateTmp=yes
 PrivateDevices=yes
 PrivateNetwork=yes
diff --git a/units/systemd-logind.service.in b/units/systemd-logind.service.in
index f087e99ce2..ff049134ee 100644
--- a/units/systemd-logind.service.in
+++ b/units/systemd-logind.service.in
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Restart=always
 RestartSec=0
 BusName=org.freedesktop.login1
 CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_SYS_ADMIN CAP_MAC_ADMIN CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL CAP_CHOWN CAP_KILL CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE CAP_FOWNER CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG
-WatchdogSec=1min
+WatchdogSec=3min
 
 # Increase the default a bit in order to allow many simultaneous
 # logins since we keep one fd open per session.
diff --git a/units/systemd-machine-id-commit.service.in b/units/systemd-machine-id-commit.service.in
index cccbf7b626..1f3f5da0f3 100644
--- a/units/systemd-machine-id-commit.service.in
+++ b/units/systemd-machine-id-commit.service.in
@@ -18,5 +18,5 @@ ConditionPathIsMountPoint=/etc/machine-id
 [Service]
 Type=oneshot
 RemainAfterExit=yes
-ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-machine-id-commit
+ExecStart=@rootbindir@/systemd-machine-id-setup --commit
 TimeoutSec=30s
diff --git a/units/systemd-machined.service.in b/units/systemd-machined.service.in
index fb1f383cdc..3710c595ca 100644
--- a/units/systemd-machined.service.in
+++ b/units/systemd-machined.service.in
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ After=machine.slice
 ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-machined
 BusName=org.freedesktop.machine1
 CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_KILL CAP_SYS_PTRACE CAP_SYS_ADMIN CAP_SETGID CAP_SYS_CHROOT CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE CAP_CHOWN CAP_FOWNER CAP_FSETID
-WatchdogSec=1min
+WatchdogSec=3min
 
 # Note that machined cannot be placed in a mount namespace, since it
 # needs access to the host's mount namespace in order to implement the
diff --git a/units/systemd-networkd.service.m4.in b/units/systemd-networkd.service.m4.in
index 35be713ade..27d4d58962 100644
--- a/units/systemd-networkd.service.m4.in
+++ b/units/systemd-networkd.service.m4.in
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-networkd
 CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_NET_ADMIN CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE CAP_NET_BROADCAST CAP_NET_RAW CAP_SETUID CAP_SETGID CAP_SETPCAP CAP_CHOWN CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE CAP_FOWNER
 ProtectSystem=full
 ProtectHome=yes
-WatchdogSec=1min
+WatchdogSec=3min
 
 [Install]
 WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/units/systemd-resolved.service.m4.in b/units/systemd-resolved.service.m4.in
index dce5402458..c674b27ced 100644
--- a/units/systemd-resolved.service.m4.in
+++ b/units/systemd-resolved.service.m4.in
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-resolved
 CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_SETUID CAP_SETGID CAP_SETPCAP CAP_CHOWN CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE CAP_FOWNER
 ProtectSystem=full
 ProtectHome=yes
-WatchdogSec=1min
+WatchdogSec=3min
 
 [Install]
 WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/units/systemd-timedated.service.in b/units/systemd-timedated.service.in
index fe5ccb4601..0c9599db20 100644
--- a/units/systemd-timedated.service.in
+++ b/units/systemd-timedated.service.in
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Documentation=http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/timedated
 ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-timedated
 BusName=org.freedesktop.timedate1
 CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_SYS_TIME
-WatchdogSec=1min
+WatchdogSec=3min
 PrivateTmp=yes
 ProtectSystem=yes
 ProtectHome=yes
diff --git a/units/systemd-timesyncd.service.in b/units/systemd-timesyncd.service.in
index 8219c95a08..a856dad709 100644
--- a/units/systemd-timesyncd.service.in
+++ b/units/systemd-timesyncd.service.in
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ PrivateTmp=yes
 PrivateDevices=yes
 ProtectSystem=full
 ProtectHome=yes
-WatchdogSec=1min
+WatchdogSec=3min
 
 [Install]
 WantedBy=sysinit.target
diff --git a/units/systemd-udevd.service.in b/units/systemd-udevd.service.in
index e7216d61f2..79f28c87c6 100644
--- a/units/systemd-udevd.service.in
+++ b/units/systemd-udevd.service.in
@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ RestartSec=0
 ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-udevd
 MountFlags=slave
 KillMode=mixed
-WatchdogSec=1min
+WatchdogSec=3min