Merge pull request #1002 from poettering/resolved-various

resolved: synthesize more RRs locally and other fixes

24 files changed, 833 insertions, 348 deletions

diff --git a/src/basic/hostname-util.c b/src/basic/hostname-util.c
index d901a5e82b..dc5434fcd1 100644
--- a/src/basic/hostname-util.c
+++ b/src/basic/hostname-util.c
@@ -151,6 +151,17 @@ bool is_localhost(const char *hostname) {
                endswith_no_case(hostname, ".localdomain.");
 }
 
+bool is_gateway_hostname(const char *hostname) {
+        assert(hostname);
+
+        /* This tries to identify the valid syntaxes for the our
+         * synthetic "gateway" host. */
+
+        return
+                strcaseeq(hostname, "gateway") ||
+                strcaseeq(hostname, "gateway.");
+}
+
 int sethostname_idempotent(const char *s) {
         char buf[HOST_NAME_MAX + 1] = {};
 
diff --git a/src/basic/hostname-util.h b/src/basic/hostname-util.h
index 6f2b5b66ff..a1ca94980d 100644
--- a/src/basic/hostname-util.h
+++ b/src/basic/hostname-util.h
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ bool hostname_is_valid(const char *s, bool relax) _pure_;
 char* hostname_cleanup(char *s);
 
 bool is_localhost(const char *hostname);
+bool is_gateway_hostname(const char *hostname);
 
 int sethostname_idempotent(const char *s);
 
diff --git a/src/nss-myhostname/nss-myhostname.c b/src/nss-myhostname/nss-myhostname.c
index 69069cc75d..0dca891447 100644
--- a/src/nss-myhostname/nss-myhostname.c
+++ b/src/nss-myhostname/nss-myhostname.c
@@ -43,13 +43,6 @@
 NSS_GETHOSTBYNAME_PROTOTYPES(myhostname);
 NSS_GETHOSTBYADDR_PROTOTYPES(myhostname);
 
-static bool is_gateway(const char *hostname) {
-        assert(hostname);
-
-        return streq(hostname, "gateway") ||
-               streq(hostname, "gateway.");
-}
-
 enum nss_status _nss_myhostname_gethostbyname4_r(
                 const char *name,
                 struct gaih_addrtuple **pat,
@@ -81,7 +74,7 @@ enum nss_status _nss_myhostname_gethostbyname4_r(
                 canonical = "localhost";
                 local_address_ipv4 = htonl(INADDR_LOOPBACK);
 
-        } else if (is_gateway(name)) {
+        } else if (is_gateway_hostname(name)) {
 
                 n_addresses = local_gateways(NULL, 0, AF_UNSPEC, &addresses);
                 if (n_addresses <= 0) {
@@ -351,7 +344,7 @@ enum nss_status _nss_myhostname_gethostbyname3_r(
                 canonical = "localhost";
                 local_address_ipv4 = htonl(INADDR_LOOPBACK);
 
-        } else if (is_gateway(name)) {
+        } else if (is_gateway_hostname(name)) {
 
                 n_addresses = local_gateways(NULL, 0, af, &addresses);
                 if (n_addresses <= 0) {
diff --git a/src/nss-resolve/nss-resolve.c b/src/nss-resolve/nss-resolve.c
index da22f98eba..ef5eb7b4cf 100644
--- a/src/nss-resolve/nss-resolve.c
+++ b/src/nss-resolve/nss-resolve.c
@@ -61,23 +61,21 @@ static bool bus_error_shall_fallback(sd_bus_error *e) {
 }
 
 static int count_addresses(sd_bus_message *m, int af, const char **canonical) {
-        int c = 0, r, ifindex;
+        int c = 0, r;
 
         assert(m);
         assert(canonical);
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "i", &ifindex);
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, 'a', "(iiay)");
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, 'a', "(iay)");
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, 'r', "iiay")) > 0) {
+                int family, ifindex;
 
-        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, 'r', "iay")) > 0) {
-                int family;
+                assert_cc(sizeof(int32_t) == sizeof(int));
 
-                r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "i", &family);
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "ii", &ifindex, &family);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
 
@@ -126,7 +124,7 @@ enum nss_status _nss_resolve_gethostbyname4_r(
         const char *canonical = NULL;
         size_t l, ms, idx;
         char *r_name;
-        int c, r, i = 0, ifindex;
+        int c, r, i = 0;
 
         assert(name);
         assert(pat);
@@ -218,28 +216,26 @@ enum nss_status _nss_resolve_gethostbyname4_r(
         /* Second, append addresses */
         r_tuple_first = (struct gaih_addrtuple*) (buffer + idx);
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "i", &ifindex);
-        if (r < 0)
-                goto fail;
-
-        if (ifindex < 0) {
-                r = -EINVAL;
-                goto fail;
-        }
-
-        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(iay)");
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(iiay)");
         if (r < 0)
                 goto fail;
 
-        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "iay")) > 0) {
-                int family;
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "iiay")) > 0) {
+                int family, ifindex;
                 const void *a;
                 size_t sz;
 
-                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "i", &family);
+                assert_cc(sizeof(int32_t) == sizeof(int));
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "ii", &ifindex, &family);
                 if (r < 0)
                         goto fail;
 
+                if (ifindex < 0) {
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
                 r = sd_bus_message_read_array(reply, 'y', &a, &sz);
                 if (r < 0)
                         goto fail;
@@ -308,7 +304,7 @@ enum nss_status _nss_resolve_gethostbyname3_r(
         _cleanup_bus_flush_close_unref_ sd_bus *bus = NULL;
         size_t l, idx, ms, alen;
         const char *canonical;
-        int c, r, i = 0, ifindex;
+        int c, r, i = 0;
 
         assert(name);
         assert(result);
@@ -420,28 +416,24 @@ enum nss_status _nss_resolve_gethostbyname3_r(
         /* Third, append addresses */
         r_addr = buffer + idx;
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "i", &ifindex);
-        if (r < 0)
-                goto fail;
-
-        if (ifindex < 0) {
-                r = -EINVAL;
-                goto fail;
-        }
-
-        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(iay)");
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(iiay)");
         if (r < 0)
                 goto fail;
 
-        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "iay")) > 0) {
-                int family;
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "iiay")) > 0) {
+                int ifindex, family;
                 const void *a;
                 size_t sz;
 
-                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "i", &family);
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "ii", &ifindex, &family);
                 if (r < 0)
                         goto fail;
 
+                if (ifindex < 0) {
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
                 r = sd_bus_message_read_array(reply, 'y', &a, &sz);
                 if (r < 0)
                         goto fail;
@@ -603,20 +595,17 @@ enum nss_status _nss_resolve_gethostbyaddr2_r(
                 return NSS_STATUS_UNAVAIL;
         }
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "i", &ifindex);
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(is)");
         if (r < 0)
                 goto fail;
 
-        if (ifindex < 0) {
-                r = -EINVAL;
-                goto fail;
-        }
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "(is)", &ifindex, &n)) > 0) {
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "s");
-        if (r < 0)
-                goto fail;
+                if (ifindex < 0) {
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
 
-        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "s", &n)) > 0) {
                 c++;
                 ms += ALIGN(strlen(n) + 1);
         }
@@ -661,7 +650,7 @@ enum nss_status _nss_resolve_gethostbyaddr2_r(
         /* Fourth, place aliases */
         i = 0;
         r_name = buffer + idx;
-        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "s", &n)) > 0) {
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "(is)", &ifindex, &n)) > 0) {
                 char *p;
                 size_t l;
 
diff --git a/src/resolve-host/resolve-host.c b/src/resolve-host/resolve-host.c
index 7525d7c32f..3f45a9f0e8 100644
--- a/src/resolve-host/resolve-host.c
+++ b/src/resolve-host/resolve-host.c
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ static uint16_t arg_class = 0;
 static bool arg_legend = true;
 static uint64_t arg_flags = 0;
 
-static void print_source(int ifindex, uint64_t flags, usec_t rtt) {
+static void print_source(uint64_t flags, usec_t rtt) {
         char rtt_str[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
 
         if (!arg_legend)
                 return;
 
-        if (ifindex <= 0 && flags == 0)
+        if (flags == 0)
                 return;
 
         fputs("\n-- Information acquired via", stdout);
@@ -58,11 +58,6 @@ static void print_source(int ifindex, uint64_t flags, usec_t rtt) {
                        flags & SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV4 ? " LLMNR/IPv4" : "",
                        flags & SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV6 ? " LLMNR/IPv6" : "");
 
-        if (ifindex > 0) {
-                char ifname[IF_NAMESIZE] = "";
-                printf(" interface %s", strna(if_indextoname(ifindex, ifname)));
-        }
-
         assert_se(format_timespan(rtt_str, sizeof(rtt_str), rtt, 100));
 
         printf(" in %s", rtt_str);
@@ -76,14 +71,18 @@ static int resolve_host(sd_bus *bus, const char *name) {
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *req = NULL, *reply = NULL;
         _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
         const char *canonical = NULL;
+        char ifname[IF_NAMESIZE] = "";
         unsigned c = 0;
-        int r, ifindex;
+        int r;
         uint64_t flags;
         usec_t ts;
 
         assert(name);
 
-        log_debug("Resolving %s (family %s, ifindex %i).", name, af_to_name(arg_family) ?: "*", arg_ifindex);
+        if (arg_ifindex > 0 && !if_indextoname(arg_ifindex, ifname))
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface name for index %i: %m", arg_ifindex);
+
+        log_debug("Resolving %s (family %s, interface %s).", name, af_to_name(arg_family) ?: "*", isempty(ifname) ? "*" : ifname);
 
         r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
                         bus,
@@ -109,22 +108,19 @@ static int resolve_host(sd_bus *bus, const char *name) {
 
         ts = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - ts;
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "i", &ifindex);
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(iiay)");
         if (r < 0)
                 return bus_log_parse_error(r);
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(iay)");
-        if (r < 0)
-                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
-
-        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "iay")) > 0) {
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "iiay")) > 0) {
                 const void *a;
-                int family;
                 size_t sz;
                 _cleanup_free_ char *pretty = NULL;
-                char ifname[IF_NAMESIZE] = "";
+                int ifindex, family;
+
+                assert_cc(sizeof(int) == sizeof(int32_t));
 
-                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "i", &family);
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "ii", &ifindex, &family);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return bus_log_parse_error(r);
 
@@ -142,26 +138,17 @@ static int resolve_host(sd_bus *bus, const char *name) {
                 }
 
                 if (sz != FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(family)) {
-                        log_error("%s: systemd-resolved returned address of invalid size %zu for family %s",
-                                  name, sz, af_to_name(family) ?: "unknown");
+                        log_error("%s: systemd-resolved returned address of invalid size %zu for family %s", name, sz, af_to_name(family) ?: "unknown");
                         continue;
                 }
 
-                if (ifindex > 0) {
-                        char *t;
-
-                        t = if_indextoname(ifindex, ifname);
-                        if (!t) {
-                                log_error("Failed to resolve interface name for index %i", ifindex);
-                                continue;
-                        }
-                }
+                ifname[0] = 0;
+                if (ifindex > 0 && !if_indextoname(ifindex, ifname))
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface name for index %i: %m", ifindex);
 
                 r = in_addr_to_string(family, a, &pretty);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error_errno(r, "%s: failed to print address: %m", name);
-                        continue;
-                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to print address for %s: %m", name);
 
                 printf("%*s%s %s%s%s\n",
                        (int) strlen(name), c == 0 ? name : "", c == 0 ? ":" : " ",
@@ -192,7 +179,7 @@ static int resolve_host(sd_bus *bus, const char *name) {
                 return -ESRCH;
         }
 
-        print_source(ifindex, flags, ts);
+        print_source(flags, ts);
 
         return 0;
 }
@@ -204,7 +191,6 @@ static int resolve_address(sd_bus *bus, int family, const union in_addr_union *a
         char ifname[IF_NAMESIZE] = "";
         uint64_t flags;
         unsigned c = 0;
-        const char *n;
         usec_t ts;
         int r;
 
@@ -212,19 +198,15 @@ static int resolve_address(sd_bus *bus, int family, const union in_addr_union *a
         assert(IN_SET(family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
         assert(address);
 
+        if (ifindex <= 0)
+                ifindex = arg_ifindex;
+
         r = in_addr_to_string(family, address, &pretty);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_oom();
 
-        if (ifindex > 0) {
-                char *t;
-
-                t = if_indextoname(ifindex, ifname);
-                if (!t) {
-                        log_error("Failed to resolve interface name for index %i", ifindex);
-                        return -errno;
-                }
-        }
+        if (ifindex > 0 && !if_indextoname(ifindex, ifname))
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface name for index %i: %m", ifindex);
 
         log_debug("Resolving %s%s%s.", pretty, isempty(ifname) ? "" : "%", ifname);
 
@@ -238,10 +220,6 @@ static int resolve_address(sd_bus *bus, int family, const union in_addr_union *a
         if (r < 0)
                 return bus_log_create_error(r);
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_set_auto_start(req, false);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return bus_log_create_error(r);
-
         r = sd_bus_message_append(req, "ii", ifindex, family);
         if (r < 0)
                 return bus_log_create_error(r);
@@ -264,19 +242,31 @@ static int resolve_address(sd_bus *bus, int family, const union in_addr_union *a
 
         ts = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - ts;
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "i", &ifindex);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
-
-        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "s");
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(is)");
         if (r < 0)
                 return bus_log_create_error(r);
 
-        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "s", &n)) > 0) {
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "is")) > 0) {
+                const char *n;
+
+                assert_cc(sizeof(int) == sizeof(int32_t));
 
-                printf("%*s%s%s%s %s\n",
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "is", &ifindex, &n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                ifname[0] = 0;
+                if (ifindex > 0 && !if_indextoname(ifindex, ifname))
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface name for index %i: %m", ifindex);
+
+                printf("%*s%*s%*s%s %s\n",
                        (int) strlen(pretty), c == 0 ? pretty : "",
-                       isempty(ifname) ? "" : "%", ifname,
+                       isempty(ifname) ? 0 : 1, c > 0 || isempty(ifname) ? "" : "%",
+                       (int) strlen(ifname), c == 0 ? ifname : "",
                        c == 0 ? ":" : " ",
                        n);
 
@@ -298,7 +288,7 @@ static int resolve_address(sd_bus *bus, int family, const union in_addr_union *a
                 return -ESRCH;
         }
 
-        print_source(ifindex, flags, ts);
+        print_source(flags, ts);
 
         return 0;
 }
@@ -333,14 +323,18 @@ static int resolve_record(sd_bus *bus, const char *name) {
 
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *req = NULL, *reply = NULL;
         _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        char ifname[IF_NAMESIZE] = "";
         unsigned n = 0;
         uint64_t flags;
-        int r, ifindex;
+        int r;
         usec_t ts;
 
         assert(name);
 
-        log_debug("Resolving %s %s %s.", name, dns_class_to_string(arg_class), dns_type_to_string(arg_type));
+        if (arg_ifindex > 0 && !if_indextoname(arg_ifindex, ifname))
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface name for index %i: %m", arg_ifindex);
+
+        log_debug("Resolving %s %s %s (interface %s).", name, dns_class_to_string(arg_class), dns_type_to_string(arg_type), isempty(ifname) ? "*" : ifname);
 
         r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
                         bus,
@@ -367,23 +361,22 @@ static int resolve_record(sd_bus *bus, const char *name) {
 
         ts = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - ts;
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "i", &ifindex);
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(iqqay)");
         if (r < 0)
                 return bus_log_parse_error(r);
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(qqay)");
-        if (r < 0)
-                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
-
-        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "qqay")) > 0) {
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "iqqay")) > 0) {
                 _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
                 _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
                 _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
                 uint16_t c, t;
+                int ifindex;
                 const void *d;
                 size_t l;
 
-                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "qq", &c, &t);
+                assert_cc(sizeof(int) == sizeof(int32_t));
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "iqq", &ifindex, &c, &t);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return bus_log_parse_error(r);
 
@@ -415,7 +408,11 @@ static int resolve_record(sd_bus *bus, const char *name) {
                         return r;
                 }
 
-                printf("%s\n", s);
+                ifname[0] = 0;
+                if (ifindex > 0 && !if_indextoname(ifindex, ifname))
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface name for index %i: %m", ifindex);
+
+                printf("%s%s%s\n", s, isempty(ifname) ? "" : " # interface ", ifname);
                 n++;
         }
         if (r < 0)
@@ -434,7 +431,7 @@ static int resolve_record(sd_bus *bus, const char *name) {
                 return -ESRCH;
         }
 
-        print_source(ifindex, flags, ts);
+        print_source(flags, ts);
 
         return 0;
 }
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-bus.c b/src/resolve/resolved-bus.c
index 6db12511f9..de5e8e9c29 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-bus.c
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-bus.c
@@ -91,13 +91,17 @@ static int reply_query_state(DnsQuery *q) {
         }
 }
 
-static int append_address(sd_bus_message *reply, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+static int append_address(sd_bus_message *reply, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int ifindex) {
         int r;
 
         assert(reply);
         assert(rr);
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'r', "iay");
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'r', "iiay");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", ifindex);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
@@ -145,11 +149,7 @@ static void bus_method_resolve_hostname_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
         if (r < 0)
                 goto finish;
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", q->answer_ifindex);
-        if (r < 0)
-                goto finish;
-
-        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(iay)");
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(iiay)");
         if (r < 0)
                 goto finish;
 
@@ -157,27 +157,27 @@ static void bus_method_resolve_hostname_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
                 answer = dns_answer_ref(q->answer);
 
                 for (i = 0; i < answer->n_rrs; i++) {
-                        r = dns_question_matches_rr(q->question, answer->rrs[i]);
+                        r = dns_question_matches_rr(q->question, answer->items[i].rr);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
                         if (r == 0) {
                                 /* Hmm, if this is not an address record,
                                    maybe it's a cname? If so, remember this */
-                                r = dns_question_matches_cname(q->question, answer->rrs[i]);
+                                r = dns_question_matches_cname(q->question, answer->items[i].rr);
                                 if (r < 0)
                                         goto finish;
                                 if (r > 0)
-                                        cname = dns_resource_record_ref(answer->rrs[i]);
+                                        cname = dns_resource_record_ref(answer->items[i].rr);
 
                                 continue;
                         }
 
-                        r = append_address(reply, answer->rrs[i]);
+                        r = append_address(reply, answer->items[i].rr, answer->items[i].ifindex);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
 
                         if (!canonical)
-                                canonical = dns_resource_record_ref(answer->rrs[i]);
+                                canonical = dns_resource_record_ref(answer->items[i].rr);
 
                         added ++;
                 }
@@ -204,18 +204,18 @@ static void bus_method_resolve_hostname_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
                 /* Before we restart the query, let's see if any of
                  * the RRs we already got already answers our query */
                 for (i = 0; i < answer->n_rrs; i++) {
-                        r = dns_question_matches_rr(q->question, answer->rrs[i]);
+                        r = dns_question_matches_rr(q->question, answer->items[i].rr);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
                         if (r == 0)
                                 continue;
 
-                        r = append_address(reply, answer->rrs[i]);
+                        r = append_address(reply, answer->items[i].rr, answer->items[i].ifindex);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
 
                         if (!canonical)
-                                canonical = dns_resource_record_ref(answer->rrs[i]);
+                                canonical = dns_resource_record_ref(answer->items[i].rr);
 
                         added++;
                 }
@@ -373,11 +373,7 @@ static void bus_method_resolve_address_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
         if (r < 0)
                 goto finish;
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", q->answer_ifindex);
-        if (r < 0)
-                goto finish;
-
-        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "s");
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(is)");
         if (r < 0)
                 goto finish;
 
@@ -385,13 +381,13 @@ static void bus_method_resolve_address_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
                 answer = dns_answer_ref(q->answer);
 
                 for (i = 0; i < answer->n_rrs; i++) {
-                        r = dns_question_matches_rr(q->question, answer->rrs[i]);
+                        r = dns_question_matches_rr(q->question, answer->items[i].rr);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
                         if (r == 0)
                                 continue;
 
-                        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", answer->rrs[i]->ptr.name);
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(is)", answer->items[i].ifindex, answer->items[i].rr->ptr.name);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
 
@@ -525,11 +521,7 @@ static void bus_method_resolve_record_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
         if (r < 0)
                 goto finish;
 
-        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", q->answer_ifindex);
-        if (r < 0)
-                goto finish;
-
-        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(qqay)");
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(iqqay)");
         if (r < 0)
                 goto finish;
 
@@ -540,7 +532,7 @@ static void bus_method_resolve_record_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
                         _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
                         size_t start;
 
-                        r = dns_question_matches_rr(q->question, answer->rrs[i]);
+                        r = dns_question_matches_rr(q->question, answer->items[i].rr);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
                         if (r == 0)
@@ -550,15 +542,18 @@ static void bus_method_resolve_record_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
 
-                        r = dns_packet_append_rr(p, answer->rrs[i], &start);
+                        r = dns_packet_append_rr(p, answer->items[i].rr, &start);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
 
-                        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'r', "qqay");
+                        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'r', "iqqay");
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
 
-                        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "qq", answer->rrs[i]->key->class, answer->rrs[i]->key->type);
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "iqq",
+                                                  answer->items[i].ifindex,
+                                                  answer->items[i].rr->key->class,
+                                                  answer->items[i].rr->key->type);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
 
@@ -662,9 +657,9 @@ static int bus_method_resolve_record(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd
 
 static const sd_bus_vtable resolve_vtable[] = {
         SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
-        SD_BUS_METHOD("ResolveHostname", "isit", "ia(iay)st", bus_method_resolve_hostname, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
-        SD_BUS_METHOD("ResolveAddress", "iiayt", "iast", bus_method_resolve_address, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
-        SD_BUS_METHOD("ResolveRecord", "isqqt", "ia(qqay)t", bus_method_resolve_record, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ResolveHostname", "isit", "a(iiay)st", bus_method_resolve_hostname, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ResolveAddress", "iiayt", "a(is)t", bus_method_resolve_address, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ResolveRecord", "isqqt", "a(iqqay)t", bus_method_resolve_record, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
         SD_BUS_VTABLE_END,
 };
 
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-answer.c b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-answer.c
index f77b98e505..13ad4ca6bd 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-answer.c
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-answer.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 DnsAnswer *dns_answer_new(unsigned n) {
         DnsAnswer *a;
 
-        a = malloc0(offsetof(DnsAnswer, rrs) + sizeof(DnsResourceRecord*) * n);
+        a = malloc0(offsetof(DnsAnswer, items) + sizeof(DnsAnswerItem) * n);
         if (!a)
                 return NULL;
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ DnsAnswer *dns_answer_unref(DnsAnswer *a) {
                 unsigned i;
 
                 for (i = 0; i < a->n_rrs; i++)
-                        dns_resource_record_unref(a->rrs[i]);
+                        dns_resource_record_unref(a->items[i].rr);
 
                 free(a);
         } else
@@ -63,25 +63,30 @@ DnsAnswer *dns_answer_unref(DnsAnswer *a) {
         return NULL;
 }
 
-int dns_answer_add(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+int dns_answer_add(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int ifindex) {
         unsigned i;
         int r;
 
-        assert(a);
         assert(rr);
 
+        if (!a)
+                return -ENOSPC;
+
         for (i = 0; i < a->n_rrs; i++) {
-                r = dns_resource_record_equal(a->rrs[i], rr);
+                if (a->items[i].ifindex != ifindex)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_resource_record_equal(a->items[i].rr, rr);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
                 if (r > 0) {
                         /* Entry already exists, keep the entry with
                          * the higher RR, or the one with TTL 0 */
 
-                        if (rr->ttl == 0 || (rr->ttl > a->rrs[i]->ttl && a->rrs[i]->ttl != 0)) {
+                        if (rr->ttl == 0 || (rr->ttl > a->items[i].rr->ttl && a->items[i].rr->ttl != 0)) {
                                 dns_resource_record_ref(rr);
-                                dns_resource_record_unref(a->rrs[i]);
-                                a->rrs[i] = rr;
+                                dns_resource_record_unref(a->items[i].rr);
+                                a->items[i].rr = rr;
                         }
 
                         return 0;
@@ -91,7 +96,10 @@ int dns_answer_add(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
         if (a->n_rrs >= a->n_allocated)
                 return -ENOSPC;
 
-        a->rrs[a->n_rrs++] = dns_resource_record_ref(rr);
+        a->items[a->n_rrs].rr = dns_resource_record_ref(rr);
+        a->items[a->n_rrs].ifindex = ifindex;
+        a->n_rrs++;
+
         return 1;
 }
 
@@ -118,18 +126,20 @@ int dns_answer_add_soa(DnsAnswer *a, const char *name, uint32_t ttl) {
         soa->soa.expire = 1;
         soa->soa.minimum = ttl;
 
-        return dns_answer_add(a, soa);
+        return dns_answer_add(a, soa, 0);
 }
 
 int dns_answer_contains(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceKey *key) {
         unsigned i;
         int r;
 
-        assert(a);
         assert(key);
 
+        if (!a)
+                return 0;
+
         for (i = 0; i < a->n_rrs; i++) {
-                r = dns_resource_key_match_rr(key, a->rrs[i]);
+                r = dns_resource_key_match_rr(key, a->items[i].rr);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
                 if (r > 0)
@@ -142,24 +152,26 @@ int dns_answer_contains(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceKey *key) {
 int dns_answer_find_soa(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceKey *key, DnsResourceRecord **ret) {
         unsigned i;
 
-        assert(a);
         assert(key);
         assert(ret);
 
+        if (!a)
+                return 0;
+
         /* For a SOA record we can never find a matching SOA record */
         if (key->type == DNS_TYPE_SOA)
                 return 0;
 
         for (i = 0; i < a->n_rrs; i++) {
 
-                if (a->rrs[i]->key->class != DNS_CLASS_IN)
+                if (a->items[i].rr->key->class != DNS_CLASS_IN)
                         continue;
 
-                if (a->rrs[i]->key->type != DNS_TYPE_SOA)
+                if (a->items[i].rr->key->type != DNS_TYPE_SOA)
                         continue;
 
-                if (dns_name_endswith(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(key), DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(a->rrs[i]->key))) {
-                        *ret = a->rrs[i];
+                if (dns_name_endswith(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(key), DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(a->items[i].rr->key))) {
+                        *ret = a->items[i].rr;
                         return 1;
                 }
         }
@@ -184,7 +196,7 @@ DnsAnswer *dns_answer_merge(DnsAnswer *a, DnsAnswer *b) {
 
         if (a) {
                 for (i = 0; i < a->n_rrs; i++) {
-                        r = dns_answer_add(ret, a->rrs[i]);
+                        r = dns_answer_add(ret, a->items[i].rr, a->items[i].ifindex);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 return NULL;
                 }
@@ -192,7 +204,7 @@ DnsAnswer *dns_answer_merge(DnsAnswer *a, DnsAnswer *b) {
 
         if (b) {
                 for (i = 0; i < b->n_rrs; i++) {
-                        r = dns_answer_add(ret, b->rrs[i]);
+                        r = dns_answer_add(ret, b->items[i].rr, b->items[i].ifindex);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 return NULL;
                 }
@@ -205,9 +217,11 @@ DnsAnswer *dns_answer_merge(DnsAnswer *a, DnsAnswer *b) {
 }
 
 void dns_answer_order_by_scope(DnsAnswer *a, bool prefer_link_local) {
-        DnsResourceRecord **rrs;
+        DnsAnswerItem *items;
         unsigned i, start, end;
-        assert(a);
+
+        if (!a)
+                return;
 
         if (a->n_rrs <= 1)
                 return;
@@ -218,19 +232,51 @@ void dns_answer_order_by_scope(DnsAnswer *a, bool prefer_link_local) {
         /* RFC 4795, Section 2.6 suggests we should order entries
          * depending on whether the sender is a link-local address. */
 
-        rrs = newa(DnsResourceRecord*, a->n_rrs);
+        items = newa(DnsAnswerItem, a->n_rrs);
         for (i = 0; i < a->n_rrs; i++) {
 
-                if (a->rrs[i]->key->class == DNS_CLASS_IN &&
-                    ((a->rrs[i]->key->type == DNS_TYPE_A && in_addr_is_link_local(AF_INET, (union in_addr_union*) &a->rrs[i]->a.in_addr) != prefer_link_local) ||
-                     (a->rrs[i]->key->type == DNS_TYPE_AAAA && in_addr_is_link_local(AF_INET6, (union in_addr_union*) &a->rrs[i]->aaaa.in6_addr) != prefer_link_local)))
+                if (a->items[i].rr->key->class == DNS_CLASS_IN &&
+                    ((a->items[i].rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_A && in_addr_is_link_local(AF_INET, (union in_addr_union*) &a->items[i].rr->a.in_addr) != prefer_link_local) ||
+                     (a->items[i].rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_AAAA && in_addr_is_link_local(AF_INET6, (union in_addr_union*) &a->items[i].rr->aaaa.in6_addr) != prefer_link_local)))
                         /* Order address records that are are not preferred to the end of the array */
-                        rrs[end--] = a->rrs[i];
+                        items[end--] = a->items[i];
                 else
                         /* Order all other records to the beginning of the array */
-                        rrs[start++] = a->rrs[i];
+                        items[start++] = a->items[i];
         }
 
         assert(start == end+1);
-        memcpy(a->rrs, rrs, sizeof(DnsResourceRecord*) * a->n_rrs);
+        memcpy(a->items, items, sizeof(DnsAnswerItem) * a->n_rrs);
+}
+
+int dns_answer_reserve(DnsAnswer **a, unsigned n_free) {
+        DnsAnswer *n;
+
+        if (n_free <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (*a) {
+                unsigned ns;
+
+                if ((*a)->n_ref > 1)
+                        return -EBUSY;
+
+                ns = (*a)->n_rrs + n_free;
+
+                if ((*a)->n_allocated >= ns)
+                        return 0;
+
+                n = realloc(*a, offsetof(DnsAnswer, items) + sizeof(DnsAnswerItem) * ns);
+                if (!n)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                n->n_allocated = ns;
+        } else {
+                n = dns_answer_new(n_free);
+                if (!n)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        *a = n;
+        return 0;
 }
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-answer.h b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-answer.h
index af3e462ed5..0757dd60d0 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-answer.h
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-answer.h
@@ -22,22 +22,31 @@
 ***/
 
 typedef struct DnsAnswer DnsAnswer;
+typedef struct DnsAnswerItem DnsAnswerItem;
 
 #include "resolved-dns-rr.h"
 
-/* A simple array of resource records */
+/* A simple array of resource records. We keep track of the
+ * originating ifindex for each RR where that makes sense, so that we
+ * can qualify A and AAAA RRs referring to a local link with the
+ * right ifindex. */
+
+struct DnsAnswerItem {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        int ifindex;
+};
 
 struct DnsAnswer {
         unsigned n_ref;
         unsigned n_rrs, n_allocated;
-        DnsResourceRecord* rrs[0];
+        DnsAnswerItem items[0];
 };
 
 DnsAnswer *dns_answer_new(unsigned n);
 DnsAnswer *dns_answer_ref(DnsAnswer *a);
 DnsAnswer *dns_answer_unref(DnsAnswer *a);
 
-int dns_answer_add(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceRecord *rr);
+int dns_answer_add(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int ifindex);
 int dns_answer_add_soa(DnsAnswer *a, const char *name, uint32_t ttl);
 int dns_answer_contains(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceKey *key);
 int dns_answer_find_soa(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceKey *key, DnsResourceRecord **ret);
@@ -45,4 +54,6 @@ int dns_answer_find_soa(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceKey *key, DnsResourceRecord **r
 DnsAnswer *dns_answer_merge(DnsAnswer *a, DnsAnswer *b);
 void dns_answer_order_by_scope(DnsAnswer *a, bool prefer_link_local);
 
+int dns_answer_reserve(DnsAnswer **a, unsigned n_free);
+
 DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsAnswer*, dns_answer_unref);
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-cache.c b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-cache.c
index 81ea1cafcb..eb51b4b895 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-cache.c
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-cache.c
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ int dns_cache_put(
                 return 0;
 
         for (i = 0; i < answer->n_rrs; i++)
-                dns_cache_remove(c, answer->rrs[i]->key);
+                dns_cache_remove(c, answer->items[i].rr->key);
 
         /* We only care for positive replies and NXDOMAINs, on all
          * other replies we will simply flush the respective entries,
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ int dns_cache_put(
 
         /* Second, add in positive entries for all contained RRs */
         for (i = 0; i < MIN(max_rrs, answer->n_rrs); i++) {
-                r = dns_cache_put_positive(c, answer->rrs[i], timestamp, owner_family, owner_address);
+                r = dns_cache_put_positive(c, answer->items[i].rr, timestamp, owner_family, owner_address);
                 if (r < 0)
                         goto fail;
         }
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ fail:
         for (i = 0; i < q->n_keys; i++)
                 dns_cache_remove(c, q->keys[i]);
         for (i = 0; i < answer->n_rrs; i++)
-                dns_cache_remove(c, answer->rrs[i]->key);
+                dns_cache_remove(c, answer->items[i].rr->key);
 
         return r;
 }
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ int dns_cache_lookup(DnsCache *c, DnsQuestion *q, int *rcode, DnsAnswer **ret) {
                 j = hashmap_get(c->by_key, q->keys[i]);
                 LIST_FOREACH(by_key, j, j) {
                         if (j->rr) {
-                                r = dns_answer_add(answer, j->rr);
+                                r = dns_answer_add(answer, j->rr, 0);
                                 if (r < 0)
                                         return r;
                         }
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-packet.c b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-packet.c
index 35ad899544..ad337c2714 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-packet.c
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-packet.c
@@ -1795,7 +1795,7 @@ int dns_packet_extract(DnsPacket *p) {
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
 
-                        r = dns_answer_add(answer, rr);
+                        r = dns_answer_add(answer, rr, p->ifindex);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 goto finish;
                 }
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-query.c b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-query.c
index 3ada442006..4f3f903548 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-query.c
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-query.c
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include "hostname-util.h"
 #include "dns-domain.h"
+#include "local-addresses.h"
 
 #include "resolved-dns-query.h"
 
@@ -216,9 +217,10 @@ static int dns_query_add_transaction_split(DnsQuery *q, DnsScope *s) {
 
 static int SYNTHESIZE_IFINDEX(int ifindex) {
 
-        /* When the caller asked for resolving on a specific interface,
-         * we synthesize the answer for that interface. However, if
-         * nothing specific was claimed, we synthesize the answer for
+        /* When the caller asked for resolving on a specific
+         * interface, we synthesize the answer for that
+         * interface. However, if nothing specific was claimed and we
+         * only return localhost RRs, we synthesize the answer for
          * localhost. */
 
         if (ifindex > 0)
@@ -261,7 +263,289 @@ static DnsProtocol SYNTHESIZE_PROTOCOL(uint64_t flags) {
         return DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS;
 }
 
-static void dns_query_synthesize_reply(DnsQuery *q, DnsTransactionState *state) {
+static int dns_type_to_af(uint16_t t) {
+        switch (t) {
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_A:
+                return AF_INET;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_AAAA:
+                return AF_INET6;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_ANY:
+                return AF_UNSPEC;
+
+        default:
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+}
+
+static int synthesize_localhost_rr(DnsQuery *q, DnsResourceKey *key, DnsAnswer **answer) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(q);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(answer);
+
+        r = dns_answer_reserve(answer, 2);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (IN_SET(key->type, DNS_TYPE_A, DNS_TYPE_ANY)) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+
+                rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_A, DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(key));
+                if (!rr)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                rr->a.in_addr.s_addr = htobe32(INADDR_LOOPBACK);
+
+                r = dns_answer_add(*answer, rr, SYNTHESIZE_IFINDEX(q->ifindex));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (IN_SET(key->type, DNS_TYPE_AAAA, DNS_TYPE_ANY)) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+
+                rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_AAAA, DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(key));
+                if (!rr)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                rr->aaaa.in6_addr = in6addr_loopback;
+
+                r = dns_answer_add(*answer, rr, SYNTHESIZE_IFINDEX(q->ifindex));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int answer_add_ptr(DnsAnswer **answer, const char *from, const char *to, int ifindex) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+
+        rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_PTR, from);
+        if (!rr)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        rr->ptr.name = strdup(to);
+        if (!rr->ptr.name)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return dns_answer_add(*answer, rr, ifindex);
+}
+
+static int synthesize_localhost_ptr(DnsQuery *q, DnsResourceKey *key, DnsAnswer **answer) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(q);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(answer);
+
+        r = dns_answer_reserve(answer, 1);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (IN_SET(key->type, DNS_TYPE_PTR, DNS_TYPE_ANY)) {
+                r = answer_add_ptr(answer, DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(key), "localhost", SYNTHESIZE_IFINDEX(q->ifindex));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int answer_add_addresses_rr(
+                DnsAnswer **answer,
+                const char *name,
+                struct local_address *addresses,
+                unsigned n_addresses) {
+
+        unsigned j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(answer);
+        assert(name);
+
+        r = dns_answer_reserve(answer, n_addresses);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (j = 0; j < n_addresses; j++) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+
+                r = dns_resource_record_new_address(&rr, addresses[j].family, &addresses[j].address, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_answer_add(*answer, rr, addresses[j].ifindex);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int answer_add_addresses_ptr(
+                DnsAnswer **answer,
+                const char *name,
+                struct local_address *addresses,
+                unsigned n_addresses,
+                int af, const union in_addr_union *match) {
+
+        unsigned j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(answer);
+        assert(name);
+
+        for (j = 0; j < n_addresses; j++) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+
+                if (af != AF_UNSPEC) {
+
+                        if (addresses[j].family != af)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (match && !in_addr_equal(af, match, &addresses[j].address))
+                                continue;
+                }
+
+                r = dns_answer_reserve(answer, 1);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_resource_record_new_reverse(&rr, addresses[j].family, &addresses[j].address, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_answer_add(*answer, rr, addresses[j].ifindex);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int synthesize_system_hostname_rr(DnsQuery *q, DnsResourceKey *key, DnsAnswer **answer) {
+        _cleanup_free_ struct local_address *addresses = NULL;
+        int n = 0, af;
+
+        assert(q);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(answer);
+
+        af = dns_type_to_af(key->type);
+        if (af >= 0) {
+                n = local_addresses(q->manager->rtnl, q->ifindex, af, &addresses);
+                if (n < 0)
+                        return n;
+
+                if (n == 0) {
+                        struct local_address buffer[2];
+
+                        /* If we have no local addresses then use ::1
+                         * and 127.0.0.2 as local ones. */
+
+                        if (af == AF_INET || af == AF_UNSPEC)
+                                buffer[n++] = (struct local_address) {
+                                        .family = AF_INET,
+                                        .ifindex = SYNTHESIZE_IFINDEX(q->ifindex),
+                                        .address.in.s_addr = htobe32(0x7F000002),
+                                };
+
+                        if (af == AF_INET6 || af == AF_UNSPEC)
+                                buffer[n++] = (struct local_address) {
+                                        .family = AF_INET6,
+                                        .ifindex = SYNTHESIZE_IFINDEX(q->ifindex),
+                                        .address.in6 = in6addr_loopback,
+                                };
+
+                        return answer_add_addresses_rr(answer, DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(key), buffer, n);
+                }
+        }
+
+        return answer_add_addresses_rr(answer, DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(key), addresses, n);
+}
+
+static int synthesize_system_hostname_ptr(DnsQuery *q, int af, const union in_addr_union *address, DnsAnswer **answer) {
+        _cleanup_free_ struct local_address *addresses = NULL;
+        int n, r;
+
+        assert(q);
+        assert(address);
+        assert(answer);
+
+        if (af == AF_INET && address->in.s_addr == htobe32(0x7F000002)) {
+
+                /* Always map the IPv4 address 127.0.0.2 to the local
+                 * hostname, in addition to "localhost": */
+
+                r = dns_answer_reserve(answer, 3);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = answer_add_ptr(answer, "2.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa", q->manager->llmnr_hostname, SYNTHESIZE_IFINDEX(q->ifindex));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = answer_add_ptr(answer, "2.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa", q->manager->mdns_hostname, SYNTHESIZE_IFINDEX(q->ifindex));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = answer_add_ptr(answer, "2.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa", "localhost", SYNTHESIZE_IFINDEX(q->ifindex));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        n = local_addresses(q->manager->rtnl, q->ifindex, af, &addresses);
+        if (n < 0)
+                return n;
+
+        r = answer_add_addresses_ptr(answer, q->manager->llmnr_hostname, addresses, n, af, address);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return answer_add_addresses_ptr(answer, q->manager->mdns_hostname, addresses, n, af, address);
+}
+
+static int synthesize_gateway_rr(DnsQuery *q, DnsResourceKey *key, DnsAnswer **answer) {
+        _cleanup_free_ struct local_address *addresses = NULL;
+        int n = 0, af;
+
+        assert(q);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(answer);
+
+        af = dns_type_to_af(key->type);
+        if (af >= 0) {
+                n = local_gateways(q->manager->rtnl, q->ifindex, af, &addresses);
+                if (n < 0)
+                        return n;
+        }
+
+        return answer_add_addresses_rr(answer, DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(key), addresses, n);
+}
+
+static int synthesize_gateway_ptr(DnsQuery *q, int af, const union in_addr_union *address, DnsAnswer **answer) {
+        _cleanup_free_ struct local_address *addresses = NULL;
+        int n;
+
+        assert(q);
+        assert(address);
+        assert(answer);
+
+        n = local_gateways(q->manager->rtnl, q->ifindex, af, &addresses);
+        if (n < 0)
+                return n;
+
+        return answer_add_addresses_ptr(answer, "gateway", addresses, n, af, address);
+}
+
+static int dns_query_synthesize_reply(DnsQuery *q, DnsTransactionState *state) {
         _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *answer = NULL;
         unsigned i;
         int r;
@@ -276,11 +560,12 @@ static void dns_query_synthesize_reply(DnsQuery *q, DnsTransactionState *state)
                     DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_SERVERS,
                     DNS_TRANSACTION_TIMEOUT,
                     DNS_TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX_REACHED))
-                return;
+                return 0;
 
         for (i = 0; i < q->question->n_keys; i++) {
-                _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+                union in_addr_union address;
                 const char *name;
+                int af;
 
                 if (q->question->keys[i]->class != DNS_CLASS_IN &&
                     q->question->keys[i]->class != DNS_CLASS_ANY)
@@ -290,78 +575,55 @@ static void dns_query_synthesize_reply(DnsQuery *q, DnsTransactionState *state)
 
                 if (is_localhost(name)) {
 
-                        switch (q->question->keys[i]->type) {
-
-                        case DNS_TYPE_A:
-                        case DNS_TYPE_ANY:
-                                rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_A, name);
-                                if (!rr) {
-                                        log_oom();
-                                        return;
-                                }
+                        r = synthesize_localhost_rr(q, q->question->keys[i], &answer);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to synthesize localhost RRs: %m");
 
-                                rr->a.in_addr.s_addr = htobe32(INADDR_LOOPBACK);
-                                break;
+                } else if (manager_is_own_hostname(q->manager, name)) {
 
-                        case DNS_TYPE_AAAA:
-                                rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_AAAA, name);
-                                if (!rr) {
-                                        log_oom();
-                                        return;
-                                }
+                        r = synthesize_system_hostname_rr(q, q->question->keys[i], &answer);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to synthesize system hostname RRs: %m");
 
-                                rr->aaaa.in6_addr = in6addr_loopback;
-                                break;
-                        }
+                } else if (is_gateway_hostname(name)) {
 
-                } else if (IN_SET(q->question->keys[i]->type, DNS_TYPE_PTR, DNS_TYPE_ANY) &&
-                           (dns_name_endswith(name, "127.in-addr.arpa") > 0 ||
-                            dns_name_equal(name, "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa") > 0)) {
+                        r = synthesize_gateway_rr(q, q->question->keys[i], &answer);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to synthesize gateway RRs: %m");
 
-                        rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_PTR, name);
-                        if (!rr) {
-                                log_oom();
-                                return;
-                        }
+                } else if ((dns_name_endswith(name, "127.in-addr.arpa") > 0 && dns_name_equal(name, "2.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa") == 0) ||
+                           dns_name_equal(name, "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa") > 0) {
 
-                        rr->ptr.name = strdup("localhost");
-                        if (!rr->ptr.name) {
-                                log_oom();
-                                return;
-                        }
-                }
+                        r = synthesize_localhost_ptr(q, q->question->keys[i], &answer);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to synthesize localhost PTR RRs: %m");
 
-                if (!rr)
-                        continue;
+                } else if (dns_name_address(name, &af, &address) > 0) {
 
-                if (!answer) {
-                        answer = dns_answer_new(q->question->n_keys);
-                        if (!answer) {
-                                log_oom();
-                                return;
-                        }
-                }
+                        r = synthesize_system_hostname_ptr(q, af, &address, &answer);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to synthesize system hostname PTR RR: %m");
 
-                r = dns_answer_add(answer, rr);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add synthetic RR to answer: %m");
-                        return;
+                        r = synthesize_gateway_ptr(q, af, &address, &answer);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to synthesize gateway hostname PTR RR: %m");
                 }
         }
 
         if (!answer)
-                return;
+                return 0;
 
         dns_answer_unref(q->answer);
         q->answer = answer;
         answer = NULL;
 
-        q->answer_ifindex = SYNTHESIZE_IFINDEX(q->ifindex);
         q->answer_family = SYNTHESIZE_FAMILY(q->flags);
         q->answer_protocol = SYNTHESIZE_PROTOCOL(q->flags);
         q->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
 
         *state = DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS;
+
+        return 1;
 }
 
 int dns_query_go(DnsQuery *q) {
@@ -437,7 +699,6 @@ int dns_query_go(DnsQuery *q) {
         }
 
         q->answer = dns_answer_unref(q->answer);
-        q->answer_ifindex = 0;
         q->answer_rcode = 0;
         q->answer_family = AF_UNSPEC;
         q->answer_protocol = _DNS_PROTOCOL_INVALID;
@@ -584,7 +845,6 @@ void dns_query_ready(DnsQuery *q) {
         if (IN_SET(state, DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS, DNS_TRANSACTION_FAILURE)) {
                 q->answer = dns_answer_ref(answer);
                 q->answer_rcode = rcode;
-                q->answer_ifindex = (scope && scope->link) ? scope->link->ifindex : 0;
                 q->answer_protocol = scope ? scope->protocol : _DNS_PROTOCOL_INVALID;
                 q->answer_family = scope ? scope->family : AF_UNSPEC;
         }
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-query.h b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-query.h
index 5a319f0a62..93d49301fa 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-query.h
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-query.h
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ struct DnsQuery {
 
         /* Discovered data */
         DnsAnswer *answer;
-        int answer_ifindex;
         int answer_family;
         DnsProtocol answer_protocol;
         int answer_rcode;
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-question.c b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-question.c
index 0efe740d1a..7590bc5418 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-question.c
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-question.c
@@ -68,9 +68,11 @@ int dns_question_add(DnsQuestion *q, DnsResourceKey *key) {
         unsigned i;
         int r;
 
-        assert(q);
         assert(key);
 
+        if (!q)
+                return -ENOSPC;
+
         for (i = 0; i < q->n_keys; i++) {
                 r = dns_resource_key_equal(q->keys[i], key);
                 if (r < 0)
@@ -90,9 +92,11 @@ int dns_question_matches_rr(DnsQuestion *q, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
         unsigned i;
         int r;
 
-        assert(q);
         assert(rr);
 
+        if (!q)
+                return 0;
+
         for (i = 0; i < q->n_keys; i++) {
                 r = dns_resource_key_match_rr(q->keys[i], rr);
                 if (r != 0)
@@ -106,9 +110,11 @@ int dns_question_matches_cname(DnsQuestion *q, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
         unsigned i;
         int r;
 
-        assert(q);
         assert(rr);
 
+        if (!q)
+                return 0;
+
         for (i = 0; i < q->n_keys; i++) {
                 r = dns_resource_key_match_cname(q->keys[i], rr);
                 if (r != 0)
@@ -123,7 +129,8 @@ int dns_question_is_valid(DnsQuestion *q) {
         unsigned i;
         int r;
 
-        assert(q);
+        if (!q)
+                return 0;
 
         if (q->n_keys <= 0)
                 return 0;
@@ -151,16 +158,19 @@ int dns_question_is_superset(DnsQuestion *q, DnsQuestion *other) {
         unsigned j;
         int r;
 
-        assert(q);
-        assert(other);
-
         /* Checks if all keys in "other" are also contained in "q" */
 
+        if (!other)
+                return 1;
+
         for (j = 0; j < other->n_keys; j++) {
                 DnsResourceKey *b = other->keys[j];
                 bool found = false;
                 unsigned i;
 
+                if (!q)
+                        return 0;
+
                 for (i = 0; i < q->n_keys; i++) {
                         DnsResourceKey *a = q->keys[i];
 
@@ -192,9 +202,11 @@ int dns_question_contains(DnsQuestion *a, DnsResourceKey *k) {
         unsigned j;
         int r;
 
-        assert(a);
         assert(k);
 
+        if (!a)
+                return 0;
+
         for (j = 0; j < a->n_keys; j++) {
                 r = dns_resource_key_equal(a->keys[j], k);
                 if (r != 0)
@@ -208,8 +220,10 @@ int dns_question_is_equal(DnsQuestion *a, DnsQuestion *b) {
         unsigned j;
         int r;
 
-        assert(a);
-        assert(b);
+        if (!a)
+                return !b || b->n_keys == 0;
+        if (!b)
+                return a->n_keys == 0;
 
         /* Checks if all keys in a are also contained b, and vice versa */
 
@@ -234,10 +248,19 @@ int dns_question_cname_redirect(DnsQuestion *q, const char *name, DnsQuestion **
         unsigned i;
         int r;
 
-        assert(q);
         assert(name);
         assert(ret);
 
+        if (!q) {
+                n = dns_question_new(0);
+                if (!n)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                *ret = n;
+                n = 0;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
         for (i = 0; i < q->n_keys; i++) {
                 r = dns_name_equal(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(q->keys[i]), name);
                 if (r < 0)
@@ -281,9 +304,11 @@ int dns_question_cname_redirect(DnsQuestion *q, const char *name, DnsQuestion **
 int dns_question_endswith(DnsQuestion *q, const char *suffix) {
         unsigned i;
 
-        assert(q);
         assert(suffix);
 
+        if (!q)
+                return 1;
+
         for (i = 0; i < q->n_keys; i++) {
                 int k;
 
@@ -298,10 +323,12 @@ int dns_question_endswith(DnsQuestion *q, const char *suffix) {
 int dns_question_extract_reverse_address(DnsQuestion *q, int *family, union in_addr_union *address) {
         unsigned i;
 
-        assert(q);
         assert(family);
         assert(address);
 
+        if (!q)
+                return 0;
+
         for (i = 0; i < q->n_keys; i++) {
                 int k;
 
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-rr.c b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-rr.c
index ad7ca26cfe..f31644eebc 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-rr.c
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-rr.c
@@ -350,6 +350,36 @@ int dns_resource_record_new_reverse(DnsResourceRecord **ret, int family, const u
         return 0;
 }
 
+int dns_resource_record_new_address(DnsResourceRecord **ret, int family, const union in_addr_union *address, const char *name) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(address);
+        assert(family);
+
+        if (family == AF_INET) {
+
+                rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_A, name);
+                if (!rr)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                rr->a.in_addr = address->in;
+
+        } else if (family == AF_INET6) {
+
+                rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_AAAA, name);
+                if (!rr)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                rr->aaaa.in6_addr = address->in6;
+        } else
+                return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+
+        *ret = rr;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
 int dns_resource_record_equal(const DnsResourceRecord *a, const DnsResourceRecord *b) {
         int r;
 
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-rr.h b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-rr.h
index 0f40f3ceef..8986a298af 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-rr.h
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-rr.h
@@ -191,6 +191,7 @@ DnsResourceRecord* dns_resource_record_new_full(uint16_t class, uint16_t type, c
 DnsResourceRecord* dns_resource_record_ref(DnsResourceRecord *rr);
 DnsResourceRecord* dns_resource_record_unref(DnsResourceRecord *rr);
 int dns_resource_record_new_reverse(DnsResourceRecord **ret, int family, const union in_addr_union *address, const char *name);
+int dns_resource_record_new_address(DnsResourceRecord **ret, int family, const union in_addr_union *address, const char *name);
 int dns_resource_record_equal(const DnsResourceRecord *a, const DnsResourceRecord *b);
 int dns_resource_record_to_string(const DnsResourceRecord *rr, char **ret);
 DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsResourceRecord*, dns_resource_record_unref);
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-scope.c b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-scope.c
index 57d9071dfc..b1e5855a6f 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-scope.c
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-scope.c
@@ -328,11 +328,11 @@ DnsScopeMatch dns_scope_good_domain(DnsScope *s, int ifindex, uint64_t flags, co
         if (dns_name_root(domain) != 0)
                 return DNS_SCOPE_NO;
 
-        if (is_localhost(domain))
-                return DNS_SCOPE_NO;
-
-        /* Never resolve any loopback IP address via DNS, LLMNR or mDNS */
-        if (dns_name_endswith(domain, "127.in-addr.arpa") > 0 ||
+        /* Never resolve any loopback hostname or IP address via DNS,
+         * LLMNR or mDNS. Instead, always rely on synthesized RRs for
+         * these. */
+        if (is_localhost(domain) ||
+            dns_name_endswith(domain, "127.in-addr.arpa") > 0 ||
             dns_name_equal(domain, "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa") > 0)
                 return DNS_SCOPE_NO;
 
@@ -350,19 +350,22 @@ DnsScopeMatch dns_scope_good_domain(DnsScope *s, int ifindex, uint64_t flags, co
         }
 
         if (s->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS) {
-                if (dns_name_endswith(domain, "254.169.in-addr.arpa") > 0 ||
-                    dns_name_endswith(domain, "0.8.e.f.ip6.arpa") > 0 ||
-                    (dns_name_endswith(domain, "local") > 0 && dns_name_equal(domain, "local") == 0))
+                if ((s->family == AF_INET && dns_name_endswith(domain, "in-addr.arpa") > 0) ||
+                    (s->family == AF_INET6 && dns_name_endswith(domain, "ip6.arpa") > 0) ||
+                    (dns_name_endswith(domain, "local") > 0 && /* only resolve names ending in .local via mDNS */
+                     dns_name_equal(domain, "local") == 0 &&   /* but not the single-label "local" name itself */
+                     manager_is_own_hostname(s->manager, domain) <= 0)) /* never resolve the local hostname via mDNS */
                         return DNS_SCOPE_MAYBE;
 
                 return DNS_SCOPE_NO;
         }
 
         if (s->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR) {
-                if (dns_name_endswith(domain, "in-addr.arpa") > 0 ||
-                    dns_name_endswith(domain, "ip6.arpa") > 0 ||
-                    (dns_name_single_label(domain) > 0 &&
-                     dns_name_equal(domain, "gateway") <= 0))  /* don't resolve "gateway" with LLMNR, let nss-myhostname handle this */
+                if ((s->family == AF_INET && dns_name_endswith(domain, "in-addr.arpa") > 0) ||
+                    (s->family == AF_INET6 && dns_name_endswith(domain, "ip6.arpa") > 0) ||
+                    (dns_name_single_label(domain) > 0 && /* only resolve single label names via LLMNR */
+                     !is_gateway_hostname(domain) && /* don't resolve "gateway" with LLMNR, let nss-myhostname handle this */
+                     manager_is_own_hostname(s->manager, domain) <= 0))  /* never resolve the local hostname via LLMNR */
                         return DNS_SCOPE_MAYBE;
 
                 return DNS_SCOPE_NO;
@@ -490,7 +493,7 @@ static int dns_scope_make_reply_packet(
 
         if (answer) {
                 for (i = 0; i < answer->n_rrs; i++) {
-                        r = dns_packet_append_rr(p, answer->rrs[i], NULL);
+                        r = dns_packet_append_rr(p, answer->items[i].rr, NULL);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 return r;
                 }
@@ -500,7 +503,7 @@ static int dns_scope_make_reply_packet(
 
         if (soa) {
                 for (i = 0; i < soa->n_rrs; i++) {
-                        r = dns_packet_append_rr(p, soa->rrs[i], NULL);
+                        r = dns_packet_append_rr(p, soa->items[i].rr, NULL);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 return r;
                 }
@@ -525,7 +528,7 @@ static void dns_scope_verify_conflicts(DnsScope *s, DnsPacket *p) {
                         dns_zone_verify_conflicts(&s->zone, p->question->keys[n]);
         if (p->answer)
                 for (n = 0; n < p->answer->n_rrs; n++)
-                        dns_zone_verify_conflicts(&s->zone, p->answer->rrs[n]->key);
+                        dns_zone_verify_conflicts(&s->zone, p->answer->items[n].rr->key);
 }
 
 void dns_scope_process_query(DnsScope *s, DnsStream *stream, DnsPacket *p) {
@@ -793,16 +796,16 @@ void dns_scope_check_conflicts(DnsScope *scope, DnsPacket *p) {
 
                 /* Check for conflicts against the local zone. If we
                  * found one, we won't check any further */
-                r = dns_zone_check_conflicts(&scope->zone, p->answer->rrs[i]);
+                r = dns_zone_check_conflicts(&scope->zone, p->answer->items[i].rr);
                 if (r != 0)
                         continue;
 
                 /* Check for conflicts against the local cache. If so,
                  * send out an advisory query, to inform everybody */
-                r = dns_cache_check_conflicts(&scope->cache, p->answer->rrs[i], p->family, &p->sender);
+                r = dns_cache_check_conflicts(&scope->cache, p->answer->items[i].rr, p->family, &p->sender);
                 if (r <= 0)
                         continue;
 
-                dns_scope_notify_conflict(scope, p->answer->rrs[i]);
+                dns_scope_notify_conflict(scope, p->answer->items[i].rr);
         }
 }
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-transaction.c b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-transaction.c
index 2d9d1a47ee..73bfbb7ed4 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-transaction.c
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-transaction.c
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ static int dns_transaction_open_tcp(DnsTransaction *t) {
                 fd = dns_scope_tcp_socket(t->scope, AF_UNSPEC, NULL, 53, &server);
         else if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR) {
 
-                /* When we already received a query to this (but it was truncated), send to its sender address */
+                /* When we already received a reply to this (but it was truncated), send to its sender address */
                 if (t->received)
                         fd = dns_scope_tcp_socket(t->scope, t->received->family, &t->received->sender, t->received->sender_port, NULL);
                 else {
@@ -292,7 +292,6 @@ static int dns_transaction_open_tcp(DnsTransaction *t) {
                 return r;
         }
 
-
         dns_server_unref(t->server);
         t->server = dns_server_ref(server);
         t->received = dns_packet_unref(t->received);
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-zone.c b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-zone.c
index 32d771a954..99d96c3f40 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-zone.c
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-zone.c
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ int dns_zone_lookup(DnsZone *z, DnsQuestion *q, DnsAnswer **ret_answer, DnsAnswe
                                 if (k < 0)
                                         return k;
                                 if (k > 0) {
-                                        r = dns_answer_add(answer, j->rr);
+                                        r = dns_answer_add(answer, j->rr, 0);
                                         if (r < 0)
                                                 return r;
 
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ int dns_zone_lookup(DnsZone *z, DnsQuestion *q, DnsAnswer **ret_answer, DnsAnswe
                                 if (j->state != DNS_ZONE_ITEM_PROBING)
                                         tentative = false;
 
-                                r = dns_answer_add(answer, j->rr);
+                                r = dns_answer_add(answer, j->rr, 0);
                                 if (r < 0)
                                         return r;
                         }
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ void dns_zone_item_conflict(DnsZoneItem *i) {
         i->state = DNS_ZONE_ITEM_WITHDRAWN;
 
         /* Maybe change the hostname */
-        if (dns_name_equal(i->scope->manager->hostname, DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(i->rr->key)) > 0)
+        if (manager_is_own_hostname(i->scope->manager, DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(i->rr->key)) > 0)
                 manager_next_hostname(i->scope->manager);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-link.c b/src/resolve/resolved-link.c
index d66b3a88fc..47f461a37d 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-link.c
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-link.c
@@ -419,16 +419,16 @@ void link_address_add_rrs(LinkAddress *a, bool force_remove) {
                     a->link->llmnr_support == SUPPORT_YES &&
                     a->link->manager->llmnr_support == SUPPORT_YES) {
 
-                        if (!a->link->manager->host_ipv4_key) {
-                                a->link->manager->host_ipv4_key = dns_resource_key_new(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_A, a->link->manager->hostname);
-                                if (!a->link->manager->host_ipv4_key) {
+                        if (!a->link->manager->llmnr_host_ipv4_key) {
+                                a->link->manager->llmnr_host_ipv4_key = dns_resource_key_new(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_A, a->link->manager->llmnr_hostname);
+                                if (!a->link->manager->llmnr_host_ipv4_key) {
                                         r = -ENOMEM;
                                         goto fail;
                                 }
                         }
 
                         if (!a->llmnr_address_rr) {
-                                a->llmnr_address_rr = dns_resource_record_new(a->link->manager->host_ipv4_key);
+                                a->llmnr_address_rr = dns_resource_record_new(a->link->manager->llmnr_host_ipv4_key);
                                 if (!a->llmnr_address_rr) {
                                         r = -ENOMEM;
                                         goto fail;
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ void link_address_add_rrs(LinkAddress *a, bool force_remove) {
                         }
 
                         if (!a->llmnr_ptr_rr) {
-                                r = dns_resource_record_new_reverse(&a->llmnr_ptr_rr, a->family, &a->in_addr, a->link->manager->hostname);
+                                r = dns_resource_record_new_reverse(&a->llmnr_ptr_rr, a->family, &a->in_addr, a->link->manager->llmnr_hostname);
                                 if (r < 0)
                                         goto fail;
 
@@ -476,16 +476,16 @@ void link_address_add_rrs(LinkAddress *a, bool force_remove) {
                     a->link->llmnr_support == SUPPORT_YES &&
                     a->link->manager->llmnr_support == SUPPORT_YES) {
 
-                        if (!a->link->manager->host_ipv6_key) {
-                                a->link->manager->host_ipv6_key = dns_resource_key_new(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_AAAA, a->link->manager->hostname);
-                                if (!a->link->manager->host_ipv6_key) {
+                        if (!a->link->manager->llmnr_host_ipv6_key) {
+                                a->link->manager->llmnr_host_ipv6_key = dns_resource_key_new(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_AAAA, a->link->manager->llmnr_hostname);
+                                if (!a->link->manager->llmnr_host_ipv6_key) {
                                         r = -ENOMEM;
                                         goto fail;
                                 }
                         }
 
                         if (!a->llmnr_address_rr) {
-                                a->llmnr_address_rr = dns_resource_record_new(a->link->manager->host_ipv6_key);
+                                a->llmnr_address_rr = dns_resource_record_new(a->link->manager->llmnr_host_ipv6_key);
                                 if (!a->llmnr_address_rr) {
                                         r = -ENOMEM;
                                         goto fail;
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ void link_address_add_rrs(LinkAddress *a, bool force_remove) {
                         }
 
                         if (!a->llmnr_ptr_rr) {
-                                r = dns_resource_record_new_reverse(&a->llmnr_ptr_rr, a->family, &a->in_addr, a->link->manager->hostname);
+                                r = dns_resource_record_new_reverse(&a->llmnr_ptr_rr, a->family, &a->in_addr, a->link->manager->llmnr_hostname);
                                 if (r < 0)
                                         goto fail;
 
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-manager.c b/src/resolve/resolved-manager.c
index 645f2a824c..9f451dd3e8 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-manager.c
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-manager.c
@@ -310,51 +310,84 @@ static int manager_network_monitor_listen(Manager *m) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int determine_hostname(char **ret) {
+static int determine_hostname(char **llmnr_hostname, char **mdns_hostname) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *h = NULL, *n = NULL;
-        int r;
+        char label[DNS_LABEL_MAX];
+        const char *p;
+        int r, k;
 
-        assert(ret);
+        assert(llmnr_hostname);
+        assert(mdns_hostname);
+
+        /* Extract and normalize the first label of the locally
+         * configured hostname, and check it's not "localhost". */
 
         h = gethostname_malloc();
         if (!h)
                 return log_oom();
 
-        if (!utf8_is_valid(h)) {
+        p = h;
+        r = dns_label_unescape(&p, label, sizeof(label));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to unescape host name: %m");
+        if (r == 0) {
+                log_error("Couldn't find a single label in hosntame.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        k = dns_label_undo_idna(label, r, label, sizeof(label));
+        if (k < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(k, "Failed to undo IDNA: %m");
+        if (k > 0)
+                r = k;
+
+        if (!utf8_is_valid(label)) {
                 log_error("System hostname is not UTF-8 clean.");
                 return -EINVAL;
         }
 
-        r = dns_name_normalize(h, &n);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("System hostname '%s' cannot be normalized.", h);
-                return r;
+        r = dns_label_escape(label, r, &n);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to escape host name: %m");
+
+        if (is_localhost(n)) {
+                log_debug("System hostname is 'localhost', ignoring.");
+                return -EINVAL;
         }
 
-        *ret = n;
+        r = dns_name_concat(n, "local", mdns_hostname);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine mDNS hostname: %m");
+
+        *llmnr_hostname = n;
         n = NULL;
 
         return 0;
 }
 
 static int on_hostname_change(sd_event_source *es, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
-        _cleanup_free_ char *h = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *llmnr_hostname = NULL, *mdns_hostname = NULL;
         Manager *m = userdata;
         int r;
 
         assert(m);
 
-        r = determine_hostname(&h);
+        r = determine_hostname(&llmnr_hostname, &mdns_hostname);
         if (r < 0)
                 return 0; /* ignore invalid hostnames */
 
-        if (streq(h, m->hostname))
+        if (streq(llmnr_hostname, m->llmnr_hostname) && streq(mdns_hostname, m->mdns_hostname))
                 return 0;
 
-        log_info("System hostname changed to '%s'.", h);
-        free(m->hostname);
-        m->hostname = h;
-        h = NULL;
+        log_info("System hostname changed to '%s'.", llmnr_hostname);
+
+        free(m->llmnr_hostname);
+        free(m->mdns_hostname);
+
+        m->llmnr_hostname = llmnr_hostname;
+        m->mdns_hostname = mdns_hostname;
+
+        llmnr_hostname = mdns_hostname = NULL;
 
         manager_refresh_rrs(m);
 
@@ -381,14 +414,18 @@ static int manager_watch_hostname(Manager *m) {
                         return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add hostname event source: %m");
         }
 
-        r = determine_hostname(&m->hostname);
+        r = determine_hostname(&m->llmnr_hostname, &m->mdns_hostname);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_info("Defaulting to hostname 'linux'.");
-                m->hostname = strdup("linux");
-                if (!m->hostname)
+                m->llmnr_hostname = strdup("linux");
+                if (!m->llmnr_hostname)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                m->mdns_hostname = strdup("linux.local");
+                if (!m->mdns_hostname)
                         return log_oom();
         } else
-                log_info("Using system hostname '%s'.", m->hostname);
+                log_info("Using system hostname '%s'.", m->llmnr_hostname);
 
         return 0;
 }
@@ -492,12 +529,13 @@ Manager *manager_free(Manager *m) {
 
         sd_event_unref(m->event);
 
-        dns_resource_key_unref(m->host_ipv4_key);
-        dns_resource_key_unref(m->host_ipv6_key);
+        dns_resource_key_unref(m->llmnr_host_ipv4_key);
+        dns_resource_key_unref(m->llmnr_host_ipv6_key);
 
         safe_close(m->hostname_fd);
         sd_event_source_unref(m->hostname_event_source);
-        free(m->hostname);
+        free(m->llmnr_hostname);
+        free(m->mdns_hostname);
 
         free(m);
 
@@ -1229,8 +1267,8 @@ void manager_refresh_rrs(Manager *m) {
 
         assert(m);
 
-        m->host_ipv4_key = dns_resource_key_unref(m->host_ipv4_key);
-        m->host_ipv6_key = dns_resource_key_unref(m->host_ipv6_key);
+        m->llmnr_host_ipv4_key = dns_resource_key_unref(m->llmnr_host_ipv4_key);
+        m->llmnr_host_ipv6_key = dns_resource_key_unref(m->llmnr_host_ipv6_key);
 
         HASHMAP_FOREACH(l, m->links, i) {
                 link_add_rrs(l, true);
@@ -1241,14 +1279,15 @@ void manager_refresh_rrs(Manager *m) {
 int manager_next_hostname(Manager *m) {
         const char *p;
         uint64_t u, a;
-        char *h;
+        char *h, *k;
+        int r;
 
         assert(m);
 
-        p = strchr(m->hostname, 0);
+        p = strchr(m->llmnr_hostname, 0);
         assert(p);
 
-        while (p > m->hostname) {
+        while (p > m->llmnr_hostname) {
                 if (!strchr("0123456789", p[-1]))
                         break;
 
@@ -1268,13 +1307,22 @@ int manager_next_hostname(Manager *m) {
         random_bytes(&a, sizeof(a));
         u += 1 + a % 10;
 
-        if (asprintf(&h, "%.*s%" PRIu64, (int) (p - m->hostname), m->hostname, u) < 0)
+        if (asprintf(&h, "%.*s%" PRIu64, (int) (p - m->llmnr_hostname), m->llmnr_hostname, u) < 0)
                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-        log_info("Hostname conflict, changing published hostname from '%s' to '%s'.", m->hostname, h);
+        r = dns_name_concat(h, "local", &k);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                free(h);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        log_info("Hostname conflict, changing published hostname from '%s' to '%s'.", m->llmnr_hostname, h);
+
+        free(m->llmnr_hostname);
+        m->llmnr_hostname = h;
 
-        free(m->hostname);
-        m->hostname = h;
+        free(m->mdns_hostname);
+        m->mdns_hostname = k;
 
         manager_refresh_rrs(m);
 
@@ -1356,6 +1404,25 @@ void manager_flush_dns_servers(Manager *m, DnsServerType t) {
                 }
 }
 
+int manager_is_own_hostname(Manager *m, const char *name) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *l = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (m->llmnr_hostname) {
+                r = dns_name_equal(name, m->llmnr_hostname);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (m->mdns_hostname)
+                return dns_name_equal(name, m->mdns_hostname);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
 static const char* const support_table[_SUPPORT_MAX] = {
         [SUPPORT_NO] = "no",
         [SUPPORT_YES] = "yes",
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-manager.h b/src/resolve/resolved-manager.h
index 53b5acb33c..6f7972bbf3 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-manager.h
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-manager.h
@@ -91,9 +91,10 @@ struct Manager {
         sd_event_source *bus_retry_event_source;
 
         /* The hostname we publish on LLMNR and mDNS */
-        char *hostname;
-        DnsResourceKey *host_ipv4_key;
-        DnsResourceKey *host_ipv6_key;
+        char *llmnr_hostname;
+        char *mdns_hostname;
+        DnsResourceKey *llmnr_host_ipv4_key;
+        DnsResourceKey *llmnr_host_ipv6_key;
 
         /* Watch the system hostname */
         int hostname_fd;
@@ -140,5 +141,7 @@ DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(Manager*, manager_free);
 
 #define EXTRA_CMSG_SPACE 1024
 
+int manager_is_own_hostname(Manager *m, const char *name);
+
 const char* support_to_string(Support p) _const_;
 int support_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/shared/dns-domain.c b/src/shared/dns-domain.c
index 8a0dec1540..6dc04d51e4 100644
--- a/src/shared/dns-domain.c
+++ b/src/shared/dns-domain.c
@@ -308,14 +308,14 @@ int dns_label_undo_idna(const char *encoded, size_t encoded_size, char *decoded,
 #endif
 }
 
-int dns_name_normalize(const char *s, char **_ret) {
+int dns_name_concat(const char *a, const char *b, char **_ret) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *ret = NULL;
         size_t n = 0, allocated = 0;
-        const char *p = s;
+        const char *p = a;
         bool first = true;
         int r;
 
-        assert(s);
+        assert(a);
 
         for (;;) {
                 _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
@@ -328,6 +328,14 @@ int dns_name_normalize(const char *s, char **_ret) {
                 if (r == 0) {
                         if (*p != 0)
                                 return -EINVAL;
+
+                        if (b) {
+                                /* Now continue with the second string, if there is one */
+                                p = b;
+                                b = NULL;
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
                         break;
                 }
 
@@ -341,27 +349,29 @@ int dns_name_normalize(const char *s, char **_ret) {
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
 
-                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(ret, allocated, n + !first + strlen(t) + 1))
-                        return -ENOMEM;
+                if (_ret) {
+                        if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(ret, allocated, n + !first + strlen(t) + 1))
+                                return -ENOMEM;
 
-                if (!first)
-                        ret[n++] = '.';
-                else
-                        first = false;
+                        if (!first)
+                                ret[n++] = '.';
+                        else
+                                first = false;
+
+                        memcpy(ret + n, t, r);
+                }
 
-                memcpy(ret + n, t, r);
                 n += r;
         }
 
         if (n > DNS_NAME_MAX)
                 return -EINVAL;
 
-        if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(ret, allocated, n + 1))
-                return -ENOMEM;
-
-        ret[n] = 0;
-
         if (_ret) {
+                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(ret, allocated, n + 1))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                ret[n] = 0;
                 *_ret = ret;
                 ret = NULL;
         }
diff --git a/src/shared/dns-domain.h b/src/shared/dns-domain.h
index bd50ad3e6d..8e73d9c20f 100644
--- a/src/shared/dns-domain.h
+++ b/src/shared/dns-domain.h
@@ -35,9 +35,17 @@ int dns_label_escape(const char *p, size_t l, char **ret);
 int dns_label_apply_idna(const char *encoded, size_t encoded_size, char *decoded, size_t decoded_max);
 int dns_label_undo_idna(const char *encoded, size_t encoded_size, char *decoded, size_t decoded_max);
 
-int dns_name_normalize(const char *s, char **_ret);
+int dns_name_concat(const char *a, const char *b, char **ret);
+
+static inline int dns_name_normalize(const char *s, char **ret) {
+        /* dns_name_concat() normalizes as a side-effect */
+        return dns_name_concat(s, NULL, ret);
+}
+
 static inline int dns_name_is_valid(const char *s) {
         int r;
+
+        /* dns_name_normalize() verifies as a side effect */
         r = dns_name_normalize(s, NULL);
         if (r == -EINVAL)
                 return 0;
diff --git a/src/test/test-dns-domain.c b/src/test/test-dns-domain.c
index 0042722c99..2193eb6f7d 100644
--- a/src/test/test-dns-domain.c
+++ b/src/test/test-dns-domain.c
@@ -251,6 +251,39 @@ static void test_dns_name_reverse(void) {
         test_dns_name_reverse_one("::1", "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa");
 }
 
+static void test_dns_name_concat_one(const char *a, const char *b, int r, const char *result) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+        assert_se(dns_name_concat(a, b, &p) == r);
+        assert_se(streq_ptr(p, result));
+}
+
+static void test_dns_name_concat(void) {
+        test_dns_name_concat_one("foo", "bar", 0, "foo.bar");
+        test_dns_name_concat_one("foo.foo", "bar.bar", 0, "foo.foo.bar.bar");
+        test_dns_name_concat_one("foo", NULL, 0, "foo");
+        test_dns_name_concat_one("foo.", "bar.", 0, "foo.bar");
+}
+
+static void test_dns_name_is_valid_one(const char *s, int ret) {
+        assert_se(dns_name_is_valid(s) == ret);
+}
+
+static void test_dns_name_is_valid(void) {
+        test_dns_name_is_valid_one("foo", 1);
+        test_dns_name_is_valid_one("foo.", 1);
+        test_dns_name_is_valid_one("Foo", 1);
+        test_dns_name_is_valid_one("foo.bar", 1);
+        test_dns_name_is_valid_one("foo.bar.baz", 1);
+        test_dns_name_is_valid_one("", 1);
+        test_dns_name_is_valid_one("foo..bar", 0);
+        test_dns_name_is_valid_one(".foo.bar", 0);
+        test_dns_name_is_valid_one("foo.bar.", 1);
+        test_dns_name_is_valid_one("\\zbar", 0);
+        test_dns_name_is_valid_one("ä", 1);
+        test_dns_name_is_valid_one("\n", 0);
+}
+
 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         test_dns_label_unescape();
@@ -263,6 +296,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         test_dns_name_root();
         test_dns_name_single_label();
         test_dns_name_reverse();
+        test_dns_name_concat();
+        test_dns_name_is_valid();
 
         return 0;
 }