util-lib: various improvements to kernel command line parsing

This improves kernel command line parsing in a number of ways:

a) An kernel option "foo_bar=xyz" is now considered equivalent to
   "foo-bar-xyz", i.e. when comparing kernel command line option names "-" and
   "_" are now considered equivalent (this only applies to the option names
   though, not the option values!). Most of our kernel options used "-" as word
   separator in kernel command line options so far, but some used "_". With
   this change, which was a source of confusion for users (well, at least of
   one user: myself, I just couldn't remember that it's systemd.debug-shell,
   not systemd.debug_shell). Considering both as equivalent is inspired how
   modern kernel module loading normalizes all kernel module names to use
   underscores now too.

b) All options previously using a dash for separating words in kernel command
   line options now use an underscore instead, in all documentation and in
   code. Since a) has been implemented this should not create any compatibility
   problems, but normalizes our documentation and our code.

c) All kernel command line options which take booleans (or are boolean-like)
   have been reworked so that "foobar" (without argument) is now equivalent to
   "foobar=1" (but not "foobar=0"), thus normalizing the handling of our
   boolean arguments. Specifically this means systemd.debug-shell and
   systemd_debug_shell=1 are now entirely equivalent.

d) All kernel command line options which take an argument, and where no
   argument is specified will now result in a log message. e.g. passing just
   "systemd.unit" will no result in a complain that it needs an argument. This
   is implemented in the proc_cmdline_missing_value() function.

e) There's now a call proc_cmdline_get_bool() similar to proc_cmdline_get_key()
   that parses booleans (following the logic explained in c).

f) The proc_cmdline_parse() call's boolean argument has been replaced by a new
   flags argument that takes a common set of bits with proc_cmdline_get_key().

g) All kernel command line APIs now begin with the same "proc_cmdline_" prefix.

h) There are now tests for much of this. Yay!

22 files changed, 561 insertions, 256 deletions

diff --git a/man/kernel-command-line.xml b/man/kernel-command-line.xml
index c86e45265f..78e45e66a9 100644
--- a/man/kernel-command-line.xml
+++ b/man/kernel-command-line.xml
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
       <varlistentry>
         <term><varname>systemd.mask=</varname></term>
         <term><varname>systemd.wants=</varname></term>
-        <term><varname>systemd.debug-shell</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>systemd.debug_shell</varname></term>
         <listitem>
           <para>Additional parameters understood by
           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-debug-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
@@ -236,14 +236,14 @@
       </varlistentry>
 
       <varlistentry>
-        <term><varname>udev.log-priority=</varname></term>
-        <term><varname>rd.udev.log-priority=</varname></term>
-        <term><varname>udev.children-max=</varname></term>
-        <term><varname>rd.udev.children-max=</varname></term>
-        <term><varname>udev.exec-delay=</varname></term>
-        <term><varname>rd.udev.exec-delay=</varname></term>
-        <term><varname>udev.event-timeout=</varname></term>
-        <term><varname>rd.udev.event-timeout=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>udev.log_priority=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>rd.udev.log_priority=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>udev.children_max=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>rd.udev.children_max=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>udev.exec_delay=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>rd.udev.exec_delay=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>udev.event_timeout=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>rd.udev.event_timeout=</varname></term>
         <term><varname>net.ifnames=</varname></term>
 
         <listitem>
@@ -332,8 +332,8 @@
       </varlistentry>
 
       <varlistentry>
-        <term><varname>modules-load=</varname></term>
-        <term><varname>rd.modules-load=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>modules_load=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>rd.modules_load=</varname></term>
 
         <listitem>
           <para>Load a specific kernel module early at boot. For
diff --git a/man/systemd-debug-generator.xml b/man/systemd-debug-generator.xml
index 5c5e9fc4a1..0a66b9bbf9 100644
--- a/man/systemd-debug-generator.xml
+++ b/man/systemd-debug-generator.xml
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
     the initial transaction. This is useful to start one or more
     additional units at boot. May be specified more than once.</para>
 
-    <para>If the <option>systemd.debug-shell</option> option is
+    <para>If the <option>systemd.debug_shell</option> option is
     specified, the debug shell service
     <literal>debug-shell.service</literal> is pulled into the boot
     transaction. It will spawn a debug shell on tty9 during early
diff --git a/man/systemd-modules-load.service.xml b/man/systemd-modules-load.service.xml
index b25929b2e4..ee097d7f5c 100644
--- a/man/systemd-modules-load.service.xml
+++ b/man/systemd-modules-load.service.xml
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@
     <variablelist class='kernel-commandline-options'>
 
       <varlistentry>
-        <term><varname>modules-load=</varname></term>
-        <term><varname>rd.modules-load=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>modules_load=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>rd.modules_load=</varname></term>
 
         <listitem><para>Takes a comma-separated list of kernel modules
         to statically load during early boot. The option prefixed with
diff --git a/man/systemd-udevd.service.xml b/man/systemd-udevd.service.xml
index 243fd06471..81b957b0c8 100644
--- a/man/systemd-udevd.service.xml
+++ b/man/systemd-udevd.service.xml
@@ -133,22 +133,22 @@
       <para>Parameters starting with "rd." will be read when
       <command>systemd-udevd</command> is used in an initrd.</para>
       <varlistentry>
-        <term><varname>udev.log-priority=</varname></term>
-        <term><varname>rd.udev.log-priority=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>udev.log_priority=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>rd.udev.log_priority=</varname></term>
         <listitem>
           <para>Set the log level.</para>
         </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
       <varlistentry>
-        <term><varname>udev.children-max=</varname></term>
-        <term><varname>rd.udev.children-max=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>udev.children_max=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>rd.udev.children_max=</varname></term>
         <listitem>
           <para>Limit the number of events executed in parallel.</para>
         </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
       <varlistentry>
-        <term><varname>udev.exec-delay=</varname></term>
-        <term><varname>rd.udev.exec-delay=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>udev.exec_delay=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>rd.udev.exec_delay=</varname></term>
         <listitem>
           <para>Delay the execution of <varname>RUN</varname> instructions by the given
           number of seconds. This option might be useful when
@@ -157,8 +157,8 @@
         </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
       <varlistentry>
-        <term><varname>udev.event-timeout=</varname></term>
-        <term><varname>rd.udev.event-timeout=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>udev.event_timeout=</varname></term>
+        <term><varname>rd.udev.event_timeout=</varname></term>
         <listitem>
           <para>Wait for events to finish up to the given number
           of seconds. This option might be useful if events are
diff --git a/src/basic/cgroup-util.c b/src/basic/cgroup-util.c
index dc13025115..d2d18f13f0 100644
--- a/src/basic/cgroup-util.c
+++ b/src/basic/cgroup-util.c
@@ -2361,6 +2361,7 @@ int cg_enable_everywhere(CGroupMask supported, CGroupMask mask, const char *p) {
 bool cg_is_unified_wanted(void) {
         static thread_local int wanted = -1;
         int r, unified;
+        bool b;
 
         /* If the hierarchy is already mounted, then follow whatever
          * was chosen for it. */
@@ -2374,20 +2375,11 @@ bool cg_is_unified_wanted(void) {
         if (wanted >= 0)
                 return wanted;
 
-        r = get_proc_cmdline_key("systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy", NULL);
-        if (r > 0)
-                return (wanted = true);
-        else {
-                _cleanup_free_ char *value = NULL;
-
-                r = get_proc_cmdline_key("systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=", &value);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return false;
-                if (r == 0)
-                        return (wanted = false);
+        r = proc_cmdline_get_bool("systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy", &b);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return false;
 
-                return (wanted = parse_boolean(value) > 0);
-        }
+        return (wanted = r > 0 ? b : false);
 }
 
 bool cg_is_legacy_wanted(void) {
@@ -2397,6 +2389,7 @@ bool cg_is_legacy_wanted(void) {
 bool cg_is_unified_systemd_controller_wanted(void) {
         static thread_local int wanted = -1;
         int r, unified;
+        bool b;
 
         /* If the unified hierarchy is requested in full, no need to
          * bother with this. */
@@ -2415,23 +2408,11 @@ bool cg_is_unified_systemd_controller_wanted(void) {
         if (wanted >= 0)
                 return wanted;
 
-        r = get_proc_cmdline_key("systemd.legacy_systemd_cgroup_controller", NULL);
-        if (r > 0)
-                wanted = false;
-        else {
-                _cleanup_free_ char *value = NULL;
-
-                r = get_proc_cmdline_key("systemd.legacy_systemd_cgroup_controller=", &value);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return false;
-
-                if (r == 0)
-                        wanted = false;
-                else
-                        wanted = parse_boolean(value) <= 0;
-        }
+        r = proc_cmdline_get_bool("systemd.legacy_systemd_cgroup_controller", &b);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return false;
 
-        return wanted;
+        return (wanted = r > 0 ? b : false);
 }
 
 bool cg_is_legacy_systemd_controller_wanted(void) {
diff --git a/src/basic/log.c b/src/basic/log.c
index 557212c022..1362b1c086 100644
--- a/src/basic/log.c
+++ b/src/basic/log.c
@@ -981,24 +981,30 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
         if (streq(key, "debug") && !value)
                 log_set_max_level(LOG_DEBUG);
 
-        else if (streq(key, "systemd.log_target") && value) {
+        else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.log_target")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 if (log_set_target_from_string(value) < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse log target '%s'. Ignoring.", value);
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.log_level") && value) {
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.log_level")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 if (log_set_max_level_from_string(value) < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse log level '%s'. Ignoring.", value);
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.log_color") && value) {
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.log_color")) {
 
-                if (log_show_color_from_string(value) < 0)
+                if (log_show_color_from_string(value ?: "1") < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse log color setting '%s'. Ignoring.", value);
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.log_location") && value) {
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.log_location")) {
 
-                if (log_show_location_from_string(value) < 0)
+                if (log_show_location_from_string(value ?: "1") < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse log location setting '%s'. Ignoring.", value);
         }
 
@@ -1009,10 +1015,9 @@ void log_parse_environment(void) {
         const char *e;
 
         if (get_ctty_devnr(0, NULL) < 0)
-                /* Only try to read the command line in daemons.
-                   We assume that anything that has a controlling
-                   tty is user stuff. */
-                (void) parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, true);
+                /* Only try to read the command line in daemons.  We assume that anything that has a controlling tty is
+                   user stuff. */
+                (void) proc_cmdline_parse(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, PROC_CMDLINE_STRIP_RD_PREFIX);
 
         e = secure_getenv("SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET");
         if (e && log_set_target_from_string(e) < 0)
diff --git a/src/basic/proc-cmdline.c b/src/basic/proc-cmdline.c
index 98c94ed5e2..6ecb6c3f0d 100644
--- a/src/basic/proc-cmdline.c
+++ b/src/basic/proc-cmdline.c
@@ -56,9 +56,8 @@ int proc_cmdline(char **ret) {
                 return read_one_line_file("/proc/cmdline", ret);
 }
 
-int parse_proc_cmdline(int (*parse_item)(const char *key, const char *value, void *data),
-                       void *data,
-                       bool strip_prefix) {
+int proc_cmdline_parse(proc_cmdline_parse_t parse_item, void *data, unsigned flags) {
+
         _cleanup_free_ char *line = NULL;
         const char *p;
         int r;
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ int parse_proc_cmdline(int (*parse_item)(const char *key, const char *value, voi
         p = line;
         for (;;) {
                 _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
-                char *value = NULL, *unprefixed;
+                char *value, *key, *q;
 
                 r = extract_first_word(&p, &word, NULL, EXTRACT_QUOTES|EXTRACT_RELAX);
                 if (r < 0)
@@ -80,17 +79,23 @@ int parse_proc_cmdline(int (*parse_item)(const char *key, const char *value, voi
                 if (r == 0)
                         break;
 
-                /* Filter out arguments that are intended only for the
-                 * initrd */
-                unprefixed = startswith(word, "rd.");
-                if (unprefixed && !in_initrd())
-                        continue;
+                key = word;
+
+                /* Filter out arguments that are intended only for the initrd */
+                q = startswith(word, "rd.");
+                if (q) {
+                        if (!in_initrd())
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (flags & PROC_CMDLINE_STRIP_RD_PREFIX)
+                                key = q;
+                }
 
-                value = strchr(word, '=');
+                value = strchr(key, '=');
                 if (value)
                         *(value++) = 0;
 
-                r = parse_item(strip_prefix && unprefixed ? unprefixed : word, value, data);
+                r = parse_item(key, value, data);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
         }
@@ -98,13 +103,64 @@ int parse_proc_cmdline(int (*parse_item)(const char *key, const char *value, voi
         return 0;
 }
 
-int get_proc_cmdline_key(const char *key, char **value) {
+static bool relaxed_equal_char(char a, char b) {
+
+        return a == b ||
+                (a == '_' && b == '-') ||
+                (a == '-' && b == '_');
+}
+
+char *proc_cmdline_key_startswith(const char *s, const char *prefix) {
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(prefix);
+
+        /* Much like startswith(), but considers "-" and "_" the same */
+
+        for (; *prefix != 0; s++, prefix++)
+                if (!relaxed_equal_char(*s, *prefix))
+                        return NULL;
+
+        return (char*) s;
+}
+
+bool proc_cmdline_key_streq(const char *x, const char *y) {
+        assert(x);
+        assert(y);
+
+        /* Much like streq(), but considers "-" and "_" the same */
+
+        for (; *x != 0 || *y != 0; x++, y++)
+                if (!relaxed_equal_char(*x, *y))
+                        return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+int proc_cmdline_get_key(const char *key, unsigned flags, char **value) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *line = NULL, *ret = NULL;
         bool found = false;
         const char *p;
         int r;
 
-        assert(key);
+        /* Looks for a specific key on the kernel command line. Supports two modes:
+         *
+         * a) The "value" parameter is used. In this case a parameter beginning with the "key" string followed by "="
+         *    is searched, and the value following this is returned in "value".
+         *
+         * b) as above, but the PROC_CMDLINE_VALUE_OPTIONAL flag is set. In this case if the the key is found as a
+         *    separate word (i.e. not followed by "=" but instead by whitespace or the end of the command line), then
+         *    this is also accepted, and "value" is returned as NULL.
+         *
+         * c) The "value" parameter is NULL. In this case a search for the exact "key" parameter is performed.
+         *
+         * In all three cases, > 0 is returned if the key is found, 0 if not.*/
+
+        if (isempty(key))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if ((flags & PROC_CMDLINE_VALUE_OPTIONAL) && !value)
+                return -EINVAL;
 
         r = proc_cmdline(&line);
         if (r < 0)
@@ -121,21 +177,26 @@ int get_proc_cmdline_key(const char *key, char **value) {
                 if (r == 0)
                         break;
 
-                /* Filter out arguments that are intended only for the
-                 * initrd */
+                /* Automatically filter out arguments that are intended only for the initrd, if we are not in the
+                 * initrd. */
                 if (!in_initrd() && startswith(word, "rd."))
                         continue;
 
                 if (value) {
-                        e = startswith(word, key);
+                        e = proc_cmdline_key_startswith(word, key);
                         if (!e)
                                 continue;
 
-                        r = free_and_strdup(&ret, e);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return r;
+                        if (*e == '=') {
+                                r = free_and_strdup(&ret, e+1);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                found = true;
+
+                        } else if (*e == 0 && (flags & PROC_CMDLINE_VALUE_OPTIONAL))
+                                found = true;
 
-                        found = true;
                 } else {
                         if (streq(word, key))
                                 found = true;
@@ -148,20 +209,42 @@ int get_proc_cmdline_key(const char *key, char **value) {
         }
 
         return found;
+}
+
+int proc_cmdline_get_bool(const char *key, bool *ret) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *v = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret);
+
+        r = proc_cmdline_get_key(key, PROC_CMDLINE_VALUE_OPTIONAL, &v);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0) {
+                *ret = false;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (v) { /* parameter passed */
+                r = parse_boolean(v);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                *ret = r;
+        } else /* no parameter passed */
+                *ret = true;
 
+        return 1;
 }
 
 int shall_restore_state(void) {
-        _cleanup_free_ char *value = NULL;
+        bool ret;
         int r;
 
-        r = get_proc_cmdline_key("systemd.restore_state=", &value);
+        r = proc_cmdline_get_bool("systemd.restore_state", &ret);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
-        if (r == 0)
-                return true;
 
-        return parse_boolean(value);
+        return r > 0 ? ret : true;
 }
 
 static const char * const rlmap[] = {
diff --git a/src/basic/proc-cmdline.h b/src/basic/proc-cmdline.h
index 6d6ee95c11..ebfed355e9 100644
--- a/src/basic/proc-cmdline.h
+++ b/src/basic/proc-cmdline.h
@@ -19,11 +19,36 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "log.h"
+
+enum {
+        PROC_CMDLINE_STRIP_RD_PREFIX = 1,
+        PROC_CMDLINE_VALUE_OPTIONAL = 2,
+};
+
+typedef int (*proc_cmdline_parse_t)(const char *key, const char *value, void *data);
+
 int proc_cmdline(char **ret);
-int parse_proc_cmdline(int (*parse_item)(const char *key, const char *value, void *data),
-                       void *data,
-                       bool strip_prefix);
-int get_proc_cmdline_key(const char *parameter, char **value);
+
+int proc_cmdline_parse(const proc_cmdline_parse_t parse, void *userdata, unsigned flags);
+
+int proc_cmdline_get_key(const char *parameter, unsigned flags, char **value);
+int proc_cmdline_get_bool(const char *key, bool *ret);
+
+char *proc_cmdline_key_startswith(const char *s, const char *prefix);
+bool proc_cmdline_key_streq(const char *x, const char *y);
 
 int shall_restore_state(void);
 const char* runlevel_to_target(const char *rl);
+
+/* A little helper call, to be used in proc_cmdline_parse_t callbacks */
+static inline bool proc_cmdline_value_missing(const char *key, const char *value) {
+        if (!value) {
+                log_warning("Missing argument for %s= kernel command line switch, ignoring.", key);
+                return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/main.c b/src/core/main.c
index 6ec996577c..56a81ab94a 100644
--- a/src/core/main.c
+++ b/src/core/main.c
@@ -337,60 +337,73 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
 
         assert(key);
 
-        if (streq(key, "systemd.unit") && value) {
+        if (STR_IN_SET(key, "systemd.unit", "rd.systemd.unit")) {
 
-                if (!in_initrd())
-                        return free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, value);
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "rd.systemd.unit") && value) {
-
-                if (in_initrd())
-                        return free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, value);
+                if (!unit_name_is_valid(value, UNIT_NAME_PLAIN|UNIT_NAME_INSTANCE))
+                        log_warning("Unit name specified on %s= is not valid, ignoring: %s", key, value);
+                else if (in_initrd() == !!startswith(key, "rd.")) {
+                        if (free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, value) < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+                }
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.dump_core") && value) {
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.dump_core")) {
 
-                r = parse_boolean(value);
+                r = value ? parse_boolean(value) : true;
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse dump core switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
                 else
                         arg_dump_core = r;
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.crash_chvt") && value) {
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.crash_chvt")) {
 
-                if (parse_crash_chvt(value) < 0)
+                if (!value)
+                        arg_crash_chvt = 0; /* turn on */
+                else if (parse_crash_chvt(value) < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse crash chvt switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.crash_shell") && value) {
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.crash_shell")) {
 
-                r = parse_boolean(value);
+                r = value ? parse_boolean(value) : true;
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse crash shell switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
                 else
                         arg_crash_shell = r;
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.crash_reboot") && value) {
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.crash_reboot")) {
 
-                r = parse_boolean(value);
+                r = value ? parse_boolean(value) : true;
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse crash reboot switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
                 else
                         arg_crash_reboot = r;
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.confirm_spawn") && value) {
-
-                arg_confirm_spawn = mfree(arg_confirm_spawn);
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.confirm_spawn")) {
+                char *s;
 
-                r = parse_confirm_spawn(value, &arg_confirm_spawn);
+                r = parse_confirm_spawn(value, &s);
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse confirm_spawn switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
+                else {
+                        free(arg_confirm_spawn);
+                        arg_confirm_spawn = s;
+                }
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.show_status") && value) {
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.show_status")) {
 
-                r = parse_show_status(value, &arg_show_status);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        log_warning("Failed to parse show status switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
+                if (value) {
+                        r = parse_show_status(value, &arg_show_status);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_warning("Failed to parse show status switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
+                } else
+                        arg_show_status = SHOW_STATUS_YES;
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.default_standard_output") && value) {
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.default_standard_output")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 r = exec_output_from_string(value);
                 if (r < 0)
@@ -398,7 +411,10 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
                 else
                         arg_default_std_output = r;
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.default_standard_error") && value) {
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.default_standard_error")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 r = exec_output_from_string(value);
                 if (r < 0)
@@ -406,24 +422,42 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
                 else
                         arg_default_std_error = r;
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.setenv") && value) {
+        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.setenv")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 if (env_assignment_is_valid(value)) {
                         char **env;
 
                         env = strv_env_set(arg_default_environment, value);
-                        if (env)
-                                arg_default_environment = env;
-                        else
-                                log_warning_errno(ENOMEM, "Setting environment variable '%s' failed, ignoring: %m", value);
+                        if (!env)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        arg_default_environment = env;
                 } else
                         log_warning("Environment variable name '%s' is not valid. Ignoring.", value);
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.machine_id") && value) {
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.machine_id")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
+                r = set_machine_id(value);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning("MachineID '%s' is not valid. Ignoring.", value);
 
-               r = set_machine_id(value);
-               if (r < 0)
-                       log_warning("MachineID '%s' is not valid. Ignoring.", value);
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.default_timeout_start_sec")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
+                r = parse_sec(value, &arg_default_timeout_start_usec);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse default start timeout: %s, ignoring.", value);
+
+                if (arg_default_timeout_start_usec <= 0)
+                        arg_default_timeout_start_usec = USEC_INFINITY;
 
         } else if (streq(key, "quiet") && !value) {
 
@@ -445,15 +479,6 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
                 target = runlevel_to_target(key);
                 if (target)
                         return free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, target);
-
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.default_timeout_start_sec") && value) {
-
-                r = parse_sec(value, &arg_default_timeout_start_usec);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse default start timeout: %s, ignoring.", value);
-
-                if (arg_default_timeout_start_usec <= 0)
-                        arg_default_timeout_start_usec = USEC_INFINITY;
         }
 
         return 0;
@@ -1341,10 +1366,9 @@ static int fixup_environment(void) {
          * However if TERM was configured through the kernel
          * command line then leave it alone. */
 
-        r = get_proc_cmdline_key("TERM=", &term);
+        r = proc_cmdline_get_key("TERM", 0, &term);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
-
         if (r == 0) {
                 term = strdup(default_term_for_tty("/dev/console"));
                 if (!term)
@@ -1591,7 +1615,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         }
 
         if (arg_system) {
-                r = parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, false);
+                r = proc_cmdline_parse(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, 0);
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse kernel command line, ignoring: %m");
         }
diff --git a/src/cryptsetup/cryptsetup-generator.c b/src/cryptsetup/cryptsetup-generator.c
index 68029865a0..e2a43f7195 100644
--- a/src/cryptsetup/cryptsetup-generator.c
+++ b/src/cryptsetup/cryptsetup-generator.c
@@ -278,27 +278,30 @@ static crypto_device *get_crypto_device(const char *uuid) {
 }
 
 static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *data) {
-        int r;
-        crypto_device *d;
         _cleanup_free_ char *uuid = NULL, *uuid_value = NULL;
+        crypto_device *d;
+        int r;
 
-        if (streq(key, "luks") && value) {
+        if (streq(key, "luks")) {
 
-                r = parse_boolean(value);
+                r = value ? parse_boolean(value) : 1;
                 if (r < 0)
-                        log_warning("Failed to parse luks switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse luks= kernel command line switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
                 else
                         arg_enabled = r;
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "luks.crypttab") && value) {
+        } else if (streq(key, "luks.crypttab")) {
 
-                r = parse_boolean(value);
+                r = value ? parse_boolean(value) : 1;
                 if (r < 0)
-                        log_warning("Failed to parse luks crypttab switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse luks.crypttab= kernel command line switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
                 else
                         arg_read_crypttab = r;
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "luks.uuid") && value) {
+        } else if (streq(key, "luks.uuid")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 d = get_crypto_device(startswith(value, "luks-") ? value+5 : value);
                 if (!d)
@@ -306,7 +309,10 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
 
                 d->create = arg_whitelist = true;
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "luks.options") && value) {
+        } else if (streq(key, "luks.options")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 r = sscanf(value, "%m[0-9a-fA-F-]=%ms", &uuid, &uuid_value);
                 if (r == 2) {
@@ -314,13 +320,14 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
                         if (!d)
                                 return log_oom();
 
-                        free(d->options);
-                        d->options = uuid_value;
-                        uuid_value = NULL;
+                        free_and_replace(d->options, uuid_value);
                 } else if (free_and_strdup(&arg_default_options, value) < 0)
                         return log_oom();
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "luks.key") && value) {
+        } else if (streq(key, "luks.key")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 r = sscanf(value, "%m[0-9a-fA-F-]=%ms", &uuid, &uuid_value);
                 if (r == 2) {
@@ -328,13 +335,14 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
                         if (!d)
                                 return log_oom();
 
-                        free(d->keyfile);
-                        d->keyfile = uuid_value;
-                        uuid_value = NULL;
+                        free_and_replace(d->keyfile, uuid_value);
                 } else if (free_and_strdup(&arg_default_keyfile, value) < 0)
                         return log_oom();
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "luks.name") && value) {
+        } else if (streq(key, "luks.name")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 r = sscanf(value, "%m[0-9a-fA-F-]=%ms", &uuid, &uuid_value);
                 if (r == 2) {
@@ -478,7 +486,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         if (!arg_disks)
                 goto cleanup;
 
-        r = parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, true);
+        r = proc_cmdline_parse(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, PROC_CMDLINE_STRIP_RD_PREFIX);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse kernel command line, ignoring: %m");
                 r = EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/src/debug-generator/debug-generator.c b/src/debug-generator/debug-generator.c
index 28ebe36b38..1d8bc71e57 100644
--- a/src/debug-generator/debug-generator.c
+++ b/src/debug-generator/debug-generator.c
@@ -39,56 +39,53 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
         assert(key);
 
         if (streq(key, "systemd.mask")) {
+                char *n;
 
-                if (!value)
-                        log_error("Missing argument for systemd.mask= kernel command line parameter.");
-                else {
-                        char *n;
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
-                        r = unit_name_mangle(value, UNIT_NAME_NOGLOB, &n);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to glob unit name: %m");
+                r = unit_name_mangle(value, UNIT_NAME_NOGLOB, &n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to glob unit name: %m");
 
-                        r = strv_consume(&arg_mask, n);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return log_oom();
-                }
+                r = strv_consume(&arg_mask, n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
 
         } else if (streq(key, "systemd.wants")) {
+                char *n;
 
-                if (!value)
-                        log_error("Missing argument for systemd.want= kernel command line parameter.");
-                else {
-                        char *n;
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
-                        r = unit_name_mangle(value, UNIT_NAME_NOGLOB, &n);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to glob unit name: %m");
+                r = unit_name_mangle(value, UNIT_NAME_NOGLOB, &n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to glob unit name: %m");
 
-                        r = strv_consume(&arg_wants, n);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return log_oom();
-                }
+                r = strv_consume(&arg_wants, n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.debug-shell")) {
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.debug_shell")) {
 
                 if (value) {
                         r = parse_boolean(value);
                         if (r < 0)
-                                log_error("Failed to parse systemd.debug-shell= argument '%s', ignoring.", value);
+                                log_error("Failed to parse systemd.debug_shell= argument '%s', ignoring.", value);
                         else
                                 arg_debug_shell = r;
                 } else
                         arg_debug_shell = true;
+
         } else if (streq(key, "systemd.unit")) {
 
-                if (!value)
-                        log_error("Missing argument for systemd.unit= kernel command line parameter.");
-                else {
-                        r = free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, value);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set default unit %s: %m", value);
-                }
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
+                r = free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, value);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set default unit %s: %m", value);
+
         } else if (!value) {
                 const char *target;
 
@@ -173,7 +170,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         umask(0022);
 
-        r = parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, false);
+        r = proc_cmdline_parse(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, 0);
         if (r < 0)
                 log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse kernel command line, ignoring: %m");
 
diff --git a/src/firstboot/firstboot.c b/src/firstboot/firstboot.c
index 7c615abbc5..fd7051f21e 100644
--- a/src/firstboot/firstboot.c
+++ b/src/firstboot/firstboot.c
@@ -826,7 +826,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
-        _cleanup_free_ char *enabled = NULL;
+        bool enabled;
         int r;
 
         r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
@@ -839,15 +839,14 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         umask(0022);
 
-        r = get_proc_cmdline_key("systemd.firstboot=", &enabled);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-        if (r > 0) {
-                r = parse_boolean(enabled);
-                if (r == 0)
-                        goto finish;
-                if (r < 0)
-                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse systemd.firstboot= kernel command line argument, ignoring: %s", enabled);
+        r = proc_cmdline_get_bool("systemd.firstboot", &enabled);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse systemd.firstboot= kernel command line argument, ignoring.");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+        if (r > 0 && !enabled) {
+                r = 0; /* disabled */
+                goto finish;
         }
 
         r = process_locale();
diff --git a/src/fsck/fsck.c b/src/fsck/fsck.c
index be25c6a2b2..2100681e17 100644
--- a/src/fsck/fsck.c
+++ b/src/fsck/fsck.c
@@ -99,7 +99,10 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
 
         assert(key);
 
-        if (streq(key, "fsck.mode") && value) {
+        if (streq(key, "fsck.mode")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 if (streq(value, "auto"))
                         arg_force = arg_skip = false;
@@ -110,7 +113,10 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
                 else
                         log_warning("Invalid fsck.mode= parameter '%s'. Ignoring.", value);
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "fsck.repair") && value) {
+        } else if (streq(key, "fsck.repair")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 if (streq(value, "preen"))
                         arg_repair = "-a";
@@ -293,7 +299,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         umask(0022);
 
-        r = parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, true);
+        r = proc_cmdline_parse(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, PROC_CMDLINE_STRIP_RD_PREFIX);
         if (r < 0)
                 log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse kernel command line, ignoring: %m");
 
diff --git a/src/fstab-generator/fstab-generator.c b/src/fstab-generator/fstab-generator.c
index f6a912ae06..84163abbc5 100644
--- a/src/fstab-generator/fstab-generator.c
+++ b/src/fstab-generator/fstab-generator.c
@@ -612,27 +612,36 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
          * instance should take precedence.  In the case of multiple rootflags=
          * or usrflags= the arguments should be concatenated */
 
-        if (STR_IN_SET(key, "fstab", "rd.fstab") && value) {
+        if (STR_IN_SET(key, "fstab", "rd.fstab")) {
 
-                r = parse_boolean(value);
+                r = value ? parse_boolean(value) : 1;
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse fstab switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
                 else
                         arg_fstab_enabled = r;
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "root") && value) {
+        } else if (streq(key, "root")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 if (free_and_strdup(&arg_root_what, value) < 0)
                         return log_oom();
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "rootfstype") && value) {
+        } else if (streq(key, "rootfstype")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 if (free_and_strdup(&arg_root_fstype, value) < 0)
                         return log_oom();
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "rootflags") && value) {
+        } else if (streq(key, "rootflags")) {
                 char *o;
 
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
                 o = arg_root_options ?
                         strjoin(arg_root_options, ",", value) :
                         strdup(value);
@@ -642,19 +651,28 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
                 free(arg_root_options);
                 arg_root_options = o;
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "mount.usr") && value) {
+        } else if (streq(key, "mount.usr")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 if (free_and_strdup(&arg_usr_what, value) < 0)
                         return log_oom();
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "mount.usrfstype") && value) {
+        } else if (streq(key, "mount.usrfstype")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 if (free_and_strdup(&arg_usr_fstype, value) < 0)
                         return log_oom();
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "mount.usrflags") && value) {
+        } else if (streq(key, "mount.usrflags")) {
                 char *o;
 
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
                 o = arg_usr_options ?
                         strjoin(arg_usr_options, ",", value) :
                         strdup(value);
@@ -689,7 +707,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         umask(0022);
 
-        r = parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, false);
+        r = proc_cmdline_parse(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, 0);
         if (r < 0)
                 log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse kernel command line, ignoring: %m");
 
diff --git a/src/gpt-auto-generator/gpt-auto-generator.c b/src/gpt-auto-generator/gpt-auto-generator.c
index a60905de94..f94f9f7827 100644
--- a/src/gpt-auto-generator/gpt-auto-generator.c
+++ b/src/gpt-auto-generator/gpt-auto-generator.c
@@ -912,15 +912,18 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
 
         assert(key);
 
-        if (STR_IN_SET(key, "systemd.gpt_auto", "rd.systemd.gpt_auto") && value) {
+        if (STR_IN_SET(key, "systemd.gpt_auto", "rd.systemd.gpt_auto")) {
 
-                r = parse_boolean(value);
+                r = value ? parse_boolean(value) : 1;
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse gpt-auto switch \"%s\". Ignoring.", value);
                 else
                         arg_enabled = r;
 
-        } else if (streq(key, "root") && value) {
+        } else if (streq(key, "root")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 /* Disable root disk logic if there's a root= value
                  * specified (unless it happens to be "gpt-auto") */
@@ -1018,7 +1021,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
         }
 
-        r = parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, false);
+        r = proc_cmdline_parse(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, 0);
         if (r < 0)
                 log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse kernel command line, ignoring: %m");
 
diff --git a/src/hibernate-resume/hibernate-resume-generator.c b/src/hibernate-resume/hibernate-resume-generator.c
index 9f59c04b26..a97fe668d5 100644
--- a/src/hibernate-resume/hibernate-resume-generator.c
+++ b/src/hibernate-resume/hibernate-resume-generator.c
@@ -31,15 +31,22 @@
 #include "util.h"
 
 static const char *arg_dest = "/tmp";
-static char *arg_resume_dev = NULL;
+static char *arg_resume_device = NULL;
 
 static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *data) {
 
-        if (streq(key, "resume") && value) {
-                free(arg_resume_dev);
-                arg_resume_dev = fstab_node_to_udev_node(value);
-                if (!arg_resume_dev)
+        if (streq(key, "resume")) {
+                char *s;
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
+                s = fstab_node_to_udev_node(value);
+                if (!s)
                         return log_oom();
+
+                free(arg_resume_device);
+                arg_resume_device = s;
         }
 
         return 0;
@@ -49,10 +56,10 @@ static int process_resume(void) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL, *lnk = NULL;
         int r;
 
-        if (!arg_resume_dev)
+        if (!arg_resume_device)
                 return 0;
 
-        r = unit_name_from_path_instance("systemd-hibernate-resume", arg_resume_dev, ".service", &name);
+        r = unit_name_from_path_instance("systemd-hibernate-resume", arg_resume_device, ".service", &name);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to generate unit name: %m");
 
@@ -88,12 +95,12 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         if (!in_initrd())
                 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 
-        r = parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, false);
+        r = proc_cmdline_parse(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, 0);
         if (r < 0)
                 log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse kernel command line, ignoring: %m");
 
         r = process_resume();
-        free(arg_resume_dev);
+        free(arg_resume_device);
 
         return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/src/journal/journald-server.c b/src/journal/journald-server.c
index 5c6941ebd6..6bdb375fb7 100644
--- a/src/journal/journald-server.c
+++ b/src/journal/journald-server.c
@@ -1532,60 +1532,93 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
 
         assert(s);
 
-        if (streq(key, "systemd.journald.forward_to_syslog")) {
+        if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.journald.forward_to_syslog")) {
+
                 r = value ? parse_boolean(value) : true;
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse forward to syslog switch \"%s\". Ignoring.", value);
                 else
                         s->forward_to_syslog = r;
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.journald.forward_to_kmsg")) {
+
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.journald.forward_to_kmsg")) {
+
                 r = value ? parse_boolean(value) : true;
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse forward to kmsg switch \"%s\". Ignoring.", value);
                 else
                         s->forward_to_kmsg = r;
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.journald.forward_to_console")) {
+
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.journald.forward_to_console")) {
+
                 r = value ? parse_boolean(value) : true;
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse forward to console switch \"%s\". Ignoring.", value);
                 else
                         s->forward_to_console = r;
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.journald.forward_to_wall")) {
+
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.journald.forward_to_wall")) {
+
                 r = value ? parse_boolean(value) : true;
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse forward to wall switch \"%s\". Ignoring.", value);
                 else
                         s->forward_to_wall = r;
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.journald.max_level_console") && value) {
+
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.journald.max_level_console")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
                 r = log_level_from_string(value);
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse max level console value \"%s\". Ignoring.", value);
                 else
                         s->max_level_console = r;
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.journald.max_level_store") && value) {
+
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.journald.max_level_store")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
                 r = log_level_from_string(value);
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse max level store value \"%s\". Ignoring.", value);
                 else
                         s->max_level_store = r;
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.journald.max_level_syslog") && value) {
+
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.journald.max_level_syslog")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
                 r = log_level_from_string(value);
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse max level syslog value \"%s\". Ignoring.", value);
                 else
                         s->max_level_syslog = r;
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.journald.max_level_kmsg") && value) {
+
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.journald.max_level_kmsg")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
                 r = log_level_from_string(value);
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse max level kmsg value \"%s\". Ignoring.", value);
                 else
                         s->max_level_kmsg = r;
-        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.journald.max_level_wall") && value) {
+
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "systemd.journald.max_level_wall")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
                 r = log_level_from_string(value);
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning("Failed to parse max level wall value \"%s\". Ignoring.", value);
                 else
                         s->max_level_wall = r;
+
         } else if (startswith(key, "systemd.journald"))
                 log_warning("Unknown journald kernel command line option \"%s\". Ignoring.", key);
 
@@ -1898,7 +1931,10 @@ int server_init(Server *s) {
         journal_reset_metrics(&s->runtime_storage.metrics);
 
         server_parse_config_file(s);
-        parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item, s, true);
+
+        r = proc_cmdline_parse(parse_proc_cmdline_item, s, PROC_CMDLINE_STRIP_RD_PREFIX);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse kernel command line, ignoring: %m");
 
         if (!!s->rate_limit_interval ^ !!s->rate_limit_burst) {
                 log_debug("Setting both rate limit interval and burst from "USEC_FMT",%u to 0,0",
diff --git a/src/modules-load/modules-load.c b/src/modules-load/modules-load.c
index 0901fea8dc..615998a6f6 100644
--- a/src/modules-load/modules-load.c
+++ b/src/modules-load/modules-load.c
@@ -62,7 +62,11 @@ static int add_modules(const char *p) {
 static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *data) {
         int r;
 
-        if (streq(key, "modules-load") && value) {
+        if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "modules_load")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
                 r = add_modules(value);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
@@ -226,7 +230,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         umask(0022);
 
-        r = parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, true);
+        r = proc_cmdline_parse(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, PROC_CMDLINE_STRIP_RD_PREFIX);
         if (r < 0)
                 log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse kernel command line, ignoring: %m");
 
diff --git a/src/quotacheck/quotacheck.c b/src/quotacheck/quotacheck.c
index 2714cde5c7..2495bcbefd 100644
--- a/src/quotacheck/quotacheck.c
+++ b/src/quotacheck/quotacheck.c
@@ -34,7 +34,10 @@ static bool arg_force = false;
 
 static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *data) {
 
-        if (streq(key, "quotacheck.mode") && value) {
+        if (streq(key, "quotacheck.mode")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
 
                 if (streq(value, "auto"))
                         arg_force = arg_skip = false;
@@ -88,7 +91,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         umask(0022);
 
-        r = parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, false);
+        r = proc_cmdline_parse(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, 0);
         if (r < 0)
                 log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse kernel command line, ignoring: %m");
 
diff --git a/src/test/test-proc-cmdline.c b/src/test/test-proc-cmdline.c
index 4101678f19..12dac8585b 100644
--- a/src/test/test-proc-cmdline.c
+++ b/src/test/test-proc-cmdline.c
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ static int parse_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *data) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static void test_parse_proc_cmdline(void) {
-        assert_se(parse_proc_cmdline(parse_item, &obj, true) >= 0);
+static void test_proc_cmdline_parse(void) {
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_parse(parse_item, &obj, true) >= 0);
 }
 
 static void test_runlevel_to_target(void) {
@@ -55,11 +55,101 @@ static void test_runlevel_to_target(void) {
         assert_se(streq_ptr(runlevel_to_target("rd.rescue"), SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET));
 }
 
+static void test_proc_cmdline_get_key(void) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *value = NULL;
+
+        putenv((char*) "SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE=foo_bar=quux wuff-piep=tuet zumm");
+
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("", 0, &value) == -EINVAL);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("abc", 0, NULL) == 0);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("abc", 0, &value) == 0 && value == NULL);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("abc", PROC_CMDLINE_VALUE_OPTIONAL, &value) == 0 && value == NULL);
+
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("foo_bar", 0, &value) > 0 && streq_ptr(value, "quux"));
+        value = mfree(value);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("foo_bar", PROC_CMDLINE_VALUE_OPTIONAL, &value) > 0 && streq_ptr(value, "quux"));
+        value = mfree(value);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("foo-bar", 0, &value) > 0 && streq_ptr(value, "quux"));
+        value = mfree(value);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("foo-bar", PROC_CMDLINE_VALUE_OPTIONAL, &value) > 0 && streq_ptr(value, "quux"));
+        value = mfree(value);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("foo-bar", 0, NULL) == 0);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("foo-bar", PROC_CMDLINE_VALUE_OPTIONAL, NULL) == -EINVAL);
+
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("wuff-piep", 0, &value) > 0 && streq_ptr(value, "tuet"));
+        value = mfree(value);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("wuff-piep", PROC_CMDLINE_VALUE_OPTIONAL, &value) > 0 && streq_ptr(value, "tuet"));
+        value = mfree(value);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("wuff_piep", 0, &value) > 0 && streq_ptr(value, "tuet"));
+        value = mfree(value);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("wuff_piep", PROC_CMDLINE_VALUE_OPTIONAL, &value) > 0 && streq_ptr(value, "tuet"));
+        value = mfree(value);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("wuff_piep", 0, NULL) == 0);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("wuff_piep", PROC_CMDLINE_VALUE_OPTIONAL, NULL) == -EINVAL);
+
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("zumm", 0, &value) == 0 && value == NULL);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("zumm", PROC_CMDLINE_VALUE_OPTIONAL, &value) > 0 && value == NULL);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_key("zumm", 0, NULL) > 0);
+}
+
+static void test_proc_cmdline_get_bool(void) {
+        bool value = false;
+
+        putenv((char*) "SYSTEMD_PROC_CMDLINE=foo_bar bar-waldo=1 x_y-z=0 quux=miep");
+
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_bool("", &value) == -EINVAL);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_bool("abc", &value) == 0 && value == false);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_bool("foo_bar", &value) > 0 && value == true);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_bool("foo-bar", &value) > 0 && value == true);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_bool("bar-waldo", &value) > 0 && value == true);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_bool("bar_waldo", &value) > 0 && value == true);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_bool("x_y-z", &value) > 0 && value == false);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_bool("x-y-z", &value) > 0 && value == false);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_bool("x-y_z", &value) > 0 && value == false);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_bool("x_y_z", &value) > 0 && value == false);
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_get_bool("quux", &value) == -EINVAL && value == false);
+}
+
+static void test_proc_cmdline_key_streq(void) {
+
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_key_streq("", ""));
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_key_streq("a", "a"));
+        assert_se(!proc_cmdline_key_streq("", "a"));
+        assert_se(!proc_cmdline_key_streq("a", ""));
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_key_streq("a", "a"));
+        assert_se(!proc_cmdline_key_streq("a", "b"));
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_key_streq("x-y-z", "x-y-z"));
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_key_streq("x-y-z", "x_y_z"));
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_key_streq("x-y-z", "x-y_z"));
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_key_streq("x-y-z", "x_y-z"));
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_key_streq("x_y-z", "x-y_z"));
+        assert_se(!proc_cmdline_key_streq("x_y-z", "x-z_z"));
+}
+
+static void test_proc_cmdline_key_startswith(void) {
+
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_key_startswith("", ""));
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_key_startswith("x", ""));
+        assert_se(!proc_cmdline_key_startswith("", "x"));
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_key_startswith("x", "x"));
+        assert_se(!proc_cmdline_key_startswith("x", "y"));
+        assert_se(!proc_cmdline_key_startswith("foo-bar", "quux"));
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_key_startswith("foo-bar", "foo"));
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_key_startswith("foo-bar", "foo-bar"));
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_key_startswith("foo-bar", "foo_bar"));
+        assert_se(proc_cmdline_key_startswith("foo-bar", "foo_"));
+        assert_se(!proc_cmdline_key_startswith("foo-bar", "foo_xx"));
+}
+
 int main(void) {
         log_parse_environment();
         log_open();
 
-        test_parse_proc_cmdline();
+        test_proc_cmdline_parse();
+        test_proc_cmdline_key_streq();
+        test_proc_cmdline_key_startswith();
+        test_proc_cmdline_get_key();
+        test_proc_cmdline_get_bool();
         test_runlevel_to_target();
 
         return 0;
diff --git a/src/udev/net/link-config.c b/src/udev/net/link-config.c
index 1dca375279..3af87f1388 100644
--- a/src/udev/net/link-config.c
+++ b/src/udev/net/link-config.c
@@ -192,14 +192,9 @@ static int load_link(link_config_ctx *ctx, const char *filename) {
 }
 
 static bool enable_name_policy(void) {
-        _cleanup_free_ char *value = NULL;
-        int r;
-
-        r = get_proc_cmdline_key("net.ifnames=", &value);
-        if (r > 0 && streq(value, "0"))
-            return false;
+        bool b;
 
-        return true;
+        return proc_cmdline_get_bool("net.ifnames", &b) <= 0 || b;
 }
 
 int link_config_load(link_config_ctx *ctx) {
diff --git a/src/udev/udevd.c b/src/udev/udevd.c
index 895c6f271b..dd23054b0d 100644
--- a/src/udev/udevd.c
+++ b/src/udev/udevd.c
@@ -1357,10 +1357,10 @@ static int listen_fds(int *rctrl, int *rnetlink) {
 
 /*
  * read the kernel command line, in case we need to get into debug mode
- *   udev.log-priority=<level>                 syslog priority
- *   udev.children-max=<number of workers>     events are fully serialized if set to 1
- *   udev.exec-delay=<number of seconds>       delay execution of every executed program
- *   udev.event-timeout=<number of seconds>    seconds to wait before terminating an event
+ *   udev.log_priority=<level>                 syslog priority
+ *   udev.children_max=<number of workers>     events are fully serialized if set to 1
+ *   udev.exec_delay=<number of seconds>       delay execution of every executed program
+ *   udev.event_timeout=<number of seconds>    seconds to wait before terminating an event
  */
 static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *data) {
         int r = 0;
@@ -1370,25 +1370,46 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value, void *dat
         if (!value)
                 return 0;
 
-        if (streq(key, "udev.log-priority") && value) {
+        if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "udev.log_priority")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
                 r = util_log_priority(value);
                 if (r >= 0)
                         log_set_max_level(r);
-        } else if (streq(key, "udev.event-timeout") && value) {
+
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "udev.event_timeout")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
                 r = safe_atou64(value, &arg_event_timeout_usec);
                 if (r >= 0) {
                         arg_event_timeout_usec *= USEC_PER_SEC;
                         arg_event_timeout_warn_usec = (arg_event_timeout_usec / 3) ? : 1;
                 }
-        } else if (streq(key, "udev.children-max") && value)
+
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "udev.children_max")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
                 r = safe_atou(value, &arg_children_max);
-        else if (streq(key, "udev.exec-delay") && value)
+
+        } else if (proc_cmdline_key_streq(key, "udev.exec_delay")) {
+
+                if (proc_cmdline_value_missing(key, value))
+                        return 0;
+
                 r = safe_atoi(value, &arg_exec_delay);
-        else if (startswith(key, "udev."))
+
+        } else if (startswith(key, "udev."))
                 log_warning("Unknown udev kernel command line option \"%s\"", key);
 
         if (r < 0)
                 log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse \"%s=%s\", ignoring: %m", key, value);
+
         return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1649,7 +1670,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         if (r <= 0)
                 goto exit;
 
-        r = parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, true);
+        r = proc_cmdline_parse(parse_proc_cmdline_item, NULL, PROC_CMDLINE_STRIP_RD_PREFIX);
         if (r < 0)
                 log_warning_errno(r, "failed to parse kernel command line, ignoring: %m");