Fork of Original Code Base: anongit.freedesktop.org/systemd

This is the initial fork of the code base from freedsktop.org.
The code is provided here as a reference of the initial starting
point and for possible future checkouts after a large portion
of this code is removed.

Merge git://anongit.freedesktop.org/systemd/systemd

1 files changed, 2132 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/core/execute.c b/src/core/execute.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e236d38e0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/execute.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2132 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/un.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <linux/sched.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <grp.h>
+#include <pwd.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/oom.h>
+#include <sys/poll.h>
+#include <linux/seccomp-bpf.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PAM
+#include <security/pam_appl.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "execute.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "capability.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "ioprio.h"
+#include "securebits.h"
+#include "cgroup.h"
+#include "namespace.h"
+#include "tcpwrap.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "utmp-wtmp.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "loopback-setup.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "syscall-list.h"
+#include "sd-id128.h"
+#include "sd-messages.h"
+
+#define IDLE_TIMEOUT_USEC (5*USEC_PER_SEC)
+
+/* This assumes there is a 'tty' group */
+#define TTY_MODE 0620
+
+static int shift_fds(int fds[], unsigned n_fds) {
+        int start, restart_from;
+
+        if (n_fds <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Modifies the fds array! (sorts it) */
+
+        assert(fds);
+
+        start = 0;
+        for (;;) {
+                int i;
+
+                restart_from = -1;
+
+                for (i = start; i < (int) n_fds; i++) {
+                        int nfd;
+
+                        /* Already at right index? */
+                        if (fds[i] == i+3)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if ((nfd = fcntl(fds[i], F_DUPFD, i+3)) < 0)
+                                return -errno;
+
+                        close_nointr_nofail(fds[i]);
+                        fds[i] = nfd;
+
+                        /* Hmm, the fd we wanted isn't free? Then
+                         * let's remember that and try again from here*/
+                        if (nfd != i+3 && restart_from < 0)
+                                restart_from = i;
+                }
+
+                if (restart_from < 0)
+                        break;
+
+                start = restart_from;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int flags_fds(const int fds[], unsigned n_fds, bool nonblock) {
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        if (n_fds <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(fds);
+
+        /* Drops/Sets O_NONBLOCK and FD_CLOEXEC from the file flags */
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n_fds; i++) {
+
+                if ((r = fd_nonblock(fds[i], nonblock)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* We unconditionally drop FD_CLOEXEC from the fds,
+                 * since after all we want to pass these fds to our
+                 * children */
+
+                if ((r = fd_cloexec(fds[i], false)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static const char *tty_path(const ExecContext *context) {
+        assert(context);
+
+        if (context->tty_path)
+                return context->tty_path;
+
+        return "/dev/console";
+}
+
+void exec_context_tty_reset(const ExecContext *context) {
+        assert(context);
+
+        if (context->tty_vhangup)
+                terminal_vhangup(tty_path(context));
+
+        if (context->tty_reset)
+                reset_terminal(tty_path(context));
+
+        if (context->tty_vt_disallocate && context->tty_path)
+                vt_disallocate(context->tty_path);
+}
+
+static int open_null_as(int flags, int nfd) {
+        int fd, r;
+
+        assert(nfd >= 0);
+
+        if ((fd = open("/dev/null", flags|O_NOCTTY)) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (fd != nfd) {
+                r = dup2(fd, nfd) < 0 ? -errno : nfd;
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+        } else
+                r = nfd;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int connect_logger_as(const ExecContext *context, ExecOutput output, const char *ident, const char *unit_id, int nfd) {
+        int fd, r;
+        union sockaddr_union sa;
+
+        assert(context);
+        assert(output < _EXEC_OUTPUT_MAX);
+        assert(ident);
+        assert(nfd >= 0);
+
+        fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        zero(sa);
+        sa.un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
+        strncpy(sa.un.sun_path, "/run/systemd/journal/stdout", sizeof(sa.un.sun_path));
+
+        r = connect(fd, &sa.sa, offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(sa.un.sun_path));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (shutdown(fd, SHUT_RD) < 0) {
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        dprintf(fd,
+                "%s\n"
+                "%s\n"
+                "%i\n"
+                "%i\n"
+                "%i\n"
+                "%i\n"
+                "%i\n",
+                context->syslog_identifier ? context->syslog_identifier : ident,
+                unit_id,
+                context->syslog_priority,
+                !!context->syslog_level_prefix,
+                output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG || output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE,
+                output == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG || output == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE,
+                output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE || output == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE || output == EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE);
+
+        if (fd != nfd) {
+                r = dup2(fd, nfd) < 0 ? -errno : nfd;
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+        } else
+                r = nfd;
+
+        return r;
+}
+static int open_terminal_as(const char *path, mode_t mode, int nfd) {
+        int fd, r;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(nfd >= 0);
+
+        if ((fd = open_terminal(path, mode | O_NOCTTY)) < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        if (fd != nfd) {
+                r = dup2(fd, nfd) < 0 ? -errno : nfd;
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+        } else
+                r = nfd;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static bool is_terminal_input(ExecInput i) {
+        return
+                i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY ||
+                i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FORCE ||
+                i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FAIL;
+}
+
+static int fixup_input(ExecInput std_input, int socket_fd, bool apply_tty_stdin) {
+
+        if (is_terminal_input(std_input) && !apply_tty_stdin)
+                return EXEC_INPUT_NULL;
+
+        if (std_input == EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET && socket_fd < 0)
+                return EXEC_INPUT_NULL;
+
+        return std_input;
+}
+
+static int fixup_output(ExecOutput std_output, int socket_fd) {
+
+        if (std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET && socket_fd < 0)
+                return EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT;
+
+        return std_output;
+}
+
+static int setup_input(const ExecContext *context, int socket_fd, bool apply_tty_stdin) {
+        ExecInput i;
+
+        assert(context);
+
+        i = fixup_input(context->std_input, socket_fd, apply_tty_stdin);
+
+        switch (i) {
+
+        case EXEC_INPUT_NULL:
+                return open_null_as(O_RDONLY, STDIN_FILENO);
+
+        case EXEC_INPUT_TTY:
+        case EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FORCE:
+        case EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FAIL: {
+                int fd, r;
+
+                if ((fd = acquire_terminal(
+                                     tty_path(context),
+                                     i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FAIL,
+                                     i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FORCE,
+                                     false,
+                                     (usec_t) -1)) < 0)
+                        return fd;
+
+                if (fd != STDIN_FILENO) {
+                        r = dup2(fd, STDIN_FILENO) < 0 ? -errno : STDIN_FILENO;
+                        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                } else
+                        r = STDIN_FILENO;
+
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        case EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET:
+                return dup2(socket_fd, STDIN_FILENO) < 0 ? -errno : STDIN_FILENO;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown input type");
+        }
+}
+
+static int setup_output(const ExecContext *context, int socket_fd, const char *ident, const char *unit_id, bool apply_tty_stdin) {
+        ExecOutput o;
+        ExecInput i;
+
+        assert(context);
+        assert(ident);
+
+        i = fixup_input(context->std_input, socket_fd, apply_tty_stdin);
+        o = fixup_output(context->std_output, socket_fd);
+
+        /* This expects the input is already set up */
+
+        switch (o) {
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT:
+
+                /* If input got downgraded, inherit the original value */
+                if (i == EXEC_INPUT_NULL && is_terminal_input(context->std_input))
+                        return open_terminal_as(tty_path(context), O_WRONLY, STDOUT_FILENO);
+
+                /* If the input is connected to anything that's not a /dev/null, inherit that... */
+                if (i != EXEC_INPUT_NULL)
+                        return dup2(STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO) < 0 ? -errno : STDOUT_FILENO;
+
+                /* If we are not started from PID 1 we just inherit STDOUT from our parent process. */
+                if (getppid() != 1)
+                        return STDOUT_FILENO;
+
+                /* We need to open /dev/null here anew, to get the
+                 * right access mode. So we fall through */
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_NULL:
+                return open_null_as(O_WRONLY, STDOUT_FILENO);
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY:
+                if (is_terminal_input(i))
+                        return dup2(STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO) < 0 ? -errno : STDOUT_FILENO;
+
+                /* We don't reset the terminal if this is just about output */
+                return open_terminal_as(tty_path(context), O_WRONLY, STDOUT_FILENO);
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE:
+                return connect_logger_as(context, o, ident, unit_id, STDOUT_FILENO);
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET:
+                assert(socket_fd >= 0);
+                return dup2(socket_fd, STDOUT_FILENO) < 0 ? -errno : STDOUT_FILENO;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown output type");
+        }
+}
+
+static int setup_error(const ExecContext *context, int socket_fd, const char *ident, const char *unit_id, bool apply_tty_stdin) {
+        ExecOutput o, e;
+        ExecInput i;
+
+        assert(context);
+        assert(ident);
+
+        i = fixup_input(context->std_input, socket_fd, apply_tty_stdin);
+        o = fixup_output(context->std_output, socket_fd);
+        e = fixup_output(context->std_error, socket_fd);
+
+        /* This expects the input and output are already set up */
+
+        /* Don't change the stderr file descriptor if we inherit all
+         * the way and are not on a tty */
+        if (e == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT &&
+            o == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT &&
+            i == EXEC_INPUT_NULL &&
+            !is_terminal_input(context->std_input) &&
+            getppid () != 1)
+                return STDERR_FILENO;
+
+        /* Duplicate from stdout if possible */
+        if (e == o || e == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT)
+                return dup2(STDOUT_FILENO, STDERR_FILENO) < 0 ? -errno : STDERR_FILENO;
+
+        switch (e) {
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_NULL:
+                return open_null_as(O_WRONLY, STDERR_FILENO);
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY:
+                if (is_terminal_input(i))
+                        return dup2(STDIN_FILENO, STDERR_FILENO) < 0 ? -errno : STDERR_FILENO;
+
+                /* We don't reset the terminal if this is just about output */
+                return open_terminal_as(tty_path(context), O_WRONLY, STDERR_FILENO);
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE:
+                return connect_logger_as(context, e, ident, unit_id, STDERR_FILENO);
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET:
+                assert(socket_fd >= 0);
+                return dup2(socket_fd, STDERR_FILENO) < 0 ? -errno : STDERR_FILENO;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown error type");
+        }
+}
+
+static int chown_terminal(int fd, uid_t uid) {
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        /* This might fail. What matters are the results. */
+        (void) fchown(fd, uid, -1);
+        (void) fchmod(fd, TTY_MODE);
+
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (st.st_uid != uid || (st.st_mode & 0777) != TTY_MODE)
+                return -EPERM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int setup_confirm_stdio(int *_saved_stdin,
+                               int *_saved_stdout) {
+        int fd = -1, saved_stdin, saved_stdout = -1, r;
+
+        assert(_saved_stdin);
+        assert(_saved_stdout);
+
+        saved_stdin = fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_DUPFD, 3);
+        if (saved_stdin < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        saved_stdout = fcntl(STDOUT_FILENO, F_DUPFD, 3);
+        if (saved_stdout < 0) {
+                r = errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        fd = acquire_terminal(
+                        "/dev/console",
+                        false,
+                        false,
+                        false,
+                        DEFAULT_CONFIRM_USEC);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                r = fd;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = chown_terminal(fd, getuid());
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (dup2(fd, STDIN_FILENO) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (dup2(fd, STDOUT_FILENO) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (fd >= 2)
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        *_saved_stdin = saved_stdin;
+        *_saved_stdout = saved_stdout;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (saved_stdout >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(saved_stdout);
+
+        if (saved_stdin >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(saved_stdin);
+
+        if (fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int write_confirm_message(const char *format, ...) {
+        int fd;
+        va_list ap;
+
+        assert(format);
+
+        fd = open_terminal("/dev/console", O_WRONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        va_start(ap, format);
+        vdprintf(fd, format, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int restore_confirm_stdio(int *saved_stdin,
+                                 int *saved_stdout) {
+
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(saved_stdin);
+        assert(saved_stdout);
+
+        release_terminal();
+
+        if (*saved_stdin >= 0)
+                if (dup2(*saved_stdin, STDIN_FILENO) < 0)
+                        r = -errno;
+
+        if (*saved_stdout >= 0)
+                if (dup2(*saved_stdout, STDOUT_FILENO) < 0)
+                        r = -errno;
+
+        if (*saved_stdin >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(*saved_stdin);
+
+        if (*saved_stdout >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(*saved_stdout);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int ask_for_confirmation(char *response, char **argv) {
+        int saved_stdout = -1, saved_stdin = -1, r;
+        char *line;
+
+        r = setup_confirm_stdio(&saved_stdin, &saved_stdout);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        line = exec_command_line(argv);
+        if (!line)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = ask(response, "yns", "Execute %s? [Yes, No, Skip] ", line);
+        free(line);
+
+        restore_confirm_stdio(&saved_stdin, &saved_stdout);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int enforce_groups(const ExecContext *context, const char *username, gid_t gid) {
+        bool keep_groups = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(context);
+
+        /* Lookup and set GID and supplementary group list. Here too
+         * we avoid NSS lookups for gid=0. */
+
+        if (context->group || username) {
+
+                if (context->group) {
+                        const char *g = context->group;
+
+                        if ((r = get_group_creds(&g, &gid)) < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                /* First step, initialize groups from /etc/groups */
+                if (username && gid != 0) {
+                        if (initgroups(username, gid) < 0)
+                                return -errno;
+
+                        keep_groups = true;
+                }
+
+                /* Second step, set our gids */
+                if (setresgid(gid, gid, gid) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (context->supplementary_groups) {
+                int ngroups_max, k;
+                gid_t *gids;
+                char **i;
+
+                /* Final step, initialize any manually set supplementary groups */
+                assert_se((ngroups_max = (int) sysconf(_SC_NGROUPS_MAX)) > 0);
+
+                if (!(gids = new(gid_t, ngroups_max)))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (keep_groups) {
+                        if ((k = getgroups(ngroups_max, gids)) < 0) {
+                                free(gids);
+                                return -errno;
+                        }
+                } else
+                        k = 0;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(i, context->supplementary_groups) {
+                        const char *g;
+
+                        if (k >= ngroups_max) {
+                                free(gids);
+                                return -E2BIG;
+                        }
+
+                        g = *i;
+                        r = get_group_creds(&g, gids+k);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                free(gids);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+
+                        k++;
+                }
+
+                if (setgroups(k, gids) < 0) {
+                        free(gids);
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                free(gids);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int enforce_user(const ExecContext *context, uid_t uid) {
+        int r;
+        assert(context);
+
+        /* Sets (but doesn't lookup) the uid and make sure we keep the
+         * capabilities while doing so. */
+
+        if (context->capabilities) {
+                cap_t d;
+                static const cap_value_t bits[] = {
+                        CAP_SETUID,   /* Necessary so that we can run setresuid() below */
+                        CAP_SETPCAP   /* Necessary so that we can set PR_SET_SECUREBITS later on */
+                };
+
+                /* First step: If we need to keep capabilities but
+                 * drop privileges we need to make sure we keep our
+                 * caps, whiel we drop privileges. */
+                if (uid != 0) {
+                        int sb = context->secure_bits|SECURE_KEEP_CAPS;
+
+                        if (prctl(PR_GET_SECUREBITS) != sb)
+                                if (prctl(PR_SET_SECUREBITS, sb) < 0)
+                                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                /* Second step: set the capabilities. This will reduce
+                 * the capabilities to the minimum we need. */
+
+                if (!(d = cap_dup(context->capabilities)))
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (cap_set_flag(d, CAP_EFFECTIVE, ELEMENTSOF(bits), bits, CAP_SET) < 0 ||
+                    cap_set_flag(d, CAP_PERMITTED, ELEMENTSOF(bits), bits, CAP_SET) < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        cap_free(d);
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                if (cap_set_proc(d) < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        cap_free(d);
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                cap_free(d);
+        }
+
+        /* Third step: actually set the uids */
+        if (setresuid(uid, uid, uid) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        /* At this point we should have all necessary capabilities but
+           are otherwise a normal user. However, the caps might got
+           corrupted due to the setresuid() so we need clean them up
+           later. This is done outside of this call. */
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PAM
+
+static int null_conv(
+                int num_msg,
+                const struct pam_message **msg,
+                struct pam_response **resp,
+                void *appdata_ptr) {
+
+        /* We don't support conversations */
+
+        return PAM_CONV_ERR;
+}
+
+static int setup_pam(
+                const char *name,
+                const char *user,
+                uid_t uid,
+                const char *tty,
+                char ***pam_env,
+                int fds[], unsigned n_fds) {
+
+        static const struct pam_conv conv = {
+                .conv = null_conv,
+                .appdata_ptr = NULL
+        };
+
+        pam_handle_t *handle = NULL;
+        sigset_t ss, old_ss;
+        int pam_code = PAM_SUCCESS;
+        int err;
+        char **e = NULL;
+        bool close_session = false;
+        pid_t pam_pid = 0, parent_pid;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(user);
+        assert(pam_env);
+
+        /* We set up PAM in the parent process, then fork. The child
+         * will then stay around until killed via PR_GET_PDEATHSIG or
+         * systemd via the cgroup logic. It will then remove the PAM
+         * session again. The parent process will exec() the actual
+         * daemon. We do things this way to ensure that the main PID
+         * of the daemon is the one we initially fork()ed. */
+
+        if ((pam_code = pam_start(name, user, &conv, &handle)) != PAM_SUCCESS) {
+                handle = NULL;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (tty)
+                if ((pam_code = pam_set_item(handle, PAM_TTY, tty)) != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                        goto fail;
+
+        if ((pam_code = pam_acct_mgmt(handle, PAM_SILENT)) != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if ((pam_code = pam_open_session(handle, PAM_SILENT)) != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                goto fail;
+
+        close_session = true;
+
+        if ((!(e = pam_getenvlist(handle)))) {
+                pam_code = PAM_BUF_ERR;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* Block SIGTERM, so that we know that it won't get lost in
+         * the child */
+        if (sigemptyset(&ss) < 0 ||
+            sigaddset(&ss, SIGTERM) < 0 ||
+            sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &ss, &old_ss) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        parent_pid = getpid();
+
+        if ((pam_pid = fork()) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (pam_pid == 0) {
+                int sig;
+                int r = EXIT_PAM;
+
+                /* The child's job is to reset the PAM session on
+                 * termination */
+
+                /* This string must fit in 10 chars (i.e. the length
+                 * of "/sbin/init"), to look pretty in /bin/ps */
+                rename_process("(sd-pam)");
+
+                /* Make sure we don't keep open the passed fds in this
+                child. We assume that otherwise only those fds are
+                open here that have been opened by PAM. */
+                close_many(fds, n_fds);
+
+                /* Drop privileges - we don't need any to pam_close_session
+                 * and this will make PR_SET_PDEATHSIG work in most cases.
+                 * If this fails, ignore the error - but expect sd-pam threads
+                 * to fail to exit normally */
+                if (setresuid(uid, uid, uid) < 0)
+                        log_error("Error: Failed to setresuid() in sd-pam: %s", strerror(-r));
+
+                /* Wait until our parent died. This will only work if
+                 * the above setresuid() succeeds, otherwise the kernel
+                 * will not allow unprivileged parents kill their privileged
+                 * children this way. We rely on the control groups kill logic
+                 * to do the rest for us. */
+                if (prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGTERM) < 0)
+                        goto child_finish;
+
+                /* Check if our parent process might already have
+                 * died? */
+                if (getppid() == parent_pid) {
+                        for (;;) {
+                                if (sigwait(&ss, &sig) < 0) {
+                                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                                continue;
+
+                                        goto child_finish;
+                                }
+
+                                assert(sig == SIGTERM);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* If our parent died we'll end the session */
+                if (getppid() != parent_pid)
+                        if ((pam_code = pam_close_session(handle, PAM_DATA_SILENT)) != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                                goto child_finish;
+
+                r = 0;
+
+        child_finish:
+                pam_end(handle, pam_code | PAM_DATA_SILENT);
+                _exit(r);
+        }
+
+        /* If the child was forked off successfully it will do all the
+         * cleanups, so forget about the handle here. */
+        handle = NULL;
+
+        /* Unblock SIGTERM again in the parent */
+        if (sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &old_ss, NULL) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* We close the log explicitly here, since the PAM modules
+         * might have opened it, but we don't want this fd around. */
+        closelog();
+
+        *pam_env = e;
+        e = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (pam_code != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                err = -EPERM;  /* PAM errors do not map to errno */
+        else
+                err = -errno;
+
+        if (handle) {
+                if (close_session)
+                        pam_code = pam_close_session(handle, PAM_DATA_SILENT);
+
+                pam_end(handle, pam_code | PAM_DATA_SILENT);
+        }
+
+        strv_free(e);
+
+        closelog();
+
+        if (pam_pid > 1) {
+                kill(pam_pid, SIGTERM);
+                kill(pam_pid, SIGCONT);
+        }
+
+        return err;
+}
+#endif
+
+static void rename_process_from_path(const char *path) {
+        char process_name[11];
+        const char *p;
+        size_t l;
+
+        /* This resulting string must fit in 10 chars (i.e. the length
+         * of "/sbin/init") to look pretty in /bin/ps */
+
+        p = path_get_file_name(path);
+        if (isempty(p)) {
+                rename_process("(...)");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        l = strlen(p);
+        if (l > 8) {
+                /* The end of the process name is usually more
+                 * interesting, since the first bit might just be
+                 * "systemd-" */
+                p = p + l - 8;
+                l = 8;
+        }
+
+        process_name[0] = '(';
+        memcpy(process_name+1, p, l);
+        process_name[1+l] = ')';
+        process_name[1+l+1] = 0;
+
+        rename_process(process_name);
+}
+
+static int apply_seccomp(uint32_t *syscall_filter) {
+        static const struct sock_filter header[] = {
+                VALIDATE_ARCHITECTURE,
+                EXAMINE_SYSCALL
+        };
+        static const struct sock_filter footer[] = {
+                _KILL_PROCESS
+        };
+
+        int i;
+        unsigned n;
+        struct sock_filter *f;
+        struct sock_fprog prog;
+
+        assert(syscall_filter);
+
+        /* First: count the syscalls to check for */
+        for (i = 0, n = 0; i < syscall_max(); i++)
+                if (syscall_filter[i >> 4] & (1 << (i & 31)))
+                        n++;
+
+        /* Second: build the filter program from a header the syscall
+         * matches and the footer */
+        f = alloca(sizeof(struct sock_filter) * (ELEMENTSOF(header) + 2*n + ELEMENTSOF(footer)));
+        memcpy(f, header, sizeof(header));
+
+        for (i = 0, n = 0; i < syscall_max(); i++)
+                if (syscall_filter[i >> 4] & (1 << (i & 31))) {
+                        struct sock_filter item[] = {
+                                BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP+BPF_JEQ+BPF_K, i, 0, 1),
+                                BPF_STMT(BPF_RET+BPF_K, SECCOMP_RET_ALLOW)
+                        };
+
+                        assert_cc(ELEMENTSOF(item) == 2);
+
+                        f[ELEMENTSOF(header) + 2*n]  = item[0];
+                        f[ELEMENTSOF(header) + 2*n+1] = item[1];
+
+                        n++;
+                }
+
+        memcpy(f + (ELEMENTSOF(header) + 2*n), footer, sizeof(footer));
+
+        /* Third: install the filter */
+        zero(prog);
+        prog.len = ELEMENTSOF(header) + ELEMENTSOF(footer) + 2*n;
+        prog.filter = f;
+        if (prctl(PR_SET_SECCOMP, SECCOMP_MODE_FILTER, &prog) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int exec_spawn(ExecCommand *command,
+               char **argv,
+               const ExecContext *context,
+               int fds[], unsigned n_fds,
+               char **environment,
+               bool apply_permissions,
+               bool apply_chroot,
+               bool apply_tty_stdin,
+               bool confirm_spawn,
+               CGroupBonding *cgroup_bondings,
+               CGroupAttribute *cgroup_attributes,
+               const char *cgroup_suffix,
+               const char *unit_id,
+               int idle_pipe[2],
+               pid_t *ret) {
+
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+        char *line;
+        int socket_fd;
+        char _cleanup_strv_free_ **files_env = NULL;
+
+        assert(command);
+        assert(context);
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(fds || n_fds <= 0);
+
+        if (context->std_input == EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET ||
+            context->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET ||
+            context->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET) {
+
+                if (n_fds != 1)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                socket_fd = fds[0];
+
+                fds = NULL;
+                n_fds = 0;
+        } else
+                socket_fd = -1;
+
+        r = exec_context_load_environment(context, &files_env);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_struct(LOG_ERR,
+                           "UNIT=%s", unit_id,
+                           "MESSAGE=Failed to load environment files: %s", strerror(-r),
+                           "ERRNO=%d", -r,
+                           NULL);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (!argv)
+                argv = command->argv;
+
+        line = exec_command_line(argv);
+        if (!line)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        log_struct(LOG_DEBUG,
+                   "UNIT=%s", unit_id,
+                   "MESSAGE=About to execute %s", line,
+                   NULL);
+        free(line);
+
+        r = cgroup_bonding_realize_list(cgroup_bondings);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        cgroup_attribute_apply_list(cgroup_attributes, cgroup_bondings);
+
+        pid = fork();
+        if (pid < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (pid == 0) {
+                int i, err;
+                sigset_t ss;
+                const char *username = NULL, *home = NULL;
+                uid_t uid = (uid_t) -1;
+                gid_t gid = (gid_t) -1;
+                char _cleanup_strv_free_ **our_env = NULL, **pam_env = NULL,
+                        **final_env = NULL, **final_argv = NULL;
+                unsigned n_env = 0;
+                bool set_access = false;
+
+                /* child */
+
+                rename_process_from_path(command->path);
+
+                /* We reset exactly these signals, since they are the
+                 * only ones we set to SIG_IGN in the main daemon. All
+                 * others we leave untouched because we set them to
+                 * SIG_DFL or a valid handler initially, both of which
+                 * will be demoted to SIG_DFL. */
+                default_signals(SIGNALS_CRASH_HANDLER,
+                                SIGNALS_IGNORE, -1);
+
+                if (context->ignore_sigpipe)
+                        ignore_signals(SIGPIPE, -1);
+
+                assert_se(sigemptyset(&ss) == 0);
+                if (sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &ss, NULL) < 0) {
+                        err = -errno;
+                        r = EXIT_SIGNAL_MASK;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                if (idle_pipe) {
+                        if (idle_pipe[1] >= 0)
+                                close_nointr_nofail(idle_pipe[1]);
+                        if (idle_pipe[0] >= 0) {
+                                fd_wait_for_event(idle_pipe[0], POLLHUP, IDLE_TIMEOUT_USEC);
+                                close_nointr_nofail(idle_pipe[0]);
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* Close sockets very early to make sure we don't
+                 * block init reexecution because it cannot bind its
+                 * sockets */
+                log_forget_fds();
+                err = close_all_fds(socket_fd >= 0 ? &socket_fd : fds,
+                                           socket_fd >= 0 ? 1 : n_fds);
+                if (err < 0) {
+                        r = EXIT_FDS;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                if (!context->same_pgrp)
+                        if (setsid() < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_SETSID;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                if (context->tcpwrap_name) {
+                        if (socket_fd >= 0)
+                                if (!socket_tcpwrap(socket_fd, context->tcpwrap_name)) {
+                                        err = -EACCES;
+                                        r = EXIT_TCPWRAP;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+
+                        for (i = 0; i < (int) n_fds; i++) {
+                                if (!socket_tcpwrap(fds[i], context->tcpwrap_name)) {
+                                        err = -EACCES;
+                                        r = EXIT_TCPWRAP;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+
+                exec_context_tty_reset(context);
+
+                if (confirm_spawn) {
+                        char response;
+
+                        err = ask_for_confirmation(&response, argv);
+                        if (err == -ETIMEDOUT)
+                                write_confirm_message("Confirmation question timed out, assuming positive response.\n");
+                        else if (err < 0)
+                                write_confirm_message("Couldn't ask confirmation question, assuming positive response: %s\n", strerror(-err));
+                        else if (response == 's') {
+                                write_confirm_message("Skipping execution.\n");
+                                err = -ECANCELED;
+                                r = EXIT_CONFIRM;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        } else if (response == 'n') {
+                                write_confirm_message("Failing execution.\n");
+                                err = r = 0;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* If a socket is connected to STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR, we
+                 * must sure to drop O_NONBLOCK */
+                if (socket_fd >= 0)
+                        fd_nonblock(socket_fd, false);
+
+                err = setup_input(context, socket_fd, apply_tty_stdin);
+                if (err < 0) {
+                        r = EXIT_STDIN;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                err = setup_output(context, socket_fd, path_get_file_name(command->path), unit_id, apply_tty_stdin);
+                if (err < 0) {
+                        r = EXIT_STDOUT;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                err = setup_error(context, socket_fd, path_get_file_name(command->path), unit_id, apply_tty_stdin);
+                if (err < 0) {
+                        r = EXIT_STDERR;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                if (cgroup_bondings) {
+                        err = cgroup_bonding_install_list(cgroup_bondings, 0, cgroup_suffix);
+                        if (err < 0) {
+                                r = EXIT_CGROUP;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (context->oom_score_adjust_set) {
+                        char t[16];
+
+                        snprintf(t, sizeof(t), "%i", context->oom_score_adjust);
+                        char_array_0(t);
+
+                        if (write_one_line_file("/proc/self/oom_score_adj", t) < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_OOM_ADJUST;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (context->nice_set)
+                        if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, context->nice) < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_NICE;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                if (context->cpu_sched_set) {
+                        struct sched_param param;
+
+                        zero(param);
+                        param.sched_priority = context->cpu_sched_priority;
+
+                        if (sched_setscheduler(0, context->cpu_sched_policy |
+                                               (context->cpu_sched_reset_on_fork ? SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK : 0), &param) < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_SETSCHEDULER;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (context->cpuset)
+                        if (sched_setaffinity(0, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(context->cpuset_ncpus), context->cpuset) < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_CPUAFFINITY;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                if (context->ioprio_set)
+                        if (ioprio_set(IOPRIO_WHO_PROCESS, 0, context->ioprio) < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_IOPRIO;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                if (context->timer_slack_nsec != (nsec_t) -1)
+                        if (prctl(PR_SET_TIMERSLACK, context->timer_slack_nsec) < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_TIMERSLACK;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                if (context->utmp_id)
+                        utmp_put_init_process(context->utmp_id, getpid(), getsid(0), context->tty_path);
+
+                if (context->user) {
+                        username = context->user;
+                        err = get_user_creds(&username, &uid, &gid, &home, NULL);
+                        if (err < 0) {
+                                r = EXIT_USER;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                        if (is_terminal_input(context->std_input)) {
+                                err = chown_terminal(STDIN_FILENO, uid);
+                                if (err < 0) {
+                                        r = EXIT_STDIN;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        if (cgroup_bondings && context->control_group_modify) {
+                                err = cgroup_bonding_set_group_access_list(cgroup_bondings, 0755, uid, gid);
+                                if (err >= 0)
+                                        err = cgroup_bonding_set_task_access_list(cgroup_bondings, 0644, uid, gid, context->control_group_persistent);
+                                if (err < 0) {
+                                        r = EXIT_CGROUP;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+
+                                set_access = true;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (cgroup_bondings && !set_access && context->control_group_persistent >= 0)  {
+                        err = cgroup_bonding_set_task_access_list(cgroup_bondings, (mode_t) -1, (uid_t) -1, (uid_t) -1, context->control_group_persistent);
+                        if (err < 0) {
+                                r = EXIT_CGROUP;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (apply_permissions) {
+                        err = enforce_groups(context, username, gid);
+                        if (err < 0) {
+                                r = EXIT_GROUP;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                umask(context->umask);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PAM
+                if (apply_permissions && context->pam_name && username) {
+                        err = setup_pam(context->pam_name, username, uid, context->tty_path, &pam_env, fds, n_fds);
+                        if (err < 0) {
+                                r = EXIT_PAM;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+#endif
+                if (context->private_network) {
+                        if (unshare(CLONE_NEWNET) < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_NETWORK;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                        loopback_setup();
+                }
+
+                if (strv_length(context->read_write_dirs) > 0 ||
+                    strv_length(context->read_only_dirs) > 0 ||
+                    strv_length(context->inaccessible_dirs) > 0 ||
+                    context->mount_flags != 0 ||
+                    context->private_tmp) {
+                        err = setup_namespace(context->read_write_dirs,
+                                              context->read_only_dirs,
+                                              context->inaccessible_dirs,
+                                              context->private_tmp,
+                                              context->mount_flags);
+                        if (err < 0) {
+                                r = EXIT_NAMESPACE;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (apply_chroot) {
+                        if (context->root_directory)
+                                if (chroot(context->root_directory) < 0) {
+                                        err = -errno;
+                                        r = EXIT_CHROOT;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+
+                        if (chdir(context->working_directory ? context->working_directory : "/") < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_CHDIR;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                } else {
+                        char _cleanup_free_ *d = NULL;
+
+                        if (asprintf(&d, "%s/%s",
+                                     context->root_directory ? context->root_directory : "",
+                                     context->working_directory ? context->working_directory : "") < 0) {
+                                err = -ENOMEM;
+                                r = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                        if (chdir(d) < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_CHDIR;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* We repeat the fd closing here, to make sure that
+                 * nothing is leaked from the PAM modules */
+                err = close_all_fds(fds, n_fds);
+                if (err >= 0)
+                        err = shift_fds(fds, n_fds);
+                if (err >= 0)
+                        err = flags_fds(fds, n_fds, context->non_blocking);
+                if (err < 0) {
+                        r = EXIT_FDS;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                if (apply_permissions) {
+
+                        for (i = 0; i < RLIMIT_NLIMITS; i++) {
+                                if (!context->rlimit[i])
+                                        continue;
+
+                                if (setrlimit_closest(i, context->rlimit[i]) < 0) {
+                                        err = -errno;
+                                        r = EXIT_LIMITS;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        if (context->capability_bounding_set_drop) {
+                                err = capability_bounding_set_drop(context->capability_bounding_set_drop, false);
+                                if (err < 0) {
+                                        r = EXIT_CAPABILITIES;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        if (context->user) {
+                                err = enforce_user(context, uid);
+                                if (err < 0) {
+                                        r = EXIT_USER;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        /* PR_GET_SECUREBITS is not privileged, while
+                         * PR_SET_SECUREBITS is. So to suppress
+                         * potential EPERMs we'll try not to call
+                         * PR_SET_SECUREBITS unless necessary. */
+                        if (prctl(PR_GET_SECUREBITS) != context->secure_bits)
+                                if (prctl(PR_SET_SECUREBITS, context->secure_bits) < 0) {
+                                        err = -errno;
+                                        r = EXIT_SECUREBITS;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+
+                        if (context->capabilities)
+                                if (cap_set_proc(context->capabilities) < 0) {
+                                        err = -errno;
+                                        r = EXIT_CAPABILITIES;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+
+                        if (context->no_new_privileges)
+                                if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0) < 0) {
+                                        err = -errno;
+                                        r = EXIT_NO_NEW_PRIVILEGES;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+
+                        if (context->syscall_filter) {
+                                err = apply_seccomp(context->syscall_filter);
+                                if (err < 0) {
+                                        r = EXIT_SECCOMP;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (!(our_env = new0(char*, 7))) {
+                        err = -ENOMEM;
+                        r = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                if (n_fds > 0)
+                        if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "LISTEN_PID=%lu", (unsigned long) getpid()) < 0 ||
+                            asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "LISTEN_FDS=%u", n_fds) < 0) {
+                                err = -ENOMEM;
+                                r = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                if (home)
+                        if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "HOME=%s", home) < 0) {
+                                err = -ENOMEM;
+                                r = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                if (username)
+                        if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "LOGNAME=%s", username) < 0 ||
+                            asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "USER=%s", username) < 0) {
+                                err = -ENOMEM;
+                                r = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                if (is_terminal_input(context->std_input) ||
+                    context->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY ||
+                    context->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY)
+                        if (!(our_env[n_env++] = strdup(default_term_for_tty(tty_path(context))))) {
+                                err = -ENOMEM;
+                                r = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                assert(n_env <= 7);
+
+                if (!(final_env = strv_env_merge(
+                                      5,
+                                      environment,
+                                      our_env,
+                                      context->environment,
+                                      files_env,
+                                      pam_env,
+                                      NULL))) {
+                        err = -ENOMEM;
+                        r = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                if (!(final_argv = replace_env_argv(argv, final_env))) {
+                        err = -ENOMEM;
+                        r = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                final_env = strv_env_clean(final_env);
+
+                execve(command->path, final_argv, final_env);
+                err = -errno;
+                r = EXIT_EXEC;
+
+        fail_child:
+                if (r != 0) {
+                        log_open();
+                        log_struct(LOG_ERR, MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_SPAWN_FAILED),
+                                   "EXECUTABLE=%s", command->path,
+                                   "MESSAGE=Failed at step %s spawning %s: %s",
+                                          exit_status_to_string(r, EXIT_STATUS_SYSTEMD),
+                                          command->path, strerror(-err),
+                                   "ERRNO=%d", -err,
+                                   NULL);
+                        log_close();
+                }
+
+                _exit(r);
+        }
+
+        log_struct(LOG_DEBUG,
+                   "UNIT=%s", unit_id,
+                   "MESSAGE=Forked %s as %lu",
+                          command->path, (unsigned long) pid,
+                   NULL);
+
+        /* We add the new process to the cgroup both in the child (so
+         * that we can be sure that no user code is ever executed
+         * outside of the cgroup) and in the parent (so that we can be
+         * sure that when we kill the cgroup the process will be
+         * killed too). */
+        if (cgroup_bondings)
+                cgroup_bonding_install_list(cgroup_bondings, pid, cgroup_suffix);
+
+        exec_status_start(&command->exec_status, pid);
+
+        *ret = pid;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void exec_context_init(ExecContext *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        c->umask = 0022;
+        c->ioprio = IOPRIO_PRIO_VALUE(IOPRIO_CLASS_BE, 0);
+        c->cpu_sched_policy = SCHED_OTHER;
+        c->syslog_priority = LOG_DAEMON|LOG_INFO;
+        c->syslog_level_prefix = true;
+        c->control_group_persistent = -1;
+        c->ignore_sigpipe = true;
+        c->timer_slack_nsec = (nsec_t) -1;
+}
+
+void exec_context_done(ExecContext *c) {
+        unsigned l;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        strv_free(c->environment);
+        c->environment = NULL;
+
+        strv_free(c->environment_files);
+        c->environment_files = NULL;
+
+        for (l = 0; l < ELEMENTSOF(c->rlimit); l++) {
+                free(c->rlimit[l]);
+                c->rlimit[l] = NULL;
+        }
+
+        free(c->working_directory);
+        c->working_directory = NULL;
+        free(c->root_directory);
+        c->root_directory = NULL;
+
+        free(c->tty_path);
+        c->tty_path = NULL;
+
+        free(c->tcpwrap_name);
+        c->tcpwrap_name = NULL;
+
+        free(c->syslog_identifier);
+        c->syslog_identifier = NULL;
+
+        free(c->user);
+        c->user = NULL;
+
+        free(c->group);
+        c->group = NULL;
+
+        strv_free(c->supplementary_groups);
+        c->supplementary_groups = NULL;
+
+        free(c->pam_name);
+        c->pam_name = NULL;
+
+        if (c->capabilities) {
+                cap_free(c->capabilities);
+                c->capabilities = NULL;
+        }
+
+        strv_free(c->read_only_dirs);
+        c->read_only_dirs = NULL;
+
+        strv_free(c->read_write_dirs);
+        c->read_write_dirs = NULL;
+
+        strv_free(c->inaccessible_dirs);
+        c->inaccessible_dirs = NULL;
+
+        if (c->cpuset)
+                CPU_FREE(c->cpuset);
+
+        free(c->utmp_id);
+        c->utmp_id = NULL;
+
+        free(c->syscall_filter);
+        c->syscall_filter = NULL;
+}
+
+void exec_command_done(ExecCommand *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        free(c->path);
+        c->path = NULL;
+
+        strv_free(c->argv);
+        c->argv = NULL;
+}
+
+void exec_command_done_array(ExecCommand *c, unsigned n) {
+        unsigned i;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+                exec_command_done(c+i);
+}
+
+void exec_command_free_list(ExecCommand *c) {
+        ExecCommand *i;
+
+        while ((i = c)) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(ExecCommand, command, c, i);
+                exec_command_done(i);
+                free(i);
+        }
+}
+
+void exec_command_free_array(ExecCommand **c, unsigned n) {
+        unsigned i;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                exec_command_free_list(c[i]);
+                c[i] = NULL;
+        }
+}
+
+int exec_context_load_environment(const ExecContext *c, char ***l) {
+        char **i, **r = NULL;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(l);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, c->environment_files) {
+                char *fn;
+                int k;
+                bool ignore = false;
+                char **p;
+
+                fn = *i;
+
+                if (fn[0] == '-') {
+                        ignore = true;
+                        fn ++;
+                }
+
+                if (!path_is_absolute(fn)) {
+
+                        if (ignore)
+                                continue;
+
+                        strv_free(r);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                if ((k = load_env_file(fn, &p)) < 0) {
+
+                        if (ignore)
+                                continue;
+
+                        strv_free(r);
+                        return k;
+                }
+
+                if (r == NULL)
+                        r = p;
+                else {
+                        char **m;
+
+                        m = strv_env_merge(2, r, p);
+                        strv_free(r);
+                        strv_free(p);
+
+                        if (!m)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        r = m;
+                }
+        }
+
+        *l = r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void strv_fprintf(FILE *f, char **l) {
+        char **g;
+
+        assert(f);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(g, l)
+                fprintf(f, " %s", *g);
+}
+
+void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
+        char ** e;
+        unsigned i;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (!prefix)
+                prefix = "";
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sUMask: %04o\n"
+                "%sWorkingDirectory: %s\n"
+                "%sRootDirectory: %s\n"
+                "%sNonBlocking: %s\n"
+                "%sPrivateTmp: %s\n"
+                "%sControlGroupModify: %s\n"
+                "%sControlGroupPersistent: %s\n"
+                "%sPrivateNetwork: %s\n"
+                "%sIgnoreSIGPIPE: %s\n",
+                prefix, c->umask,
+                prefix, c->working_directory ? c->working_directory : "/",
+                prefix, c->root_directory ? c->root_directory : "/",
+                prefix, yes_no(c->non_blocking),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->private_tmp),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->control_group_modify),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->control_group_persistent),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->private_network),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->ignore_sigpipe));
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(e, c->environment)
+                fprintf(f, "%sEnvironment: %s\n", prefix, *e);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(e, c->environment_files)
+                fprintf(f, "%sEnvironmentFile: %s\n", prefix, *e);
+
+        if (c->tcpwrap_name)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sTCPWrapName: %s\n",
+                        prefix, c->tcpwrap_name);
+
+        if (c->nice_set)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sNice: %i\n",
+                        prefix, c->nice);
+
+        if (c->oom_score_adjust_set)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sOOMScoreAdjust: %i\n",
+                        prefix, c->oom_score_adjust);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < RLIM_NLIMITS; i++)
+                if (c->rlimit[i])
+                        fprintf(f, "%s%s: %llu\n", prefix, rlimit_to_string(i), (unsigned long long) c->rlimit[i]->rlim_max);
+
+        if (c->ioprio_set) {
+                char *class_str;
+                int r;
+
+                r = ioprio_class_to_string_alloc(IOPRIO_PRIO_CLASS(c->ioprio), &class_str);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        class_str = NULL;
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sIOSchedulingClass: %s\n"
+                        "%sIOPriority: %i\n",
+                        prefix, strna(class_str),
+                        prefix, (int) IOPRIO_PRIO_DATA(c->ioprio));
+                free(class_str);
+        }
+
+        if (c->cpu_sched_set) {
+                char *policy_str;
+                int r;
+
+                r = sched_policy_to_string_alloc(c->cpu_sched_policy, &policy_str);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        policy_str = NULL;
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sCPUSchedulingPolicy: %s\n"
+                        "%sCPUSchedulingPriority: %i\n"
+                        "%sCPUSchedulingResetOnFork: %s\n",
+                        prefix, strna(policy_str),
+                        prefix, c->cpu_sched_priority,
+                        prefix, yes_no(c->cpu_sched_reset_on_fork));
+                free(policy_str);
+	}
+
+        if (c->cpuset) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sCPUAffinity:", prefix);
+                for (i = 0; i < c->cpuset_ncpus; i++)
+                        if (CPU_ISSET_S(i, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(c->cpuset_ncpus), c->cpuset))
+                                fprintf(f, " %i", i);
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (c->timer_slack_nsec != (nsec_t) -1)
+                fprintf(f, "%sTimerSlackNSec: %lu\n", prefix, (unsigned long)c->timer_slack_nsec);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sStandardInput: %s\n"
+                "%sStandardOutput: %s\n"
+                "%sStandardError: %s\n",
+                prefix, exec_input_to_string(c->std_input),
+                prefix, exec_output_to_string(c->std_output),
+                prefix, exec_output_to_string(c->std_error));
+
+        if (c->tty_path)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sTTYPath: %s\n"
+                        "%sTTYReset: %s\n"
+                        "%sTTYVHangup: %s\n"
+                        "%sTTYVTDisallocate: %s\n",
+                        prefix, c->tty_path,
+                        prefix, yes_no(c->tty_reset),
+                        prefix, yes_no(c->tty_vhangup),
+                        prefix, yes_no(c->tty_vt_disallocate));
+
+        if (c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG || c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG || c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL ||
+            c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE || c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE || c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE ||
+            c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG || c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG || c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL ||
+            c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE || c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE || c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE) {
+                char *fac_str, *lvl_str;
+                int r;
+
+                r = log_facility_unshifted_to_string_alloc(c->syslog_priority >> 3, &fac_str);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        fac_str = NULL;
+
+                r = log_level_to_string_alloc(LOG_PRI(c->syslog_priority), &lvl_str);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        lvl_str = NULL;
+
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSyslogFacility: %s\n"
+                        "%sSyslogLevel: %s\n",
+                        prefix, strna(fac_str),
+                        prefix, strna(lvl_str));
+                free(lvl_str);
+                free(fac_str);
+        }
+
+        if (c->capabilities) {
+                char *t;
+                if ((t = cap_to_text(c->capabilities, NULL))) {
+                        fprintf(f, "%sCapabilities: %s\n",
+                                prefix, t);
+                        cap_free(t);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (c->secure_bits)
+                fprintf(f, "%sSecure Bits:%s%s%s%s%s%s\n",
+                        prefix,
+                        (c->secure_bits & SECURE_KEEP_CAPS) ? " keep-caps" : "",
+                        (c->secure_bits & SECURE_KEEP_CAPS_LOCKED) ? " keep-caps-locked" : "",
+                        (c->secure_bits & SECURE_NO_SETUID_FIXUP) ? " no-setuid-fixup" : "",
+                        (c->secure_bits & SECURE_NO_SETUID_FIXUP_LOCKED) ? " no-setuid-fixup-locked" : "",
+                        (c->secure_bits & SECURE_NOROOT) ? " noroot" : "",
+                        (c->secure_bits & SECURE_NOROOT_LOCKED) ? "noroot-locked" : "");
+
+        if (c->capability_bounding_set_drop) {
+                unsigned long l;
+                fprintf(f, "%sCapabilityBoundingSet:", prefix);
+
+                for (l = 0; l <= cap_last_cap(); l++)
+                        if (!(c->capability_bounding_set_drop & ((uint64_t) 1ULL << (uint64_t) l))) {
+                                char *t;
+
+                                if ((t = cap_to_name(l))) {
+                                        fprintf(f, " %s", t);
+                                        cap_free(t);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (c->user)
+                fprintf(f, "%sUser: %s\n", prefix, c->user);
+        if (c->group)
+                fprintf(f, "%sGroup: %s\n", prefix, c->group);
+
+        if (strv_length(c->supplementary_groups) > 0) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sSupplementaryGroups:", prefix);
+                strv_fprintf(f, c->supplementary_groups);
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (c->pam_name)
+                fprintf(f, "%sPAMName: %s\n", prefix, c->pam_name);
+
+        if (strv_length(c->read_write_dirs) > 0) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sReadWriteDirs:", prefix);
+                strv_fprintf(f, c->read_write_dirs);
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (strv_length(c->read_only_dirs) > 0) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sReadOnlyDirs:", prefix);
+                strv_fprintf(f, c->read_only_dirs);
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (strv_length(c->inaccessible_dirs) > 0) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sInaccessibleDirs:", prefix);
+                strv_fprintf(f, c->inaccessible_dirs);
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (c->utmp_id)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sUtmpIdentifier: %s\n",
+                        prefix, c->utmp_id);
+}
+
+void exec_status_start(ExecStatus *s, pid_t pid) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        zero(*s);
+        s->pid = pid;
+        dual_timestamp_get(&s->start_timestamp);
+}
+
+void exec_status_exit(ExecStatus *s, ExecContext *context, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->pid && s->pid != pid)
+                zero(*s);
+
+        s->pid = pid;
+        dual_timestamp_get(&s->exit_timestamp);
+
+        s->code = code;
+        s->status = status;
+
+        if (context) {
+                if (context->utmp_id)
+                        utmp_put_dead_process(context->utmp_id, pid, code, status);
+
+                exec_context_tty_reset(context);
+        }
+}
+
+void exec_status_dump(ExecStatus *s, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        char buf[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (!prefix)
+                prefix = "";
+
+        if (s->pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sPID: %lu\n",
+                prefix, (unsigned long) s->pid);
+
+        if (s->start_timestamp.realtime > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sStart Timestamp: %s\n",
+                        prefix, format_timestamp(buf, sizeof(buf), s->start_timestamp.realtime));
+
+        if (s->exit_timestamp.realtime > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sExit Timestamp: %s\n"
+                        "%sExit Code: %s\n"
+                        "%sExit Status: %i\n",
+                        prefix, format_timestamp(buf, sizeof(buf), s->exit_timestamp.realtime),
+                        prefix, sigchld_code_to_string(s->code),
+                        prefix, s->status);
+}
+
+char *exec_command_line(char **argv) {
+        size_t k;
+        char *n, *p, **a;
+        bool first = true;
+
+        assert(argv);
+
+        k = 1;
+        STRV_FOREACH(a, argv)
+                k += strlen(*a)+3;
+
+        if (!(n = new(char, k)))
+                return NULL;
+
+        p = n;
+        STRV_FOREACH(a, argv) {
+
+                if (!first)
+                        *(p++) = ' ';
+                else
+                        first = false;
+
+                if (strpbrk(*a, WHITESPACE)) {
+                        *(p++) = '\'';
+                        p = stpcpy(p, *a);
+                        *(p++) = '\'';
+                } else
+                        p = stpcpy(p, *a);
+
+        }
+
+        *p = 0;
+
+        /* FIXME: this doesn't really handle arguments that have
+         * spaces and ticks in them */
+
+        return n;
+}
+
+void exec_command_dump(ExecCommand *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        char *p2;
+        const char *prefix2;
+
+        char *cmd;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (!prefix)
+                prefix = "";
+        p2 = strappend(prefix, "\t");
+        prefix2 = p2 ? p2 : prefix;
+
+        cmd = exec_command_line(c->argv);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sCommand Line: %s\n",
+                prefix, cmd ? cmd : strerror(ENOMEM));
+
+        free(cmd);
+
+        exec_status_dump(&c->exec_status, f, prefix2);
+
+        free(p2);
+}
+
+void exec_command_dump_list(ExecCommand *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (!prefix)
+                prefix = "";
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(command, c, c)
+                exec_command_dump(c, f, prefix);
+}
+
+void exec_command_append_list(ExecCommand **l, ExecCommand *e) {
+        ExecCommand *end;
+
+        assert(l);
+        assert(e);
+
+        if (*l) {
+                /* It's kind of important, that we keep the order here */
+                LIST_FIND_TAIL(ExecCommand, command, *l, end);
+                LIST_INSERT_AFTER(ExecCommand, command, *l, end, e);
+        } else
+              *l = e;
+}
+
+int exec_command_set(ExecCommand *c, const char *path, ...) {
+        va_list ap;
+        char **l, *p;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(path);
+
+        va_start(ap, path);
+        l = strv_new_ap(path, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (!(p = strdup(path))) {
+                strv_free(l);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        free(c->path);
+        c->path = p;
+
+        strv_free(c->argv);
+        c->argv = l;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static const char* const exec_input_table[_EXEC_INPUT_MAX] = {
+        [EXEC_INPUT_NULL] = "null",
+        [EXEC_INPUT_TTY] = "tty",
+        [EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FORCE] = "tty-force",
+        [EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FAIL] = "tty-fail",
+        [EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET] = "socket"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(exec_input, ExecInput);
+
+static const char* const exec_output_table[_EXEC_OUTPUT_MAX] = {
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT] = "inherit",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_NULL] = "null",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY] = "tty",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG] = "syslog",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE] = "syslog+console",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG] = "kmsg",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE] = "kmsg+console",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL] = "journal",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE] = "journal+console",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET] = "socket"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(exec_output, ExecOutput);