bus: add sd_bus_track object for tracking peers, and port core over to it

This is primarily useful for services that need to track clients which
reference certain objects they maintain, or which explicitly want to
subscribe to certain events. Something like this is done in a large
number of services, and not trivial to do. Hence, let's unify this at
one place.

This also ports over PID 1 to use this to ensure that subscriptions to
job and manager events are correctly tracked. As a side-effect this
makes sure we properly serialize and restore the track list across
daemon reexec/reload, which didn't work correctly before.

This also simplifies how we distribute messages to broadcast to the
direct busses: we only track subscriptions for the API bus and
implicitly assume that all direct busses are subscribed. This should be
a pretty OK simplification since clients connected via direct bus
connections are shortlived anyway.

13 files changed, 197 insertions, 444 deletions

diff --git a/src/core/dbus-client-track.c b/src/core/dbus-client-track.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 07dfea49e6..0000000000
--- a/src/core/dbus-client-track.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,251 +0,0 @@
-/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
-
-/***
-  This file is part of systemd.
-
-  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
-
-  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
-  (at your option) any later version.
-
-  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
-  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
-  Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
-  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-***/
-
-#include "bus-util.h"
-#include "dbus-client-track.h"
-
-static unsigned long tracked_client_hash(const void *a, const uint8_t hash_key[HASH_KEY_SIZE]) {
-        const BusTrackedClient *x = a;
-
-        return string_hash_func(x->name, hash_key) ^ trivial_hash_func(x->bus, hash_key);
-}
-
-static int tracked_client_compare(const void *a, const void *b) {
-        const BusTrackedClient *x = a, *y = b;
-        int r;
-
-        r = strcmp(x->name, y->name);
-        if (r != 0)
-                return r;
-
-        if (x->bus < y->bus)
-                return -1;
-        if (x->bus > y->bus)
-                return 1;
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int on_name_owner_changed(sd_bus *bus, sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
-        BusTrackedClient *c = userdata;
-        const char *name, *old, *new;
-        int r;
-
-        assert(bus);
-        assert(message);
-
-        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "sss", &name, &old, &new);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                bus_log_parse_error(r);
-                return r;
-        }
-
-        bus_client_untrack(c->set, bus, name);
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static char *build_match(const char *name) {
-
-        return strjoin("type='signal',"
-                       "sender='org.freedesktop.DBus',"
-                       "path='/org/freedesktop/DBus',"
-                       "interface='org.freedesktop.DBus',"
-                       "member='NameOwnerChanged',"
-                       "arg0='", name, "'", NULL);
-}
-
-int bus_client_track(Set **s, sd_bus *bus, const char *name) {
-        BusTrackedClient *c, *found;
-        size_t l;
-        int r;
-
-        assert(s);
-        assert(bus);
-
-        r = set_ensure_allocated(s, tracked_client_hash, tracked_client_compare);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-
-        name = strempty(name);
-
-        l = strlen(name);
-
-        c = alloca(offsetof(BusTrackedClient, name) + l + 1);
-        c->set = *s;
-        c->bus = bus;
-        strcpy(c->name, name);
-
-        found = set_get(*s, c);
-        if (found)
-                return 0;
-
-        c = memdup(c, offsetof(BusTrackedClient, name) + l + 1);
-        if (!c)
-                return -ENOMEM;
-
-        r = set_put(*s, c);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                free(c);
-                return r;
-        }
-
-        if (!isempty(name)) {
-                _cleanup_free_ char *match = NULL;
-
-                match = build_match(name);
-                if (!match) {
-                        set_remove(*s, c);
-                        free(c);
-                        return -ENOMEM;
-                }
-
-                r = sd_bus_add_match(bus, match, on_name_owner_changed, c);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        set_remove(*s, c);
-                        free(c);
-                        return r;
-                }
-        }
-
-        sd_bus_ref(c->bus);
-        return 1;
-}
-
-static void bus_client_free_one(Set *s, BusTrackedClient *c) {
-        assert(s);
-        assert(c);
-
-        if (!isempty(c->name)) {
-                _cleanup_free_ char *match = NULL;
-
-                match = build_match(c->name);
-                if (match)
-                        sd_bus_remove_match(c->bus, match, on_name_owner_changed, c);
-        }
-
-        sd_bus_unref(c->bus);
-        set_remove(s, c);
-        free(c);
-}
-
-int bus_client_untrack(Set *s, sd_bus *bus, const char *name) {
-        BusTrackedClient *c, *found;
-        size_t l;
-
-        assert(bus);
-        assert(s);
-        assert(name);
-
-        name = strempty(name);
-
-        l = strlen(name);
-
-        c = alloca(offsetof(BusTrackedClient, name) + l + 1);
-        c->bus = bus;
-        strcpy(c->name, name);
-
-        found = set_get(s, c);
-        if (!found)
-                return 0;
-
-        bus_client_free_one(s, found);
-        return 1;
-}
-
-void bus_client_track_free(Set *s) {
-        BusTrackedClient *c;
-
-        while ((c = set_first(s)))
-                bus_client_free_one(s, c);
-
-        set_free(s);
-}
-
-int bus_client_untrack_bus(Set *s, sd_bus *bus) {
-        BusTrackedClient *c;
-        Iterator i;
-        int r = 0;
-
-        SET_FOREACH(c, s, i)
-                if (c->bus == bus) {
-                        bus_client_free_one(s, c);
-                        r++;
-                }
-
-        return r;
-}
-
-void bus_client_track_serialize(Manager *m, FILE *f, Set *s) {
-        BusTrackedClient *c;
-        Iterator i;
-
-        assert(m);
-        assert(f);
-
-        SET_FOREACH(c, s, i) {
-                if (c->bus == m->api_bus)
-                        fprintf(f, "subscribed=%s\n", isempty(c->name) ? "*" : c->name);
-                else
-                        fprintf(f, "subscribed=%p %s\n", c->bus, isempty(c->name) ? "*" : c->name);
-        }
-}
-
-int bus_client_track_deserialize_item(Manager *m, Set **s, const char *line) {
-        const char *e, *q, *name;
-        sd_bus *bus;
-        void *p;
-        int r;
-
-        e = startswith(line, "subscribed=");
-        if (!e)
-                return 0;
-
-        q = strpbrk(e, WHITESPACE);
-        if (!q) {
-                if (m->api_bus) {
-                        bus = m->api_bus;
-                        name = e;
-                        goto finish;
-                }
-
-                return 1;
-        }
-
-        if (sscanf(e, "%p", &p) != 1) {
-                log_debug("Failed to parse subscription pointer.");
-                return -EINVAL;
-        }
-
-        bus = set_get(m->private_buses, p);
-        if (!bus)
-                return 1;
-
-        name = q + strspn(q, WHITESPACE);
-
-finish:
-        r = bus_client_track(s, bus, streq(name, "*") ? NULL : name);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_debug("Failed to deserialize client subscription: %s", strerror(-r));
-                return r;
-        }
-
-        return 1;
-}
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-client-track.h b/src/core/dbus-client-track.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 01676479b0..0000000000
--- a/src/core/dbus-client-track.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
-
-#pragma once
-
-/***
-  This file is part of systemd.
-
-  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
-
-  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
-  (at your option) any later version.
-
-  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
-  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
-  Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
-  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-***/
-
-#include "sd-bus.h"
-#include "set.h"
-#include "manager.h"
-
-typedef struct BusTrackedClient {
-        Set *set;
-        sd_bus *bus;
-        char name[0];
-} BusTrackedClient;
-
-int bus_client_track(Set **s, sd_bus *bus, const char *name);
-
-int bus_client_untrack(Set *s, sd_bus *bus, const char *name);
-int bus_client_untrack_bus(Set *s, sd_bus *bus);
-
-void bus_client_track_free(Set *s);
-
-void bus_client_track_serialize(Manager *m, FILE *f, Set *s);
-int bus_client_track_deserialize_item(Manager *m, Set **s, const char *line);
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-job.c b/src/core/dbus-job.c
index a8eae4734e..5c364a4264 100644
--- a/src/core/dbus-job.c
+++ b/src/core/dbus-job.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "selinux-access.h"
 #include "job.h"
 #include "dbus-job.h"
-#include "dbus-client-track.h"
+#include "dbus.h"
 
 static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_type, job_type, JobType);
 static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_state, job_state, JobState);
@@ -79,53 +79,10 @@ const sd_bus_vtable bus_job_vtable[] = {
         SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
 };
 
-static int foreach_client(Job *j, int (*send_message)(sd_bus *bus, const char *name, Job *j)) {
-        BusTrackedClient *one_destination = NULL;
-        Iterator i;
-        sd_bus *b;
-        unsigned n, m;
-        int r, ret;
-
-        assert(j);
-        assert(send_message);
-
-        n = set_size(j->manager->subscribed);
-        m = set_size(j->subscribed);
-
-        if (n <= 0 && m <= 0)
-                return 0;
-
-        if (n == 1 && m == 0)
-                one_destination = set_first(j->manager->subscribed);
-        else if (n == 0 && m == 1)
-                one_destination = set_first(j->subscribed);
-        else
-                one_destination = NULL;
-
-        if (one_destination)
-                return send_message(one_destination->bus, isempty(one_destination->name) ? NULL : one_destination->name, j);
-
-        ret = 0;
-
-        /* Send to everybody */
-        SET_FOREACH(b, j->manager->private_buses, i) {
-                r = send_message(b, NULL, j);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        ret = r;
-        }
-
-        if (j->manager->api_bus) {
-                r = send_message(j->manager->api_bus, NULL, j);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        ret = r;
-        }
-
-        return ret;
-}
-
-static int send_new_signal(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, Job *j) {
+static int send_new_signal(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Job *j = userdata;
         int r;
 
         assert(bus);
@@ -148,11 +105,12 @@ static int send_new_signal(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, Job *j) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        return sd_bus_send_to(bus, m, destination, NULL);
+        return sd_bus_send(bus, m, NULL);
 }
 
-static int send_changed_signal(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, Job *j) {
+static int send_changed_signal(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Job *j = userdata;
 
         assert(bus);
         assert(j);
@@ -174,16 +132,17 @@ void bus_job_send_change_signal(Job *j) {
                 j->in_dbus_queue = false;
         }
 
-        r = foreach_client(j, j->sent_dbus_new_signal ? send_changed_signal : send_new_signal);
+        r = bus_foreach_bus(j->manager, j->subscribed, j->sent_dbus_new_signal ? send_changed_signal : send_new_signal, j);
         if (r < 0)
                 log_debug("Failed to send job change signal for %u: %s", j->id, strerror(-r));
 
         j->sent_dbus_new_signal = true;
 }
 
-static int send_removed_signal(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, Job *j) {
+static int send_removed_signal(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Job *j = userdata;
         int r;
 
         assert(bus);
@@ -193,7 +152,6 @@ static int send_removed_signal(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, Job *j) {
         if (!p)
                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-
         r = sd_bus_message_new_signal(
                         bus,
                         &m,
@@ -207,7 +165,7 @@ static int send_removed_signal(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, Job *j) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        return sd_bus_send_to(bus, m, destination, NULL);
+        return sd_bus_send(bus, m, NULL);
 }
 
 void bus_job_send_removed_signal(Job *j) {
@@ -218,7 +176,7 @@ void bus_job_send_removed_signal(Job *j) {
         if (!j->sent_dbus_new_signal)
                 bus_job_send_change_signal(j);
 
-        r = foreach_client(j, send_removed_signal);
+        r = bus_foreach_bus(j->manager, j->subscribed, send_removed_signal, j);
         if (r < 0)
                 log_debug("Failed to send job remove signal for %u: %s", j->id, strerror(-r));
 }
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-manager.c b/src/core/dbus-manager.c
index f1e344c180..34ef1f5d29 100644
--- a/src/core/dbus-manager.c
+++ b/src/core/dbus-manager.c
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@
 #include "dbus-manager.h"
 #include "dbus-unit.h"
 #include "dbus-snapshot.h"
-#include "dbus-client-track.h"
 #include "dbus-execute.h"
 #include "bus-errors.h"
 
@@ -824,11 +823,23 @@ static int method_subscribe(sd_bus *bus, sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        r = bus_client_track(&m->subscribed, bus, sd_bus_message_get_sender(message));
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-        if (r == 0)
-                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_ALREADY_SUBSCRIBED, "Client is already subscribed.");
+        if (bus == m->api_bus) {
+
+                /* Note that direct bus connection subscribe by
+                 * default, we only track peers on the API bus here */
+
+                if (!m->subscribed) {
+                        r = sd_bus_track_new(bus, &m->subscribed, NULL, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_track_add_sender(m->subscribed, message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_ALREADY_SUBSCRIBED, "Client is already subscribed.");
+        }
 
         return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
 }
@@ -845,11 +856,13 @@ static int method_unsubscribe(sd_bus *bus, sd_bus_message *message, void *userda
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        r = bus_client_untrack(m->subscribed, bus, sd_bus_message_get_sender(message));
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-        if (r == 0)
-                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUBSCRIBED, "Client is not subscribed.");
+        if (bus == m->api_bus) {
+                r = sd_bus_track_remove_sender(m->subscribed, message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUBSCRIBED, "Client is not subscribed.");
+        }
 
         return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
 }
@@ -1348,7 +1361,7 @@ static int method_get_default_target(sd_bus *bus, sd_bus_message *message, void
         return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, "s", default_target);
 }
 
-static int send_unit_files_changed(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, void *userdata) {
+static int send_unit_files_changed(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *message = NULL;
         int r;
 
@@ -1358,7 +1371,7 @@ static int send_unit_files_changed(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, void *u
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        return sd_bus_send_to(bus, message, destination, NULL);
+        return sd_bus_send(bus, message, NULL);
 }
 
 static int reply_unit_file_changes_and_free(
@@ -1374,7 +1387,7 @@ static int reply_unit_file_changes_and_free(
         int r;
 
         if (n_changes > 0)
-                bus_manager_foreach_client(m, send_unit_files_changed, NULL);
+                bus_foreach_bus(m, NULL, send_unit_files_changed, NULL);
 
         r = sd_bus_message_new_method_return(message, &reply);
         if (r < 0)
@@ -1656,41 +1669,7 @@ const sd_bus_vtable bus_manager_vtable[] = {
         SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
 };
 
-int bus_manager_foreach_client(Manager *m, int (*send_message)(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, void *userdata), void *userdata) {
-        Iterator i;
-        sd_bus *b;
-        unsigned n;
-        int r, ret;
-
-        n = set_size(m->subscribed);
-        if (n <= 0)
-                return 0;
-        if (n == 1) {
-                BusTrackedClient *d;
-
-                assert_se(d = set_first(m->subscribed));
-                return send_message(d->bus, isempty(d->name) ? NULL : d->name, userdata);
-        }
-
-        ret = 0;
-
-        /* Send to everybody */
-        SET_FOREACH(b, m->private_buses, i) {
-                r = send_message(b, NULL, userdata);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        ret = r;
-        }
-
-        if (m->api_bus) {
-                r = send_message(m->api_bus, NULL, userdata);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        ret = r;
-        }
-
-        return ret;
-}
-
-static int send_finished(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, void *userdata) {
+static int send_finished(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *message = NULL;
         usec_t *times = userdata;
         int r;
@@ -1706,7 +1685,7 @@ static int send_finished(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, void *userdata) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        return sd_bus_send_to(bus, message, destination, NULL);
+        return sd_bus_send(bus, message, NULL);
 }
 
 void bus_manager_send_finished(
@@ -1722,13 +1701,23 @@ void bus_manager_send_finished(
 
         assert(m);
 
-        r = bus_manager_foreach_client(m, send_finished,
-                                   (usec_t[6]) { firmware_usec, loader_usec, kernel_usec, initrd_usec, userspace_usec, total_usec });
+        r = bus_foreach_bus(
+                        m,
+                        NULL,
+                        send_finished,
+                        (usec_t[6]) {
+                                firmware_usec,
+                                loader_usec,
+                                kernel_usec,
+                                initrd_usec,
+                                userspace_usec,
+                                total_usec
+                        });
         if (r < 0)
                 log_debug("Failed to send finished signal: %s", strerror(-r));
 }
 
-static int send_reloading(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, void *userdata) {
+static int send_reloading(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *message = NULL;
         int r;
 
@@ -1742,7 +1731,7 @@ static int send_reloading(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, void *userdata)
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        return sd_bus_send_to(bus, message, destination, NULL);
+        return sd_bus_send(bus, message, NULL);
 }
 
 void bus_manager_send_reloading(Manager *m, bool active) {
@@ -1750,7 +1739,7 @@ void bus_manager_send_reloading(Manager *m, bool active) {
 
         assert(m);
 
-        r = bus_manager_foreach_client(m, send_reloading, INT_TO_PTR(active));
+        r = bus_foreach_bus(m, NULL, send_reloading, INT_TO_PTR(active));
         if (r < 0)
                 log_debug("Failed to send reloading signal: %s", strerror(-r));
 
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-manager.h b/src/core/dbus-manager.h
index 0ef99fad41..e1903fa16a 100644
--- a/src/core/dbus-manager.h
+++ b/src/core/dbus-manager.h
@@ -26,7 +26,5 @@
 
 extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_manager_vtable[];
 
-int bus_manager_foreach_client(Manager *m, int (*send_message)(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, void *userdata), void *userdata);
-
 void bus_manager_send_finished(Manager *m, usec_t firmware_usec, usec_t loader_usec, usec_t kernel_usec, usec_t initrd_usec, usec_t userspace_usec, usec_t total_usec);
 void bus_manager_send_reloading(Manager *m, bool active);
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-unit.c b/src/core/dbus-unit.c
index 24d8a598e7..515ac8b78c 100644
--- a/src/core/dbus-unit.c
+++ b/src/core/dbus-unit.c
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@
 #include "strv.h"
 #include "path-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
-#include "dbus-unit.h"
-#include "dbus-manager.h"
 #include "bus-errors.h"
-#include "dbus-client-track.h"
+#include "dbus.h"
+#include "dbus-manager.h"
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
 
 static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_load_state, unit_load_state, UnitLoadState);
 static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_job_mode, job_mode, JobMode);
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ const sd_bus_vtable bus_unit_cgroup_vtable[] = {
         SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
 };
 
-static int send_new_signal(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, void *userdata) {
+static int send_new_signal(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
         Unit *u = userdata;
@@ -615,10 +615,10 @@ static int send_new_signal(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, void *userdata)
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        return sd_bus_send_to(bus, m, destination, NULL);
+        return sd_bus_send(bus, m, NULL);
 }
 
-static int send_changed_signal(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, void *userdata) {
+static int send_changed_signal(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
         Unit *u = userdata;
         int r;
@@ -667,14 +667,14 @@ void bus_unit_send_change_signal(Unit *u) {
         if (!u->id)
                 return;
 
-        r = bus_manager_foreach_client(u->manager, u->sent_dbus_new_signal ? send_changed_signal : send_new_signal, u);
+        r = bus_foreach_bus(u->manager, NULL, u->sent_dbus_new_signal ? send_changed_signal : send_new_signal, u);
         if (r < 0)
                 log_debug("Failed to send unit change signal for %s: %s", u->id, strerror(-r));
 
         u->sent_dbus_new_signal = true;
 }
 
-static int send_removed_signal(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, void *userdata) {
+static int send_removed_signal(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
         _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
         Unit *u = userdata;
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@ static int send_removed_signal(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, void *userd
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        return sd_bus_send_to(bus, m, destination, NULL);
+        return sd_bus_send(bus, m, NULL);
 }
 
 void bus_unit_send_removed_signal(Unit *u) {
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ void bus_unit_send_removed_signal(Unit *u) {
         if (!u->id)
                 return;
 
-        r = bus_manager_foreach_client(u->manager, send_removed_signal, u);
+        r = bus_foreach_bus(u->manager, NULL, send_removed_signal, u);
         if (r < 0)
                 log_debug("Failed to send unit remove signal for %s: %s", u->id, strerror(-r));
 }
@@ -765,9 +765,17 @@ int bus_unit_queue_job(
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        r = bus_client_track(&j->subscribed, bus, sd_bus_message_get_sender(message));
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
+        if (bus == u->manager->api_bus) {
+                if (!j->subscribed) {
+                        r = sd_bus_track_new(bus, &j->subscribed, NULL, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_track_add_sender(j->subscribed, message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
 
         path = job_dbus_path(j);
         if (!path)
diff --git a/src/core/dbus.c b/src/core/dbus.c
index 1059415711..be8dfc90f8 100644
--- a/src/core/dbus.c
+++ b/src/core/dbus.c
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@
 #include "bus-error.h"
 #include "bus-errors.h"
 #include "strxcpyx.h"
-#include "dbus-client-track.h"
 #include "bus-internal.h"
 #include "selinux-access.h"
 
@@ -1040,9 +1039,12 @@ static void destroy_bus(Manager *m, sd_bus **bus) {
                 return;
 
         /* Get rid of tracked clients on this bus */
-        bus_client_untrack_bus(m->subscribed, *bus);
+        if (m->subscribed && sd_bus_track_get_bus(m->subscribed) == *bus)
+                m->subscribed = sd_bus_track_unref(m->subscribed);
+
         HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i)
-                bus_client_untrack_bus(j->subscribed, *bus);
+                if (j->subscribed && sd_bus_track_get_bus(j->subscribed) == *bus)
+                        j->subscribed = sd_bus_track_unref(j->subscribed);
 
         /* Get rid of queued message on this bus */
         if (m->queued_message_bus == *bus) {
@@ -1075,7 +1077,11 @@ void bus_done(Manager *m) {
                 destroy_bus(m, &b);
 
         set_free(m->private_buses);
-        set_free(m->subscribed);
+        m->private_buses = NULL;
+
+        m->subscribed = sd_bus_track_unref(m->subscribed);
+        strv_free(m->deserialized_subscribed);
+        m->deserialized_subscribed = NULL;
 
         if (m->private_listen_event_source)
                 m->private_listen_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->private_listen_event_source);
@@ -1126,16 +1132,85 @@ int bus_fdset_add_all(Manager *m, FDSet *fds) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-void bus_serialize(Manager *m, FILE *f) {
-        assert(m);
+int bus_foreach_bus(
+                Manager *m,
+                sd_bus_track *subscribed2,
+                int (*send_message)(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata),
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        Iterator i;
+        sd_bus *b;
+        int r, ret = 0;
+
+        /* Send to all direct busses, unconditionally */
+        SET_FOREACH(b, m->private_buses, i) {
+                r = send_message(b, userdata);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        ret = r;
+        }
+
+        /* Send to API bus, but only if somebody is subscribed */
+        if (sd_bus_track_count(m->subscribed) > 0 ||
+            sd_bus_track_count(subscribed2) > 0) {
+                r = send_message(m->api_bus, userdata);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        ret = r;
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+void bus_track_serialize(sd_bus_track *t, FILE *f) {
+        const char *n;
+
+        assert(t);
         assert(f);
 
-        bus_client_track_serialize(m, f, m->subscribed);
+        for (n = sd_bus_track_first(t); n; n = sd_bus_track_next(t))
+                fprintf(f, "subscribed=%s\n", n);
 }
 
-int bus_deserialize_item(Manager *m, const char *line) {
-        assert(m);
+int bus_track_deserialize_item(char ***l, const char *line) {
+        const char *e;
+
+        assert(l);
         assert(line);
 
-        return bus_client_track_deserialize_item(m, &m->subscribed, line);
+        e = startswith(line, "subscribed=");
+        if (!e)
+                return 0;
+
+        return strv_extend(l, e);
+}
+
+int bus_track_coldplug(Manager *m, sd_bus_track **t, char ***l) {
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(t);
+        assert(l);
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(*l) && m->api_bus) {
+                char **i;
+
+                if (!*t) {
+                        r = sd_bus_track_new(m->api_bus, t, NULL, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = 0;
+                STRV_FOREACH(i, *l) {
+                        int k;
+
+                        k = sd_bus_track_add_name(*t, *i);
+                        if (k < 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+        }
+
+        strv_free(*l);
+        *l = NULL;
+
+        return r;
 }
diff --git a/src/core/dbus.h b/src/core/dbus.h
index a3bef47d5d..bfb236ec8e 100644
--- a/src/core/dbus.h
+++ b/src/core/dbus.h
@@ -30,5 +30,8 @@ void bus_done(Manager *m);
 
 int bus_fdset_add_all(Manager *m, FDSet *fds);
 
-void bus_serialize(Manager *m, FILE *f);
-int bus_deserialize_item(Manager *m, const char *line);
+void bus_track_serialize(sd_bus_track *t, FILE *f);
+int bus_track_deserialize_item(char ***l, const char *line);
+int bus_track_coldplug(Manager *m, sd_bus_track **t, char ***l);
+
+int bus_foreach_bus(Manager *m, sd_bus_track *subscribed2, int (*send_message)(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata), void *userdata);
diff --git a/src/core/job.c b/src/core/job.c
index 0cd4397bf2..9c099c686f 100644
--- a/src/core/job.c
+++ b/src/core/job.c
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 #include "special.h"
 #include "async.h"
 #include "virt.h"
-#include "dbus-client-track.h"
+#include "dbus.h"
 
 Job* job_new_raw(Unit *unit) {
         Job *j;
@@ -90,7 +90,8 @@ void job_free(Job *j) {
 
         sd_event_source_unref(j->timer_event_source);
 
-        bus_client_track_free(j->subscribed);
+        sd_bus_track_unref(j->subscribed);
+        strv_free(j->deserialized_subscribed);
 
         free(j);
 }
@@ -931,7 +932,7 @@ int job_serialize(Job *j, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
         if (j->begin_usec > 0)
                 fprintf(f, "job-begin="USEC_FMT"\n", j->begin_usec);
 
-        bus_client_track_serialize(j->manager, f, j->subscribed);
+        bus_track_serialize(j->subscribed, f);
 
         /* End marker */
         fputc('\n', f);
@@ -1035,13 +1036,10 @@ int job_deserialize(Job *j, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
                         else
                                 j->begin_usec = ull;
 
-                } else {
-                        char t[strlen(l) + 1 + strlen(v) + 1];
+                } else if (streq(l, "subscribed")) {
 
-                        strcpy(stpcpy(stpcpy(t, l), "="), v);
-
-                        if (bus_client_track_deserialize_item(j->manager, &j->subscribed, t) == 0)
-                                log_debug("Unknown deserialization key '%s'", l);
+                        if (strv_extend(&j->deserialized_subscribed, v) < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
                 }
         }
 }
@@ -1051,6 +1049,12 @@ int job_coldplug(Job *j) {
 
         assert(j);
 
+        /* After deserialization is complete and the bus connection
+         * set up again, let's start watching our subscribers again */
+        r = bus_track_coldplug(j->manager, &j->subscribed, &j->deserialized_subscribed);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
         if (j->begin_usec == 0 || j->unit->job_timeout == 0)
                 return 0;
 
diff --git a/src/core/job.h b/src/core/job.h
index 8cc3a02192..30d41d9edd 100644
--- a/src/core/job.h
+++ b/src/core/job.h
@@ -146,7 +146,8 @@ struct Job {
         usec_t begin_usec;
 
         /* There can be more than one client, because of job merging. */
-        Set *subscribed;
+        sd_bus_track *subscribed;
+        char **deserialized_subscribed;
 
         JobResult result;
 
diff --git a/src/core/manager.c b/src/core/manager.c
index f5801b4749..9172a244ae 100644
--- a/src/core/manager.c
+++ b/src/core/manager.c
@@ -839,7 +839,7 @@ int manager_enumerate(Manager *m) {
 }
 
 static int manager_coldplug(Manager *m) {
-        int r = 0, q;
+        int r = 0;
         Iterator i;
         Unit *u;
         char *k;
@@ -848,12 +848,14 @@ static int manager_coldplug(Manager *m) {
 
         /* Then, let's set up their initial state. */
         HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(u, k, m->units, i) {
+                int q;
 
                 /* ignore aliases */
                 if (u->id != k)
                         continue;
 
-                if ((q = unit_coldplug(u)) < 0)
+                q = unit_coldplug(u);
+                if (q < 0)
                         r = q;
         }
 
@@ -996,6 +998,7 @@ int manager_startup(Manager *m, FILE *serialization, FDSet *fds) {
          * didn't, then let's create the bus now. */
         manager_setup_kdbus(m);
         manager_connect_bus(m, !!serialization);
+        bus_track_coldplug(m, &m->subscribed, &m->deserialized_subscribed);
 
         /* Third, fire things up! */
         q = manager_coldplug(m);
@@ -2102,7 +2105,7 @@ int manager_serialize(Manager *m, FILE *f, FDSet *fds, bool switching_root) {
                 fprintf(f, "kdbus-fd=%i\n", copy);
         }
 
-        bus_serialize(m, f);
+        bus_track_serialize(m->subscribed, f);
 
         fputc('\n', f);
 
@@ -2279,7 +2282,7 @@ int manager_deserialize(Manager *m, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
                                 m->kdbus_fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
                         }
 
-                } else if (bus_deserialize_item(m, l) == 0)
+                } else if (bus_track_deserialize_item(&m->deserialized_subscribed, l) == 0)
                         log_debug("Unknown serialization item '%s'", l);
         }
 
diff --git a/src/core/manager.h b/src/core/manager.h
index 9dee48ddde..398c8e642e 100644
--- a/src/core/manager.h
+++ b/src/core/manager.h
@@ -167,7 +167,13 @@ struct Manager {
         Set *private_buses;
         int private_listen_fd;
         sd_event_source *private_listen_event_source;
-        Set *subscribed;
+
+        /* Contains all the clients that are subscribed to signals via
+        the API bus. Note that private bus connections are always
+        considered subscribes, since they last for very short only,
+        and it is much simpler that way. */
+        sd_bus_track *subscribed;
+        char **deserialized_subscribed;
 
         sd_bus_message *queued_message; /* This is used during reloading:
                                       * before the reload we queue the
diff --git a/src/core/unit.c b/src/core/unit.c
index 05470739d2..1c0b0c72ac 100644
--- a/src/core/unit.c
+++ b/src/core/unit.c
@@ -328,7 +328,8 @@ void unit_add_to_dbus_queue(Unit *u) {
                 return;
 
         /* Shortcut things if nobody cares */
-        if (set_isempty(u->manager->subscribed)) {
+        if (sd_bus_track_count(u->manager->subscribed) <= 0 &&
+            set_isempty(u->manager->private_buses)) {
                 u->sent_dbus_new_signal = true;
                 return;
         }