./move.sh

45 files changed, 10261 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/grp-sleep/systemd-hibernate-resume-generator/hibernate-resume-generator.c b/src/grp-initprogs/grp-sleep/systemd-hibernate-resume-generator/hibernate-resume-generator.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d7ee80d58f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/grp-sleep/systemd-hibernate-resume-generator/hibernate-resume-generator.c
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Ivan Shapovalov
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "fstab-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "proc-cmdline.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+static const char *arg_dest = "/tmp";
+static char *arg_resume_dev = NULL;
+
+static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value) {
+
+        if (streq(key, "resume") && value) {
+                free(arg_resume_dev);
+                arg_resume_dev = fstab_node_to_udev_node(value);
+                if (!arg_resume_dev)
+                        return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int process_resume(void) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL, *lnk = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        if (!arg_resume_dev)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_name_from_path_instance("systemd-hibernate-resume", arg_resume_dev, ".service", &name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to generate unit name: %m");
+
+        lnk = strjoin(arg_dest, "/" SPECIAL_SYSINIT_TARGET ".wants/", name, NULL);
+        if (!lnk)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        mkdir_parents_label(lnk, 0755);
+        if (symlink(SYSTEM_DATA_UNIT_PATH "/systemd-hibernate-resume@.service", lnk) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create symlink %s: %m", lnk);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        int r = 0;
+
+        if (argc > 1 && argc != 4) {
+                log_error("This program takes three or no arguments.");
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        if (argc > 1)
+                arg_dest = argv[1];
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_SAFE);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        /* Don't even consider resuming outside of initramfs. */
+        if (!in_initrd())
+                return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+        r = parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse kernel command line, ignoring: %m");
+
+        r = process_resume();
+        free(arg_resume_dev);
+
+        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/grp-sleep/systemd-hibernate-resume-generator/systemd-hibernate-resume-generator.xml b/src/grp-initprogs/grp-sleep/systemd-hibernate-resume-generator/systemd-hibernate-resume-generator.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d811b9b551
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/grp-sleep/systemd-hibernate-resume-generator/systemd-hibernate-resume-generator.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!--*-nxml-*-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
+<!--
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Ivan Shapovalov
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+-->
+<refentry id="systemd-hibernate-resume-generator">
+
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <title>systemd-hibernate-resume-generator</title>
+    <productname>systemd</productname>
+
+    <authorgroup>
+      <author>
+        <contrib>Developer</contrib>
+        <firstname>Ivan</firstname>
+        <surname>Shapovalov</surname>
+        <email>intelfx100@gmail.com</email>
+      </author>
+    </authorgroup>
+  </refentryinfo>
+
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>systemd-hibernate-resume-generator</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+  </refmeta>
+
+  <refnamediv>
+    <refname>systemd-hibernate-resume-generator</refname>
+    <refpurpose>Unit generator for resume= kernel parameter</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv>
+    <para><filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system-generators/systemd-hibernate-resume-generator</filename></para>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Description</title>
+
+    <para><filename>systemd-hibernate-resume-generator</filename> is a
+    generator that instantiates
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-hibernate-resume@.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    unit according to the value of <option>resume=</option> parameter
+    specified on the kernel command line.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Kernel Command Line</title>
+
+    <para><filename>systemd-hibernate-resume-generator</filename>
+    understands the following kernel command line parameters:</para>
+
+    <variablelist class='kernel-commandline-options'>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>resume=</varname></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Takes a path to the resume device. Both
+        persistent block device paths like
+        <filename>/dev/disk/by-foo/bar</filename> and
+        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>-style
+        specifiers like <literal>FOO=bar</literal> are
+        supported.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>See Also</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-hibernate-resume@.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kernel-command-line</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+</refentry>
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/grp-sleep/systemd-hibernate-resume/hibernate-resume.c b/src/grp-initprogs/grp-sleep/systemd-hibernate-resume/hibernate-resume.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..21df3c4461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/grp-sleep/systemd-hibernate-resume/hibernate-resume.c
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Ivan Shapovalov
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        struct stat st;
+        const char *device;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *major_minor = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        if (argc != 2) {
+                log_error("This program expects one argument.");
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        /* Refuse to run unless we are in an initrd() */
+        if (!in_initrd())
+                return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+        device = argv[1];
+
+        if (stat(device, &st) < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to stat '%s': %m", device);
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        if (!S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
+                log_error("Resume device '%s' is not a block device.", device);
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        if (asprintf(&major_minor, "%d:%d", major(st.st_rdev), minor(st.st_rdev)) < 0) {
+                log_oom();
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        r = write_string_file("/sys/power/resume", major_minor, WRITE_STRING_FILE_CREATE);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write '%s' to /sys/power/resume: %m", major_minor);
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * The write above shall not return.
+         *
+         * However, failed resume is a normal condition (may mean that there is
+         * no hibernation image).
+         */
+
+        log_info("Could not resume from '%s' (%s).", device, major_minor);
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/grp-sleep/systemd-hibernate-resume/systemd-hibernate-resume@.service.in b/src/grp-initprogs/grp-sleep/systemd-hibernate-resume/systemd-hibernate-resume@.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65e8eb83f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/grp-sleep/systemd-hibernate-resume/systemd-hibernate-resume@.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Resume from hibernation using device %f
+Documentation=man:systemd-hibernate-resume@.service(8)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+BindsTo=%i.device
+Wants=local-fs-pre.target
+After=%i.device
+Before=local-fs-pre.target
+ConditionPathExists=/etc/initrd-release
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-hibernate-resume %f
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/grp-sleep/systemd-sleep/sleep.c b/src/grp-initprogs/grp-sleep/systemd-sleep/sleep.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7f8a95728d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/grp-sleep/systemd-sleep/sleep.c
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-messages.h>
+
+#include "def.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "sleep-config.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+static char* arg_verb = NULL;
+
+static int write_mode(char **modes) {
+        int r = 0;
+        char **mode;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(mode, modes) {
+                int k;
+
+                k = write_string_file("/sys/power/disk", *mode, 0);
+                if (k == 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                log_debug_errno(k, "Failed to write '%s' to /sys/power/disk: %m",
+                                *mode);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        r = k;
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write mode to /sys/power/disk: %m");
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int write_state(FILE **f, char **states) {
+        char **state;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(state, states) {
+                int k;
+
+                k = write_string_stream(*f, *state, true);
+                if (k == 0)
+                        return 0;
+                log_debug_errno(k, "Failed to write '%s' to /sys/power/state: %m",
+                                *state);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        r = k;
+
+                fclose(*f);
+                *f = fopen("/sys/power/state", "we");
+                if (!*f)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open /sys/power/state: %m");
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int execute(char **modes, char **states) {
+
+        char *arguments[] = {
+                NULL,
+                (char*) "pre",
+                arg_verb,
+                NULL
+        };
+        static const char* const dirs[] = {SYSTEM_SLEEP_PATH, NULL};
+
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+
+        /* This file is opened first, so that if we hit an error,
+         * we can abort before modifying any state. */
+        f = fopen("/sys/power/state", "we");
+        if (!f)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open /sys/power/state: %m");
+
+        /* Configure the hibernation mode */
+        r = write_mode(modes);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        execute_directories(dirs, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_USEC, arguments);
+
+        log_struct(LOG_INFO,
+                   LOG_MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_SLEEP_START),
+                   LOG_MESSAGE("Suspending system..."),
+                   "SLEEP=%s", arg_verb,
+                   NULL);
+
+        r = write_state(&f, states);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        log_struct(LOG_INFO,
+                   LOG_MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_SLEEP_STOP),
+                   LOG_MESSAGE("System resumed."),
+                   "SLEEP=%s", arg_verb,
+                   NULL);
+
+        arguments[1] = (char*) "post";
+        execute_directories(dirs, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_USEC, arguments);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void help(void) {
+        printf("%s COMMAND\n\n"
+               "Suspend the system, hibernate the system, or both.\n\n"
+               "Commands:\n"
+               "  -h --help            Show this help and exit\n"
+               "  --version            Print version string and exit\n"
+               "  suspend              Suspend the system\n"
+               "  hibernate            Hibernate the system\n"
+               "  hybrid-sleep         Both hibernate and suspend the system\n"
+               , program_invocation_short_name);
+}
+
+static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        enum {
+                ARG_VERSION = 0x100,
+        };
+
+        static const struct option options[] = {
+                { "help",         no_argument,       NULL, 'h'           },
+                { "version",      no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION   },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        int c;
+
+        assert(argc >= 0);
+        assert(argv);
+
+        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "h", options, NULL)) >= 0)
+                switch(c) {
+                case 'h':
+                        help();
+                        return 0; /* done */
+
+                case ARG_VERSION:
+                        return version();
+
+                case '?':
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
+                }
+
+        if (argc - optind != 1) {
+                log_error("Usage: %s COMMAND",
+                          program_invocation_short_name);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        arg_verb = argv[optind];
+
+        if (!streq(arg_verb, "suspend") &&
+            !streq(arg_verb, "hibernate") &&
+            !streq(arg_verb, "hybrid-sleep")) {
+                log_error("Unknown command '%s'.", arg_verb);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 1 /* work to do */;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **modes = NULL, **states = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = parse_sleep_config(arg_verb, &modes, &states);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = execute(modes, states);
+
+finish:
+        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-backlight/backlight.c b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-backlight/backlight.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45be135a23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-backlight/backlight.c
@@ -0,0 +1,434 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "libudev.h"
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "escape.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "proc-cmdline.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "udev-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+static struct udev_device *find_pci_or_platform_parent(struct udev_device *device) {
+        struct udev_device *parent;
+        const char *subsystem, *sysname;
+
+        assert(device);
+
+        parent = udev_device_get_parent(device);
+        if (!parent)
+                return NULL;
+
+        subsystem = udev_device_get_subsystem(parent);
+        if (!subsystem)
+                return NULL;
+
+        sysname = udev_device_get_sysname(parent);
+        if (!sysname)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (streq(subsystem, "drm")) {
+                const char *c;
+
+                c = startswith(sysname, "card");
+                if (!c)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                c += strspn(c, DIGITS);
+                if (*c == '-') {
+                        /* A connector DRM device, let's ignore all but LVDS and eDP! */
+
+                        if (!startswith(c, "-LVDS-") &&
+                            !startswith(c, "-Embedded DisplayPort-"))
+                                return NULL;
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(subsystem, "pci")) {
+                const char *value;
+
+                value = udev_device_get_sysattr_value(parent, "class");
+                if (value) {
+                        unsigned long class = 0;
+
+                        if (safe_atolu(value, &class) < 0) {
+                                log_warning("Cannot parse PCI class %s of device %s:%s.",
+                                            value, subsystem, sysname);
+                                return NULL;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Graphics card */
+                        if (class == 0x30000)
+                                return parent;
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(subsystem, "platform"))
+                return parent;
+
+        return find_pci_or_platform_parent(parent);
+}
+
+static bool same_device(struct udev_device *a, struct udev_device *b) {
+        assert(a);
+        assert(b);
+
+        if (!streq_ptr(udev_device_get_subsystem(a), udev_device_get_subsystem(b)))
+                return false;
+
+        if (!streq_ptr(udev_device_get_sysname(a), udev_device_get_sysname(b)))
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static bool validate_device(struct udev *udev, struct udev_device *device) {
+        _cleanup_udev_enumerate_unref_ struct udev_enumerate *enumerate = NULL;
+        struct udev_list_entry *item = NULL, *first = NULL;
+        struct udev_device *parent;
+        const char *v, *subsystem;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(udev);
+        assert(device);
+
+        /* Verify whether we should actually care for a specific
+         * backlight device. For backlight devices there might be
+         * multiple ways to access the same control: "firmware"
+         * (i.e. ACPI), "platform" (i.e. via the machine's EC) and
+         * "raw" (via the graphics card). In general we should prefer
+         * "firmware" (i.e. ACPI) or "platform" access over "raw"
+         * access, in order not to confuse the BIOS/EC, and
+         * compatibility with possible low-level hotkey handling of
+         * screen brightness. The kernel will already make sure to
+         * expose only one of "firmware" and "platform" for the same
+         * device to userspace. However, we still need to make sure
+         * that we use "raw" only if no "firmware" or "platform"
+         * device for the same device exists. */
+
+        subsystem = udev_device_get_subsystem(device);
+        if (!streq_ptr(subsystem, "backlight"))
+                return true;
+
+        v = udev_device_get_sysattr_value(device, "type");
+        if (!streq_ptr(v, "raw"))
+                return true;
+
+        parent = find_pci_or_platform_parent(device);
+        if (!parent)
+                return true;
+
+        subsystem = udev_device_get_subsystem(parent);
+        if (!subsystem)
+                return true;
+
+        enumerate = udev_enumerate_new(udev);
+        if (!enumerate)
+                return true;
+
+        r = udev_enumerate_add_match_subsystem(enumerate, "backlight");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return true;
+
+        r = udev_enumerate_scan_devices(enumerate);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return true;
+
+        first = udev_enumerate_get_list_entry(enumerate);
+        udev_list_entry_foreach(item, first) {
+                _cleanup_udev_device_unref_ struct udev_device *other;
+                struct udev_device *other_parent;
+                const char *other_subsystem;
+
+                other = udev_device_new_from_syspath(udev, udev_list_entry_get_name(item));
+                if (!other)
+                        return true;
+
+                if (same_device(device, other))
+                        continue;
+
+                v = udev_device_get_sysattr_value(other, "type");
+                if (!streq_ptr(v, "platform") && !streq_ptr(v, "firmware"))
+                        continue;
+
+                /* OK, so there's another backlight device, and it's a
+                 * platform or firmware device, so, let's see if we
+                 * can verify it belongs to the same device as
+                 * ours. */
+                other_parent = find_pci_or_platform_parent(other);
+                if (!other_parent)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (same_device(parent, other_parent)) {
+                        /* Both have the same PCI parent, that means
+                         * we are out. */
+                        log_debug("Skipping backlight device %s, since device %s is on same PCI device and takes precedence.",
+                                  udev_device_get_sysname(device),
+                                  udev_device_get_sysname(other));
+                        return false;
+                }
+
+                other_subsystem = udev_device_get_subsystem(other_parent);
+                if (streq_ptr(other_subsystem, "platform") && streq_ptr(subsystem, "pci")) {
+                        /* The other is connected to the platform bus
+                         * and we are a PCI device, that also means we
+                         * are out. */
+                        log_debug("Skipping backlight device %s, since device %s is a platform device and takes precedence.",
+                                  udev_device_get_sysname(device),
+                                  udev_device_get_sysname(other));
+                        return false;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static unsigned get_max_brightness(struct udev_device *device) {
+        int r;
+        const char *max_brightness_str;
+        unsigned max_brightness;
+
+        max_brightness_str = udev_device_get_sysattr_value(device, "max_brightness");
+        if (!max_brightness_str) {
+                log_warning("Failed to read 'max_brightness' attribute.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = safe_atou(max_brightness_str, &max_brightness);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse 'max_brightness' \"%s\": %m", max_brightness_str);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (max_brightness <= 0) {
+                log_warning("Maximum brightness is 0, ignoring device.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return max_brightness;
+}
+
+/* Some systems turn the backlight all the way off at the lowest levels.
+ * clamp_brightness clamps the saved brightness to at least 1 or 5% of
+ * max_brightness in case of 'backlight' subsystem. This avoids preserving
+ * an unreadably dim screen, which would otherwise force the user to
+ * disable state restoration. */
+static void clamp_brightness(struct udev_device *device, char **value, unsigned max_brightness) {
+        int r;
+        unsigned brightness, new_brightness, min_brightness;
+        const char *subsystem;
+
+        r = safe_atou(*value, &brightness);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse brightness \"%s\": %m", *value);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        subsystem = udev_device_get_subsystem(device);
+        if (streq_ptr(subsystem, "backlight"))
+                min_brightness = MAX(1U, max_brightness/20);
+        else
+                min_brightness = 0;
+
+        new_brightness = CLAMP(brightness, min_brightness, max_brightness);
+        if (new_brightness != brightness) {
+                char *old_value = *value;
+
+                r = asprintf(value, "%u", new_brightness);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_oom();
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                log_info("Saved brightness %s %s to %s.", old_value,
+                         new_brightness > brightness ?
+                         "too low; increasing" : "too high; decreasing",
+                         *value);
+
+                free(old_value);
+        }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        _cleanup_udev_unref_ struct udev *udev = NULL;
+        _cleanup_udev_device_unref_ struct udev_device *device = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *saved = NULL, *ss = NULL, *escaped_ss = NULL, *escaped_sysname = NULL, *escaped_path_id = NULL;
+        const char *sysname, *path_id;
+        unsigned max_brightness;
+        int r;
+
+        if (argc != 3) {
+                log_error("This program requires two arguments.");
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        r = mkdir_p("/var/lib/systemd/backlight", 0755);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create backlight directory /var/lib/systemd/backlight: %m");
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        udev = udev_new();
+        if (!udev) {
+                log_oom();
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        sysname = strchr(argv[2], ':');
+        if (!sysname) {
+                log_error("Requires a subsystem and sysname pair specifying a backlight device.");
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        ss = strndup(argv[2], sysname - argv[2]);
+        if (!ss) {
+                log_oom();
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        sysname++;
+
+        if (!streq(ss, "backlight") && !streq(ss, "leds")) {
+                log_error("Not a backlight or LED device: '%s:%s'", ss, sysname);
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        errno = 0;
+        device = udev_device_new_from_subsystem_sysname(udev, ss, sysname);
+        if (!device) {
+                if (errno > 0)
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to get backlight or LED device '%s:%s': %m", ss, sysname);
+                else
+                        log_oom();
+
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        /* If max_brightness is 0, then there is no actual backlight
+         * device. This happens on desktops with Asus mainboards
+         * that load the eeepc-wmi module.
+         */
+        max_brightness = get_max_brightness(device);
+        if (max_brightness == 0)
+                return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+        escaped_ss = cescape(ss);
+        if (!escaped_ss) {
+                log_oom();
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        escaped_sysname = cescape(sysname);
+        if (!escaped_sysname) {
+                log_oom();
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        path_id = udev_device_get_property_value(device, "ID_PATH");
+        if (path_id) {
+                escaped_path_id = cescape(path_id);
+                if (!escaped_path_id) {
+                        log_oom();
+                        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+                }
+
+                saved = strjoin("/var/lib/systemd/backlight/", escaped_path_id, ":", escaped_ss, ":", escaped_sysname, NULL);
+        } else
+                saved = strjoin("/var/lib/systemd/backlight/", escaped_ss, ":", escaped_sysname, NULL);
+
+        if (!saved) {
+                log_oom();
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        /* If there are multiple conflicting backlight devices, then
+         * their probing at boot-time might happen in any order. This
+         * means the validity checking of the device then is not
+         * reliable, since it might not see other devices conflicting
+         * with a specific backlight. To deal with this, we will
+         * actively delete backlight state files at shutdown (where
+         * device probing should be complete), so that the validity
+         * check at boot time doesn't have to be reliable. */
+
+        if (streq(argv[1], "load")) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *value = NULL;
+                const char *clamp;
+
+                if (shall_restore_state() == 0)
+                        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+                if (!validate_device(udev, device))
+                        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+                r = read_one_line_file(saved, &value);
+                if (r < 0) {
+
+                        if (r == -ENOENT)
+                                return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to read %s: %m", saved);
+                        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+                }
+
+                clamp = udev_device_get_property_value(device, "ID_BACKLIGHT_CLAMP");
+                if (!clamp || parse_boolean(clamp) != 0) /* default to clamping */
+                        clamp_brightness(device, &value, max_brightness);
+
+                r = udev_device_set_sysattr_value(device, "brightness", value);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write system 'brightness' attribute: %m");
+                        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(argv[1], "save")) {
+                const char *value;
+
+                if (!validate_device(udev, device)) {
+                        unlink(saved);
+                        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+                }
+
+                value = udev_device_get_sysattr_value(device, "brightness");
+                if (!value) {
+                        log_error("Failed to read system 'brightness' attribute");
+                        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+                }
+
+                r = write_string_file(saved, value, WRITE_STRING_FILE_CREATE);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write %s: %m", saved);
+                        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+                }
+
+        } else {
+                log_error("Unknown verb %s.", argv[1]);
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-backlight/systemd-backlight@.service.in b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-backlight/systemd-backlight@.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e6706c11c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-backlight/systemd-backlight@.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Load/Save Screen Backlight Brightness of %i
+Documentation=man:systemd-backlight@.service(8)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+RequiresMountsFor=/var/lib/systemd/backlight
+Conflicts=shutdown.target
+After=systemd-remount-fs.service
+Before=sysinit.target shutdown.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-backlight load %i
+ExecStop=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-backlight save %i
+TimeoutSec=90s
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-binfmt/binfmt.c b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-binfmt/binfmt.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eeef04fb1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-binfmt/binfmt.c
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "conf-files.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+static const char conf_file_dirs[] = CONF_PATHS_NULSTR("binfmt.d");
+
+static int delete_rule(const char *rule) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *x = NULL, *fn = NULL;
+        char *e;
+
+        assert(rule[0]);
+
+        x = strdup(rule);
+        if (!x)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        e = strchrnul(x+1, x[0]);
+        *e = 0;
+
+        fn = strappend("/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/", x+1);
+        if (!fn)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        return write_string_file(fn, "-1", 0);
+}
+
+static int apply_rule(const char *rule) {
+        int r;
+
+        delete_rule(rule);
+
+        r = write_string_file("/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register", rule, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add binary format: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int apply_file(const char *path, bool ignore_enoent) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        r = search_and_fopen_nulstr(path, "re", NULL, conf_file_dirs, &f);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (ignore_enoent && r == -ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open file '%s', ignoring: %m", path);
+        }
+
+        log_debug("apply: %s", path);
+        for (;;) {
+                char l[LINE_MAX], *p;
+                int k;
+
+                if (!fgets(l, sizeof(l), f)) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                break;
+
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read file '%s', ignoring: %m", path);
+                }
+
+                p = strstrip(l);
+                if (!*p)
+                        continue;
+                if (strchr(COMMENTS "\n", *p))
+                        continue;
+
+                k = apply_rule(p);
+                if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                        r = k;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void help(void) {
+        printf("%s [OPTIONS...] [CONFIGURATION FILE...]\n\n"
+               "Registers binary formats.\n\n"
+               "  -h --help             Show this help\n"
+               "     --version          Show package version\n"
+               , program_invocation_short_name);
+}
+
+static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+
+        enum {
+                ARG_VERSION = 0x100,
+        };
+
+        static const struct option options[] = {
+                { "help",      no_argument,       NULL, 'h'           },
+                { "version",   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION   },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        int c;
+
+        assert(argc >= 0);
+        assert(argv);
+
+        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "h", options, NULL)) >= 0)
+
+                switch (c) {
+
+                case 'h':
+                        help();
+                        return 0;
+
+                case ARG_VERSION:
+                        return version();
+
+                case '?':
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
+                }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        int r, k;
+
+        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        r = 0;
+
+        if (argc > optind) {
+                int i;
+
+                for (i = optind; i < argc; i++) {
+                        k = apply_file(argv[i], false);
+                        if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+        } else {
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **files = NULL;
+                char **f;
+
+                r = conf_files_list_nulstr(&files, ".conf", NULL, conf_file_dirs);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to enumerate binfmt.d files: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                /* Flush out all rules */
+                write_string_file("/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/status", "-1", 0);
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(f, files) {
+                        k = apply_file(*f, true);
+                        if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+        }
+
+finish:
+        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-binfmt/systemd-binfmt.service.in b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-binfmt/systemd-binfmt.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d53073ee61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-binfmt/systemd-binfmt.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Set Up Additional Binary Formats
+Documentation=man:systemd-binfmt.service(8) man:binfmt.d(5)
+Documentation=https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/binfmt_misc.txt
+DefaultDependencies=no
+Conflicts=shutdown.target
+After=proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount
+Before=sysinit.target shutdown.target
+ConditionPathIsReadWrite=/proc/sys/
+ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=|/lib/binfmt.d
+ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=|/usr/lib/binfmt.d
+ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=|/usr/local/lib/binfmt.d
+ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=|/etc/binfmt.d
+ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=|/run/binfmt.d
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-binfmt
+TimeoutSec=90s
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-detect-virt/detect-virt.c b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-detect-virt/detect-virt.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d51589a31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-detect-virt/detect-virt.c
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+
+static bool arg_quiet = false;
+static enum {
+        ANY_VIRTUALIZATION,
+        ONLY_VM,
+        ONLY_CONTAINER,
+        ONLY_CHROOT,
+} arg_mode = ANY_VIRTUALIZATION;
+
+static void help(void) {
+        printf("%s [OPTIONS...]\n\n"
+               "Detect execution in a virtualized environment.\n\n"
+               "  -h --help             Show this help\n"
+               "     --version          Show package version\n"
+               "  -c --container        Only detect whether we are run in a container\n"
+               "  -v --vm               Only detect whether we are run in a VM\n"
+               "  -r --chroot           Detect whether we are run in a chroot() environment\n"
+               "  -q --quiet            Don't output anything, just set return value\n"
+               , program_invocation_short_name);
+}
+
+static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+
+        enum {
+                ARG_VERSION = 0x100
+        };
+
+        static const struct option options[] = {
+                { "help",      no_argument,       NULL, 'h'           },
+                { "version",   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION   },
+                { "container", no_argument,       NULL, 'c'           },
+                { "vm",        no_argument,       NULL, 'v'           },
+                { "chroot",    no_argument,       NULL, 'r'           },
+                { "quiet",     no_argument,       NULL, 'q'           },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        int c;
+
+        assert(argc >= 0);
+        assert(argv);
+
+        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hqcvr", options, NULL)) >= 0)
+
+                switch (c) {
+
+                case 'h':
+                        help();
+                        return 0;
+
+                case ARG_VERSION:
+                        return version();
+
+                case 'q':
+                        arg_quiet = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'c':
+                        arg_mode = ONLY_CONTAINER;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'v':
+                        arg_mode = ONLY_VM;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'r':
+                        arg_mode = ONLY_CHROOT;
+                        break;
+
+                case '?':
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
+                }
+
+        if (optind < argc) {
+                log_error("%s takes no arguments.", program_invocation_short_name);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        int r;
+
+        /* This is mostly intended to be used for scripts which want
+         * to detect whether we are being run in a virtualized
+         * environment or not */
+
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+        switch (arg_mode) {
+
+        case ONLY_VM:
+                r = detect_vm();
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to check for VM: %m");
+                        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+                }
+
+                break;
+
+        case ONLY_CONTAINER:
+                r = detect_container();
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to check for container: %m");
+                        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+                }
+
+                break;
+
+        case ONLY_CHROOT:
+                r = running_in_chroot();
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to check for chroot() environment: %m");
+                        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+                }
+
+                return r ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
+
+        case ANY_VIRTUALIZATION:
+        default:
+                r = detect_virtualization();
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to check for virtualization: %m");
+                        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+                }
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        if (!arg_quiet)
+                puts(virtualization_to_string(r));
+
+        return r != VIRTUALIZATION_NONE ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-detect-virt/systemd-detect-virt.completion.bash b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-detect-virt/systemd-detect-virt.completion.bash
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df06c29841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-detect-virt/systemd-detect-virt.completion.bash
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# systemd-detect-virt(1) completion             -*- shell-script -*-
+#
+# This file is part of systemd.
+#
+# Copyright 2014 Thomas H.P. Andersen
+#
+# systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+# General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+__contains_word() {
+        local w word=$1; shift
+        for w in "$@"; do
+                [[ $w = "$word" ]] && return
+        done
+}
+
+_systemd_detect_virt() {
+        local cur=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]} prev=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}
+        local i verb comps
+
+        local -A OPTS=(
+               [STANDALONE]='-h --help --version -c --container -v --vm -q --quiet'
+        )
+
+        _init_completion || return
+
+        COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W '${OPTS[*]}' -- "$cur") )
+}
+
+complete -F _systemd_detect_virt systemd-detect-virt
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-detect-virt/systemd-detect-virt.completion.zsh b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-detect-virt/systemd-detect-virt.completion.zsh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a0c7df727c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-detect-virt/systemd-detect-virt.completion.zsh
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#compdef systemd-detect-virt
+
+local curcontext="$curcontext" state lstate line
+_arguments \
+    {-h,--help}'[Show this help]' \
+    '--version[Show package version]' \
+    {-c,--container}'[Only detect whether we are run in a container]' \
+    {-v,--vm}'[Only detect whether we are run in a VM]' \
+    {-q,--quiet}"[Don't output anything, just set return value]"
+
+#vim: set ft=zsh sw=4 ts=4 et
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-detect-virt/systemd-detect-virt.xml b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-detect-virt/systemd-detect-virt.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b7f4e69ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-detect-virt/systemd-detect-virt.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
+
+<!--
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+-->
+
+<refentry id="systemd-detect-virt"
+          xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <title>systemd-detect-virt</title>
+    <productname>systemd</productname>
+
+    <authorgroup>
+      <author>
+        <contrib>Developer</contrib>
+        <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
+        <surname>Poettering</surname>
+        <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
+      </author>
+    </authorgroup>
+  </refentryinfo>
+
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>systemd-detect-virt</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+  </refmeta>
+
+  <refnamediv>
+    <refname>systemd-detect-virt</refname>
+    <refpurpose>Detect execution in a virtualized environment</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-detect-virt <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg></command>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Description</title>
+
+    <para><command>systemd-detect-virt</command> detects execution in
+    a virtualized environment. It identifies the virtualization
+    technology and can distinguish full machine virtualization from
+    container virtualization. <filename>systemd-detect-virt</filename>
+    exits with a return value of 0 (success) if a virtualization
+    technology is detected, and non-zero (error) otherwise. By default,
+    any type of virtualization is detected, and the options
+    <option>--container</option> and <option>--vm</option> can be used
+    to limit what types of virtualization are detected.</para>
+
+    <para>When executed without <option>--quiet</option> will print a
+    short identifier for the detected virtualization technology. The
+    following technologies are currently identified:</para>
+
+    <table>
+      <title>Known virtualization technologies (both
+      VM, i.e. full hardware virtualization,
+      and container, i.e. shared kernel virtualization)</title>
+      <tgroup cols='3' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
+        <colspec colname="type" />
+        <colspec colname="id" />
+        <colspec colname="product" />
+        <thead>
+          <row>
+            <entry>Type</entry>
+            <entry>ID</entry>
+            <entry>Product</entry>
+          </row>
+        </thead>
+        <tbody>
+          <row>
+            <entry valign="top" morerows="9">VM</entry>
+            <entry><varname>qemu</varname></entry>
+            <entry>QEMU software virtualization</entry>
+          </row>
+
+          <row>
+            <entry><varname>kvm</varname></entry>
+            <entry>Linux KVM kernel virtual machine</entry>
+          </row>
+
+          <row>
+            <entry><varname>zvm</varname></entry>
+            <entry>s390 z/VM</entry>
+          </row>
+
+          <row>
+            <entry><varname>vmware</varname></entry>
+            <entry>VMware Workstation or Server, and related products</entry>
+          </row>
+
+          <row>
+            <entry><varname>microsoft</varname></entry>
+            <entry>Hyper-V, also known as Viridian or Windows Server Virtualization</entry>
+          </row>
+
+          <row>
+            <entry><varname>oracle</varname></entry>
+            <entry>Oracle VM VirtualBox (historically marketed by innotek and Sun Microsystems)</entry>
+          </row>
+
+          <row>
+            <entry><varname>xen</varname></entry>
+            <entry>Xen hypervisor (only domU, not dom0)</entry>
+          </row>
+
+          <row>
+            <entry><varname>bochs</varname></entry>
+            <entry>Bochs Emulator</entry>
+          </row>
+
+          <row>
+            <entry><varname>uml</varname></entry>
+            <entry>User-mode Linux</entry>
+          </row>
+
+          <row>
+            <entry><varname>parallels</varname></entry>
+            <entry>Parallels Desktop, Parallels Server</entry>
+          </row>
+
+          <row>
+            <entry valign="top" morerows="5">Container</entry>
+            <entry><varname>openvz</varname></entry>
+            <entry>OpenVZ/Virtuozzo</entry>
+          </row>
+
+          <row>
+            <entry><varname>lxc</varname></entry>
+            <entry>Linux container implementation by LXC</entry>
+          </row>
+
+          <row>
+            <entry><varname>lxc-libvirt</varname></entry>
+            <entry>Linux container implementation by libvirt</entry>
+          </row>
+
+          <row>
+            <entry><varname>systemd-nspawn</varname></entry>
+            <entry>systemd's minimal container implementation, see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></entry>
+          </row>
+
+          <row>
+            <entry><varname>docker</varname></entry>
+            <entry>Docker container manager</entry>
+          </row>
+
+          <row>
+            <entry><varname>rkt</varname></entry>
+            <entry>rkt app container runtime</entry>
+          </row>
+        </tbody>
+      </tgroup>
+    </table>
+
+    <para>If multiple virtualization solutions are used, only the
+    "innermost" is detected and identified. That means if both
+    machine and container virtualization are used in
+    conjunction, only the latter will be identified (unless
+    <option>--vm</option> is passed).</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Options</title>
+
+    <para>The following options are understood:</para>
+
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-c</option></term>
+        <term><option>--container</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Only detects container virtualization (i.e.
+        shared kernel virtualization).</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-v</option></term>
+        <term><option>--vm</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Only detects hardware virtualization).</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-r</option></term>
+        <term><option>--chroot</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Detect whether invoked in a
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+        environment. In this mode, no output is written, but the return
+        value indicates whether the process was invoked in a
+        <function>chroot()</function>
+        environment or not.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-q</option></term>
+        <term><option>--quiet</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Suppress output of the virtualization
+        technology identifier.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
+    </variablelist>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Exit status</title>
+
+    <para>If a virtualization technology is detected, 0 is returned, a
+    non-zero code otherwise.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>See Also</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+</refentry>
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-firstboot/firstboot.c b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-firstboot/firstboot.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1e1a592b7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-firstboot/firstboot.c
@@ -0,0 +1,870 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <shadow.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "ask-password-api.h"
+#include "copy.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "hostname-util.h"
+#include "locale-util.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "random-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+#include "umask-util.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+
+static char *arg_root = NULL;
+static char *arg_locale = NULL;  /* $LANG */
+static char *arg_locale_messages = NULL; /* $LC_MESSAGES */
+static char *arg_timezone = NULL;
+static char *arg_hostname = NULL;
+static sd_id128_t arg_machine_id = {};
+static char *arg_root_password = NULL;
+static bool arg_prompt_locale = false;
+static bool arg_prompt_timezone = false;
+static bool arg_prompt_hostname = false;
+static bool arg_prompt_root_password = false;
+static bool arg_copy_locale = false;
+static bool arg_copy_timezone = false;
+static bool arg_copy_root_password = false;
+
+static bool press_any_key(void) {
+        char k = 0;
+        bool need_nl = true;
+
+        printf("-- Press any key to proceed --");
+        fflush(stdout);
+
+        (void) read_one_char(stdin, &k, USEC_INFINITY, &need_nl);
+
+        if (need_nl)
+                putchar('\n');
+
+        return k != 'q';
+}
+
+static void print_welcome(void) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *pretty_name = NULL;
+        const char *os_release = NULL;
+        static bool done = false;
+        int r;
+
+        if (done)
+                return;
+
+        os_release = prefix_roota(arg_root, "/etc/os-release");
+        r = parse_env_file(os_release, NEWLINE,
+                           "PRETTY_NAME", &pretty_name,
+                           NULL);
+        if (r == -ENOENT) {
+
+                os_release = prefix_roota(arg_root, "/usr/lib/os-release");
+                r = parse_env_file(os_release, NEWLINE,
+                                   "PRETTY_NAME", &pretty_name,
+                                   NULL);
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to read os-release file: %m");
+
+        printf("\nWelcome to your new installation of %s!\nPlease configure a few basic system settings:\n\n",
+               isempty(pretty_name) ? "GNU/Linux" : pretty_name);
+
+        press_any_key();
+
+        done = true;
+}
+
+static int show_menu(char **x, unsigned n_columns, unsigned width, unsigned percentage) {
+        unsigned n, per_column, i, j;
+        unsigned break_lines, break_modulo;
+
+        assert(n_columns > 0);
+
+        n = strv_length(x);
+        per_column = (n + n_columns - 1) / n_columns;
+
+        break_lines = lines();
+        if (break_lines > 2)
+                break_lines--;
+
+        /* The first page gets two extra lines, since we want to show
+         * a title */
+        break_modulo = break_lines;
+        if (break_modulo > 3)
+                break_modulo -= 3;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < per_column; i++) {
+
+                for (j = 0; j < n_columns; j ++) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
+
+                        if (j * per_column + i >= n)
+                                break;
+
+                        e = ellipsize(x[j * per_column + i], width, percentage);
+                        if (!e)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        printf("%4u) %-*s", j * per_column + i + 1, width, e);
+                }
+
+                putchar('\n');
+
+                /* on the first screen we reserve 2 extra lines for the title */
+                if (i % break_lines == break_modulo) {
+                        if (!press_any_key())
+                                return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int prompt_loop(const char *text, char **l, bool (*is_valid)(const char *name), char **ret) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(text);
+        assert(is_valid);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+                unsigned u;
+
+                r = ask_string(&p, "%s %s (empty to skip): ", special_glyph(TRIANGULAR_BULLET), text);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to query user: %m");
+
+                if (isempty(p)) {
+                        log_warning("No data entered, skipping.");
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                r = safe_atou(p, &u);
+                if (r >= 0) {
+                        char *c;
+
+                        if (u <= 0 || u > strv_length(l)) {
+                                log_error("Specified entry number out of range.");
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        log_info("Selected '%s'.", l[u-1]);
+
+                        c = strdup(l[u-1]);
+                        if (!c)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        free(*ret);
+                        *ret = c;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                if (!is_valid(p)) {
+                        log_error("Entered data invalid.");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                free(*ret);
+                *ret = p;
+                p = 0;
+                return 0;
+        }
+}
+
+static int prompt_locale(void) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **locales = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        if (arg_locale || arg_locale_messages)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!arg_prompt_locale)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = get_locales(&locales);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Cannot query locales list: %m");
+
+        print_welcome();
+
+        printf("\nAvailable Locales:\n\n");
+        r = show_menu(locales, 3, 22, 60);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        putchar('\n');
+
+        r = prompt_loop("Please enter system locale name or number", locales, locale_is_valid, &arg_locale);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (isempty(arg_locale))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = prompt_loop("Please enter system message locale name or number", locales, locale_is_valid, &arg_locale_messages);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int process_locale(void) {
+        const char *etc_localeconf;
+        char* locales[3];
+        unsigned i = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        etc_localeconf = prefix_roota(arg_root, "/etc/locale.conf");
+        if (laccess(etc_localeconf, F_OK) >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (arg_copy_locale && arg_root) {
+
+                mkdir_parents(etc_localeconf, 0755);
+                r = copy_file("/etc/locale.conf", etc_localeconf, 0, 0644, 0);
+                if (r != -ENOENT) {
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to copy %s: %m", etc_localeconf);
+
+                        log_info("%s copied.", etc_localeconf);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = prompt_locale();
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!isempty(arg_locale))
+                locales[i++] = strjoina("LANG=", arg_locale);
+        if (!isempty(arg_locale_messages) && !streq(arg_locale_messages, arg_locale))
+                locales[i++] = strjoina("LC_MESSAGES=", arg_locale_messages);
+
+        if (i == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        locales[i] = NULL;
+
+        mkdir_parents(etc_localeconf, 0755);
+        r = write_env_file(etc_localeconf, locales);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write %s: %m", etc_localeconf);
+
+        log_info("%s written.", etc_localeconf);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int prompt_timezone(void) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **zones = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        if (arg_timezone)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!arg_prompt_timezone)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = get_timezones(&zones);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Cannot query timezone list: %m");
+
+        print_welcome();
+
+        printf("\nAvailable Time Zones:\n\n");
+        r = show_menu(zones, 3, 22, 30);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        putchar('\n');
+
+        r = prompt_loop("Please enter timezone name or number", zones, timezone_is_valid, &arg_timezone);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int process_timezone(void) {
+        const char *etc_localtime, *e;
+        int r;
+
+        etc_localtime = prefix_roota(arg_root, "/etc/localtime");
+        if (laccess(etc_localtime, F_OK) >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (arg_copy_timezone && arg_root) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+                r = readlink_malloc("/etc/localtime", &p);
+                if (r != -ENOENT) {
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to read host timezone: %m");
+
+                        mkdir_parents(etc_localtime, 0755);
+                        if (symlink(p, etc_localtime) < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create %s symlink: %m", etc_localtime);
+
+                        log_info("%s copied.", etc_localtime);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = prompt_timezone();
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (isempty(arg_timezone))
+                return 0;
+
+        e = strjoina("../usr/share/zoneinfo/", arg_timezone);
+
+        mkdir_parents(etc_localtime, 0755);
+        if (symlink(e, etc_localtime) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create %s symlink: %m", etc_localtime);
+
+        log_info("%s written", etc_localtime);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int prompt_hostname(void) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (arg_hostname)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!arg_prompt_hostname)
+                return 0;
+
+        print_welcome();
+        putchar('\n');
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *h = NULL;
+
+                r = ask_string(&h, "%s Please enter hostname for new system (empty to skip): ", special_glyph(TRIANGULAR_BULLET));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to query hostname: %m");
+
+                if (isempty(h)) {
+                        log_warning("No hostname entered, skipping.");
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                if (!hostname_is_valid(h, true)) {
+                        log_error("Specified hostname invalid.");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* Get rid of the trailing dot that we allow, but don't want to see */
+                arg_hostname = hostname_cleanup(h);
+                h = NULL;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int process_hostname(void) {
+        const char *etc_hostname;
+        int r;
+
+        etc_hostname = prefix_roota(arg_root, "/etc/hostname");
+        if (laccess(etc_hostname, F_OK) >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = prompt_hostname();
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (isempty(arg_hostname))
+                return 0;
+
+        mkdir_parents(etc_hostname, 0755);
+        r = write_string_file(etc_hostname, arg_hostname, WRITE_STRING_FILE_CREATE);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write %s: %m", etc_hostname);
+
+        log_info("%s written.", etc_hostname);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int process_machine_id(void) {
+        const char *etc_machine_id;
+        char id[SD_ID128_STRING_MAX];
+        int r;
+
+        etc_machine_id = prefix_roota(arg_root, "/etc/machine-id");
+        if (laccess(etc_machine_id, F_OK) >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (sd_id128_equal(arg_machine_id, SD_ID128_NULL))
+                return 0;
+
+        mkdir_parents(etc_machine_id, 0755);
+        r = write_string_file(etc_machine_id, sd_id128_to_string(arg_machine_id, id), WRITE_STRING_FILE_CREATE);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write machine id: %m");
+
+        log_info("%s written.", etc_machine_id);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int prompt_root_password(void) {
+        const char *msg1, *msg2, *etc_shadow;
+        int r;
+
+        if (arg_root_password)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!arg_prompt_root_password)
+                return 0;
+
+        etc_shadow = prefix_roota(arg_root, "/etc/shadow");
+        if (laccess(etc_shadow, F_OK) >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        print_welcome();
+        putchar('\n');
+
+        msg1 = strjoina(special_glyph(TRIANGULAR_BULLET), " Please enter a new root password (empty to skip): ");
+        msg2 = strjoina(special_glyph(TRIANGULAR_BULLET), " Please enter new root password again: ");
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_string_free_erase_ char *a = NULL, *b = NULL;
+
+                r = ask_password_tty(msg1, NULL, 0, 0, NULL, &a);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to query root password: %m");
+
+                if (isempty(a)) {
+                        log_warning("No password entered, skipping.");
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                r = ask_password_tty(msg2, NULL, 0, 0, NULL, &b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to query root password: %m");
+
+                if (!streq(a, b)) {
+                        log_error("Entered passwords did not match, please try again.");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                arg_root_password = a;
+                a = NULL;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int write_root_shadow(const char *path, const struct spwd *p) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        assert(path);
+        assert(p);
+
+        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0777)
+                f = fopen(path, "wex");
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        errno = 0;
+        if (putspent(p, f) != 0)
+                return errno > 0 ? -errno : -EIO;
+
+        return fflush_and_check(f);
+}
+
+static int process_root_password(void) {
+
+        static const char table[] =
+                "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+                "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+                "0123456789"
+                "./";
+
+        struct spwd item = {
+                .sp_namp = (char*) "root",
+                .sp_min = -1,
+                .sp_max = -1,
+                .sp_warn = -1,
+                .sp_inact = -1,
+                .sp_expire = -1,
+                .sp_flag = (unsigned long) -1, /* this appears to be what everybody does ... */
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_close_ int lock = -1;
+        char salt[3+16+1+1];
+        uint8_t raw[16];
+        unsigned i;
+        char *j;
+
+        const char *etc_shadow;
+        int r;
+
+        etc_shadow = prefix_roota(arg_root, "/etc/shadow");
+        if (laccess(etc_shadow, F_OK) >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        mkdir_parents(etc_shadow, 0755);
+
+        lock = take_etc_passwd_lock(arg_root);
+        if (lock < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(lock, "Failed to take a lock: %m");
+
+        if (arg_copy_root_password && arg_root) {
+                struct spwd *p;
+
+                errno = 0;
+                p = getspnam("root");
+                if (p || errno != ENOENT) {
+                        if (!p) {
+                                if (!errno)
+                                        errno = EIO;
+
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to find shadow entry for root: %m");
+                        }
+
+                        r = write_root_shadow(etc_shadow, p);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write %s: %m", etc_shadow);
+
+                        log_info("%s copied.", etc_shadow);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = prompt_root_password();
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!arg_root_password)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = dev_urandom(raw, 16);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get salt: %m");
+
+        /* We only bother with SHA512 hashed passwords, the rest is legacy, and we don't do legacy. */
+        assert_cc(sizeof(table) == 64 + 1);
+        j = stpcpy(salt, "$6$");
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+                j[i] = table[raw[i] & 63];
+        j[i++] = '$';
+        j[i] = 0;
+
+        errno = 0;
+        item.sp_pwdp = crypt(arg_root_password, salt);
+        if (!item.sp_pwdp) {
+                if (!errno)
+                        errno = EINVAL;
+
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to encrypt password: %m");
+        }
+
+        item.sp_lstchg = (long) (now(CLOCK_REALTIME) / USEC_PER_DAY);
+
+        r = write_root_shadow(etc_shadow, &item);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write %s: %m", etc_shadow);
+
+        log_info("%s written.", etc_shadow);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void help(void) {
+        printf("%s [OPTIONS...]\n\n"
+               "Configures basic settings of the system.\n\n"
+               "  -h --help                    Show this help\n"
+               "     --version                 Show package version\n"
+               "     --root=PATH               Operate on an alternate filesystem root\n"
+               "     --locale=LOCALE           Set primary locale (LANG=)\n"
+               "     --locale-messages=LOCALE  Set message locale (LC_MESSAGES=)\n"
+               "     --timezone=TIMEZONE       Set timezone\n"
+               "     --hostname=NAME           Set host name\n"
+               "     --machine-ID=ID           Set machine ID\n"
+               "     --root-password=PASSWORD  Set root password\n"
+               "     --root-password-file=FILE Set root password from file\n"
+               "     --prompt-locale           Prompt the user for locale settings\n"
+               "     --prompt-timezone         Prompt the user for timezone\n"
+               "     --prompt-hostname         Prompt the user for hostname\n"
+               "     --prompt-root-password    Prompt the user for root password\n"
+               "     --prompt                  Prompt for all of the above\n"
+               "     --copy-locale             Copy locale from host\n"
+               "     --copy-timezone           Copy timezone from host\n"
+               "     --copy-root-password      Copy root password from host\n"
+               "     --copy                    Copy locale, timezone, root password\n"
+               "     --setup-machine-id        Generate a new random machine ID\n"
+               , program_invocation_short_name);
+}
+
+static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+
+        enum {
+                ARG_VERSION = 0x100,
+                ARG_ROOT,
+                ARG_LOCALE,
+                ARG_LOCALE_MESSAGES,
+                ARG_TIMEZONE,
+                ARG_HOSTNAME,
+                ARG_MACHINE_ID,
+                ARG_ROOT_PASSWORD,
+                ARG_ROOT_PASSWORD_FILE,
+                ARG_PROMPT,
+                ARG_PROMPT_LOCALE,
+                ARG_PROMPT_TIMEZONE,
+                ARG_PROMPT_HOSTNAME,
+                ARG_PROMPT_ROOT_PASSWORD,
+                ARG_COPY,
+                ARG_COPY_LOCALE,
+                ARG_COPY_TIMEZONE,
+                ARG_COPY_ROOT_PASSWORD,
+                ARG_SETUP_MACHINE_ID,
+        };
+
+        static const struct option options[] = {
+                { "help",                 no_argument,       NULL, 'h'                      },
+                { "version",              no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION              },
+                { "root",                 required_argument, NULL, ARG_ROOT                 },
+                { "locale",               required_argument, NULL, ARG_LOCALE               },
+                { "locale-messages",      required_argument, NULL, ARG_LOCALE_MESSAGES      },
+                { "timezone",             required_argument, NULL, ARG_TIMEZONE             },
+                { "hostname",             required_argument, NULL, ARG_HOSTNAME             },
+                { "machine-id",           required_argument, NULL, ARG_MACHINE_ID           },
+                { "root-password",        required_argument, NULL, ARG_ROOT_PASSWORD        },
+                { "root-password-file",   required_argument, NULL, ARG_ROOT_PASSWORD_FILE   },
+                { "prompt",               no_argument,       NULL, ARG_PROMPT               },
+                { "prompt-locale",        no_argument,       NULL, ARG_PROMPT_LOCALE        },
+                { "prompt-timezone",      no_argument,       NULL, ARG_PROMPT_TIMEZONE      },
+                { "prompt-hostname",      no_argument,       NULL, ARG_PROMPT_HOSTNAME      },
+                { "prompt-root-password", no_argument,       NULL, ARG_PROMPT_ROOT_PASSWORD },
+                { "copy",                 no_argument,       NULL, ARG_COPY                 },
+                { "copy-locale",          no_argument,       NULL, ARG_COPY_LOCALE          },
+                { "copy-timezone",        no_argument,       NULL, ARG_COPY_TIMEZONE        },
+                { "copy-root-password",   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_COPY_ROOT_PASSWORD   },
+                { "setup-machine-id",     no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SETUP_MACHINE_ID     },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        int r, c;
+
+        assert(argc >= 0);
+        assert(argv);
+
+        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "h", options, NULL)) >= 0)
+
+                switch (c) {
+
+                case 'h':
+                        help();
+                        return 0;
+
+                case ARG_VERSION:
+                        return version();
+
+                case ARG_ROOT:
+                        r = parse_path_argument_and_warn(optarg, true, &arg_root);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_LOCALE:
+                        if (!locale_is_valid(optarg)) {
+                                log_error("Locale %s is not valid.", optarg);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        r = free_and_strdup(&arg_locale, optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_LOCALE_MESSAGES:
+                        if (!locale_is_valid(optarg)) {
+                                log_error("Locale %s is not valid.", optarg);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        r = free_and_strdup(&arg_locale_messages, optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_TIMEZONE:
+                        if (!timezone_is_valid(optarg)) {
+                                log_error("Timezone %s is not valid.", optarg);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        r = free_and_strdup(&arg_timezone, optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_ROOT_PASSWORD:
+                        r = free_and_strdup(&arg_root_password, optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_ROOT_PASSWORD_FILE:
+                        arg_root_password = mfree(arg_root_password);
+
+                        r = read_one_line_file(optarg, &arg_root_password);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to read %s: %m", optarg);
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_HOSTNAME:
+                        if (!hostname_is_valid(optarg, true)) {
+                                log_error("Host name %s is not valid.", optarg);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        hostname_cleanup(optarg);
+                        r = free_and_strdup(&arg_hostname, optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_MACHINE_ID:
+                        if (sd_id128_from_string(optarg, &arg_machine_id) < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse machine id %s.", optarg);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_PROMPT:
+                        arg_prompt_locale = arg_prompt_timezone = arg_prompt_hostname = arg_prompt_root_password = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_PROMPT_LOCALE:
+                        arg_prompt_locale = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_PROMPT_TIMEZONE:
+                        arg_prompt_timezone = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_PROMPT_HOSTNAME:
+                        arg_prompt_hostname = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_PROMPT_ROOT_PASSWORD:
+                        arg_prompt_root_password = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_COPY:
+                        arg_copy_locale = arg_copy_timezone = arg_copy_root_password = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_COPY_LOCALE:
+                        arg_copy_locale = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_COPY_TIMEZONE:
+                        arg_copy_timezone = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_COPY_ROOT_PASSWORD:
+                        arg_copy_root_password = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SETUP_MACHINE_ID:
+
+                        r = sd_id128_randomize(&arg_machine_id);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to generate randomized machine ID: %m");
+
+                        break;
+
+                case '?':
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
+                }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        int r;
+
+        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        r = process_locale();
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = process_timezone();
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = process_hostname();
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = process_machine_id();
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = process_root_password();
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+finish:
+        free(arg_root);
+        free(arg_locale);
+        free(arg_locale_messages);
+        free(arg_timezone);
+        free(arg_hostname);
+        string_erase(arg_root_password);
+        free(arg_root_password);
+
+        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-firstboot/systemd-firstboot.service.in b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-firstboot/systemd-firstboot.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..405c6f3fd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-firstboot/systemd-firstboot.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=First Boot Wizard
+Documentation=man:systemd-firstboot(1)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+Conflicts=shutdown.target
+After=systemd-remount-fs.service
+Before=systemd-sysusers.service sysinit.target shutdown.target
+ConditionPathIsReadWrite=/etc
+ConditionFirstBoot=yes
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=@rootbindir@/systemd-firstboot --prompt-locale --prompt-timezone --prompt-root-password
+StandardOutput=tty
+StandardInput=tty
+StandardError=tty
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-firstboot/systemd-firstboot.xml b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-firstboot/systemd-firstboot.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b269e48113
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-firstboot/systemd-firstboot.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
+
+<!--
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+-->
+
+<refentry id="systemd-firstboot" conditional='ENABLE_FIRSTBOOT'
+    xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <title>systemd-firstboot</title>
+    <productname>systemd</productname>
+
+    <authorgroup>
+      <author>
+        <contrib>Developer</contrib>
+        <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
+        <surname>Poettering</surname>
+        <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
+      </author>
+    </authorgroup>
+  </refentryinfo>
+
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>systemd-firstboot</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+  </refmeta>
+
+  <refnamediv>
+    <refname>systemd-firstboot</refname>
+    <refname>systemd-firstboot.service</refname>
+    <refpurpose>Initialize basic system settings on or before the first boot-up of a system</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-firstboot</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+
+    <para><filename>systemd-firstboot.service</filename></para>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Description</title>
+
+    <para><command>systemd-firstboot</command> initializes the most
+    basic system settings interactively on the first boot, or
+    optionally non-interactively when a system image is created. The
+    following settings may be set up:</para>
+
+    <itemizedlist>
+      <listitem><para>The system locale, more specifically the two
+      locale variables <varname>LANG=</varname> and
+      <varname>LC_MESSAGES</varname></para></listitem>
+
+      <listitem><para>The system time zone</para></listitem>
+
+      <listitem><para>The system host name</para></listitem>
+
+      <listitem><para>The machine ID of the system</para></listitem>
+
+      <listitem><para>The root user's password</para></listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
+
+    <para>Each of the fields may either be queried interactively by
+    users, set non-interactively on the tool's command line, or be
+    copied from a host system that is used to set up the system
+    image.</para>
+
+    <para>If a setting is already initialized, it will not be
+    overwritten and the user will not be prompted for the
+    setting.</para>
+
+    <para>Note that this tool operates directly on the file system and
+    does not involve any running system services, unlike
+    <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>localectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>timedatectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    or
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hostnamectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+    This allows <command>systemd-firstboot</command> to operate on
+    mounted but not booted disk images and in early boot. It is not
+    recommended to use <command>systemd-firstboot</command> on the
+    running system while it is up.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Options</title>
+
+    <para>The following options are understood:</para>
+
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--root=<replaceable>root</replaceable></option></term>
+        <listitem><para>Takes a directory path as an argument. All
+        paths will be prefixed with the given alternate
+        <replaceable>root</replaceable> path, including config search
+        paths. This is useful to operate on a system image mounted to
+        the specified directory instead of the host system itself.
+        </para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--locale=<replaceable>LOCALE</replaceable></option></term>
+        <term><option>--locale-messages=<replaceable>LOCALE</replaceable></option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Sets the system locale, more specifically the
+        <varname>LANG=</varname> and <varname>LC_MESSAGES</varname>
+        settings. The argument should be a valid locale identifier,
+        such as <literal>de_DE.UTF-8</literal>. This controls the
+        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>locale.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+        configuration file.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--timezone=<replaceable>TIMEZONE</replaceable></option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Sets the system time zone. The argument should
+        be a valid time zone identifier, such as
+        <literal>Europe/Berlin</literal>. This controls the
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>localtime</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+        symlink.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--hostname=<replaceable>HOSTNAME</replaceable></option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Sets the system hostname. The argument should
+        be a host name, compatible with DNS. This controls the
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hostname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+        configuration file.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--machine-id=<replaceable>ID</replaceable></option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Sets the system's machine ID. This controls
+        the
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+        file.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--root-password=<replaceable>PASSWORD</replaceable></option></term>
+        <term><option>--root-password-file=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Sets the password of the system's root user.
+        This creates a
+        <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+        file. This setting exists in two forms:
+        <option>--root-password=</option> accepts the password to set
+        directly on the command line, and
+        <option>--root-password-file=</option> reads it from a file.
+        Note that it is not recommended to specify passwords on the
+        command line, as other users might be able to see them simply
+        by invoking
+        <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--prompt-locale</option></term>
+        <term><option>--prompt-timezone</option></term>
+        <term><option>--prompt-hostname</option></term>
+        <term><option>--prompt-root-password</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Prompt the user interactively for a specific
+        basic setting. Note that any explicit configuration settings
+        specified on the command line take precedence, and the user is
+        not prompted for it.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--prompt</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Query the user for locale, timezone, hostname
+        and root password. This is equivalent to specifying
+        <option>--prompt-locale</option>,
+        <option>--prompt-timezone</option>,
+        <option>--prompt-hostname</option>,
+        <option>--prompt-root-password</option> in combination.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--copy-locale</option></term>
+        <term><option>--copy-timezone</option></term>
+        <term><option>--copy-root-password</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Copy a specific basic setting from the host.
+        This only works in combination with <option>--root=</option>
+        (see above).</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--copy</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Copy locale, time zone and root password from
+        the host. This is equivalent to specifying
+        <option>--copy-locale</option>,
+        <option>--copy-timezone</option>,
+        <option>--copy-root-password</option> in combination.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--setup-machine-id</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Initialize the system's machine ID to a random
+        ID. This only works in combination with
+        <option>--root=</option>.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
+    </variablelist>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Exit status</title>
+
+    <para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code
+    otherwise.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>See Also</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>locale.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>localtime</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hostname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machine-id-setup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>localectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>timedatectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hostnamectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+</refentry>
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-fsck/fsck.c b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-fsck/fsck.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d7f0829ffc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-fsck/fsck.c
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright 2014 Holger Hans Peter Freyther
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/file.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+#include <systemd/sd-device.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-common-errors.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "device-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "proc-cmdline.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "socket-util.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "stdio-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+/* exit codes as defined in fsck(8) */
+enum {
+        FSCK_SUCCESS = 0,
+        FSCK_ERROR_CORRECTED = 1,
+        FSCK_SYSTEM_SHOULD_REBOOT = 2,
+        FSCK_ERRORS_LEFT_UNCORRECTED = 4,
+        FSCK_OPERATIONAL_ERROR = 8,
+        FSCK_USAGE_OR_SYNTAX_ERROR = 16,
+        FSCK_USER_CANCELLED = 32,
+        FSCK_SHARED_LIB_ERROR = 128,
+};
+
+static bool arg_skip = false;
+static bool arg_force = false;
+static bool arg_show_progress = false;
+static const char *arg_repair = "-a";
+
+static void start_target(const char *target, const char *mode) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(target);
+
+        r = bus_connect_system_systemd(&bus);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get D-Bus connection: %m");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        log_info("Running request %s/start/replace", target);
+
+        /* Start these units only if we can replace base.target with it */
+        r = sd_bus_call_method(bus,
+                               "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
+                               "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
+                               "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
+                               "StartUnitReplace",
+                               &error,
+                               NULL,
+                               "sss", "basic.target", target, mode);
+
+        /* Don't print a warning if we aren't called during startup */
+        if (r < 0 && !sd_bus_error_has_name(&error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_JOB))
+                log_error("Failed to start unit: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+}
+
+static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(key);
+
+        if (streq(key, "fsck.mode") && value) {
+
+                if (streq(value, "auto"))
+                        arg_force = arg_skip = false;
+                else if (streq(value, "force"))
+                        arg_force = true;
+                else if (streq(value, "skip"))
+                        arg_skip = true;
+                else
+                        log_warning("Invalid fsck.mode= parameter '%s'. Ignoring.", value);
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "fsck.repair") && value) {
+
+                if (streq(value, "preen"))
+                        arg_repair = "-a";
+                else {
+                        r = parse_boolean(value);
+                        if (r > 0)
+                                arg_repair = "-y";
+                        else if (r == 0)
+                                arg_repair = "-n";
+                        else
+                                log_warning("Invalid fsck.repair= parameter '%s'. Ignoring.", value);
+                }
+        }
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+        else if (streq(key, "fastboot") && !value) {
+                log_warning("Please pass 'fsck.mode=skip' rather than 'fastboot' on the kernel command line.");
+                arg_skip = true;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "forcefsck") && !value) {
+                log_warning("Please pass 'fsck.mode=force' rather than 'forcefsck' on the kernel command line.");
+                arg_force = true;
+        }
+#endif
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void test_files(void) {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+        if (access("/fastboot", F_OK) >= 0) {
+                log_error("Please pass 'fsck.mode=skip' on the kernel command line rather than creating /fastboot on the root file system.");
+                arg_skip = true;
+        }
+
+        if (access("/forcefsck", F_OK) >= 0) {
+                log_error("Please pass 'fsck.mode=force' on the kernel command line rather than creating /forcefsck on the root file system.");
+                arg_force = true;
+        }
+#endif
+
+        arg_show_progress = access("/run/systemd/show-status", F_OK) >= 0;
+}
+
+static double percent(int pass, unsigned long cur, unsigned long max) {
+        /* Values stolen from e2fsck */
+
+        static const int pass_table[] = {
+                0, 70, 90, 92, 95, 100
+        };
+
+        if (pass <= 0)
+                return 0.0;
+
+        if ((unsigned) pass >= ELEMENTSOF(pass_table) || max == 0)
+                return 100.0;
+
+        return (double) pass_table[pass-1] +
+                ((double) pass_table[pass] - (double) pass_table[pass-1]) *
+                (double) cur / (double) max;
+}
+
+static int process_progress(int fd) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *console = NULL, *f = NULL;
+        usec_t last = 0;
+        bool locked = false;
+        int clear = 0, r;
+
+        /* No progress pipe to process? Then we are a NOP. */
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        f = fdopen(fd, "re");
+        if (!f) {
+                safe_close(fd);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        console = fopen("/dev/console", "we");
+        if (!console)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                int pass, m;
+                unsigned long cur, max;
+                _cleanup_free_ char *device = NULL;
+                double p;
+                usec_t t;
+
+                if (fscanf(f, "%i %lu %lu %ms", &pass, &cur, &max, &device) != 4) {
+
+                        if (ferror(f))
+                                r = log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to read from progress pipe: %m");
+                        else if (feof(f))
+                                r = 0;
+                        else {
+                                log_warning("Failed to parse progress pipe data");
+                                r = -EBADMSG;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                /* Only show one progress counter at max */
+                if (!locked) {
+                        if (flock(fileno(console), LOCK_EX|LOCK_NB) < 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        locked = true;
+                }
+
+                /* Only update once every 50ms */
+                t = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+                if (last + 50 * USEC_PER_MSEC > t)
+                        continue;
+
+                last = t;
+
+                p = percent(pass, cur, max);
+                fprintf(console, "\r%s: fsck %3.1f%% complete...\r%n", device, p, &m);
+                fflush(console);
+
+                if (m > clear)
+                        clear = m;
+        }
+
+        if (clear > 0) {
+                unsigned j;
+
+                fputc('\r', console);
+                for (j = 0; j < (unsigned) clear; j++)
+                        fputc(' ', console);
+                fputc('\r', console);
+                fflush(console);
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int fsck_progress_socket(void) {
+        static const union sockaddr_union sa = {
+                .un.sun_family = AF_UNIX,
+                .un.sun_path = "/run/systemd/fsck.progress",
+        };
+
+        int fd, r;
+
+        fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(errno, "socket(): %m");
+
+        if (connect(fd, &sa.sa, SOCKADDR_UN_LEN(sa.un)) < 0) {
+                r = log_full_errno(errno == ECONNREFUSED || errno == ENOENT ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING,
+                                   errno, "Failed to connect to progress socket %s, ignoring: %m", sa.un.sun_path);
+                safe_close(fd);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        return fd;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        _cleanup_close_pair_ int progress_pipe[2] = { -1, -1 };
+        _cleanup_(sd_device_unrefp) sd_device *dev = NULL;
+        const char *device, *type;
+        bool root_directory;
+        siginfo_t status;
+        struct stat st;
+        int r;
+        pid_t pid;
+
+        if (argc > 2) {
+                log_error("This program expects one or no arguments.");
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        r = parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse kernel command line, ignoring: %m");
+
+        test_files();
+
+        if (!arg_force && arg_skip) {
+                r = 0;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (argc > 1) {
+                device = argv[1];
+
+                if (stat(device, &st) < 0) {
+                        r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to stat %s: %m", device);
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (!S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
+                        log_error("%s is not a block device.", device);
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_device_new_from_devnum(&dev, 'b', st.st_rdev);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to detect device %s: %m", device);
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                root_directory = false;
+        } else {
+                struct timespec times[2];
+
+                /* Find root device */
+
+                if (stat("/", &st) < 0) {
+                        r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to stat() the root directory: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                /* Virtual root devices don't need an fsck */
+                if (major(st.st_dev) == 0) {
+                        log_debug("Root directory is virtual or btrfs, skipping check.");
+                        r = 0;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                /* check if we are already writable */
+                times[0] = st.st_atim;
+                times[1] = st.st_mtim;
+
+                if (utimensat(AT_FDCWD, "/", times, 0) == 0) {
+                        log_info("Root directory is writable, skipping check.");
+                        r = 0;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_device_new_from_devnum(&dev, 'b', st.st_dev);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to detect root device: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_device_get_devname(dev, &device);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to detect device node of root directory: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                root_directory = true;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_device_get_property_value(dev, "ID_FS_TYPE", &type);
+        if (r >= 0) {
+                r = fsck_exists(type);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Couldn't detect if fsck.%s may be used for %s, proceeding: %m", type, device);
+                else if (r == 0) {
+                        log_info("fsck.%s doesn't exist, not checking file system on %s.", type, device);
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (arg_show_progress) {
+                if (pipe(progress_pipe) < 0) {
+                        r = log_error_errno(errno, "pipe(): %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        pid = fork();
+        if (pid < 0) {
+                r = log_error_errno(errno, "fork(): %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+        if (pid == 0) {
+                char dash_c[sizeof("-C")-1 + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(int) + 1];
+                int progress_socket = -1;
+                const char *cmdline[9];
+                int i = 0;
+
+                /* Child */
+
+                (void) reset_all_signal_handlers();
+                (void) reset_signal_mask();
+                assert_se(prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGTERM) == 0);
+
+                /* Close the reading side of the progress pipe */
+                progress_pipe[0] = safe_close(progress_pipe[0]);
+
+                /* Try to connect to a progress management daemon, if there is one */
+                progress_socket = fsck_progress_socket();
+                if (progress_socket >= 0) {
+                        /* If this worked we close the progress pipe early, and just use the socket */
+                        progress_pipe[1] = safe_close(progress_pipe[1]);
+                        xsprintf(dash_c, "-C%i", progress_socket);
+                } else if (progress_pipe[1] >= 0) {
+                        /* Otherwise if we have the progress pipe to our own local handle, we use it */
+                        xsprintf(dash_c, "-C%i", progress_pipe[1]);
+                } else
+                        dash_c[0] = 0;
+
+                cmdline[i++] = "/sbin/fsck";
+                cmdline[i++] =  arg_repair;
+                cmdline[i++] = "-T";
+
+                /*
+                 * Since util-linux v2.25 fsck uses /run/fsck/<diskname>.lock files.
+                 * The previous versions use flock for the device and conflict with
+                 * udevd, see https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=79576#c5
+                 */
+                cmdline[i++] = "-l";
+
+                if (!root_directory)
+                        cmdline[i++] = "-M";
+
+                if (arg_force)
+                        cmdline[i++] = "-f";
+
+                if (!isempty(dash_c))
+                        cmdline[i++] = dash_c;
+
+                cmdline[i++] = device;
+                cmdline[i++] = NULL;
+
+                execv(cmdline[0], (char**) cmdline);
+                _exit(FSCK_OPERATIONAL_ERROR);
+        }
+
+        progress_pipe[1] = safe_close(progress_pipe[1]);
+        (void) process_progress(progress_pipe[0]);
+        progress_pipe[0] = -1;
+
+        r = wait_for_terminate(pid, &status);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "waitid(): %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (status.si_code != CLD_EXITED || (status.si_status & ~1)) {
+
+                if (status.si_code == CLD_KILLED || status.si_code == CLD_DUMPED)
+                        log_error("fsck terminated by signal %s.", signal_to_string(status.si_status));
+                else if (status.si_code == CLD_EXITED)
+                        log_error("fsck failed with error code %i.", status.si_status);
+                else
+                        log_error("fsck failed due to unknown reason.");
+
+                r = -EINVAL;
+
+                if (status.si_code == CLD_EXITED && (status.si_status & FSCK_SYSTEM_SHOULD_REBOOT) && root_directory)
+                        /* System should be rebooted. */
+                        start_target(SPECIAL_REBOOT_TARGET, "replace-irreversibly");
+                else if (status.si_code == CLD_EXITED && (status.si_status & (FSCK_SYSTEM_SHOULD_REBOOT | FSCK_ERRORS_LEFT_UNCORRECTED)))
+                        /* Some other problem */
+                        start_target(SPECIAL_EMERGENCY_TARGET, "replace");
+                else {
+                        log_warning("Ignoring error.");
+                        r = 0;
+                }
+
+        } else
+                r = 0;
+
+        if (status.si_code == CLD_EXITED && (status.si_status & FSCK_ERROR_CORRECTED))
+                (void) touch("/run/systemd/quotacheck");
+
+finish:
+        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-fsck/systemd-fsck@.service.in b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-fsck/systemd-fsck@.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6ca6b07e9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-fsck/systemd-fsck@.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=File System Check on %f
+Documentation=man:systemd-fsck@.service(8)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+BindsTo=%i.device
+After=%i.device systemd-fsck-root.service local-fs-pre.target
+Before=systemd-quotacheck.service shutdown.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-fsck %f
+TimeoutSec=0
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-modules-load/modules-load.c b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-modules-load/modules-load.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f75015d8c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-modules-load/modules-load.c
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <libkmod.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+#include "conf-files.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "proc-cmdline.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+static char **arg_proc_cmdline_modules = NULL;
+
+static const char conf_file_dirs[] = CONF_PATHS_NULSTR("modules-load.d");
+
+static void systemd_kmod_log(void *data, int priority, const char *file, int line,
+                             const char *fn, const char *format, va_list args) {
+
+        DISABLE_WARNING_FORMAT_NONLITERAL;
+        log_internalv(priority, 0, file, line, fn, format, args);
+        REENABLE_WARNING;
+}
+
+static int add_modules(const char *p) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **k = NULL;
+
+        k = strv_split(p, ",");
+        if (!k)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (strv_extend_strv(&arg_proc_cmdline_modules, k, true) < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (STR_IN_SET(key, "modules-load", "rd.modules-load") && value) {
+                r = add_modules(value);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int load_module(struct kmod_ctx *ctx, const char *m) {
+        const int probe_flags = KMOD_PROBE_APPLY_BLACKLIST;
+        struct kmod_list *itr, *modlist = NULL;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        log_debug("load: %s", m);
+
+        r = kmod_module_new_from_lookup(ctx, m, &modlist);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to lookup alias '%s': %m", m);
+
+        if (!modlist) {
+                log_error("Failed to find module '%s'", m);
+                return -ENOENT;
+        }
+
+        kmod_list_foreach(itr, modlist) {
+                struct kmod_module *mod;
+                int state, err;
+
+                mod = kmod_module_get_module(itr);
+                state = kmod_module_get_initstate(mod);
+
+                switch (state) {
+                case KMOD_MODULE_BUILTIN:
+                        log_info("Module '%s' is builtin", kmod_module_get_name(mod));
+                        break;
+
+                case KMOD_MODULE_LIVE:
+                        log_debug("Module '%s' is already loaded", kmod_module_get_name(mod));
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        err = kmod_module_probe_insert_module(mod, probe_flags,
+                                                              NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+
+                        if (err == 0)
+                                log_info("Inserted module '%s'", kmod_module_get_name(mod));
+                        else if (err == KMOD_PROBE_APPLY_BLACKLIST)
+                                log_info("Module '%s' is blacklisted", kmod_module_get_name(mod));
+                        else {
+                                log_error_errno(err, "Failed to insert '%s': %m", kmod_module_get_name(mod));
+                                r = err;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                kmod_module_unref(mod);
+        }
+
+        kmod_module_unref_list(modlist);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int apply_file(struct kmod_ctx *ctx, const char *path, bool ignore_enoent) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ctx);
+        assert(path);
+
+        r = search_and_fopen_nulstr(path, "re", NULL, conf_file_dirs, &f);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (ignore_enoent && r == -ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open %s, ignoring: %m", path);
+        }
+
+        log_debug("apply: %s", path);
+        for (;;) {
+                char line[LINE_MAX], *l;
+                int k;
+
+                if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                break;
+
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read file '%s', ignoring: %m", path);
+                }
+
+                l = strstrip(line);
+                if (!*l)
+                        continue;
+                if (strchr(COMMENTS "\n", *l))
+                        continue;
+
+                k = load_module(ctx, l);
+                if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                        r = k;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void help(void) {
+        printf("%s [OPTIONS...] [CONFIGURATION FILE...]\n\n"
+               "Loads statically configured kernel modules.\n\n"
+               "  -h --help             Show this help\n"
+               "     --version          Show package version\n",
+               program_invocation_short_name);
+}
+
+static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+
+        enum {
+                ARG_VERSION = 0x100,
+        };
+
+        static const struct option options[] = {
+                { "help",      no_argument,       NULL, 'h'           },
+                { "version",   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION   },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        int c;
+
+        assert(argc >= 0);
+        assert(argv);
+
+        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "h", options, NULL)) >= 0)
+
+                switch (c) {
+
+                case 'h':
+                        help();
+                        return 0;
+
+                case ARG_VERSION:
+                        return version();
+
+                case '?':
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
+                }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        int r, k;
+        struct kmod_ctx *ctx;
+
+        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        r = parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse kernel command line, ignoring: %m");
+
+        ctx = kmod_new(NULL, NULL);
+        if (!ctx) {
+                log_error("Failed to allocate memory for kmod.");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        kmod_load_resources(ctx);
+        kmod_set_log_fn(ctx, systemd_kmod_log, NULL);
+
+        r = 0;
+
+        if (argc > optind) {
+                int i;
+
+                for (i = optind; i < argc; i++) {
+                        k = apply_file(ctx, argv[i], false);
+                        if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+
+        } else {
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **files = NULL;
+                char **fn, **i;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(i, arg_proc_cmdline_modules) {
+                        k = load_module(ctx, *i);
+                        if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+
+                k = conf_files_list_nulstr(&files, ".conf", NULL, conf_file_dirs);
+                if (k < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(k, "Failed to enumerate modules-load.d files: %m");
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                r = k;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(fn, files) {
+                        k = apply_file(ctx, *fn, true);
+                        if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+        }
+
+finish:
+        kmod_unref(ctx);
+        strv_free(arg_proc_cmdline_modules);
+
+        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-modules-load/systemd-modules-load.service.in b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-modules-load/systemd-modules-load.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9de6d31349
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-modules-load/systemd-modules-load.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Load Kernel Modules
+Documentation=man:systemd-modules-load.service(8) man:modules-load.d(5)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+Conflicts=shutdown.target
+Before=sysinit.target shutdown.target
+ConditionCapability=CAP_SYS_MODULE
+ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=|/lib/modules-load.d
+ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=|/usr/lib/modules-load.d
+ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=|/usr/local/lib/modules-load.d
+ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=|/etc/modules-load.d
+ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=|/run/modules-load.d
+ConditionKernelCommandLine=|modules-load
+ConditionKernelCommandLine=|rd.modules-load
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-modules-load
+TimeoutSec=90s
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-quotacheck/quotacheck.c b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-quotacheck/quotacheck.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6d8c05f046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-quotacheck/quotacheck.c
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "proc-cmdline.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+static bool arg_skip = false;
+static bool arg_force = false;
+
+static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value) {
+
+        if (streq(key, "quotacheck.mode") && value) {
+
+                if (streq(value, "auto"))
+                        arg_force = arg_skip = false;
+                else if (streq(value, "force"))
+                        arg_force = true;
+                else if (streq(value, "skip"))
+                        arg_skip = true;
+                else
+                        log_warning("Invalid quotacheck.mode= parameter '%s'. Ignoring.", value);
+        }
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+        else if (streq(key, "forcequotacheck") && !value) {
+                log_warning("Please use 'quotacheck.mode=force' rather than 'forcequotacheck' on the kernel command line.");
+                arg_force = true;
+        }
+#endif
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void test_files(void) {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+        if (access("/forcequotacheck", F_OK) >= 0) {
+                log_error("Please pass 'quotacheck.mode=force' on the kernel command line rather than creating /forcequotacheck on the root file system.");
+                arg_force = true;
+        }
+#endif
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+
+        static const char * const cmdline[] = {
+                QUOTACHECK,
+                "-anug",
+                NULL
+        };
+
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+
+        if (argc > 1) {
+                log_error("This program takes no arguments.");
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        r = parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse kernel command line, ignoring: %m");
+
+        test_files();
+
+        if (!arg_force) {
+                if (arg_skip)
+                        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+                if (access("/run/systemd/quotacheck", F_OK) < 0)
+                        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        pid = fork();
+        if (pid < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(errno, "fork(): %m");
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        } else if (pid == 0) {
+
+                /* Child */
+
+                (void) reset_all_signal_handlers();
+                (void) reset_signal_mask();
+                assert_se(prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGTERM) == 0);
+
+                execv(cmdline[0], (char**) cmdline);
+                _exit(1); /* Operational error */
+        }
+
+        r = wait_for_terminate_and_warn("quotacheck", pid, true);
+
+        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-quotacheck/systemd-quotacheck.service.in b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-quotacheck/systemd-quotacheck.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5cb9bc3bc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-quotacheck/systemd-quotacheck.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=File System Quota Check
+Documentation=man:systemd-quotacheck.service(8)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+After=systemd-remount-fs.service
+Before=local-fs.target shutdown.target
+ConditionPathExists=@QUOTACHECK@
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-quotacheck
+TimeoutSec=0
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-random-seed/random-seed.c b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-random-seed/random-seed.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6748bb9dd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-random-seed/random-seed.c
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "io-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#define POOL_SIZE_MIN 512
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int seed_fd = -1, random_fd = -1;
+        _cleanup_free_ void* buf = NULL;
+        size_t buf_size = 0;
+        ssize_t k;
+        int r, open_rw_error;
+        FILE *f;
+        bool refresh_seed_file = true;
+
+        if (argc != 2) {
+                log_error("This program requires one argument.");
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        /* Read pool size, if possible */
+        f = fopen("/proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize", "re");
+        if (f) {
+                if (fscanf(f, "%zu", &buf_size) > 0)
+                        /* poolsize is in bits on 2.6, but we want bytes */
+                        buf_size /= 8;
+
+                fclose(f);
+        }
+
+        if (buf_size <= POOL_SIZE_MIN)
+                buf_size = POOL_SIZE_MIN;
+
+        buf = malloc(buf_size);
+        if (!buf) {
+                r = log_oom();
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = mkdir_parents_label(RANDOM_SEED, 0755);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create directory " RANDOM_SEED_DIR ": %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        /* When we load the seed we read it and write it to the device
+         * and then immediately update the saved seed with new data,
+         * to make sure the next boot gets seeded differently. */
+
+        if (streq(argv[1], "load")) {
+
+                seed_fd = open(RANDOM_SEED, O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_CREAT, 0600);
+                open_rw_error = -errno;
+                if (seed_fd < 0) {
+                        refresh_seed_file = false;
+
+                        seed_fd = open(RANDOM_SEED, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
+                        if (seed_fd < 0) {
+                                bool missing = errno == ENOENT;
+
+                                log_full_errno(missing ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR,
+                                               open_rw_error, "Failed to open " RANDOM_SEED " for writing: %m");
+                                r = log_full_errno(missing ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR,
+                                                   errno, "Failed to open " RANDOM_SEED " for reading: %m");
+                                if (missing)
+                                        r = 0;
+
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                random_fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY, 0600);
+                if (random_fd < 0) {
+                        random_fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY, 0600);
+                        if (random_fd < 0) {
+                                r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open /dev/urandom: %m");
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                k = loop_read(seed_fd, buf, buf_size, false);
+                if (k < 0)
+                        r = log_error_errno(k, "Failed to read seed from " RANDOM_SEED ": %m");
+                else if (k == 0) {
+                        r = 0;
+                        log_debug("Seed file " RANDOM_SEED " not yet initialized, proceeding.");
+                } else {
+                        (void) lseek(seed_fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
+
+                        r = loop_write(random_fd, buf, (size_t) k, false);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write seed to /dev/urandom: %m");
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(argv[1], "save")) {
+
+                seed_fd = open(RANDOM_SEED, O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_CREAT, 0600);
+                if (seed_fd < 0) {
+                        r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open " RANDOM_SEED ": %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                random_fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
+                if (random_fd < 0) {
+                        r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open /dev/urandom: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+        } else {
+                log_error("Unknown verb '%s'.", argv[1]);
+                r = -EINVAL;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (refresh_seed_file) {
+
+                /* This is just a safety measure. Given that we are root and
+                 * most likely created the file ourselves the mode and owner
+                 * should be correct anyway. */
+                (void) fchmod(seed_fd, 0600);
+                (void) fchown(seed_fd, 0, 0);
+
+                k = loop_read(random_fd, buf, buf_size, false);
+                if (k < 0) {
+                        r = log_error_errno(k, "Failed to read new seed from /dev/urandom: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+                if (k == 0) {
+                        log_error("Got EOF while reading from /dev/urandom.");
+                        r = -EIO;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = loop_write(seed_fd, buf, (size_t) k, false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write new random seed file: %m");
+        }
+
+finish:
+        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-random-seed/systemd-random-seed.service.in b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-random-seed/systemd-random-seed.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..115233268d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-random-seed/systemd-random-seed.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Load/Save Random Seed
+Documentation=man:systemd-random-seed.service(8) man:random(4)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+RequiresMountsFor=@RANDOM_SEED@
+Conflicts=shutdown.target
+After=systemd-remount-fs.service
+Before=sysinit.target shutdown.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-random-seed load
+ExecStop=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-random-seed save
+TimeoutSec=30s
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-rfkill/rfkill.c b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-rfkill/rfkill.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f0b0ad9275
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-rfkill/rfkill.c
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <linux/rfkill.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+
+#include "libudev.h"
+#include <systemd/sd-daemon.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "escape.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "io-util.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "proc-cmdline.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "udev-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#define EXIT_USEC (5 * USEC_PER_SEC)
+
+static const char* const rfkill_type_table[NUM_RFKILL_TYPES] = {
+        [RFKILL_TYPE_ALL] = "all",
+        [RFKILL_TYPE_WLAN] = "wlan",
+        [RFKILL_TYPE_BLUETOOTH] = "bluetooth",
+        [RFKILL_TYPE_UWB] = "uwb",
+        [RFKILL_TYPE_WIMAX] = "wimax",
+        [RFKILL_TYPE_WWAN] = "wwan",
+        [RFKILL_TYPE_GPS] = "gps",
+        [RFKILL_TYPE_FM] = "fm",
+        [RFKILL_TYPE_NFC] = "nfc",
+};
+
+DEFINE_PRIVATE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP_TO_STRING(rfkill_type, int);
+
+static int find_device(
+                struct udev *udev,
+                const struct rfkill_event *event,
+                struct udev_device **ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *sysname = NULL;
+        struct udev_device *device;
+        const char *name;
+
+        assert(udev);
+        assert(event);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (asprintf(&sysname, "rfkill%i", event->idx) < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        device = udev_device_new_from_subsystem_sysname(udev, "rfkill", sysname);
+        if (!device)
+                return log_full_errno(errno == ENOENT ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR, errno, "Failed to open device: %m");
+
+        name = udev_device_get_sysattr_value(device, "name");
+        if (!name) {
+                log_debug("Device has no name, ignoring.");
+                udev_device_unref(device);
+                return -ENOENT;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Operating on rfkill device '%s'.", name);
+
+        *ret = device;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int wait_for_initialized(
+                struct udev *udev,
+                struct udev_device *device,
+                struct udev_device **ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_udev_monitor_unref_ struct udev_monitor *monitor = NULL;
+        struct udev_device *d;
+        const char *sysname;
+        int watch_fd, r;
+
+        assert(udev);
+        assert(device);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (udev_device_get_is_initialized(device) != 0) {
+                *ret = udev_device_ref(device);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        assert_se(sysname = udev_device_get_sysname(device));
+
+        /* Wait until the device is initialized, so that we can get
+         * access to the ID_PATH property */
+
+        monitor = udev_monitor_new_from_netlink(udev, "udev");
+        if (!monitor)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to acquire monitor: %m");
+
+        r = udev_monitor_filter_add_match_subsystem_devtype(monitor, "rfkill", NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add rfkill udev match to monitor: %m");
+
+        r = udev_monitor_enable_receiving(monitor);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to enable udev receiving: %m");
+
+        watch_fd = udev_monitor_get_fd(monitor);
+        if (watch_fd < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(watch_fd, "Failed to get watch fd: %m");
+
+        /* Check again, maybe things changed */
+        d = udev_device_new_from_subsystem_sysname(udev, "rfkill", sysname);
+        if (!d)
+                return log_full_errno(errno == ENOENT ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR, errno, "Failed to open device: %m");
+
+        if (udev_device_get_is_initialized(d) != 0) {
+                *ret = d;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_udev_device_unref_ struct udev_device *t = NULL;
+
+                r = fd_wait_for_event(watch_fd, POLLIN, USEC_INFINITY);
+                if (r == -EINTR)
+                        continue;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to watch udev monitor: %m");
+
+                t = udev_monitor_receive_device(monitor);
+                if (!t)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (streq_ptr(udev_device_get_sysname(device), sysname)) {
+                        *ret = udev_device_ref(t);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+static int determine_state_file(
+                struct udev *udev,
+                const struct rfkill_event *event,
+                struct udev_device *d,
+                char **ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_udev_device_unref_ struct udev_device *device = NULL;
+        const char *path_id, *type;
+        char *state_file;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(event);
+        assert(d);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        r = wait_for_initialized(udev, d, &device);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        assert_se(type = rfkill_type_to_string(event->type));
+
+        path_id = udev_device_get_property_value(device, "ID_PATH");
+        if (path_id) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *escaped_path_id = NULL;
+
+                escaped_path_id = cescape(path_id);
+                if (!escaped_path_id)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                state_file = strjoin("/var/lib/systemd/rfkill/", escaped_path_id, ":", type, NULL);
+        } else
+                state_file = strjoin("/var/lib/systemd/rfkill/", type, NULL);
+
+        if (!state_file)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        *ret = state_file;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int load_state(
+                int rfkill_fd,
+                struct udev *udev,
+                const struct rfkill_event *event) {
+
+        _cleanup_udev_device_unref_ struct udev_device *device = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *state_file = NULL, *value = NULL;
+        struct rfkill_event we;
+        ssize_t l;
+        int b, r;
+
+        assert(rfkill_fd >= 0);
+        assert(udev);
+        assert(event);
+
+        if (shall_restore_state() == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = find_device(udev, event, &device);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = determine_state_file(udev, event, device, &state_file);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = read_one_line_file(state_file, &value);
+        if (r == -ENOENT) {
+                /* No state file? Then save the current state */
+
+                r = write_string_file(state_file, one_zero(event->soft), WRITE_STRING_FILE_CREATE|WRITE_STRING_FILE_ATOMIC);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write state file %s: %m", state_file);
+
+                log_debug("Saved state '%s' to %s.", one_zero(event->soft), state_file);
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to read state file %s: %m", state_file);
+
+        b = parse_boolean(value);
+        if (b < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(b, "Failed to parse state file %s: %m", state_file);
+
+        we = (struct rfkill_event) {
+                .op = RFKILL_OP_CHANGE,
+                .idx = event->idx,
+                .soft = b,
+        };
+
+        l = write(rfkill_fd, &we, sizeof(we));
+        if (l < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to restore rfkill state for %i: %m", event->idx);
+        if (l != sizeof(we)) {
+                log_error("Couldn't write rfkill event structure, too short.");
+                return -EIO;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Loaded state '%s' from %s.", one_zero(b), state_file);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int save_state(
+                int rfkill_fd,
+                struct udev *udev,
+                const struct rfkill_event *event) {
+
+        _cleanup_udev_device_unref_ struct udev_device *device = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *state_file = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rfkill_fd >= 0);
+        assert(udev);
+        assert(event);
+
+        r = find_device(udev, event, &device);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = determine_state_file(udev, event, device, &state_file);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = write_string_file(state_file, one_zero(event->soft), WRITE_STRING_FILE_CREATE|WRITE_STRING_FILE_ATOMIC);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write state file %s: %m", state_file);
+
+        log_debug("Saved state '%s' to %s.", one_zero(event->soft), state_file);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        _cleanup_udev_unref_ struct udev *udev = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int rfkill_fd = -1;
+        bool ready = false;
+        int r, n;
+
+        if (argc > 1) {
+                log_error("This program requires no arguments.");
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        udev = udev_new();
+        if (!udev) {
+                r = log_oom();
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = mkdir_p("/var/lib/systemd/rfkill", 0755);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create rfkill directory: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        n = sd_listen_fds(false);
+        if (n < 0) {
+                r = log_error_errno(n, "Failed to determine whether we got any file descriptors passed: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+        if (n > 1) {
+                log_error("Got too many file descriptors.");
+                r = -EINVAL;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (n == 0) {
+                rfkill_fd = open("/dev/rfkill", O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NONBLOCK);
+                if (rfkill_fd < 0) {
+                        if (errno == ENOENT) {
+                                log_debug_errno(errno, "Missing rfkill subsystem, or no device present, exiting.");
+                                r = 0;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                        r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open /dev/rfkill: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        } else {
+                rfkill_fd = SD_LISTEN_FDS_START;
+
+                r = fd_nonblock(rfkill_fd, 1);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to make /dev/rfkill socket non-blocking: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                struct rfkill_event event;
+                const char *type;
+                ssize_t l;
+
+                l = read(rfkill_fd, &event, sizeof(event));
+                if (l < 0) {
+                        if (errno == EAGAIN) {
+
+                                if (!ready) {
+                                        /* Notify manager that we are
+                                         * now finished with
+                                         * processing whatever was
+                                         * queued */
+                                        (void) sd_notify(false, "READY=1");
+                                        ready = true;
+                                }
+
+                                /* Hang around for a bit, maybe there's more coming */
+
+                                r = fd_wait_for_event(rfkill_fd, POLLIN, EXIT_USEC);
+                                if (r == -EINTR)
+                                        continue;
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to poll() on device: %m");
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+                                if (r > 0)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                log_debug("All events read and idle, exiting.");
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read from /dev/rfkill: %m");
+                }
+
+                if (l != RFKILL_EVENT_SIZE_V1) {
+                        log_error("Read event structure of invalid size.");
+                        r = -EIO;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                type = rfkill_type_to_string(event.type);
+                if (!type) {
+                        log_debug("An rfkill device of unknown type %i discovered, ignoring.", event.type);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                switch (event.op) {
+
+                case RFKILL_OP_ADD:
+                        log_debug("A new rfkill device has been added with index %i and type %s.", event.idx, type);
+                        (void) load_state(rfkill_fd, udev, &event);
+                        break;
+
+                case RFKILL_OP_DEL:
+                        log_debug("An rfkill device has been removed with index %i and type %s", event.idx, type);
+                        break;
+
+                case RFKILL_OP_CHANGE:
+                        log_debug("An rfkill device has changed state with index %i and type %s", event.idx, type);
+                        (void) save_state(rfkill_fd, udev, &event);
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        log_debug("Unknown event %i from /dev/rfkill for index %i and type %s, ignoring.", event.op, event.idx, type);
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-rfkill/systemd-rfkill.service.in b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-rfkill/systemd-rfkill.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..780a19b996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-rfkill/systemd-rfkill.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Load/Save RF Kill Switch Status
+Documentation=man:systemd-rfkill.service(8)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+RequiresMountsFor=/var/lib/systemd/rfkill
+BindsTo=sys-devices-virtual-misc-rfkill.device
+Conflicts=shutdown.target
+After=sys-devices-virtual-misc-rfkill.device systemd-remount-fs.service
+Before=shutdown.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=notify
+ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-rfkill
+TimeoutSec=30s
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-rfkill/systemd-rfkill.socket b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-rfkill/systemd-rfkill.socket
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..20ae2f8adb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-rfkill/systemd-rfkill.socket
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Load/Save RF Kill Switch Status /dev/rfkill Watch
+Documentation=man:systemd-rfkill.socket(8)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+BindsTo=sys-devices-virtual-misc-rfkill.device
+After=sys-devices-virtual-misc-rfkill.device
+Conflicts=shutdown.target
+Before=shutdown.target
+
+[Socket]
+ListenSpecial=/dev/rfkill
+Writable=yes
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-sysctl/sysctl.c b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-sysctl/sysctl.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ce7c26e7d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-sysctl/sysctl.c
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "conf-files.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "sysctl-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+static char **arg_prefixes = NULL;
+
+static const char conf_file_dirs[] = CONF_PATHS_NULSTR("sysctl.d");
+
+static int apply_all(Hashmap *sysctl_options) {
+        char *property, *value;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(value, property, sysctl_options, i) {
+                int k;
+
+                k = sysctl_write(property, value);
+                if (k < 0) {
+                        log_full_errno(k == -ENOENT ? LOG_INFO : LOG_WARNING, k,
+                                       "Couldn't write '%s' to '%s', ignoring: %m", value, property);
+
+                        if (r == 0 && k != -ENOENT)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int parse_file(Hashmap *sysctl_options, const char *path, bool ignore_enoent) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        r = search_and_fopen_nulstr(path, "re", NULL, conf_file_dirs, &f);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (ignore_enoent && r == -ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open file '%s', ignoring: %m", path);
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Parsing %s", path);
+        while (!feof(f)) {
+                char l[LINE_MAX], *p, *value, *new_value, *property, *existing;
+                void *v;
+                int k;
+
+                if (!fgets(l, sizeof(l), f)) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                break;
+
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read file '%s', ignoring: %m", path);
+                }
+
+                p = strstrip(l);
+                if (!*p)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (strchr(COMMENTS "\n", *p))
+                        continue;
+
+                value = strchr(p, '=');
+                if (!value) {
+                        log_error("Line is not an assignment in file '%s': %s", path, value);
+
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                r = -EINVAL;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                *value = 0;
+                value++;
+
+                p = sysctl_normalize(strstrip(p));
+                value = strstrip(value);
+
+                if (!strv_isempty(arg_prefixes)) {
+                        char **i, *t;
+                        STRV_FOREACH(i, arg_prefixes) {
+                                t = path_startswith(*i, "/proc/sys/");
+                                if (t == NULL)
+                                        t = *i;
+                                if (path_startswith(p, t))
+                                        goto found;
+                        }
+                        /* not found */
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+found:
+                existing = hashmap_get2(sysctl_options, p, &v);
+                if (existing) {
+                        if (streq(value, existing))
+                                continue;
+
+                        log_debug("Overwriting earlier assignment of %s in file '%s'.", p, path);
+                        free(hashmap_remove(sysctl_options, p));
+                        free(v);
+                }
+
+                property = strdup(p);
+                if (!property)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                new_value = strdup(value);
+                if (!new_value) {
+                        free(property);
+                        return log_oom();
+                }
+
+                k = hashmap_put(sysctl_options, property, new_value);
+                if (k < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(k, "Failed to add sysctl variable %s to hashmap: %m", property);
+                        free(property);
+                        free(new_value);
+                        return k;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void help(void) {
+        printf("%s [OPTIONS...] [CONFIGURATION FILE...]\n\n"
+               "Applies kernel sysctl settings.\n\n"
+               "  -h --help             Show this help\n"
+               "     --version          Show package version\n"
+               "     --prefix=PATH      Only apply rules with the specified prefix\n"
+               , program_invocation_short_name);
+}
+
+static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+
+        enum {
+                ARG_VERSION = 0x100,
+                ARG_PREFIX
+        };
+
+        static const struct option options[] = {
+                { "help",      no_argument,       NULL, 'h'           },
+                { "version",   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION   },
+                { "prefix",    required_argument, NULL, ARG_PREFIX    },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        int c;
+
+        assert(argc >= 0);
+        assert(argv);
+
+        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "h", options, NULL)) >= 0)
+
+                switch (c) {
+
+                case 'h':
+                        help();
+                        return 0;
+
+                case ARG_VERSION:
+                        return version();
+
+                case ARG_PREFIX: {
+                        char *p;
+
+                        /* We used to require people to specify absolute paths
+                         * in /proc/sys in the past. This is kinda useless, but
+                         * we need to keep compatibility. We now support any
+                         * sysctl name available. */
+                        sysctl_normalize(optarg);
+
+                        if (startswith(optarg, "/proc/sys"))
+                                p = strdup(optarg);
+                        else
+                                p = strappend("/proc/sys/", optarg);
+                        if (!p)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        if (strv_consume(&arg_prefixes, p) < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case '?':
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
+                }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        int r = 0, k;
+        Hashmap *sysctl_options;
+
+        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        sysctl_options = hashmap_new(&string_hash_ops);
+        if (!sysctl_options) {
+                r = log_oom();
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = 0;
+
+        if (argc > optind) {
+                int i;
+
+                for (i = optind; i < argc; i++) {
+                        k = parse_file(sysctl_options, argv[i], false);
+                        if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+        } else {
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **files = NULL;
+                char **f;
+
+                r = conf_files_list_nulstr(&files, ".conf", NULL, conf_file_dirs);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to enumerate sysctl.d files: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(f, files) {
+                        k = parse_file(sysctl_options, *f, true);
+                        if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+        }
+
+        k = apply_all(sysctl_options);
+        if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                r = k;
+
+finish:
+        hashmap_free_free_free(sysctl_options);
+        strv_free(arg_prefixes);
+
+        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-sysctl/systemd-sysctl.service.in b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-sysctl/systemd-sysctl.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d784c6426d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-sysctl/systemd-sysctl.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Apply Kernel Variables
+Documentation=man:systemd-sysctl.service(8) man:sysctl.d(5)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+Conflicts=shutdown.target
+After=systemd-modules-load.service
+Before=sysinit.target shutdown.target
+ConditionPathIsReadWrite=/proc/sys/
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-sysctl
+TimeoutSec=90s
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-sysusers/systemd-sysusers.service.in b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-sysusers/systemd-sysusers.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d8309ab6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-sysusers/systemd-sysusers.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Create System Users
+Documentation=man:sysusers.d(5) man:systemd-sysusers.service(8)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+Conflicts=shutdown.target
+After=systemd-remount-fs.service
+Before=sysinit.target shutdown.target systemd-update-done.service
+ConditionNeedsUpdate=/etc
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=@rootbindir@/systemd-sysusers
+TimeoutSec=90s
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-sysusers/systemd-sysusers.xml b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-sysusers/systemd-sysusers.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4892caad12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-sysusers/systemd-sysusers.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
+
+<!--
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+-->
+
+<refentry id="systemd-sysusers"
+    xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <title>systemd-sysusers</title>
+    <productname>systemd</productname>
+
+    <authorgroup>
+      <author>
+        <contrib>Developer</contrib>
+        <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
+        <surname>Poettering</surname>
+        <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
+      </author>
+    </authorgroup>
+  </refentryinfo>
+
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>systemd-sysusers</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+  </refmeta>
+
+  <refnamediv>
+    <refname>systemd-sysusers</refname>
+    <refname>systemd-sysusers.service</refname>
+    <refpurpose>Allocate system users and groups</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-sysusers</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>CONFIGFILE</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+
+    <para><filename>systemd-sysusers.service</filename></para>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Description</title>
+
+    <para><command>systemd-sysusers</command> creates system users and
+    groups, based on the file format and location specified in
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysusers.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>If invoked with no arguments, it applies all directives from
+    all files found. If one or more filenames are passed on the
+    command line, only the directives in these files are applied. If
+    only the basename of a file is specified, all directories as
+    specified in
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysusers.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    are searched for a matching file. If the string
+    <filename>-</filename> is specified as filename, entries from the
+    standard input of the process are read.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Options</title>
+
+    <para>The following options are understood:</para>
+
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--root=<replaceable>root</replaceable></option></term>
+        <listitem><para>Takes a directory path as an argument. All
+        paths will be prefixed with the given alternate
+        <replaceable>root</replaceable> path, including config search
+        paths. </para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
+    </variablelist>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Exit status</title>
+
+    <para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code
+    otherwise.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>See Also</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysusers.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+</refentry>
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-sysusers/sysusers.c b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-sysusers/sysusers.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4377f1b910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-sysusers/sysusers.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1919 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <grp.h>
+#include <gshadow.h>
+#include <pwd.h>
+#include <shadow.h>
+#include <utmp.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "conf-files.h"
+#include "copy.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio-label.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "selinux-util.h"
+#include "smack-util.h"
+#include "specifier.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "uid-range.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+typedef enum ItemType {
+        ADD_USER = 'u',
+        ADD_GROUP = 'g',
+        ADD_MEMBER = 'm',
+        ADD_RANGE = 'r',
+} ItemType;
+typedef struct Item {
+        ItemType type;
+
+        char *name;
+        char *uid_path;
+        char *gid_path;
+        char *description;
+        char *home;
+
+        gid_t gid;
+        uid_t uid;
+
+        bool gid_set:1;
+        bool uid_set:1;
+
+        bool todo_user:1;
+        bool todo_group:1;
+} Item;
+
+static char *arg_root = NULL;
+
+static const char conf_file_dirs[] = CONF_PATHS_NULSTR("sysusers.d");
+
+static Hashmap *users = NULL, *groups = NULL;
+static Hashmap *todo_uids = NULL, *todo_gids = NULL;
+static Hashmap *members = NULL;
+
+static Hashmap *database_uid = NULL, *database_user = NULL;
+static Hashmap *database_gid = NULL, *database_group = NULL;
+
+static uid_t search_uid = UID_INVALID;
+static UidRange *uid_range = NULL;
+static unsigned n_uid_range = 0;
+
+static int load_user_database(void) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        const char *passwd_path;
+        struct passwd *pw;
+        int r;
+
+        passwd_path = prefix_roota(arg_root, "/etc/passwd");
+        f = fopen(passwd_path, "re");
+        if (!f)
+                return errno == ENOENT ? 0 : -errno;
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&database_user, &string_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&database_uid, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        errno = 0;
+        while ((pw = fgetpwent(f))) {
+                char *n;
+                int k, q;
+
+                n = strdup(pw->pw_name);
+                if (!n)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                k = hashmap_put(database_user, n, UID_TO_PTR(pw->pw_uid));
+                if (k < 0 && k != -EEXIST) {
+                        free(n);
+                        return k;
+                }
+
+                q = hashmap_put(database_uid, UID_TO_PTR(pw->pw_uid), n);
+                if (q < 0 && q != -EEXIST) {
+                        if (k < 0)
+                                free(n);
+                        return q;
+                }
+
+                if (q < 0 && k < 0)
+                        free(n);
+
+                errno = 0;
+        }
+        if (!IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT))
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int load_group_database(void) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        const char *group_path;
+        struct group *gr;
+        int r;
+
+        group_path = prefix_roota(arg_root, "/etc/group");
+        f = fopen(group_path, "re");
+        if (!f)
+                return errno == ENOENT ? 0 : -errno;
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&database_group, &string_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&database_gid, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        errno = 0;
+        while ((gr = fgetgrent(f))) {
+                char *n;
+                int k, q;
+
+                n = strdup(gr->gr_name);
+                if (!n)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                k = hashmap_put(database_group, n, GID_TO_PTR(gr->gr_gid));
+                if (k < 0 && k != -EEXIST) {
+                        free(n);
+                        return k;
+                }
+
+                q = hashmap_put(database_gid, GID_TO_PTR(gr->gr_gid), n);
+                if (q < 0 && q != -EEXIST) {
+                        if (k < 0)
+                                free(n);
+                        return q;
+                }
+
+                if (q < 0 && k < 0)
+                        free(n);
+
+                errno = 0;
+        }
+        if (!IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT))
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int make_backup(const char *target, const char *x) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int src = -1;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *dst = NULL;
+        char *backup, *temp;
+        struct timespec ts[2];
+        struct stat st;
+        int r;
+
+        src = open(x, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
+        if (src < 0) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT) /* No backup necessary... */
+                        return 0;
+
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (fstat(src, &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = fopen_temporary_label(target, x, &dst, &temp);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = copy_bytes(src, fileno(dst), (uint64_t) -1, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* Don't fail on chmod() or chown(). If it stays owned by us
+         * and/or unreadable by others, then it isn't too bad... */
+
+        backup = strjoina(x, "-");
+
+        /* Copy over the access mask */
+        if (fchmod(fileno(dst), st.st_mode & 07777) < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to change mode on %s: %m", backup);
+
+        if (fchown(fileno(dst), st.st_uid, st.st_gid)< 0)
+                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to change ownership of %s: %m", backup);
+
+        ts[0] = st.st_atim;
+        ts[1] = st.st_mtim;
+        if (futimens(fileno(dst), ts) < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to fix access and modification time of %s: %m", backup);
+
+        if (rename(temp, backup) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        unlink(temp);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int putgrent_with_members(const struct group *gr, FILE *group) {
+        char **a;
+
+        assert(gr);
+        assert(group);
+
+        a = hashmap_get(members, gr->gr_name);
+        if (a) {
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+                bool added = false;
+                char **i;
+
+                l = strv_copy(gr->gr_mem);
+                if (!l)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(i, a) {
+                        if (strv_find(l, *i))
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (strv_extend(&l, *i) < 0)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        added = true;
+                }
+
+                if (added) {
+                        struct group t;
+
+                        strv_uniq(l);
+                        strv_sort(l);
+
+                        t = *gr;
+                        t.gr_mem = l;
+
+                        errno = 0;
+                        if (putgrent(&t, group) != 0)
+                                return errno > 0 ? -errno : -EIO;
+
+                        return 1;
+                }
+        }
+
+        errno = 0;
+        if (putgrent(gr, group) != 0)
+                return errno > 0 ? -errno : -EIO;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int putsgent_with_members(const struct sgrp *sg, FILE *gshadow) {
+        char **a;
+
+        assert(sg);
+        assert(gshadow);
+
+        a = hashmap_get(members, sg->sg_namp);
+        if (a) {
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+                bool added = false;
+                char **i;
+
+                l = strv_copy(sg->sg_mem);
+                if (!l)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(i, a) {
+                        if (strv_find(l, *i))
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (strv_extend(&l, *i) < 0)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        added = true;
+                }
+
+                if (added) {
+                        struct sgrp t;
+
+                        strv_uniq(l);
+                        strv_sort(l);
+
+                        t = *sg;
+                        t.sg_mem = l;
+
+                        errno = 0;
+                        if (putsgent(&t, gshadow) != 0)
+                                return errno > 0 ? -errno : -EIO;
+
+                        return 1;
+                }
+        }
+
+        errno = 0;
+        if (putsgent(sg, gshadow) != 0)
+                return errno > 0 ? -errno : -EIO;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int sync_rights(FILE *from, FILE *to) {
+        struct stat st;
+
+        if (fstat(fileno(from), &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (fchmod(fileno(to), st.st_mode & 07777) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (fchown(fileno(to), st.st_uid, st.st_gid) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int rename_and_apply_smack(const char *temp_path, const char *dest_path) {
+        int r = 0;
+        if (rename(temp_path, dest_path) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+#ifdef SMACK_RUN_LABEL
+        r = mac_smack_apply(dest_path, SMACK_ATTR_ACCESS, SMACK_FLOOR_LABEL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+#endif
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int write_files(void) {
+
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *passwd = NULL, *group = NULL, *shadow = NULL, *gshadow = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *passwd_tmp = NULL, *group_tmp = NULL, *shadow_tmp = NULL, *gshadow_tmp = NULL;
+        const char *passwd_path = NULL, *group_path = NULL, *shadow_path = NULL, *gshadow_path = NULL;
+        bool group_changed = false;
+        Iterator iterator;
+        Item *i;
+        int r;
+
+        if (hashmap_size(todo_gids) > 0 || hashmap_size(members) > 0) {
+                _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *original = NULL;
+
+                /* First we update the actual group list file */
+                group_path = prefix_roota(arg_root, "/etc/group");
+                r = fopen_temporary_label("/etc/group", group_path, &group, &group_tmp);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                original = fopen(group_path, "re");
+                if (original) {
+                        struct group *gr;
+
+                        r = sync_rights(original, group);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
+                        errno = 0;
+                        while ((gr = fgetgrent(original))) {
+                                /* Safety checks against name and GID
+                                 * collisions. Normally, this should
+                                 * be unnecessary, but given that we
+                                 * look at the entries anyway here,
+                                 * let's make an extra verification
+                                 * step that we don't generate
+                                 * duplicate entries. */
+
+                                i = hashmap_get(groups, gr->gr_name);
+                                if (i && i->todo_group) {
+                                        log_error("%s: Group \"%s\" already exists.", group_path, gr->gr_name);
+                                        r = -EEXIST;
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+
+                                if (hashmap_contains(todo_gids, GID_TO_PTR(gr->gr_gid))) {
+                                        log_error("%s: Detected collision for GID " GID_FMT ".", group_path, gr->gr_gid);
+                                        r = -EEXIST;
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+
+                                r = putgrent_with_members(gr, group);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        goto finish;
+                                if (r > 0)
+                                        group_changed = true;
+
+                                errno = 0;
+                        }
+                        if (!IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT)) {
+                                r = -errno;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                } else if (errno != ENOENT) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                } else if (fchmod(fileno(group), 0644) < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH(i, todo_gids, iterator) {
+                        struct group n = {
+                                .gr_name = i->name,
+                                .gr_gid = i->gid,
+                                .gr_passwd = (char*) "x",
+                        };
+
+                        r = putgrent_with_members(&n, group);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
+                        group_changed = true;
+                }
+
+                r = fflush_and_check(group);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                if (original) {
+                        fclose(original);
+                        original = NULL;
+                }
+
+                /* OK, now also update the shadow file for the group list */
+                gshadow_path = prefix_roota(arg_root, "/etc/gshadow");
+                r = fopen_temporary_label("/etc/gshadow", gshadow_path, &gshadow, &gshadow_tmp);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                original = fopen(gshadow_path, "re");
+                if (original) {
+                        struct sgrp *sg;
+
+                        r = sync_rights(original, gshadow);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
+                        errno = 0;
+                        while ((sg = fgetsgent(original))) {
+
+                                i = hashmap_get(groups, sg->sg_namp);
+                                if (i && i->todo_group) {
+                                        log_error("%s: Group \"%s\" already exists.", gshadow_path, sg->sg_namp);
+                                        r = -EEXIST;
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+
+                                r = putsgent_with_members(sg, gshadow);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        goto finish;
+                                if (r > 0)
+                                        group_changed = true;
+
+                                errno = 0;
+                        }
+                        if (!IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT)) {
+                                r = -errno;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                } else if (errno != ENOENT) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                } else if (fchmod(fileno(gshadow), 0000) < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH(i, todo_gids, iterator) {
+                        struct sgrp n = {
+                                .sg_namp = i->name,
+                                .sg_passwd = (char*) "!!",
+                        };
+
+                        r = putsgent_with_members(&n, gshadow);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
+                        group_changed = true;
+                }
+
+                r = fflush_and_check(gshadow);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (hashmap_size(todo_uids) > 0) {
+                _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *original = NULL;
+                long lstchg;
+
+                /* First we update the user database itself */
+                passwd_path = prefix_roota(arg_root, "/etc/passwd");
+                r = fopen_temporary_label("/etc/passwd", passwd_path, &passwd, &passwd_tmp);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                original = fopen(passwd_path, "re");
+                if (original) {
+                        struct passwd *pw;
+
+                        r = sync_rights(original, passwd);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
+                        errno = 0;
+                        while ((pw = fgetpwent(original))) {
+
+                                i = hashmap_get(users, pw->pw_name);
+                                if (i && i->todo_user) {
+                                        log_error("%s: User \"%s\" already exists.", passwd_path, pw->pw_name);
+                                        r = -EEXIST;
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+
+                                if (hashmap_contains(todo_uids, UID_TO_PTR(pw->pw_uid))) {
+                                        log_error("%s: Detected collision for UID " UID_FMT ".", passwd_path, pw->pw_uid);
+                                        r = -EEXIST;
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+
+                                errno = 0;
+                                if (putpwent(pw, passwd) < 0) {
+                                        r = errno ? -errno : -EIO;
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+
+                                errno = 0;
+                        }
+                        if (!IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT)) {
+                                r = -errno;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                } else if (errno != ENOENT) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                } else if (fchmod(fileno(passwd), 0644) < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH(i, todo_uids, iterator) {
+                        struct passwd n = {
+                                .pw_name = i->name,
+                                .pw_uid = i->uid,
+                                .pw_gid = i->gid,
+                                .pw_gecos = i->description,
+
+                                /* "x" means the password is stored in
+                                 * the shadow file */
+                                .pw_passwd = (char*) "x",
+
+                                /* We default to the root directory as home */
+                                .pw_dir = i->home ? i->home : (char*) "/",
+
+                                /* Initialize the shell to nologin,
+                                 * with one exception: for root we
+                                 * patch in something special */
+                                .pw_shell = i->uid == 0 ? (char*) "/bin/sh" : (char*) "/sbin/nologin",
+                        };
+
+                        errno = 0;
+                        if (putpwent(&n, passwd) != 0) {
+                                r = errno ? -errno : -EIO;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                r = fflush_and_check(passwd);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                if (original) {
+                        fclose(original);
+                        original = NULL;
+                }
+
+                /* The we update the shadow database */
+                shadow_path = prefix_roota(arg_root, "/etc/shadow");
+                r = fopen_temporary_label("/etc/shadow", shadow_path, &shadow, &shadow_tmp);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                lstchg = (long) (now(CLOCK_REALTIME) / USEC_PER_DAY);
+
+                original = fopen(shadow_path, "re");
+                if (original) {
+                        struct spwd *sp;
+
+                        r = sync_rights(original, shadow);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
+                        errno = 0;
+                        while ((sp = fgetspent(original))) {
+
+                                i = hashmap_get(users, sp->sp_namp);
+                                if (i && i->todo_user) {
+                                        /* we will update the existing entry */
+                                        sp->sp_lstchg = lstchg;
+
+                                        /* only the /etc/shadow stage is left, so we can
+                                         * safely remove the item from the todo set */
+                                        i->todo_user = false;
+                                        hashmap_remove(todo_uids, UID_TO_PTR(i->uid));
+                                }
+
+                                errno = 0;
+                                if (putspent(sp, shadow) < 0) {
+                                        r = errno ? -errno : -EIO;
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+
+                                errno = 0;
+                        }
+                        if (!IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT)) {
+                                r = -errno;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+                } else if (errno != ENOENT) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                } else if (fchmod(fileno(shadow), 0000) < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH(i, todo_uids, iterator) {
+                        struct spwd n = {
+                                .sp_namp = i->name,
+                                .sp_pwdp = (char*) "!!",
+                                .sp_lstchg = lstchg,
+                                .sp_min = -1,
+                                .sp_max = -1,
+                                .sp_warn = -1,
+                                .sp_inact = -1,
+                                .sp_expire = -1,
+                                .sp_flag = (unsigned long) -1, /* this appears to be what everybody does ... */
+                        };
+
+                        errno = 0;
+                        if (putspent(&n, shadow) != 0) {
+                                r = errno ? -errno : -EIO;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                r = fflush_and_check(shadow);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        /* Make a backup of the old files */
+        if (group_changed) {
+                if (group) {
+                        r = make_backup("/etc/group", group_path);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                }
+                if (gshadow) {
+                        r = make_backup("/etc/gshadow", gshadow_path);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (passwd) {
+                r = make_backup("/etc/passwd", passwd_path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+        if (shadow) {
+                r = make_backup("/etc/shadow", shadow_path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        /* And make the new files count */
+        if (group_changed) {
+                if (group) {
+                        r = rename_and_apply_smack(group_tmp, group_path);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
+                        group_tmp = mfree(group_tmp);
+                }
+                if (gshadow) {
+                        r = rename_and_apply_smack(gshadow_tmp, gshadow_path);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
+                        gshadow_tmp = mfree(gshadow_tmp);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (passwd) {
+                r = rename_and_apply_smack(passwd_tmp, passwd_path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                passwd_tmp = mfree(passwd_tmp);
+        }
+        if (shadow) {
+                r = rename_and_apply_smack(shadow_tmp, shadow_path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                shadow_tmp = mfree(shadow_tmp);
+        }
+
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        if (passwd_tmp)
+                unlink(passwd_tmp);
+        if (shadow_tmp)
+                unlink(shadow_tmp);
+        if (group_tmp)
+                unlink(group_tmp);
+        if (gshadow_tmp)
+                unlink(gshadow_tmp);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int uid_is_ok(uid_t uid, const char *name) {
+        struct passwd *p;
+        struct group *g;
+        const char *n;
+        Item *i;
+
+        /* Let's see if we already have assigned the UID a second time */
+        if (hashmap_get(todo_uids, UID_TO_PTR(uid)))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Try to avoid using uids that are already used by a group
+         * that doesn't have the same name as our new user. */
+        i = hashmap_get(todo_gids, GID_TO_PTR(uid));
+        if (i && !streq(i->name, name))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Let's check the files directly */
+        if (hashmap_contains(database_uid, UID_TO_PTR(uid)))
+                return 0;
+
+        n = hashmap_get(database_gid, GID_TO_PTR(uid));
+        if (n && !streq(n, name))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Let's also check via NSS, to avoid UID clashes over LDAP and such, just in case */
+        if (!arg_root) {
+                errno = 0;
+                p = getpwuid(uid);
+                if (p)
+                        return 0;
+                if (!IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT))
+                        return -errno;
+
+                errno = 0;
+                g = getgrgid((gid_t) uid);
+                if (g) {
+                        if (!streq(g->gr_name, name))
+                                return 0;
+                } else if (!IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT))
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int root_stat(const char *p, struct stat *st) {
+        const char *fix;
+
+        fix = prefix_roota(arg_root, p);
+        if (stat(fix, st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int read_id_from_file(Item *i, uid_t *_uid, gid_t *_gid) {
+        struct stat st;
+        bool found_uid = false, found_gid = false;
+        uid_t uid = 0;
+        gid_t gid = 0;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        /* First, try to get the gid directly */
+        if (_gid && i->gid_path && root_stat(i->gid_path, &st) >= 0) {
+                gid = st.st_gid;
+                found_gid = true;
+        }
+
+        /* Then, try to get the uid directly */
+        if ((_uid || (_gid && !found_gid))
+            && i->uid_path
+            && root_stat(i->uid_path, &st) >= 0) {
+
+                uid = st.st_uid;
+                found_uid = true;
+
+                /* If we need the gid, but had no success yet, also derive it from the uid path */
+                if (_gid && !found_gid) {
+                        gid = st.st_gid;
+                        found_gid = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* If that didn't work yet, then let's reuse the gid as uid */
+        if (_uid && !found_uid && i->gid_path) {
+
+                if (found_gid) {
+                        uid = (uid_t) gid;
+                        found_uid = true;
+                } else if (root_stat(i->gid_path, &st) >= 0) {
+                        uid = (uid_t) st.st_gid;
+                        found_uid = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (_uid) {
+                if (!found_uid)
+                        return 0;
+
+                *_uid = uid;
+        }
+
+        if (_gid) {
+                if (!found_gid)
+                        return 0;
+
+                *_gid = gid;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int add_user(Item *i) {
+        void *z;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        /* Check the database directly */
+        z = hashmap_get(database_user, i->name);
+        if (z) {
+                log_debug("User %s already exists.", i->name);
+                i->uid = PTR_TO_UID(z);
+                i->uid_set = true;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!arg_root) {
+                struct passwd *p;
+
+                /* Also check NSS */
+                errno = 0;
+                p = getpwnam(i->name);
+                if (p) {
+                        log_debug("User %s already exists.", i->name);
+                        i->uid = p->pw_uid;
+                        i->uid_set = true;
+
+                        r = free_and_strdup(&i->description, p->pw_gecos);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        return 0;
+                }
+                if (!IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT))
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to check if user %s already exists: %m", i->name);
+        }
+
+        /* Try to use the suggested numeric uid */
+        if (i->uid_set) {
+                r = uid_is_ok(i->uid, i->name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to verify uid " UID_FMT ": %m", i->uid);
+                if (r == 0) {
+                        log_debug("Suggested user ID " UID_FMT " for %s already used.", i->uid, i->name);
+                        i->uid_set = false;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* If that didn't work, try to read it from the specified path */
+        if (!i->uid_set) {
+                uid_t c;
+
+                if (read_id_from_file(i, &c, NULL) > 0) {
+
+                        if (c <= 0 || !uid_range_contains(uid_range, n_uid_range, c))
+                                log_debug("User ID " UID_FMT " of file not suitable for %s.", c, i->name);
+                        else {
+                                r = uid_is_ok(c, i->name);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to verify uid " UID_FMT ": %m", i->uid);
+                                else if (r > 0) {
+                                        i->uid = c;
+                                        i->uid_set = true;
+                                } else
+                                        log_debug("User ID " UID_FMT " of file for %s is already used.", c, i->name);
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Otherwise, try to reuse the group ID */
+        if (!i->uid_set && i->gid_set) {
+                r = uid_is_ok((uid_t) i->gid, i->name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to verify uid " UID_FMT ": %m", i->uid);
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        i->uid = (uid_t) i->gid;
+                        i->uid_set = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* And if that didn't work either, let's try to find a free one */
+        if (!i->uid_set) {
+                for (;;) {
+                        r = uid_range_next_lower(uid_range, n_uid_range, &search_uid);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("No free user ID available for %s.", i->name);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+
+                        r = uid_is_ok(search_uid, i->name);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to verify uid " UID_FMT ": %m", i->uid);
+                        else if (r > 0)
+                                break;
+                }
+
+                i->uid_set = true;
+                i->uid = search_uid;
+        }
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&todo_uids, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = hashmap_put(todo_uids, UID_TO_PTR(i->uid), i);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        i->todo_user = true;
+        log_info("Creating user %s (%s) with uid " UID_FMT " and gid " GID_FMT ".", i->name, strna(i->description), i->uid, i->gid);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int gid_is_ok(gid_t gid) {
+        struct group *g;
+        struct passwd *p;
+
+        if (hashmap_get(todo_gids, GID_TO_PTR(gid)))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Avoid reusing gids that are already used by a different user */
+        if (hashmap_get(todo_uids, UID_TO_PTR(gid)))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (hashmap_contains(database_gid, GID_TO_PTR(gid)))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (hashmap_contains(database_uid, UID_TO_PTR(gid)))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!arg_root) {
+                errno = 0;
+                g = getgrgid(gid);
+                if (g)
+                        return 0;
+                if (!IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT))
+                        return -errno;
+
+                errno = 0;
+                p = getpwuid((uid_t) gid);
+                if (p)
+                        return 0;
+                if (!IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT))
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int add_group(Item *i) {
+        void *z;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        /* Check the database directly */
+        z = hashmap_get(database_group, i->name);
+        if (z) {
+                log_debug("Group %s already exists.", i->name);
+                i->gid = PTR_TO_GID(z);
+                i->gid_set = true;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Also check NSS */
+        if (!arg_root) {
+                struct group *g;
+
+                errno = 0;
+                g = getgrnam(i->name);
+                if (g) {
+                        log_debug("Group %s already exists.", i->name);
+                        i->gid = g->gr_gid;
+                        i->gid_set = true;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+                if (!IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT))
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to check if group %s already exists: %m", i->name);
+        }
+
+        /* Try to use the suggested numeric gid */
+        if (i->gid_set) {
+                r = gid_is_ok(i->gid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to verify gid " GID_FMT ": %m", i->gid);
+                if (r == 0) {
+                        log_debug("Suggested group ID " GID_FMT " for %s already used.", i->gid, i->name);
+                        i->gid_set = false;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Try to reuse the numeric uid, if there's one */
+        if (!i->gid_set && i->uid_set) {
+                r = gid_is_ok((gid_t) i->uid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to verify gid " GID_FMT ": %m", i->gid);
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        i->gid = (gid_t) i->uid;
+                        i->gid_set = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* If that didn't work, try to read it from the specified path */
+        if (!i->gid_set) {
+                gid_t c;
+
+                if (read_id_from_file(i, NULL, &c) > 0) {
+
+                        if (c <= 0 || !uid_range_contains(uid_range, n_uid_range, c))
+                                log_debug("Group ID " GID_FMT " of file not suitable for %s.", c, i->name);
+                        else {
+                                r = gid_is_ok(c);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to verify gid " GID_FMT ": %m", i->gid);
+                                else if (r > 0) {
+                                        i->gid = c;
+                                        i->gid_set = true;
+                                } else
+                                        log_debug("Group ID " GID_FMT " of file for %s already used.", c, i->name);
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* And if that didn't work either, let's try to find a free one */
+        if (!i->gid_set) {
+                for (;;) {
+                        /* We look for new GIDs in the UID pool! */
+                        r = uid_range_next_lower(uid_range, n_uid_range, &search_uid);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("No free group ID available for %s.", i->name);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+
+                        r = gid_is_ok(search_uid);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to verify gid " GID_FMT ": %m", i->gid);
+                        else if (r > 0)
+                                break;
+                }
+
+                i->gid_set = true;
+                i->gid = search_uid;
+        }
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&todo_gids, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = hashmap_put(todo_gids, GID_TO_PTR(i->gid), i);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        i->todo_group = true;
+        log_info("Creating group %s with gid " GID_FMT ".", i->name, i->gid);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int process_item(Item *i) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        switch (i->type) {
+
+        case ADD_USER:
+                r = add_group(i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return add_user(i);
+
+        case ADD_GROUP: {
+                Item *j;
+
+                j = hashmap_get(users, i->name);
+                if (j) {
+                        /* There's already user to be created for this
+                         * name, let's process that in one step */
+
+                        if (i->gid_set) {
+                                j->gid = i->gid;
+                                j->gid_set = true;
+                        }
+
+                        if (i->gid_path) {
+                                r = free_and_strdup(&j->gid_path, i->gid_path);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_oom();
+                        }
+
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                return add_group(i);
+        }
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown item type");
+        }
+}
+
+static void item_free(Item *i) {
+
+        if (!i)
+                return;
+
+        free(i->name);
+        free(i->uid_path);
+        free(i->gid_path);
+        free(i->description);
+        free(i);
+}
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(Item*, item_free);
+
+static int add_implicit(void) {
+        char *g, **l;
+        Iterator iterator;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Implicitly create additional users and groups, if they were listed in "m" lines */
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(l, g, members, iterator) {
+                Item *i;
+                char **m;
+
+                i = hashmap_get(groups, g);
+                if (!i) {
+                        _cleanup_(item_freep) Item *j = NULL;
+
+                        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&groups, &string_hash_ops);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        j = new0(Item, 1);
+                        if (!j)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        j->type = ADD_GROUP;
+                        j->name = strdup(g);
+                        if (!j->name)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        r = hashmap_put(groups, j->name, j);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        log_debug("Adding implicit group '%s' due to m line", j->name);
+                        j = NULL;
+                }
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(m, l) {
+
+                        i = hashmap_get(users, *m);
+                        if (!i) {
+                                _cleanup_(item_freep) Item *j = NULL;
+
+                                r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&users, &string_hash_ops);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_oom();
+
+                                j = new0(Item, 1);
+                                if (!j)
+                                        return log_oom();
+
+                                j->type = ADD_USER;
+                                j->name = strdup(*m);
+                                if (!j->name)
+                                        return log_oom();
+
+                                r = hashmap_put(users, j->name, j);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_oom();
+
+                                log_debug("Adding implicit user '%s' due to m line", j->name);
+                                j = NULL;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool item_equal(Item *a, Item *b) {
+        assert(a);
+        assert(b);
+
+        if (a->type != b->type)
+                return false;
+
+        if (!streq_ptr(a->name, b->name))
+                return false;
+
+        if (!streq_ptr(a->uid_path, b->uid_path))
+                return false;
+
+        if (!streq_ptr(a->gid_path, b->gid_path))
+                return false;
+
+        if (!streq_ptr(a->description, b->description))
+                return false;
+
+        if (a->uid_set != b->uid_set)
+                return false;
+
+        if (a->uid_set && a->uid != b->uid)
+                return false;
+
+        if (a->gid_set != b->gid_set)
+                return false;
+
+        if (a->gid_set && a->gid != b->gid)
+                return false;
+
+        if (!streq_ptr(a->home, b->home))
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static bool valid_user_group_name(const char *u) {
+        const char *i;
+        long sz;
+
+        if (isempty(u))
+                return false;
+
+        if (!(u[0] >= 'a' && u[0] <= 'z') &&
+            !(u[0] >= 'A' && u[0] <= 'Z') &&
+            u[0] != '_')
+                return false;
+
+        for (i = u+1; *i; i++) {
+                if (!(*i >= 'a' && *i <= 'z') &&
+                    !(*i >= 'A' && *i <= 'Z') &&
+                    !(*i >= '0' && *i <= '9') &&
+                    *i != '_' &&
+                    *i != '-')
+                        return false;
+        }
+
+        sz = sysconf(_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX);
+        assert_se(sz > 0);
+
+        if ((size_t) (i-u) > (size_t) sz)
+                return false;
+
+        if ((size_t) (i-u) > UT_NAMESIZE - 1)
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static bool valid_gecos(const char *d) {
+
+        if (!d)
+                return false;
+
+        if (!utf8_is_valid(d))
+                return false;
+
+        if (string_has_cc(d, NULL))
+                return false;
+
+        /* Colons are used as field separators, and hence not OK */
+        if (strchr(d, ':'))
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static bool valid_home(const char *p) {
+
+        if (isempty(p))
+                return false;
+
+        if (!utf8_is_valid(p))
+                return false;
+
+        if (string_has_cc(p, NULL))
+                return false;
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(p))
+                return false;
+
+        if (!path_is_safe(p))
+                return false;
+
+        /* Colons are used as field separators, and hence not OK */
+        if (strchr(p, ':'))
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static int parse_line(const char *fname, unsigned line, const char *buffer) {
+
+        static const Specifier specifier_table[] = {
+                { 'm', specifier_machine_id, NULL },
+                { 'b', specifier_boot_id, NULL },
+                { 'H', specifier_host_name, NULL },
+                { 'v', specifier_kernel_release, NULL },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *action = NULL, *name = NULL, *id = NULL, *resolved_name = NULL, *resolved_id = NULL, *description = NULL, *home = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(item_freep) Item *i = NULL;
+        Item *existing;
+        Hashmap *h;
+        int r;
+        const char *p;
+
+        assert(fname);
+        assert(line >= 1);
+        assert(buffer);
+
+        /* Parse columns */
+        p = buffer;
+        r = extract_many_words(&p, NULL, EXTRACT_QUOTES, &action, &name, &id, &description, &home, NULL);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("[%s:%u] Syntax error.", fname, line);
+                return r;
+        }
+        if (r < 2) {
+                log_error("[%s:%u] Missing action and name columns.", fname, line);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+        if (!isempty(p)) {
+                log_error("[%s:%u] Trailing garbage.", fname, line);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        /* Verify action */
+        if (strlen(action) != 1) {
+                log_error("[%s:%u] Unknown modifier '%s'", fname, line, action);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (!IN_SET(action[0], ADD_USER, ADD_GROUP, ADD_MEMBER, ADD_RANGE)) {
+                log_error("[%s:%u] Unknown command command type '%c'.", fname, line, action[0]);
+                return -EBADMSG;
+        }
+
+        /* Verify name */
+        if (isempty(name) || streq(name, "-"))
+                name = mfree(name);
+
+        if (name) {
+                r = specifier_printf(name, specifier_table, NULL, &resolved_name);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Failed to replace specifiers: %s", fname, line, name);
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                if (!valid_user_group_name(resolved_name)) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] '%s' is not a valid user or group name.", fname, line, resolved_name);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Verify id */
+        if (isempty(id) || streq(id, "-"))
+                id = mfree(id);
+
+        if (id) {
+                r = specifier_printf(id, specifier_table, NULL, &resolved_id);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Failed to replace specifiers: %s", fname, line, name);
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Verify description */
+        if (isempty(description) || streq(description, "-"))
+                description = mfree(description);
+
+        if (description) {
+                if (!valid_gecos(description)) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] '%s' is not a valid GECOS field.", fname, line, description);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Verify home */
+        if (isempty(home) || streq(home, "-"))
+                home = mfree(home);
+
+        if (home) {
+                if (!valid_home(home)) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] '%s' is not a valid home directory field.", fname, line, home);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        switch (action[0]) {
+
+        case ADD_RANGE:
+                if (resolved_name) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Lines of type 'r' don't take a name field.", fname, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                if (!resolved_id) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Lines of type 'r' require a ID range in the third field.", fname, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                if (description) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Lines of type 'r' don't take a GECOS field.", fname, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                if (home) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Lines of type 'r' don't take a home directory field.", fname, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                r = uid_range_add_str(&uid_range, &n_uid_range, resolved_id);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Invalid UID range %s.", fname, line, resolved_id);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                return 0;
+
+        case ADD_MEMBER: {
+                char **l;
+
+                /* Try to extend an existing member or group item */
+                if (!name) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Lines of type 'm' require a user name in the second field.", fname, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                if (!resolved_id) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Lines of type 'm' require a group name in the third field.", fname, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                if (!valid_user_group_name(resolved_id)) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] '%s' is not a valid user or group name.", fname, line, resolved_id);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                if (description) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Lines of type 'm' don't take a GECOS field.", fname, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                if (home) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Lines of type 'm' don't take a home directory field.", fname, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&members, &string_hash_ops);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                l = hashmap_get(members, resolved_id);
+                if (l) {
+                        /* A list for this group name already exists, let's append to it */
+                        r = strv_push(&l, resolved_name);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        resolved_name = NULL;
+
+                        assert_se(hashmap_update(members, resolved_id, l) >= 0);
+                } else {
+                        /* No list for this group name exists yet, create one */
+
+                        l = new0(char *, 2);
+                        if (!l)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        l[0] = resolved_name;
+                        l[1] = NULL;
+
+                        r = hashmap_put(members, resolved_id, l);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                free(l);
+                                return log_oom();
+                        }
+
+                        resolved_id = resolved_name = NULL;
+                }
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        case ADD_USER:
+                if (!name) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Lines of type 'u' require a user name in the second field.", fname, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&users, &string_hash_ops);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                i = new0(Item, 1);
+                if (!i)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (resolved_id) {
+                        if (path_is_absolute(resolved_id)) {
+                                i->uid_path = resolved_id;
+                                resolved_id = NULL;
+
+                                path_kill_slashes(i->uid_path);
+                        } else {
+                                r = parse_uid(resolved_id, &i->uid);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_error("Failed to parse UID: %s", id);
+                                        return -EBADMSG;
+                                }
+
+                                i->uid_set = true;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                i->description = description;
+                description = NULL;
+
+                i->home = home;
+                home = NULL;
+
+                h = users;
+                break;
+
+        case ADD_GROUP:
+                if (!name) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Lines of type 'g' require a user name in the second field.", fname, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                if (description) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Lines of type 'g' don't take a GECOS field.", fname, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                if (home) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Lines of type 'g' don't take a home directory field.", fname, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&groups, &string_hash_ops);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                i = new0(Item, 1);
+                if (!i)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (resolved_id) {
+                        if (path_is_absolute(resolved_id)) {
+                                i->gid_path = resolved_id;
+                                resolved_id = NULL;
+
+                                path_kill_slashes(i->gid_path);
+                        } else {
+                                r = parse_gid(resolved_id, &i->gid);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_error("Failed to parse GID: %s", id);
+                                        return -EBADMSG;
+                                }
+
+                                i->gid_set = true;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                h = groups;
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                return -EBADMSG;
+        }
+
+        i->type = action[0];
+        i->name = resolved_name;
+        resolved_name = NULL;
+
+        existing = hashmap_get(h, i->name);
+        if (existing) {
+
+                /* Two identical items are fine */
+                if (!item_equal(existing, i))
+                        log_warning("Two or more conflicting lines for %s configured, ignoring.", i->name);
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = hashmap_put(h, i->name, i);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        i = NULL;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int read_config_file(const char *fn, bool ignore_enoent) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *rf = NULL;
+        FILE *f = NULL;
+        char line[LINE_MAX];
+        unsigned v = 0;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(fn);
+
+        if (streq(fn, "-"))
+                f = stdin;
+        else {
+                r = search_and_fopen_nulstr(fn, "re", arg_root, conf_file_dirs, &rf);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (ignore_enoent && r == -ENOENT)
+                                return 0;
+
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open '%s', ignoring: %m", fn);
+                }
+
+                f = rf;
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_LINE(line, f, break) {
+                char *l;
+                int k;
+
+                v++;
+
+                l = strstrip(line);
+                if (*l == '#' || *l == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                k = parse_line(fn, v, l);
+                if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                        r = k;
+        }
+
+        if (ferror(f)) {
+                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read from file %s: %m", fn);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        r = -EIO;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void free_database(Hashmap *by_name, Hashmap *by_id) {
+        char *name;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                name = hashmap_first(by_id);
+                if (!name)
+                        break;
+
+                hashmap_remove(by_name, name);
+
+                hashmap_steal_first_key(by_id);
+                free(name);
+        }
+
+        while ((name = hashmap_steal_first_key(by_name)))
+                free(name);
+
+        hashmap_free(by_name);
+        hashmap_free(by_id);
+}
+
+static void help(void) {
+        printf("%s [OPTIONS...] [CONFIGURATION FILE...]\n\n"
+               "Creates system user accounts.\n\n"
+               "  -h --help                 Show this help\n"
+               "     --version              Show package version\n"
+               "     --root=PATH            Operate on an alternate filesystem root\n"
+               , program_invocation_short_name);
+}
+
+static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+
+        enum {
+                ARG_VERSION = 0x100,
+                ARG_ROOT,
+        };
+
+        static const struct option options[] = {
+                { "help",    no_argument,       NULL, 'h'         },
+                { "version", no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION },
+                { "root",    required_argument, NULL, ARG_ROOT    },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        int c, r;
+
+        assert(argc >= 0);
+        assert(argv);
+
+        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "h", options, NULL)) >= 0)
+
+                switch (c) {
+
+                case 'h':
+                        help();
+                        return 0;
+
+                case ARG_VERSION:
+                        return version();
+
+                case ARG_ROOT:
+                        r = parse_path_argument_and_warn(optarg, true, &arg_root);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        break;
+
+                case '?':
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
+                }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+
+        _cleanup_close_ int lock = -1;
+        Iterator iterator;
+        int r, k;
+        Item *i;
+        char *n;
+
+        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_init();
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "SELinux setup failed: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (optind < argc) {
+                int j;
+
+                for (j = optind; j < argc; j++) {
+                        k = read_config_file(argv[j], false);
+                        if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+        } else {
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **files = NULL;
+                char **f;
+
+                r = conf_files_list_nulstr(&files, ".conf", arg_root, conf_file_dirs);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to enumerate sysusers.d files: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(f, files) {
+                        k = read_config_file(*f, true);
+                        if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!uid_range) {
+                /* Default to default range of 1..SYSTEMD_UID_MAX */
+                r = uid_range_add(&uid_range, &n_uid_range, 1, SYSTEM_UID_MAX);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_oom();
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = add_implicit();
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        lock = take_etc_passwd_lock(arg_root);
+        if (lock < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(lock, "Failed to take lock: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = load_user_database();
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to load user database: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = load_group_database();
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to read group database: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(i, groups, iterator)
+                process_item(i);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(i, users, iterator)
+                process_item(i);
+
+        r = write_files();
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write files: %m");
+
+finish:
+        while ((i = hashmap_steal_first(groups)))
+                item_free(i);
+
+        while ((i = hashmap_steal_first(users)))
+                item_free(i);
+
+        while ((n = hashmap_first_key(members))) {
+                strv_free(hashmap_steal_first(members));
+                free(n);
+        }
+
+        hashmap_free(groups);
+        hashmap_free(users);
+        hashmap_free(members);
+        hashmap_free(todo_uids);
+        hashmap_free(todo_gids);
+
+        free_database(database_user, database_uid);
+        free_database(database_group, database_gid);
+
+        free(arg_root);
+
+        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-tmpfiles/systemd-tmpfiles.completion.zsh b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-tmpfiles/systemd-tmpfiles.completion.zsh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6ff02e5d98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-tmpfiles/systemd-tmpfiles.completion.zsh
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#compdef systemd-tmpfiles
+
+_arguments \
+    {-h,--help}'[Show help]' \
+    '--version[Show package version]' \
+    '--create[Create, set ownership/permissions based on the config files.]' \
+    '--clean[Clean up all files and directories with an age parameter configured.]' \
+    '--remove[All files and directories marked with r, R in the configuration files are removed.]' \
+    '--boot[Execute actions only safe at boot]' \
+    '--prefix=[Only apply rules that apply to paths with the specified prefix.]' \
+    '--exclude-prefix=[Ignore rules that apply to paths with the specified prefix.]' \
+    '--root=[Operate on an alternate filesystem root]:directory:_directories' \
+    '*::files:_files'
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-tmpfiles/systemd-tmpfiles.xml b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-tmpfiles/systemd-tmpfiles.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1aab51551
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-tmpfiles/systemd-tmpfiles.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
+
+<!--
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+-->
+
+<refentry id="systemd-tmpfiles"
+    xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <title>systemd-tmpfiles</title>
+    <productname>systemd</productname>
+
+    <authorgroup>
+      <author>
+        <contrib>Developer</contrib>
+        <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
+        <surname>Poettering</surname>
+        <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
+      </author>
+    </authorgroup>
+  </refentryinfo>
+
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>systemd-tmpfiles</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+  </refmeta>
+
+  <refnamediv>
+    <refname>systemd-tmpfiles</refname>
+    <refname>systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service</refname>
+    <refname>systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service</refname>
+    <refname>systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service</refname>
+    <refname>systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer</refname>
+    <refpurpose>Creates, deletes and cleans up volatile
+    and temporary files and directories</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-tmpfiles</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>CONFIGFILE</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+
+    <para><filename>systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service</filename></para>
+    <para><filename>systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service</filename></para>
+    <para><filename>systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service</filename></para>
+    <para><filename>systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer</filename></para>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Description</title>
+
+    <para><command>systemd-tmpfiles</command> creates, deletes, and
+    cleans up volatile and temporary files and directories, based on
+    the configuration file format and location specified in
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>If invoked with no arguments, it applies all directives from all configuration
+    files. If one or more absolute filenames are passed on the command line, only the
+    directives in these files are applied.  If <literal>-</literal> is specified instead
+    of a filename, directives are read from standard input.  If only the basename of a
+    configuration file is specified, all configuration directories as specified in
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    are searched for a matching file.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Options</title>
+
+    <para>The following options are understood:</para>
+
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--create</option></term>
+        <listitem><para>If this option is passed, all files and
+        directories marked with
+        <varname>f</varname>,
+        <varname>F</varname>,
+        <varname>w</varname>,
+        <varname>d</varname>,
+        <varname>D</varname>,
+        <varname>v</varname>,
+        <varname>p</varname>,
+        <varname>L</varname>,
+        <varname>c</varname>,
+        <varname>b</varname>,
+        <varname>m</varname>
+        in the configuration files are created or written to. Files
+        and directories marked with
+        <varname>z</varname>,
+        <varname>Z</varname>,
+        <varname>t</varname>,
+        <varname>T</varname>,
+        <varname>a</varname>, and
+        <varname>A</varname> have their ownership, access mode and
+        security labels set. </para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--clean</option></term>
+        <listitem><para>If this option is passed, all files and
+        directories with an age parameter configured will be cleaned
+        up.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--remove</option></term>
+        <listitem><para>If this option is passed, the contents of
+        directories marked with <varname>D</varname> or
+        <varname>R</varname>, and files or directories themselves
+        marked with <varname>r</varname> or <varname>R</varname> are
+        removed.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--boot</option></term>
+        <listitem><para>Also execute lines with an exclamation mark.
+        </para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--prefix=<replaceable>path</replaceable></option></term>
+        <listitem><para>Only apply rules with paths that start with
+        the specified prefix. This option can be specified multiple
+        times.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--exclude-prefix=<replaceable>path</replaceable></option></term>
+        <listitem><para>Ignore rules with paths that start with the
+        specified prefix. This option can be specified multiple
+        times.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--root=<replaceable>root</replaceable></option></term>
+        <listitem><para>Takes a directory path as an argument. All
+        paths will be prefixed with the given alternate
+        <replaceable>root</replaceable> path, including config search
+        paths. </para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
+    </variablelist>
+
+    <para>It is possible to combine <option>--create</option>,
+    <option>--clean</option>, and <option>--remove</option> in one
+    invocation. For example, during boot the following command line is
+    executed to ensure that all temporary and volatile directories are
+    removed and created according to the configuration file:</para>
+
+    <programlisting>systemd-tmpfiles --remove --create</programlisting>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Unprivileged --cleanup operation</title>
+
+    <para><command>systemd-tmpfiles</command> tries to avoid changing
+    the access and modification times on the directories it accesses,
+    which requires <constant>CAP_ADMIN</constant> privileges. When
+    running as non-root, directories which are checked for files to
+    clean up will have their access time bumped, which might prevent
+    their cleanup.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Exit status</title>
+
+    <para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code
+    otherwise.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>See Also</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+</refentry>
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-tmpfiles/tmpfiles.c b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-tmpfiles/tmpfiles.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2053d35a67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-tmpfiles/tmpfiles.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2343 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering, Kay Sievers
+  Copyright 2015 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <fnmatch.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <glob.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/xattr.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "acl-util.h"
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "btrfs-util.h"
+#include "capability-util.h"
+#include "chattr-util.h"
+#include "conf-files.h"
+#include "copy.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "escape.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "glob-util.h"
+#include "io-util.h"
+#include "label.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "mount-util.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "rm-rf.h"
+#include "selinux-util.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "specifier.h"
+#include "stat-util.h"
+#include "stdio-util.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "umask-util.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+/* This reads all files listed in /etc/tmpfiles.d/?*.conf and creates
+ * them in the file system. This is intended to be used to create
+ * properly owned directories beneath /tmp, /var/tmp, /run, which are
+ * volatile and hence need to be recreated on bootup. */
+
+typedef enum ItemType {
+        /* These ones take file names */
+        CREATE_FILE = 'f',
+        TRUNCATE_FILE = 'F',
+        CREATE_DIRECTORY = 'd',
+        TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY = 'D',
+        CREATE_SUBVOLUME = 'v',
+        CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA = 'q',
+        CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA = 'Q',
+        CREATE_FIFO = 'p',
+        CREATE_SYMLINK = 'L',
+        CREATE_CHAR_DEVICE = 'c',
+        CREATE_BLOCK_DEVICE = 'b',
+        COPY_FILES = 'C',
+
+        /* These ones take globs */
+        WRITE_FILE = 'w',
+        EMPTY_DIRECTORY = 'e',
+        SET_XATTR = 't',
+        RECURSIVE_SET_XATTR = 'T',
+        SET_ACL = 'a',
+        RECURSIVE_SET_ACL = 'A',
+        SET_ATTRIBUTE = 'h',
+        RECURSIVE_SET_ATTRIBUTE = 'H',
+        IGNORE_PATH = 'x',
+        IGNORE_DIRECTORY_PATH = 'X',
+        REMOVE_PATH = 'r',
+        RECURSIVE_REMOVE_PATH = 'R',
+        RELABEL_PATH = 'z',
+        RECURSIVE_RELABEL_PATH = 'Z',
+        ADJUST_MODE = 'm', /* legacy, 'z' is identical to this */
+} ItemType;
+
+typedef struct Item {
+        ItemType type;
+
+        char *path;
+        char *argument;
+        char **xattrs;
+#ifdef HAVE_ACL
+        acl_t acl_access;
+        acl_t acl_default;
+#endif
+        uid_t uid;
+        gid_t gid;
+        mode_t mode;
+        usec_t age;
+
+        dev_t major_minor;
+        unsigned attribute_value;
+        unsigned attribute_mask;
+
+        bool uid_set:1;
+        bool gid_set:1;
+        bool mode_set:1;
+        bool age_set:1;
+        bool mask_perms:1;
+        bool attribute_set:1;
+
+        bool keep_first_level:1;
+
+        bool force:1;
+
+        bool done:1;
+} Item;
+
+typedef struct ItemArray {
+        Item *items;
+        size_t count;
+        size_t size;
+} ItemArray;
+
+static bool arg_create = false;
+static bool arg_clean = false;
+static bool arg_remove = false;
+static bool arg_boot = false;
+
+static char **arg_include_prefixes = NULL;
+static char **arg_exclude_prefixes = NULL;
+static char *arg_root = NULL;
+
+static const char conf_file_dirs[] = CONF_PATHS_NULSTR("tmpfiles.d");
+
+#define MAX_DEPTH 256
+
+static OrderedHashmap *items = NULL, *globs = NULL;
+static Set *unix_sockets = NULL;
+
+static const Specifier specifier_table[] = {
+        { 'm', specifier_machine_id, NULL },
+        { 'b', specifier_boot_id, NULL },
+        { 'H', specifier_host_name, NULL },
+        { 'v', specifier_kernel_release, NULL },
+        {}
+};
+
+static bool needs_glob(ItemType t) {
+        return IN_SET(t,
+                      WRITE_FILE,
+                      IGNORE_PATH,
+                      IGNORE_DIRECTORY_PATH,
+                      REMOVE_PATH,
+                      RECURSIVE_REMOVE_PATH,
+                      EMPTY_DIRECTORY,
+                      ADJUST_MODE,
+                      RELABEL_PATH,
+                      RECURSIVE_RELABEL_PATH,
+                      SET_XATTR,
+                      RECURSIVE_SET_XATTR,
+                      SET_ACL,
+                      RECURSIVE_SET_ACL,
+                      SET_ATTRIBUTE,
+                      RECURSIVE_SET_ATTRIBUTE);
+}
+
+static bool takes_ownership(ItemType t) {
+        return IN_SET(t,
+                      CREATE_FILE,
+                      TRUNCATE_FILE,
+                      CREATE_DIRECTORY,
+                      EMPTY_DIRECTORY,
+                      TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY,
+                      CREATE_SUBVOLUME,
+                      CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA,
+                      CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA,
+                      CREATE_FIFO,
+                      CREATE_SYMLINK,
+                      CREATE_CHAR_DEVICE,
+                      CREATE_BLOCK_DEVICE,
+                      COPY_FILES,
+                      WRITE_FILE,
+                      IGNORE_PATH,
+                      IGNORE_DIRECTORY_PATH,
+                      REMOVE_PATH,
+                      RECURSIVE_REMOVE_PATH);
+}
+
+static struct Item* find_glob(OrderedHashmap *h, const char *match) {
+        ItemArray *j;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        ORDERED_HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, h, i) {
+                unsigned n;
+
+                for (n = 0; n < j->count; n++) {
+                        Item *item = j->items + n;
+
+                        if (fnmatch(item->path, match, FNM_PATHNAME|FNM_PERIOD) == 0)
+                                return item;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static void load_unix_sockets(void) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        char line[LINE_MAX];
+
+        if (unix_sockets)
+                return;
+
+        /* We maintain a cache of the sockets we found in
+         * /proc/net/unix to speed things up a little. */
+
+        unix_sockets = set_new(&string_hash_ops);
+        if (!unix_sockets)
+                return;
+
+        f = fopen("/proc/net/unix", "re");
+        if (!f)
+                return;
+
+        /* Skip header */
+        if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f))
+                goto fail;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char *p, *s;
+                int k;
+
+                if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f))
+                        break;
+
+                truncate_nl(line);
+
+                p = strchr(line, ':');
+                if (!p)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (strlen(p) < 37)
+                        continue;
+
+                p += 37;
+                p += strspn(p, WHITESPACE);
+                p += strcspn(p, WHITESPACE); /* skip one more word */
+                p += strspn(p, WHITESPACE);
+
+                if (*p != '/')
+                        continue;
+
+                s = strdup(p);
+                if (!s)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                path_kill_slashes(s);
+
+                k = set_consume(unix_sockets, s);
+                if (k < 0 && k != -EEXIST)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        set_free_free(unix_sockets);
+        unix_sockets = NULL;
+}
+
+static bool unix_socket_alive(const char *fn) {
+        assert(fn);
+
+        load_unix_sockets();
+
+        if (unix_sockets)
+                return !!set_get(unix_sockets, (char*) fn);
+
+        /* We don't know, so assume yes */
+        return true;
+}
+
+static int dir_is_mount_point(DIR *d, const char *subdir) {
+
+        union file_handle_union h = FILE_HANDLE_INIT;
+        int mount_id_parent, mount_id;
+        int r_p, r;
+
+        r_p = name_to_handle_at(dirfd(d), ".", &h.handle, &mount_id_parent, 0);
+        if (r_p < 0)
+                r_p = -errno;
+
+        h.handle.handle_bytes = MAX_HANDLE_SZ;
+        r = name_to_handle_at(dirfd(d), subdir, &h.handle, &mount_id, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                r = -errno;
+
+        /* got no handle; make no assumptions, return error */
+        if (r_p < 0 && r < 0)
+                return r_p;
+
+        /* got both handles; if they differ, it is a mount point */
+        if (r_p >= 0 && r >= 0)
+                return mount_id_parent != mount_id;
+
+        /* got only one handle; assume different mount points if one
+         * of both queries was not supported by the filesystem */
+        if (r_p == -ENOSYS || r_p == -EOPNOTSUPP || r == -ENOSYS || r == -EOPNOTSUPP)
+                return true;
+
+        /* return error */
+        if (r_p < 0)
+                return r_p;
+        return r;
+}
+
+static DIR* xopendirat_nomod(int dirfd, const char *path) {
+        DIR *dir;
+
+        dir = xopendirat(dirfd, path, O_NOFOLLOW|O_NOATIME);
+        if (dir)
+                return dir;
+
+        log_debug_errno(errno, "Cannot open %sdirectory \"%s\": %m", dirfd == AT_FDCWD ? "" : "sub", path);
+        if (errno != EPERM)
+                return NULL;
+
+        dir = xopendirat(dirfd, path, O_NOFOLLOW);
+        if (!dir)
+                log_debug_errno(errno, "Cannot open %sdirectory \"%s\": %m", dirfd == AT_FDCWD ? "" : "sub", path);
+
+        return dir;
+}
+
+static DIR* opendir_nomod(const char *path) {
+        return xopendirat_nomod(AT_FDCWD, path);
+}
+
+static int dir_cleanup(
+                Item *i,
+                const char *p,
+                DIR *d,
+                const struct stat *ds,
+                usec_t cutoff,
+                dev_t rootdev,
+                bool mountpoint,
+                int maxdepth,
+                bool keep_this_level) {
+
+        struct dirent *dent;
+        struct timespec times[2];
+        bool deleted = false;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        while ((dent = readdir(d))) {
+                struct stat s;
+                usec_t age;
+                _cleanup_free_ char *sub_path = NULL;
+
+                if (STR_IN_SET(dent->d_name, ".", ".."))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (fstatat(dirfd(d), dent->d_name, &s, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) < 0) {
+                        if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* FUSE, NFS mounts, SELinux might return EACCES */
+                        if (errno == EACCES)
+                                log_debug_errno(errno, "stat(%s/%s) failed: %m", p, dent->d_name);
+                        else
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "stat(%s/%s) failed: %m", p, dent->d_name);
+                        r = -errno;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* Stay on the same filesystem */
+                if (s.st_dev != rootdev) {
+                        log_debug("Ignoring \"%s/%s\": different filesystem.", p, dent->d_name);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* Try to detect bind mounts of the same filesystem instance; they
+                 * do not differ in device major/minors. This type of query is not
+                 * supported on all kernels or filesystem types though. */
+                if (S_ISDIR(s.st_mode) && dir_is_mount_point(d, dent->d_name) > 0) {
+                        log_debug("Ignoring \"%s/%s\": different mount of the same filesystem.",
+                                  p, dent->d_name);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* Do not delete read-only files owned by root */
+                if (s.st_uid == 0 && !(s.st_mode & S_IWUSR)) {
+                        log_debug("Ignoring \"%s/%s\": read-only and owner by root.", p, dent->d_name);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                sub_path = strjoin(p, "/", dent->d_name, NULL);
+                if (!sub_path) {
+                        r = log_oom();
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                /* Is there an item configured for this path? */
+                if (ordered_hashmap_get(items, sub_path)) {
+                        log_debug("Ignoring \"%s\": a separate entry exists.", sub_path);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (find_glob(globs, sub_path)) {
+                        log_debug("Ignoring \"%s\": a separate glob exists.", sub_path);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (S_ISDIR(s.st_mode)) {
+
+                        if (mountpoint &&
+                            streq(dent->d_name, "lost+found") &&
+                            s.st_uid == 0) {
+                                log_debug("Ignoring \"%s\".", sub_path);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if (maxdepth <= 0)
+                                log_warning("Reached max depth on \"%s\".", sub_path);
+                        else {
+                                _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *sub_dir;
+                                int q;
+
+                                sub_dir = xopendirat_nomod(dirfd(d), dent->d_name);
+                                if (!sub_dir) {
+                                        if (errno != ENOENT)
+                                                r = log_error_errno(errno, "opendir(%s) failed: %m", sub_path);
+
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+
+                                q = dir_cleanup(i, sub_path, sub_dir, &s, cutoff, rootdev, false, maxdepth-1, false);
+                                if (q < 0)
+                                        r = q;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Note: if you are wondering why we don't
+                         * support the sticky bit for excluding
+                         * directories from cleaning like we do it for
+                         * other file system objects: well, the sticky
+                         * bit already has a meaning for directories,
+                         * so we don't want to overload that. */
+
+                        if (keep_this_level) {
+                                log_debug("Keeping \"%s\".", sub_path);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Ignore ctime, we change it when deleting */
+                        age = timespec_load(&s.st_mtim);
+                        if (age >= cutoff) {
+                                char a[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+                                /* Follows spelling in stat(1). */
+                                log_debug("Directory \"%s\": modify time %s is too new.",
+                                          sub_path,
+                                          format_timestamp_us(a, sizeof(a), age));
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        age = timespec_load(&s.st_atim);
+                        if (age >= cutoff) {
+                                char a[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+                                log_debug("Directory \"%s\": access time %s is too new.",
+                                          sub_path,
+                                          format_timestamp_us(a, sizeof(a), age));
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        log_debug("Removing directory \"%s\".", sub_path);
+                        if (unlinkat(dirfd(d), dent->d_name, AT_REMOVEDIR) < 0)
+                                if (errno != ENOENT && errno != ENOTEMPTY) {
+                                        log_error_errno(errno, "rmdir(%s): %m", sub_path);
+                                        r = -errno;
+                                }
+
+                } else {
+                        /* Skip files for which the sticky bit is
+                         * set. These are semantics we define, and are
+                         * unknown elsewhere. See XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
+                         * specification for details. */
+                        if (s.st_mode & S_ISVTX) {
+                                log_debug("Skipping \"%s\": sticky bit set.", sub_path);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if (mountpoint && S_ISREG(s.st_mode))
+                                if (s.st_uid == 0 && STR_IN_SET(dent->d_name,
+                                                                ".journal",
+                                                                "aquota.user",
+                                                                "aquota.group")) {
+                                        log_debug("Skipping \"%s\".", sub_path);
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+
+                        /* Ignore sockets that are listed in /proc/net/unix */
+                        if (S_ISSOCK(s.st_mode) && unix_socket_alive(sub_path)) {
+                                log_debug("Skipping \"%s\": live socket.", sub_path);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Ignore device nodes */
+                        if (S_ISCHR(s.st_mode) || S_ISBLK(s.st_mode)) {
+                                log_debug("Skipping \"%s\": a device.", sub_path);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Keep files on this level around if this is
+                         * requested */
+                        if (keep_this_level) {
+                                log_debug("Keeping \"%s\".", sub_path);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        age = timespec_load(&s.st_mtim);
+                        if (age >= cutoff) {
+                                char a[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+                                /* Follows spelling in stat(1). */
+                                log_debug("File \"%s\": modify time %s is too new.",
+                                          sub_path,
+                                          format_timestamp_us(a, sizeof(a), age));
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        age = timespec_load(&s.st_atim);
+                        if (age >= cutoff) {
+                                char a[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+                                log_debug("File \"%s\": access time %s is too new.",
+                                          sub_path,
+                                          format_timestamp_us(a, sizeof(a), age));
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        age = timespec_load(&s.st_ctim);
+                        if (age >= cutoff) {
+                                char a[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+                                log_debug("File \"%s\": change time %s is too new.",
+                                          sub_path,
+                                          format_timestamp_us(a, sizeof(a), age));
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        log_debug("unlink \"%s\"", sub_path);
+
+                        if (unlinkat(dirfd(d), dent->d_name, 0) < 0)
+                                if (errno != ENOENT)
+                                        r = log_error_errno(errno, "unlink(%s): %m", sub_path);
+
+                        deleted = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+finish:
+        if (deleted) {
+                usec_t age1, age2;
+                char a[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX], b[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+
+                /* Restore original directory timestamps */
+                times[0] = ds->st_atim;
+                times[1] = ds->st_mtim;
+
+                age1 = timespec_load(&ds->st_atim);
+                age2 = timespec_load(&ds->st_mtim);
+                log_debug("Restoring access and modification time on \"%s\": %s, %s",
+                          p,
+                          format_timestamp_us(a, sizeof(a), age1),
+                          format_timestamp_us(b, sizeof(b), age2));
+                if (futimens(dirfd(d), times) < 0)
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "utimensat(%s): %m", p);
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int path_set_perms(Item *i, const char *path) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(path);
+
+        /* We open the file with O_PATH here, to make the operation
+         * somewhat atomic. Also there's unfortunately no fchmodat()
+         * with AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW, hence we emulate it here via
+         * O_PATH. */
+
+        fd = open(path, O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC|O_PATH);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Adjusting owner and mode for %s failed: %m", path);
+
+        if (fstatat(fd, "", &st, AT_EMPTY_PATH) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fstat() file %s: %m", path);
+
+        if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
+                log_debug("Skipping mode an owner fix for symlink %s.", path);
+        else {
+                char fn[strlen("/proc/self/fd/") + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(int)];
+                xsprintf(fn, "/proc/self/fd/%i", fd);
+
+                /* not using i->path directly because it may be a glob */
+                if (i->mode_set) {
+                        mode_t m = i->mode;
+
+                        if (i->mask_perms) {
+                                if (!(st.st_mode & 0111))
+                                        m &= ~0111;
+                                if (!(st.st_mode & 0222))
+                                        m &= ~0222;
+                                if (!(st.st_mode & 0444))
+                                        m &= ~0444;
+                                if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+                                        m &= ~07000; /* remove sticky/sgid/suid bit, unless directory */
+                        }
+
+                        if (m == (st.st_mode & 07777))
+                                log_debug("\"%s\" has right mode %o", path, st.st_mode);
+                        else {
+                                log_debug("chmod \"%s\" to mode %o", path, m);
+                                if (chmod(fn, m) < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(errno, "chmod(%s) failed: %m", path);
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if ((i->uid != st.st_uid || i->gid != st.st_gid) &&
+                    (i->uid_set || i->gid_set)) {
+                        log_debug("chown \"%s\" to "UID_FMT"."GID_FMT,
+                                  path,
+                                  i->uid_set ? i->uid : UID_INVALID,
+                                  i->gid_set ? i->gid : GID_INVALID);
+                        if (chown(fn,
+                                  i->uid_set ? i->uid : UID_INVALID,
+                                  i->gid_set ? i->gid : GID_INVALID) < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "chown(%s) failed: %m", path);
+                }
+        }
+
+        fd = safe_close(fd);
+
+        return label_fix(path, false, false);
+}
+
+static int parse_xattrs_from_arg(Item *i) {
+        const char *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(i->argument);
+
+        p = i->argument;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL, *value = NULL, *xattr = NULL, *xattr_replaced = NULL;
+
+                r = extract_first_word(&p, &xattr, NULL, EXTRACT_QUOTES|EXTRACT_CUNESCAPE);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse extended attribute '%s', ignoring: %m", p);
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                r = specifier_printf(xattr, specifier_table, NULL, &xattr_replaced);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to replace specifiers in extended attribute '%s': %m", xattr);
+
+                r = split_pair(xattr_replaced, "=", &name, &value);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse extended attribute, ignoring: %s", xattr);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (isempty(name) || isempty(value)) {
+                        log_warning("Malformed extended attribute found, ignoring: %s", xattr);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (strv_push_pair(&i->xattrs, name, value) < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                name = value = NULL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int path_set_xattrs(Item *i, const char *path) {
+        char **name, **value;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(path);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH_PAIR(name, value, i->xattrs) {
+                int n;
+
+                n = strlen(*value);
+                log_debug("Setting extended attribute '%s=%s' on %s.", *name, *value, path);
+                if (lsetxattr(path, *name, *value, n, 0) < 0) {
+                        log_error("Setting extended attribute %s=%s on %s failed: %m", *name, *value, path);
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+        }
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_acls_from_arg(Item *item) {
+#ifdef HAVE_ACL
+        int r;
+
+        assert(item);
+
+        /* If force (= modify) is set, we will not modify the acl
+         * afterwards, so the mask can be added now if necessary. */
+
+        r = parse_acl(item->argument, &item->acl_access, &item->acl_default, !item->force);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse ACL \"%s\": %m. Ignoring", item->argument);
+#else
+        log_warning_errno(ENOSYS, "ACLs are not supported. Ignoring");
+#endif
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ACL
+static int path_set_acl(const char *path, const char *pretty, acl_type_t type, acl_t acl, bool modify) {
+        _cleanup_(acl_free_charpp) char *t = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(acl_freep) acl_t dup = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Returns 0 for success, positive error if already warned,
+         * negative error otherwise. */
+
+        if (modify) {
+                r = acls_for_file(path, type, acl, &dup);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = calc_acl_mask_if_needed(&dup);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else {
+                dup = acl_dup(acl);
+                if (!dup)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                /* the mask was already added earlier if needed */
+        }
+
+        r = add_base_acls_if_needed(&dup, path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        t = acl_to_any_text(dup, NULL, ',', TEXT_ABBREVIATE);
+        log_debug("Setting %s ACL %s on %s.",
+                  type == ACL_TYPE_ACCESS ? "access" : "default",
+                  strna(t), pretty);
+
+        r = acl_set_file(path, type, dup);
+        if (r < 0)
+                /* Return positive to indicate we already warned */
+                return -log_error_errno(errno,
+                                        "Setting %s ACL \"%s\" on %s failed: %m",
+                                        type == ACL_TYPE_ACCESS ? "access" : "default",
+                                        strna(t), pretty);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int path_set_acls(Item *item, const char *path) {
+        int r = 0;
+#ifdef HAVE_ACL
+        char fn[strlen("/proc/self/fd/") + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(int)];
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(item);
+        assert(path);
+
+        fd = open(path, O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC|O_PATH);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Adjusting ACL of %s failed: %m", path);
+
+        if (fstatat(fd, "", &st, AT_EMPTY_PATH) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fstat() file %s: %m", path);
+
+        if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)) {
+                log_debug("Skipping ACL fix for symlink %s.", path);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        xsprintf(fn, "/proc/self/fd/%i", fd);
+
+        if (item->acl_access)
+                r = path_set_acl(fn, path, ACL_TYPE_ACCESS, item->acl_access, item->force);
+
+        if (r == 0 && item->acl_default)
+                r = path_set_acl(fn, path, ACL_TYPE_DEFAULT, item->acl_default, item->force);
+
+        if (r > 0)
+                return -r; /* already warned */
+        else if (r == -EOPNOTSUPP) {
+                log_debug_errno(r, "ACLs not supported by file system at %s", path);
+                return 0;
+        } else if (r < 0)
+                log_error_errno(r, "ACL operation on \"%s\" failed: %m", path);
+#endif
+        return r;
+}
+
+#define ATTRIBUTES_ALL                          \
+        (FS_NOATIME_FL      |                   \
+         FS_SYNC_FL         |                   \
+         FS_DIRSYNC_FL      |                   \
+         FS_APPEND_FL       |                   \
+         FS_COMPR_FL        |                   \
+         FS_NODUMP_FL       |                   \
+         FS_EXTENT_FL       |                   \
+         FS_IMMUTABLE_FL    |                   \
+         FS_JOURNAL_DATA_FL |                   \
+         FS_SECRM_FL        |                   \
+         FS_UNRM_FL         |                   \
+         FS_NOTAIL_FL       |                   \
+         FS_TOPDIR_FL       |                   \
+         FS_NOCOW_FL)
+
+static int parse_attribute_from_arg(Item *item) {
+
+        static const struct {
+                char character;
+                unsigned value;
+        } attributes[] = {
+                { 'A', FS_NOATIME_FL },      /* do not update atime */
+                { 'S', FS_SYNC_FL },         /* Synchronous updates */
+                { 'D', FS_DIRSYNC_FL },      /* dirsync behaviour (directories only) */
+                { 'a', FS_APPEND_FL },       /* writes to file may only append */
+                { 'c', FS_COMPR_FL },        /* Compress file */
+                { 'd', FS_NODUMP_FL },       /* do not dump file */
+                { 'e', FS_EXTENT_FL },       /* Top of directory hierarchies*/
+                { 'i', FS_IMMUTABLE_FL },    /* Immutable file */
+                { 'j', FS_JOURNAL_DATA_FL }, /* Reserved for ext3 */
+                { 's', FS_SECRM_FL },        /* Secure deletion */
+                { 'u', FS_UNRM_FL },         /* Undelete */
+                { 't', FS_NOTAIL_FL },       /* file tail should not be merged */
+                { 'T', FS_TOPDIR_FL },       /* Top of directory hierarchies*/
+                { 'C', FS_NOCOW_FL },        /* Do not cow file */
+        };
+
+        enum {
+                MODE_ADD,
+                MODE_DEL,
+                MODE_SET
+        } mode = MODE_ADD;
+
+        unsigned value = 0, mask = 0;
+        const char *p;
+
+        assert(item);
+
+        p = item->argument;
+        if (p) {
+                if (*p == '+') {
+                        mode = MODE_ADD;
+                        p++;
+                } else if (*p == '-') {
+                        mode = MODE_DEL;
+                        p++;
+                } else  if (*p == '=') {
+                        mode = MODE_SET;
+                        p++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (isempty(p) && mode != MODE_SET) {
+                log_error("Setting file attribute on '%s' needs an attribute specification.", item->path);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        for (; p && *p ; p++) {
+                unsigned i, v;
+
+                for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(attributes); i++)
+                        if (*p == attributes[i].character)
+                                break;
+
+                if (i >= ELEMENTSOF(attributes)) {
+                        log_error("Unknown file attribute '%c' on '%s'.", *p, item->path);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                v = attributes[i].value;
+
+                SET_FLAG(value, v, (mode == MODE_ADD || mode == MODE_SET));
+
+                mask |= v;
+        }
+
+        if (mode == MODE_SET)
+                mask |= ATTRIBUTES_ALL;
+
+        assert(mask != 0);
+
+        item->attribute_mask = mask;
+        item->attribute_value = value;
+        item->attribute_set = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int path_set_attribute(Item *item, const char *path) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        struct stat st;
+        unsigned f;
+        int r;
+
+        if (!item->attribute_set || item->attribute_mask == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        fd = open(path, O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOATIME|O_NOFOLLOW);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                if (errno == ELOOP)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Skipping file attributes adjustment on symlink %s.", path);
+
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Cannot open '%s': %m", path);
+        }
+
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Cannot stat '%s': %m", path);
+
+        /* Issuing the file attribute ioctls on device nodes is not
+         * safe, as that will be delivered to the drivers, not the
+         * file system containing the device node. */
+        if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode) && !S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
+                log_error("Setting file flags is only supported on regular files and directories, cannot set on '%s'.", path);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        f = item->attribute_value & item->attribute_mask;
+
+        /* Mask away directory-specific flags */
+        if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+                f &= ~FS_DIRSYNC_FL;
+
+        r = chattr_fd(fd, f, item->attribute_mask);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_full_errno(r == -ENOTTY ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING,
+                               r,
+                               "Cannot set file attribute for '%s', value=0x%08x, mask=0x%08x: %m",
+                               path, item->attribute_value, item->attribute_mask);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int write_one_file(Item *i, const char *path) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        int flags, r = 0;
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(path);
+
+        flags = i->type == CREATE_FILE ? O_CREAT|O_APPEND|O_NOFOLLOW :
+                i->type == TRUNCATE_FILE ? O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_NOFOLLOW : 0;
+
+        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0000) {
+                mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(path, S_IFREG);
+                fd = open(path, flags|O_NDELAY|O_CLOEXEC|O_WRONLY|O_NOCTTY, i->mode);
+                mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
+        }
+
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                if (i->type == WRITE_FILE && errno == ENOENT) {
+                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Not writing \"%s\": %m", path);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                r = -errno;
+                if (!i->argument && errno == EROFS && stat(path, &st) == 0 &&
+                    (i->type == CREATE_FILE || st.st_size == 0))
+                        goto check_mode;
+
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create file %s: %m", path);
+        }
+
+        if (i->argument) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *unescaped = NULL, *replaced = NULL;
+
+                log_debug("%s to \"%s\".", i->type == CREATE_FILE ? "Appending" : "Writing", path);
+
+                r = cunescape(i->argument, 0, &unescaped);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to unescape parameter to write: %s", i->argument);
+
+                r = specifier_printf(unescaped, specifier_table, NULL, &replaced);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to replace specifiers in parameter to write '%s': %m", unescaped);
+
+                r = loop_write(fd, replaced, strlen(replaced), false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write file \"%s\": %m", path);
+        } else
+                log_debug("\"%s\" has been created.", path);
+
+        fd = safe_close(fd);
+
+        if (stat(path, &st) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "stat(%s) failed: %m", path);
+
+ check_mode:
+        if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
+                log_error("%s is not a file.", path);
+                return -EEXIST;
+        }
+
+        r = path_set_perms(i, path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+typedef int (*action_t)(Item *, const char *);
+
+static int item_do_children(Item *i, const char *path, action_t action) {
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(path);
+
+        /* This returns the first error we run into, but nevertheless
+         * tries to go on */
+
+        d = opendir_nomod(path);
+        if (!d)
+                return errno == ENOENT || errno == ENOTDIR ? 0 : -errno;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+                struct dirent *de;
+                int q;
+
+                errno = 0;
+                de = readdir(d);
+                if (!de) {
+                        if (errno > 0 && r == 0)
+                                r = -errno;
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                if (STR_IN_SET(de->d_name, ".", ".."))
+                        continue;
+
+                p = strjoin(path, "/", de->d_name, NULL);
+                if (!p)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                q = action(i, p);
+                if (q < 0 && q != -ENOENT && r == 0)
+                        r = q;
+
+                if (IN_SET(de->d_type, DT_UNKNOWN, DT_DIR)) {
+                        q = item_do_children(i, p, action);
+                        if (q < 0 && r == 0)
+                                r = q;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int glob_item(Item *i, action_t action, bool recursive) {
+        _cleanup_globfree_ glob_t g = {
+                .gl_closedir = (void (*)(void *)) closedir,
+                .gl_readdir = (struct dirent *(*)(void *)) readdir,
+                .gl_opendir = (void *(*)(const char *)) opendir_nomod,
+                .gl_lstat = lstat,
+                .gl_stat = stat,
+        };
+        int r = 0, k;
+        char **fn;
+
+        errno = 0;
+        k = glob(i->path, GLOB_NOSORT|GLOB_BRACE|GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC, NULL, &g);
+        if (k != 0 && k != GLOB_NOMATCH)
+                return log_error_errno(errno ?: EIO, "glob(%s) failed: %m", i->path);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(fn, g.gl_pathv) {
+                k = action(i, *fn);
+                if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                        r = k;
+
+                if (recursive) {
+                        k = item_do_children(i, *fn, action);
+                        if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+typedef enum {
+        CREATION_NORMAL,
+        CREATION_EXISTING,
+        CREATION_FORCE,
+        _CREATION_MODE_MAX,
+        _CREATION_MODE_INVALID = -1
+} CreationMode;
+
+static const char *creation_mode_verb_table[_CREATION_MODE_MAX] = {
+        [CREATION_NORMAL] = "Created",
+        [CREATION_EXISTING] = "Found existing",
+        [CREATION_FORCE] = "Created replacement",
+};
+
+DEFINE_PRIVATE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP_TO_STRING(creation_mode_verb, CreationMode);
+
+static int create_item(Item *i) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *resolved = NULL;
+        struct stat st;
+        int r = 0;
+        int q = 0;
+        CreationMode creation;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        log_debug("Running create action for entry %c %s", (char) i->type, i->path);
+
+        switch (i->type) {
+
+        case IGNORE_PATH:
+        case IGNORE_DIRECTORY_PATH:
+        case REMOVE_PATH:
+        case RECURSIVE_REMOVE_PATH:
+                return 0;
+
+        case CREATE_FILE:
+        case TRUNCATE_FILE:
+                r = write_one_file(i, i->path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                break;
+
+        case COPY_FILES: {
+                r = specifier_printf(i->argument, specifier_table, NULL, &resolved);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to substitute specifiers in copy source %s: %m", i->argument);
+
+                log_debug("Copying tree \"%s\" to \"%s\".", resolved, i->path);
+                r = copy_tree(resolved, i->path, false);
+
+                if (r == -EROFS && stat(i->path, &st) == 0)
+                        r = -EEXIST;
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        struct stat a, b;
+
+                        if (r != -EEXIST)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to copy files to %s: %m", i->path);
+
+                        if (stat(resolved, &a) < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "stat(%s) failed: %m", resolved);
+
+                        if (stat(i->path, &b) < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "stat(%s) failed: %m", i->path);
+
+                        if ((a.st_mode ^ b.st_mode) & S_IFMT) {
+                                log_debug("Can't copy to %s, file exists already and is of different type", i->path);
+                                return 0;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                r = path_set_perms(i, i->path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                break;
+
+        case WRITE_FILE:
+                r = glob_item(i, write_one_file, false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                break;
+
+        case CREATE_DIRECTORY:
+        case TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY:
+        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME:
+        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA:
+        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA:
+                RUN_WITH_UMASK(0000)
+                        mkdir_parents_label(i->path, 0755);
+
+                if (IN_SET(i->type, CREATE_SUBVOLUME, CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA, CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA)) {
+
+                        if (btrfs_is_subvol(isempty(arg_root) ? "/" : arg_root) <= 0)
+
+                                /* Don't create a subvolume unless the
+                                 * root directory is one, too. We do
+                                 * this under the assumption that if
+                                 * the root directory is just a plain
+                                 * directory (i.e. very light-weight),
+                                 * we shouldn't try to split it up
+                                 * into subvolumes (i.e. more
+                                 * heavy-weight). Thus, chroot()
+                                 * environments and suchlike will get
+                                 * a full brtfs subvolume set up below
+                                 * their tree only if they
+                                 * specifically set up a btrfs
+                                 * subvolume for the root dir too. */
+
+                                r = -ENOTTY;
+                        else {
+                                RUN_WITH_UMASK((~i->mode) & 0777)
+                                        r = btrfs_subvol_make(i->path);
+                        }
+                } else
+                        r = 0;
+
+                if (IN_SET(i->type, CREATE_DIRECTORY, TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY) || r == -ENOTTY)
+                        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0000)
+                                r = mkdir_label(i->path, i->mode);
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        int k;
+
+                        if (r != -EEXIST && r != -EROFS)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create directory or subvolume \"%s\": %m", i->path);
+
+                        k = is_dir(i->path, false);
+                        if (k == -ENOENT && r == -EROFS)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "%s does not exist and cannot be created as the file system is read-only.", i->path);
+                        if (k < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(k, "Failed to check if %s exists: %m", i->path);
+                        if (!k) {
+                                log_warning("\"%s\" already exists and is not a directory.", i->path);
+                                return 0;
+                        }
+
+                        creation = CREATION_EXISTING;
+                } else
+                        creation = CREATION_NORMAL;
+
+                log_debug("%s directory \"%s\".", creation_mode_verb_to_string(creation), i->path);
+
+                if (IN_SET(i->type, CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA, CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA)) {
+                        r = btrfs_subvol_auto_qgroup(i->path, 0, i->type == CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA);
+                        if (r == -ENOTTY)
+                                log_debug_errno(r, "Couldn't adjust quota for subvolume \"%s\" (unsupported fs or dir not a subvolume): %m", i->path);
+                        else if (r == -EROFS)
+                                log_debug_errno(r, "Couldn't adjust quota for subvolume \"%s\" (fs is read-only).", i->path);
+                        else if (r == -ENOPROTOOPT)
+                                log_debug_errno(r, "Couldn't adjust quota for subvolume \"%s\" (quota support is disabled).", i->path);
+                        else if (r < 0)
+                                q = log_error_errno(r, "Failed to adjust quota for subvolume \"%s\": %m", i->path);
+                        else if (r > 0)
+                                log_debug("Adjusted quota for subvolume \"%s\".", i->path);
+                        else if (r == 0)
+                                log_debug("Quota for subvolume \"%s\" already in place, no change made.", i->path);
+                }
+
+                /* fall through */
+
+        case EMPTY_DIRECTORY:
+                r = path_set_perms(i, i->path);
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return q;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                break;
+
+        case CREATE_FIFO:
+                RUN_WITH_UMASK(0000) {
+                        mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(i->path, S_IFIFO);
+                        r = mkfifo(i->path, i->mode);
+                        mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
+                }
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (errno != EEXIST)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create fifo %s: %m", i->path);
+
+                        if (lstat(i->path, &st) < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "stat(%s) failed: %m", i->path);
+
+                        if (!S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode)) {
+
+                                if (i->force) {
+                                        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0000) {
+                                                mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(i->path, S_IFIFO);
+                                                r = mkfifo_atomic(i->path, i->mode);
+                                                mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
+                                        }
+
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create fifo %s: %m", i->path);
+                                        creation = CREATION_FORCE;
+                                } else {
+                                        log_warning("\"%s\" already exists and is not a fifo.", i->path);
+                                        return 0;
+                                }
+                        } else
+                                creation = CREATION_EXISTING;
+                } else
+                        creation = CREATION_NORMAL;
+                log_debug("%s fifo \"%s\".", creation_mode_verb_to_string(creation), i->path);
+
+                r = path_set_perms(i, i->path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case CREATE_SYMLINK: {
+                r = specifier_printf(i->argument, specifier_table, NULL, &resolved);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to substitute specifiers in symlink target %s: %m", i->argument);
+
+                mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(i->path, S_IFLNK);
+                r = symlink(resolved, i->path);
+                mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *x = NULL;
+
+                        if (errno != EEXIST)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "symlink(%s, %s) failed: %m", resolved, i->path);
+
+                        r = readlink_malloc(i->path, &x);
+                        if (r < 0 || !streq(resolved, x)) {
+
+                                if (i->force) {
+                                        mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(i->path, S_IFLNK);
+                                        r = symlink_atomic(resolved, i->path);
+                                        mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
+
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                return log_error_errno(r, "symlink(%s, %s) failed: %m", resolved, i->path);
+
+                                        creation = CREATION_FORCE;
+                                } else {
+                                        log_debug("\"%s\" is not a symlink or does not point to the correct path.", i->path);
+                                        return 0;
+                                }
+                        } else
+                                creation = CREATION_EXISTING;
+                } else
+
+                        creation = CREATION_NORMAL;
+                log_debug("%s symlink \"%s\".", creation_mode_verb_to_string(creation), i->path);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case CREATE_BLOCK_DEVICE:
+        case CREATE_CHAR_DEVICE: {
+                mode_t file_type;
+
+                if (have_effective_cap(CAP_MKNOD) == 0) {
+                        /* In a container we lack CAP_MKNOD. We
+                        shouldn't attempt to create the device node in
+                        that case to avoid noise, and we don't support
+                        virtualized devices in containers anyway. */
+
+                        log_debug("We lack CAP_MKNOD, skipping creation of device node %s.", i->path);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                file_type = i->type == CREATE_BLOCK_DEVICE ? S_IFBLK : S_IFCHR;
+
+                RUN_WITH_UMASK(0000) {
+                        mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(i->path, file_type);
+                        r = mknod(i->path, i->mode | file_type, i->major_minor);
+                        mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
+                }
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (errno == EPERM) {
+                                log_debug("We lack permissions, possibly because of cgroup configuration; "
+                                          "skipping creation of device node %s.", i->path);
+                                return 0;
+                        }
+
+                        if (errno != EEXIST)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create device node %s: %m", i->path);
+
+                        if (lstat(i->path, &st) < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "stat(%s) failed: %m", i->path);
+
+                        if ((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) != file_type) {
+
+                                if (i->force) {
+
+                                        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0000) {
+                                                mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(i->path, file_type);
+                                                r = mknod_atomic(i->path, i->mode | file_type, i->major_minor);
+                                                mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
+                                        }
+
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create device node \"%s\": %m", i->path);
+                                        creation = CREATION_FORCE;
+                                } else {
+                                        log_debug("%s is not a device node.", i->path);
+                                        return 0;
+                                }
+                        } else
+                                creation = CREATION_EXISTING;
+                } else
+                        creation = CREATION_NORMAL;
+
+                log_debug("%s %s device node \"%s\" %u:%u.",
+                          creation_mode_verb_to_string(creation),
+                          i->type == CREATE_BLOCK_DEVICE ? "block" : "char",
+                          i->path, major(i->mode), minor(i->mode));
+
+                r = path_set_perms(i, i->path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case ADJUST_MODE:
+        case RELABEL_PATH:
+                r = glob_item(i, path_set_perms, false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                break;
+
+        case RECURSIVE_RELABEL_PATH:
+                r = glob_item(i, path_set_perms, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                break;
+
+        case SET_XATTR:
+                r = glob_item(i, path_set_xattrs, false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                break;
+
+        case RECURSIVE_SET_XATTR:
+                r = glob_item(i, path_set_xattrs, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                break;
+
+        case SET_ACL:
+                r = glob_item(i, path_set_acls, false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                break;
+
+        case RECURSIVE_SET_ACL:
+                r = glob_item(i, path_set_acls, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                break;
+
+        case SET_ATTRIBUTE:
+                r = glob_item(i, path_set_attribute, false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                break;
+
+        case RECURSIVE_SET_ATTRIBUTE:
+                r = glob_item(i, path_set_attribute, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int remove_item_instance(Item *i, const char *instance) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        switch (i->type) {
+
+        case REMOVE_PATH:
+                if (remove(instance) < 0 && errno != ENOENT)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "rm(%s): %m", instance);
+
+                break;
+
+        case TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY:
+        case RECURSIVE_REMOVE_PATH:
+                /* FIXME: we probably should use dir_cleanup() here
+                 * instead of rm_rf() so that 'x' is honoured. */
+                log_debug("rm -rf \"%s\"", instance);
+                r = rm_rf(instance, (i->type == RECURSIVE_REMOVE_PATH ? REMOVE_ROOT|REMOVE_SUBVOLUME : 0) | REMOVE_PHYSICAL);
+                if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "rm_rf(%s): %m", instance);
+
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("wut?");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int remove_item(Item *i) {
+        assert(i);
+
+        log_debug("Running remove action for entry %c %s", (char) i->type, i->path);
+
+        switch (i->type) {
+
+        case REMOVE_PATH:
+        case TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY:
+        case RECURSIVE_REMOVE_PATH:
+                return glob_item(i, remove_item_instance, false);
+
+        default:
+                return 0;
+        }
+}
+
+static int clean_item_instance(Item *i, const char* instance) {
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
+        struct stat s, ps;
+        bool mountpoint;
+        usec_t cutoff, n;
+        char timestamp[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        if (!i->age_set)
+                return 0;
+
+        n = now(CLOCK_REALTIME);
+        if (n < i->age)
+                return 0;
+
+        cutoff = n - i->age;
+
+        d = opendir_nomod(instance);
+        if (!d) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT || errno == ENOTDIR) {
+                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Directory \"%s\": %m", instance);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open directory %s: %m", instance);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (fstat(dirfd(d), &s) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "stat(%s) failed: %m", i->path);
+
+        if (!S_ISDIR(s.st_mode)) {
+                log_error("%s is not a directory.", i->path);
+                return -ENOTDIR;
+        }
+
+        if (fstatat(dirfd(d), "..", &ps, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) != 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "stat(%s/..) failed: %m", i->path);
+
+        mountpoint = s.st_dev != ps.st_dev || s.st_ino == ps.st_ino;
+
+        log_debug("Cleanup threshold for %s \"%s\" is %s",
+                  mountpoint ? "mount point" : "directory",
+                  instance,
+                  format_timestamp_us(timestamp, sizeof(timestamp), cutoff));
+
+        return dir_cleanup(i, instance, d, &s, cutoff, s.st_dev, mountpoint,
+                           MAX_DEPTH, i->keep_first_level);
+}
+
+static int clean_item(Item *i) {
+        assert(i);
+
+        log_debug("Running clean action for entry %c %s", (char) i->type, i->path);
+
+        switch (i->type) {
+        case CREATE_DIRECTORY:
+        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME:
+        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA:
+        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA:
+        case EMPTY_DIRECTORY:
+        case TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY:
+        case IGNORE_PATH:
+        case COPY_FILES:
+                clean_item_instance(i, i->path);
+                return 0;
+        case IGNORE_DIRECTORY_PATH:
+                return glob_item(i, clean_item_instance, false);
+        default:
+                return 0;
+        }
+}
+
+static int process_item_array(ItemArray *array);
+
+static int process_item(Item *i) {
+        int r, q, p, t = 0;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *prefix = NULL;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        if (i->done)
+                return 0;
+
+        i->done = true;
+
+        prefix = malloc(strlen(i->path) + 1);
+        if (!prefix)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        PATH_FOREACH_PREFIX(prefix, i->path) {
+                ItemArray *j;
+
+                j = ordered_hashmap_get(items, prefix);
+                if (j) {
+                        int s;
+
+                        s = process_item_array(j);
+                        if (s < 0 && t == 0)
+                                t = s;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = arg_create ? create_item(i) : 0;
+        q = arg_remove ? remove_item(i) : 0;
+        p = arg_clean ? clean_item(i) : 0;
+
+        return t < 0 ? t :
+                r < 0 ? r :
+                q < 0 ? q :
+                p;
+}
+
+static int process_item_array(ItemArray *array) {
+        unsigned n;
+        int r = 0, k;
+
+        assert(array);
+
+        for (n = 0; n < array->count; n++) {
+                k = process_item(array->items + n);
+                if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                        r = k;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void item_free_contents(Item *i) {
+        assert(i);
+        free(i->path);
+        free(i->argument);
+        strv_free(i->xattrs);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ACL
+        acl_free(i->acl_access);
+        acl_free(i->acl_default);
+#endif
+}
+
+static void item_array_free(ItemArray *a) {
+        unsigned n;
+
+        if (!a)
+                return;
+
+        for (n = 0; n < a->count; n++)
+                item_free_contents(a->items + n);
+        free(a->items);
+        free(a);
+}
+
+static int item_compare(const void *a, const void *b) {
+        const Item *x = a, *y = b;
+
+        /* Make sure that the ownership taking item is put first, so
+         * that we first create the node, and then can adjust it */
+
+        if (takes_ownership(x->type) && !takes_ownership(y->type))
+                return -1;
+        if (!takes_ownership(x->type) && takes_ownership(y->type))
+                return 1;
+
+        return (int) x->type - (int) y->type;
+}
+
+static bool item_compatible(Item *a, Item *b) {
+        assert(a);
+        assert(b);
+        assert(streq(a->path, b->path));
+
+        if (takes_ownership(a->type) && takes_ownership(b->type))
+                /* check if the items are the same */
+                return  streq_ptr(a->argument, b->argument) &&
+
+                        a->uid_set == b->uid_set &&
+                        a->uid == b->uid &&
+
+                        a->gid_set == b->gid_set &&
+                        a->gid == b->gid &&
+
+                        a->mode_set == b->mode_set &&
+                        a->mode == b->mode &&
+
+                        a->age_set == b->age_set &&
+                        a->age == b->age &&
+
+                        a->mask_perms == b->mask_perms &&
+
+                        a->keep_first_level == b->keep_first_level &&
+
+                        a->major_minor == b->major_minor;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static bool should_include_path(const char *path) {
+        char **prefix;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(prefix, arg_exclude_prefixes)
+                if (path_startswith(path, *prefix)) {
+                        log_debug("Entry \"%s\" matches exclude prefix \"%s\", skipping.",
+                                  path, *prefix);
+                        return false;
+                }
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(prefix, arg_include_prefixes)
+                if (path_startswith(path, *prefix)) {
+                        log_debug("Entry \"%s\" matches include prefix \"%s\".", path, *prefix);
+                        return true;
+                }
+
+        /* no matches, so we should include this path only if we
+         * have no whitelist at all */
+        if (strv_length(arg_include_prefixes) == 0)
+                return true;
+
+        log_debug("Entry \"%s\" does not match any include prefix, skipping.", path);
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int parse_line(const char *fname, unsigned line, const char *buffer) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *action = NULL, *mode = NULL, *user = NULL, *group = NULL, *age = NULL, *path = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(item_free_contents) Item i = {};
+        ItemArray *existing;
+        OrderedHashmap *h;
+        int r, pos;
+        bool force = false, boot = false;
+
+        assert(fname);
+        assert(line >= 1);
+        assert(buffer);
+
+        r = extract_many_words(
+                        &buffer,
+                        NULL,
+                        EXTRACT_QUOTES,
+                        &action,
+                        &path,
+                        &mode,
+                        &user,
+                        &group,
+                        &age,
+                        NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "[%s:%u] Failed to parse line: %m", fname, line);
+        else if (r < 2) {
+                log_error("[%s:%u] Syntax error.", fname, line);
+                return -EIO;
+        }
+
+        if (!isempty(buffer) && !streq(buffer, "-")) {
+                i.argument = strdup(buffer);
+                if (!i.argument)
+                        return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        if (isempty(action)) {
+                log_error("[%s:%u] Command too short '%s'.", fname, line, action);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        for (pos = 1; action[pos]; pos++) {
+                if (action[pos] == '!' && !boot)
+                        boot = true;
+                else if (action[pos] == '+' && !force)
+                        force = true;
+                else {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Unknown modifiers in command '%s'",
+                                  fname, line, action);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (boot && !arg_boot) {
+                log_debug("Ignoring entry %s \"%s\" because --boot is not specified.",
+                          action, path);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        i.type = action[0];
+        i.force = force;
+
+        r = specifier_printf(path, specifier_table, NULL, &i.path);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("[%s:%u] Failed to replace specifiers: %s", fname, line, path);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        switch (i.type) {
+
+        case CREATE_DIRECTORY:
+        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME:
+        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA:
+        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA:
+        case EMPTY_DIRECTORY:
+        case TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY:
+        case CREATE_FIFO:
+        case IGNORE_PATH:
+        case IGNORE_DIRECTORY_PATH:
+        case REMOVE_PATH:
+        case RECURSIVE_REMOVE_PATH:
+        case ADJUST_MODE:
+        case RELABEL_PATH:
+        case RECURSIVE_RELABEL_PATH:
+                if (i.argument)
+                        log_warning("[%s:%u] %c lines don't take argument fields, ignoring.", fname, line, i.type);
+
+                break;
+
+        case CREATE_FILE:
+        case TRUNCATE_FILE:
+                break;
+
+        case CREATE_SYMLINK:
+                if (!i.argument) {
+                        i.argument = strappend("/usr/share/factory/", i.path);
+                        if (!i.argument)
+                                return log_oom();
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case WRITE_FILE:
+                if (!i.argument) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Write file requires argument.", fname, line);
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case COPY_FILES:
+                if (!i.argument) {
+                        i.argument = strappend("/usr/share/factory/", i.path);
+                        if (!i.argument)
+                                return log_oom();
+                } else if (!path_is_absolute(i.argument)) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Source path is not absolute.", fname, line);
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+                }
+
+                path_kill_slashes(i.argument);
+                break;
+
+        case CREATE_CHAR_DEVICE:
+        case CREATE_BLOCK_DEVICE: {
+                unsigned major, minor;
+
+                if (!i.argument) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Device file requires argument.", fname, line);
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+                }
+
+                if (sscanf(i.argument, "%u:%u", &major, &minor) != 2) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Can't parse device file major/minor '%s'.", fname, line, i.argument);
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+                }
+
+                i.major_minor = makedev(major, minor);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case SET_XATTR:
+        case RECURSIVE_SET_XATTR:
+                if (!i.argument) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Set extended attribute requires argument.", fname, line);
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+                }
+                r = parse_xattrs_from_arg(&i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                break;
+
+        case SET_ACL:
+        case RECURSIVE_SET_ACL:
+                if (!i.argument) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Set ACLs requires argument.", fname, line);
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+                }
+                r = parse_acls_from_arg(&i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                break;
+
+        case SET_ATTRIBUTE:
+        case RECURSIVE_SET_ATTRIBUTE:
+                if (!i.argument) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Set file attribute requires argument.", fname, line);
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+                }
+                r = parse_attribute_from_arg(&i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                log_error("[%s:%u] Unknown command type '%c'.", fname, line, (char) i.type);
+                return -EBADMSG;
+        }
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(i.path)) {
+                log_error("[%s:%u] Path '%s' not absolute.", fname, line, i.path);
+                return -EBADMSG;
+        }
+
+        path_kill_slashes(i.path);
+
+        if (!should_include_path(i.path))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (arg_root) {
+                char *p;
+
+                p = prefix_root(arg_root, i.path);
+                if (!p)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                free(i.path);
+                i.path = p;
+        }
+
+        if (!isempty(user) && !streq(user, "-")) {
+                const char *u = user;
+
+                r = get_user_creds(&u, &i.uid, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Unknown user '%s'.", fname, line, user);
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                i.uid_set = true;
+        }
+
+        if (!isempty(group) && !streq(group, "-")) {
+                const char *g = group;
+
+                r = get_group_creds(&g, &i.gid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Unknown group '%s'.", fname, line, group);
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                i.gid_set = true;
+        }
+
+        if (!isempty(mode) && !streq(mode, "-")) {
+                const char *mm = mode;
+                unsigned m;
+
+                if (*mm == '~') {
+                        i.mask_perms = true;
+                        mm++;
+                }
+
+                if (parse_mode(mm, &m) < 0) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Invalid mode '%s'.", fname, line, mode);
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+                }
+
+                i.mode = m;
+                i.mode_set = true;
+        } else
+                i.mode = IN_SET(i.type, CREATE_DIRECTORY, TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY, CREATE_SUBVOLUME, CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA, CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA) ? 0755 : 0644;
+
+        if (!isempty(age) && !streq(age, "-")) {
+                const char *a = age;
+
+                if (*a == '~') {
+                        i.keep_first_level = true;
+                        a++;
+                }
+
+                if (parse_sec(a, &i.age) < 0) {
+                        log_error("[%s:%u] Invalid age '%s'.", fname, line, age);
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+                }
+
+                i.age_set = true;
+        }
+
+        h = needs_glob(i.type) ? globs : items;
+
+        existing = ordered_hashmap_get(h, i.path);
+        if (existing) {
+                unsigned n;
+
+                for (n = 0; n < existing->count; n++) {
+                        if (!item_compatible(existing->items + n, &i)) {
+                                log_warning("[%s:%u] Duplicate line for path \"%s\", ignoring.",
+                                            fname, line, i.path);
+                                return 0;
+                        }
+                }
+        } else {
+                existing = new0(ItemArray, 1);
+                r = ordered_hashmap_put(h, i.path, existing);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(existing->items, existing->size, existing->count + 1))
+                return log_oom();
+
+        memcpy(existing->items + existing->count++, &i, sizeof(i));
+
+        /* Sort item array, to enforce stable ordering of application */
+        qsort_safe(existing->items, existing->count, sizeof(Item), item_compare);
+
+        zero(i);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void help(void) {
+        printf("%s [OPTIONS...] [CONFIGURATION FILE...]\n\n"
+               "Creates, deletes and cleans up volatile and temporary files and directories.\n\n"
+               "  -h --help                 Show this help\n"
+               "     --version              Show package version\n"
+               "     --create               Create marked files/directories\n"
+               "     --clean                Clean up marked directories\n"
+               "     --remove               Remove marked files/directories\n"
+               "     --boot                 Execute actions only safe at boot\n"
+               "     --prefix=PATH          Only apply rules with the specified prefix\n"
+               "     --exclude-prefix=PATH  Ignore rules with the specified prefix\n"
+               "     --root=PATH            Operate on an alternate filesystem root\n",
+               program_invocation_short_name);
+}
+
+static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+
+        enum {
+                ARG_VERSION = 0x100,
+                ARG_CREATE,
+                ARG_CLEAN,
+                ARG_REMOVE,
+                ARG_BOOT,
+                ARG_PREFIX,
+                ARG_EXCLUDE_PREFIX,
+                ARG_ROOT,
+        };
+
+        static const struct option options[] = {
+                { "help",           no_argument,         NULL, 'h'                },
+                { "version",        no_argument,         NULL, ARG_VERSION        },
+                { "create",         no_argument,         NULL, ARG_CREATE         },
+                { "clean",          no_argument,         NULL, ARG_CLEAN          },
+                { "remove",         no_argument,         NULL, ARG_REMOVE         },
+                { "boot",           no_argument,         NULL, ARG_BOOT           },
+                { "prefix",         required_argument,   NULL, ARG_PREFIX         },
+                { "exclude-prefix", required_argument,   NULL, ARG_EXCLUDE_PREFIX },
+                { "root",           required_argument,   NULL, ARG_ROOT           },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        int c, r;
+
+        assert(argc >= 0);
+        assert(argv);
+
+        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "h", options, NULL)) >= 0)
+
+                switch (c) {
+
+                case 'h':
+                        help();
+                        return 0;
+
+                case ARG_VERSION:
+                        return version();
+
+                case ARG_CREATE:
+                        arg_create = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_CLEAN:
+                        arg_clean = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_REMOVE:
+                        arg_remove = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_BOOT:
+                        arg_boot = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_PREFIX:
+                        if (strv_push(&arg_include_prefixes, optarg) < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_EXCLUDE_PREFIX:
+                        if (strv_push(&arg_exclude_prefixes, optarg) < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_ROOT:
+                        r = parse_path_argument_and_warn(optarg, true, &arg_root);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        break;
+
+                case '?':
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
+                }
+
+        if (!arg_clean && !arg_create && !arg_remove) {
+                log_error("You need to specify at least one of --clean, --create or --remove.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int read_config_file(const char *fn, bool ignore_enoent) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *_f = NULL;
+        FILE *f;
+        char line[LINE_MAX];
+        Iterator iterator;
+        unsigned v = 0;
+        Item *i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(fn);
+
+        if (streq(fn, "-")) {
+                log_debug("Reading config from stdin.");
+                fn = "<stdin>";
+                f = stdin;
+        } else {
+                r = search_and_fopen_nulstr(fn, "re", arg_root, conf_file_dirs, &_f);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (ignore_enoent && r == -ENOENT) {
+                                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to open \"%s\", ignoring: %m", fn);
+                                return 0;
+                        }
+
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open '%s': %m", fn);
+                }
+                log_debug("Reading config file \"%s\".", fn);
+                f = _f;
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_LINE(line, f, break) {
+                char *l;
+                int k;
+
+                v++;
+
+                l = strstrip(line);
+                if (*l == '#' || *l == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                k = parse_line(fn, v, l);
+                if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                        r = k;
+        }
+
+        /* we have to determine age parameter for each entry of type X */
+        ORDERED_HASHMAP_FOREACH(i, globs, iterator) {
+                Iterator iter;
+                Item *j, *candidate_item = NULL;
+
+                if (i->type != IGNORE_DIRECTORY_PATH)
+                        continue;
+
+                ORDERED_HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, items, iter) {
+                        if (!IN_SET(j->type, CREATE_DIRECTORY, TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY, CREATE_SUBVOLUME, CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA, CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA))
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (path_equal(j->path, i->path)) {
+                                candidate_item = j;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        if ((!candidate_item && path_startswith(i->path, j->path)) ||
+                            (candidate_item && path_startswith(j->path, candidate_item->path) && (fnmatch(i->path, j->path, FNM_PATHNAME | FNM_PERIOD) == 0)))
+                                candidate_item = j;
+                }
+
+                if (candidate_item && candidate_item->age_set) {
+                        i->age = candidate_item->age;
+                        i->age_set = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (ferror(f)) {
+                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read from file %s: %m", fn);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        r = -EIO;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        int r, k;
+        ItemArray *a;
+        Iterator iterator;
+
+        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        mac_selinux_init();
+
+        items = ordered_hashmap_new(&string_hash_ops);
+        globs = ordered_hashmap_new(&string_hash_ops);
+
+        if (!items || !globs) {
+                r = log_oom();
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = 0;
+
+        if (optind < argc) {
+                int j;
+
+                for (j = optind; j < argc; j++) {
+                        k = read_config_file(argv[j], false);
+                        if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+
+        } else {
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **files = NULL;
+                char **f;
+
+                r = conf_files_list_nulstr(&files, ".conf", arg_root, conf_file_dirs);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to enumerate tmpfiles.d files: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(f, files) {
+                        k = read_config_file(*f, true);
+                        if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* The non-globbing ones usually create things, hence we apply
+         * them first */
+        ORDERED_HASHMAP_FOREACH(a, items, iterator) {
+                k = process_item_array(a);
+                if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                        r = k;
+        }
+
+        /* The globbing ones usually alter things, hence we apply them
+         * second. */
+        ORDERED_HASHMAP_FOREACH(a, globs, iterator) {
+                k = process_item_array(a);
+                if (k < 0 && r == 0)
+                        r = k;
+        }
+
+finish:
+        while ((a = ordered_hashmap_steal_first(items)))
+                item_array_free(a);
+
+        while ((a = ordered_hashmap_steal_first(globs)))
+                item_array_free(a);
+
+        ordered_hashmap_free(items);
+        ordered_hashmap_free(globs);
+
+        free(arg_include_prefixes);
+        free(arg_exclude_prefixes);
+        free(arg_root);
+
+        set_free_free(unix_sockets);
+
+        mac_selinux_finish();
+
+        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-update-done/systemd-update-done.service.in b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-update-done/systemd-update-done.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ec7d906392
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-update-done/systemd-update-done.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Update is Completed
+Documentation=man:systemd-update-done.service(8)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+Conflicts=shutdown.target
+After=local-fs.target
+Before=sysinit.target shutdown.target
+ConditionNeedsUpdate=|/etc
+ConditionNeedsUpdate=|/var
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-update-done
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-update-done/update-done.c b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-update-done/update-done.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..da306a4444
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-update-done/update-done.c
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "io-util.h"
+#include "selinux-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#define MESSAGE                                                         \
+        "This file was created by systemd-update-done. Its only \n"     \
+        "purpose is to hold a timestamp of the time this directory\n"   \
+        "was updated. See systemd-update-done.service(8).\n"
+
+static int apply_timestamp(const char *path, struct timespec *ts) {
+        struct timespec twice[2] = {
+                *ts,
+                *ts
+        };
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(ts);
+
+        if (stat(path, &st) >= 0) {
+                /* Is the timestamp file already newer than the OS? If
+                 * so, there's nothing to do. We ignore the nanosecond
+                 * component of the timestamp, since some file systems
+                 * do not support any better accuracy than 1s and we
+                 * have no way to identify the accuracy
+                 * available. Most notably ext4 on small disks (where
+                 * 128 byte inodes are used) does not support better
+                 * accuracy than 1s. */
+                if (st.st_mtim.tv_sec > ts->tv_sec)
+                        return 0;
+
+                /* It is older? Then let's update it */
+                if (utimensat(AT_FDCWD, path, twice, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) < 0) {
+
+                        if (errno == EROFS)
+                                return log_debug("Can't update timestamp file %s, file system is read-only.", path);
+
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to update timestamp on %s: %m", path);
+                }
+
+        } else if (errno == ENOENT) {
+                _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+                int r;
+
+                /* The timestamp file doesn't exist yet? Then let's create it. */
+
+                r = mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(path, S_IFREG);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set SELinux context for %s: %m", path);
+
+                fd = open(path, O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW, 0644);
+                mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
+
+                if (fd < 0) {
+                        if (errno == EROFS)
+                                return log_debug("Can't create timestamp file %s, file system is read-only.", path);
+
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create timestamp file %s: %m", path);
+                }
+
+                (void) loop_write(fd, MESSAGE, strlen(MESSAGE), false);
+
+                if (futimens(fd, twice) < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to update timestamp on %s: %m", path);
+        } else
+                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to stat() timestamp file %s: %m", path);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        struct stat st;
+        int r, q = 0;
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        if (stat("/usr", &st) < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to stat /usr: %m");
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        r = mac_selinux_init();
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "SELinux setup failed: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = apply_timestamp("/etc/.updated", &st.st_mtim);
+        q = apply_timestamp("/var/.updated", &st.st_mtim);
+
+finish:
+        return r < 0 || q < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-update-utmp/systemd-update-utmp.service.in b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-update-utmp/systemd-update-utmp.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..163eccd91f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-update-utmp/systemd-update-utmp.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown
+Documentation=man:systemd-update-utmp.service(8) man:utmp(5)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+RequiresMountsFor=/var/log/wtmp
+Conflicts=shutdown.target
+After=systemd-remount-fs.service systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service auditd.service
+Before=sysinit.target shutdown.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-update-utmp reboot
+ExecStop=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-update-utmp shutdown
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-update-utmp/update-utmp.c b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-update-utmp/update-utmp.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fedcaef91c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-update-utmp/update-utmp.c
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+#include <libaudit.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "utmp-wtmp.h"
+
+typedef struct Context {
+        sd_bus *bus;
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+        int audit_fd;
+#endif
+} Context;
+
+static usec_t get_startup_time(Context *c) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        usec_t t = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        r = sd_bus_get_property_trivial(
+                        c->bus,
+                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
+                        "UserspaceTimestamp",
+                        &error,
+                        't', &t);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get timestamp: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return t;
+}
+
+static int get_current_runlevel(Context *c) {
+        static const struct {
+                const int runlevel;
+                const char *special;
+        } table[] = {
+                /* The first target of this list that is active or has
+                 * a job scheduled wins. We prefer runlevels 5 and 3
+                 * here over the others, since these are the main
+                 * runlevels used on Fedora. It might make sense to
+                 * change the order on some distributions. */
+                { '5', SPECIAL_GRAPHICAL_TARGET  },
+                { '3', SPECIAL_MULTI_USER_TARGET },
+                { '1', SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET     },
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        int r;
+        unsigned i;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(table); i++) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *state = NULL, *path = NULL;
+
+                path = unit_dbus_path_from_name(table[i].special);
+                if (!path)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = sd_bus_get_property_string(
+                                c->bus,
+                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
+                                path,
+                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",
+                                "ActiveState",
+                                &error,
+                                &state);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to get state: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+                if (streq(state, "active") || streq(state, "reloading"))
+                        return table[i].runlevel;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int on_reboot(Context *c) {
+        int r = 0, q;
+        usec_t t;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        /* We finished start-up, so let's write the utmp
+         * record and send the audit msg */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+        if (c->audit_fd >= 0)
+                if (audit_log_user_comm_message(c->audit_fd, AUDIT_SYSTEM_BOOT, "", "systemd-update-utmp", NULL, NULL, NULL, 1) < 0 &&
+                    errno != EPERM) {
+                        r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to send audit message: %m");
+                }
+#endif
+
+        /* If this call fails it will return 0, which
+         * utmp_put_reboot() will then fix to the current time */
+        t = get_startup_time(c);
+
+        q = utmp_put_reboot(t);
+        if (q < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(q, "Failed to write utmp record: %m");
+                r = q;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int on_shutdown(Context *c) {
+        int r = 0, q;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        /* We started shut-down, so let's write the utmp
+         * record and send the audit msg */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+        if (c->audit_fd >= 0)
+                if (audit_log_user_comm_message(c->audit_fd, AUDIT_SYSTEM_SHUTDOWN, "", "systemd-update-utmp", NULL, NULL, NULL, 1) < 0 &&
+                    errno != EPERM) {
+                        r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to send audit message: %m");
+                }
+#endif
+
+        q = utmp_put_shutdown();
+        if (q < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(q, "Failed to write utmp record: %m");
+                r = q;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int on_runlevel(Context *c) {
+        int r = 0, q, previous, runlevel;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        /* We finished changing runlevel, so let's write the
+         * utmp record and send the audit msg */
+
+        /* First, get last runlevel */
+        q = utmp_get_runlevel(&previous, NULL);
+
+        if (q < 0) {
+                if (q != -ESRCH && q != -ENOENT)
+                        return log_error_errno(q, "Failed to get current runlevel: %m");
+
+                previous = 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Secondly, get new runlevel */
+        runlevel = get_current_runlevel(c);
+
+        if (runlevel < 0)
+                return runlevel;
+
+        if (previous == runlevel)
+                return 0;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+        if (c->audit_fd >= 0) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+
+                if (asprintf(&s, "old-level=%c new-level=%c",
+                             previous > 0 ? previous : 'N',
+                             runlevel > 0 ? runlevel : 'N') < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (audit_log_user_comm_message(c->audit_fd, AUDIT_SYSTEM_RUNLEVEL, s, "systemd-update-utmp", NULL, NULL, NULL, 1) < 0 && errno != EPERM)
+                        r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to send audit message: %m");
+        }
+#endif
+
+        q = utmp_put_runlevel(runlevel, previous);
+        if (q < 0 && q != -ESRCH && q != -ENOENT) {
+                log_error_errno(q, "Failed to write utmp record: %m");
+                r = q;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        Context c = {
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+                .audit_fd = -1
+#endif
+        };
+        int r;
+
+        if (getppid() != 1) {
+                log_error("This program should be invoked by init only.");
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        if (argc != 2) {
+                log_error("This program requires one argument.");
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+        /* If the kernel lacks netlink or audit support,
+         * don't worry about it. */
+        c.audit_fd = audit_open();
+        if (c.audit_fd < 0 && errno != EAFNOSUPPORT && errno != EPROTONOSUPPORT)
+                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to connect to audit log: %m");
+#endif
+        r = bus_connect_system_systemd(&c.bus);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get D-Bus connection: %m");
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("systemd-update-utmp running as pid "PID_FMT, getpid());
+
+        if (streq(argv[1], "reboot"))
+                r = on_reboot(&c);
+        else if (streq(argv[1], "shutdown"))
+                r = on_shutdown(&c);
+        else if (streq(argv[1], "runlevel"))
+                r = on_runlevel(&c);
+        else {
+                log_error("Unknown command %s", argv[1]);
+                r = -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("systemd-update-utmp stopped as pid "PID_FMT, getpid());
+
+finish:
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+        if (c.audit_fd >= 0)
+                audit_close(c.audit_fd);
+#endif
+
+        sd_bus_flush_close_unref(c.bus);
+        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-user-sessions/systemd-user-sessions.service.in b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-user-sessions/systemd-user-sessions.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4ea5a134b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-user-sessions/systemd-user-sessions.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Permit User Sessions
+Documentation=man:systemd-user-sessions.service(8)
+After=remote-fs.target nss-user-lookup.target network.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-user-sessions start
+ExecStop=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-user-sessions stop
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-user-sessions/user-sessions.c b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-user-sessions/user-sessions.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b29b5ba1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-user-sessions/user-sessions.c
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "fileio-label.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "selinux-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char*argv[]) {
+
+        if (argc != 2) {
+                log_error("This program requires one argument.");
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        mac_selinux_init();
+
+        if (streq(argv[1], "start")) {
+                int r = 0;
+
+                if (unlink("/run/nologin") < 0 && errno != ENOENT)
+                        r = log_error_errno(errno,
+                                            "Failed to remove /run/nologin file: %m");
+
+                if (unlink("/etc/nologin") < 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
+                        /* If the file doesn't exist and /etc simply
+                         * was read-only (in which case unlink()
+                         * returns EROFS even if the file doesn't
+                         * exist), don't complain */
+
+                        if (errno != EROFS || access("/etc/nologin", F_OK) >= 0) {
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to remove /etc/nologin file: %m");
+                                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+
+        } else if (streq(argv[1], "stop")) {
+                int r;
+
+                r = write_string_file_atomic_label("/run/nologin", "System is going down.");
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create /run/nologin: %m");
+                        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+                }
+
+        } else {
+                log_error("Unknown verb %s.", argv[1]);
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        mac_selinux_finish();
+
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-vconsole-setup/.gitignore b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-vconsole-setup/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82741b2fb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-vconsole-setup/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/90-vconsole.rules
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-vconsole-setup/90-vconsole.rules.in b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-vconsole-setup/90-vconsole.rules.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..35b9ad5151
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-vconsole-setup/90-vconsole.rules.in
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+# Each vtcon keeps its own state of fonts.
+#
+ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="vtconsole", KERNEL=="vtcon*", RUN+="@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-vconsole-setup"
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-vconsole-setup/systemd-vconsole-setup.service.in b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-vconsole-setup/systemd-vconsole-setup.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6160361871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-vconsole-setup/systemd-vconsole-setup.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Setup Virtual Console
+Documentation=man:systemd-vconsole-setup.service(8) man:vconsole.conf(5)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+Conflicts=shutdown.target
+Before=sysinit.target shutdown.target
+ConditionPathExists=/dev/tty0
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-vconsole-setup
diff --git a/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-vconsole-setup/vconsole-setup.c b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-vconsole-setup/vconsole-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1118118450
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-initprogs/systemd-vconsole-setup/vconsole-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Kay Sievers
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <linux/kd.h>
+#include <linux/tiocl.h>
+#include <linux/vt.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "io-util.h"
+#include "locale-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "stdio-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+
+static bool is_vconsole(int fd) {
+        unsigned char data[1];
+
+        data[0] = TIOCL_GETFGCONSOLE;
+        return ioctl(fd, TIOCLINUX, data) >= 0;
+}
+
+static int disable_utf8(int fd) {
+        int r = 0, k;
+
+        if (ioctl(fd, KDSKBMODE, K_XLATE) < 0)
+                r = -errno;
+
+        k = loop_write(fd, "\033%@", 3, false);
+        if (k < 0)
+                r = k;
+
+        k = write_string_file("/sys/module/vt/parameters/default_utf8", "0", 0);
+        if (k < 0)
+                r = k;
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to disable UTF-8: %m");
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int enable_utf8(int fd) {
+        int r = 0, k;
+        long current = 0;
+
+        if (ioctl(fd, KDGKBMODE, &current) < 0 || current == K_XLATE) {
+                /*
+                 * Change the current keyboard to unicode, unless it
+                 * is currently in raw or off mode anyway. We
+                 * shouldn't interfere with X11's processing of the
+                 * key events.
+                 *
+                 * http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/systemd-devel/2013-February/008573.html
+                 *
+                 */
+
+                if (ioctl(fd, KDSKBMODE, K_UNICODE) < 0)
+                        r = -errno;
+        }
+
+        k = loop_write(fd, "\033%G", 3, false);
+        if (k < 0)
+                r = k;
+
+        k = write_string_file("/sys/module/vt/parameters/default_utf8", "1", 0);
+        if (k < 0)
+                r = k;
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to enable UTF-8: %m");
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int keyboard_load_and_wait(const char *vc, const char *map, const char *map_toggle, bool utf8) {
+        const char *args[8];
+        int i = 0, r;
+        pid_t pid;
+
+        /* An empty map means kernel map */
+        if (isempty(map))
+                return 1;
+
+        args[i++] = KBD_LOADKEYS;
+        args[i++] = "-q";
+        args[i++] = "-C";
+        args[i++] = vc;
+        if (utf8)
+                args[i++] = "-u";
+        args[i++] = map;
+        if (map_toggle)
+                args[i++] = map_toggle;
+        args[i++] = NULL;
+
+        pid = fork();
+        if (pid < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fork: %m");
+        else if (pid == 0) {
+
+                (void) reset_all_signal_handlers();
+                (void) reset_signal_mask();
+
+                execv(args[0], (char **) args);
+                _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+        r = wait_for_terminate_and_warn(KBD_LOADKEYS, pid, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return r == 0;
+}
+
+static int font_load_and_wait(const char *vc, const char *font, const char *map, const char *unimap) {
+        const char *args[9];
+        int i = 0, r;
+        pid_t pid;
+
+        /* An empty font means kernel font */
+        if (isempty(font))
+                return 1;
+
+        args[i++] = KBD_SETFONT;
+        args[i++] = "-C";
+        args[i++] = vc;
+        args[i++] = font;
+        if (map) {
+                args[i++] = "-m";
+                args[i++] = map;
+        }
+        if (unimap) {
+                args[i++] = "-u";
+                args[i++] = unimap;
+        }
+        args[i++] = NULL;
+
+        pid = fork();
+        if (pid < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fork: %m");
+        else if (pid == 0) {
+
+                (void) reset_all_signal_handlers();
+                (void) reset_signal_mask();
+
+                execv(args[0], (char **) args);
+                _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+        r = wait_for_terminate_and_warn(KBD_SETFONT, pid, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return r == 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * A newly allocated VT uses the font from the active VT. Here
+ * we update all possibly already allocated VTs with the configured
+ * font. It also allows to restart systemd-vconsole-setup.service,
+ * to apply a new font to all VTs.
+ */
+static void font_copy_to_all_vcs(int fd) {
+        struct vt_stat vcs = {};
+        unsigned char map8[E_TABSZ];
+        unsigned short map16[E_TABSZ];
+        struct unimapdesc unimapd;
+        _cleanup_free_ struct unipair* unipairs = NULL;
+        int i, r;
+
+        unipairs = new(struct unipair, USHRT_MAX);
+        if (!unipairs) {
+                log_oom();
+                return;
+        }
+
+        /* get active, and 16 bit mask of used VT numbers */
+        r = ioctl(fd, VT_GETSTATE, &vcs);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_debug_errno(errno, "VT_GETSTATE failed, ignoring: %m");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        for (i = 1; i <= 15; i++) {
+                char vcname[strlen("/dev/vcs") + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(int)];
+                _cleanup_close_ int vcfd = -1;
+                struct console_font_op cfo = {};
+
+                if (i == vcs.v_active)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* skip non-allocated ttys */
+                xsprintf(vcname, "/dev/vcs%i", i);
+                if (access(vcname, F_OK) < 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                xsprintf(vcname, "/dev/tty%i", i);
+                vcfd = open_terminal(vcname, O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC);
+                if (vcfd < 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* copy font from active VT, where the font was uploaded to */
+                cfo.op = KD_FONT_OP_COPY;
+                cfo.height = vcs.v_active-1; /* tty1 == index 0 */
+                (void) ioctl(vcfd, KDFONTOP, &cfo);
+
+                /* copy map of 8bit chars */
+                if (ioctl(fd, GIO_SCRNMAP, map8) >= 0)
+                        (void) ioctl(vcfd, PIO_SCRNMAP, map8);
+
+                /* copy map of 8bit chars -> 16bit Unicode values */
+                if (ioctl(fd, GIO_UNISCRNMAP, map16) >= 0)
+                        (void) ioctl(vcfd, PIO_UNISCRNMAP, map16);
+
+                /* copy unicode translation table */
+                /* unimapd is a ushort count and a pointer to an
+                   array of struct unipair { ushort, ushort } */
+                unimapd.entries  = unipairs;
+                unimapd.entry_ct = USHRT_MAX;
+                if (ioctl(fd, GIO_UNIMAP, &unimapd) >= 0) {
+                        struct unimapinit adv = { 0, 0, 0 };
+
+                        (void) ioctl(vcfd, PIO_UNIMAPCLR, &adv);
+                        (void) ioctl(vcfd, PIO_UNIMAP, &unimapd);
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+        const char *vc;
+        _cleanup_free_ char
+                *vc_keymap = NULL, *vc_keymap_toggle = NULL,
+                *vc_font = NULL, *vc_font_map = NULL, *vc_font_unimap = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        bool utf8, font_copy = false, font_ok, keyboard_ok;
+        int r = EXIT_FAILURE;
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        if (argv[1])
+                vc = argv[1];
+        else {
+                vc = "/dev/tty0";
+                font_copy = true;
+        }
+
+        fd = open_terminal(vc, O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(fd, "Failed to open %s: %m", vc);
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        if (!is_vconsole(fd)) {
+                log_error("Device %s is not a virtual console.", vc);
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+        utf8 = is_locale_utf8();
+
+        r = parse_env_file("/etc/vconsole.conf", NEWLINE,
+                           "KEYMAP", &vc_keymap,
+                           "KEYMAP_TOGGLE", &vc_keymap_toggle,
+                           "FONT", &vc_font,
+                           "FONT_MAP", &vc_font_map,
+                           "FONT_UNIMAP", &vc_font_unimap,
+                           NULL);
+
+        if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to read /etc/vconsole.conf: %m");
+
+        /* Let the kernel command line override /etc/vconsole.conf */
+        if (detect_container() <= 0) {
+                r = parse_env_file("/proc/cmdline", WHITESPACE,
+                                   "vconsole.keymap", &vc_keymap,
+                                   "vconsole.keymap.toggle", &vc_keymap_toggle,
+                                   "vconsole.font", &vc_font,
+                                   "vconsole.font.map", &vc_font_map,
+                                   "vconsole.font.unimap", &vc_font_unimap,
+                                   NULL);
+
+                if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to read /proc/cmdline: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (utf8)
+                (void) enable_utf8(fd);
+        else
+                (void) disable_utf8(fd);
+
+        font_ok = font_load_and_wait(vc, vc_font, vc_font_map, vc_font_unimap) > 0;
+        keyboard_ok = keyboard_load_and_wait(vc, vc_keymap, vc_keymap_toggle, utf8) > 0;
+
+        /* Only copy the font when we executed setfont successfully */
+        if (font_copy && font_ok)
+                (void) font_copy_to_all_vcs(fd);
+
+        return font_ok && keyboard_ok ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
+}