./tools/notsd-move

95 files changed, 32860 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/90-resolved.preset b/src/grp-resolve/90-resolved.preset
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5a5063cc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/90-resolved.preset
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+# These ones should be enabled by default, even if distributions
+# generally follow a default-off policy.
+
+enable systemd-resolved.service
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/Makefile b/src/grp-resolve/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8132573d49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#  -*- Mode: makefile; indent-tabs-mode: t -*-
+#
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  Copyright 2010-2012 Lennart Poettering
+#  Copyright 2010-2012 Kay Sievers
+#  Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+#  Copyright 2013 David Strauss
+#  Copyright 2016 Luke Shumaker
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+#  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+#  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+#  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+include $(dir $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))/../../config.mk
+include $(topsrcdir)/build-aux/Makefile.head.mk
+
+nested.subdirs += libbasic-dns
+nested.subdirs += nss-resolve
+nested.subdirs += systemd-resolve
+nested.subdirs += systemd-resolved
+
+include $(topsrcdir)/build-aux/Makefile.tail.mk
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/Makefile b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40ee1e85b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+#  -*- Mode: makefile; indent-tabs-mode: t -*-
+#
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  Copyright 2010-2012 Lennart Poettering
+#  Copyright 2010-2012 Kay Sievers
+#  Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+#  Copyright 2013 David Strauss
+#  Copyright 2016 Luke Shumaker
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+#  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+#  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+#  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+include $(dir $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))/../../../config.mk
+include $(topsrcdir)/build-aux/Makefile.head.mk
+
+$(outdir)/dns_type-list.txt: src/resolve/dns-type.h
+	$(AM_V_GEN)$(SED) -n -r 's/.* DNS_TYPE_(\w+).*/\1/p' <$< >$@
+
+$(outdir)/dns_type-to-name.h: src/resolve/dns_type-list.txt
+	$(AM_V_GEN)$(AWK) 'BEGIN{ print "const char *dns_type_to_string(int type) {\n\tswitch(type) {" } {printf "        case DNS_TYPE_%s: return ", $$1; sub(/_/, "-"); printf "\"%s\";\n", $$1 } END{ print "        default: return NULL;\n\t}\n}\n" }' <$< >$@
+
+$(outdir)/dns_type-from-name.gperf: src/resolve/dns_type-list.txt
+	$(AM_V_GEN)$(AWK) 'BEGIN{ print "struct dns_type_name { const char* name; int id; };"; print "%null-strings"; print "%%";} { s=$$1; sub(/_/, "-", s); printf "%s, ", $$s; printf "DNS_TYPE_%s\n", $$1 }' <$< >$@
+
+tests += \
+	test-dns-packet \
+	test-resolve-tables \
+	test-dnssec
+
+manual_tests += \
+	test-dnssec-complex
+
+test_resolve_tables_SOURCES = \
+	src/resolve/test-resolve-tables.c \
+	src/resolve/dns_type-from-name.h \
+	src/resolve/dns_type-to-name.h \
+	$(basic_dns_sources) \
+	src/shared/test-tables.h
+
+test_resolve_tables_CFLAGS = \
+	$(GCRYPT_CFLAGS)
+
+test_resolve_tables_LDADD = \
+	libsystemd-shared.la \
+	$(GCRYPT_LIBS) \
+	-lm
+
+test_dns_packet_SOURCES = \
+	src/resolve/test-dns-packet.c \
+	$(basic_dns_sources)
+
+test_dns_packet_CPPFLAGS = \
+	-DRESOLVE_TEST_DIR=\"$(abs_top_srcdir)/src/resolve/test-data\"
+
+test_dns_packet_CFLAGS = \
+	$(GCRYPT_CFLAGS)
+
+test_dns_packet_LDADD = \
+	libsystemd-shared.la \
+	$(GCRYPT_LIBS) \
+	-lm
+
+EXTRA_DIST += \
+	src/resolve/test-data/_openpgpkey.fedoraproject.org.pkts \
+	src/resolve/test-data/fedoraproject.org.pkts \
+	src/resolve/test-data/gandi.net.pkts \
+	src/resolve/test-data/google.com.pkts \
+	src/resolve/test-data/root.pkts \
+	src/resolve/test-data/sw1a1aa-sw1a2aa-sw1a2ab-sw1a2ac.find.me.uk.pkts \
+	src/resolve/test-data/teamits.com.pkts \
+	src/resolve/test-data/zbyszek@fedoraproject.org.pkts \
+	src/resolve/test-data/_443._tcp.fedoraproject.org.pkts \
+	src/resolve/test-data/kyhwana.org.pkts \
+	src/resolve/test-data/fake-caa.pkts
+
+test_dnssec_SOURCES = \
+	src/resolve/test-dnssec.c \
+	$(basic_dns_sources)
+
+test_dnssec_CFLAGS = \
+	$(GCRYPT_CFLAGS)
+
+test_dnssec_LDADD = \
+	libsystemd-shared.la \
+	$(GCRYPT_LIBS) \
+	-lm
+
+test_dnssec_complex_SOURCES = \
+	src/resolve/test-dnssec-complex.c \
+	src/resolve/dns-type.c \
+	src/resolve/dns-type.h
+
+test_dnssec_complex_LDADD = \
+	libsystemd-shared.la
+
+gperf_txt_sources += \
+	src/resolve/dns_type-list.txt
+
+include $(topsrcdir)/build-aux/Makefile.tail.mk
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/dns-type.c b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/dns-type.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eceb72f545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/dns-type.c
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+
+#include "basic/parse-util.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+
+#include "dns-type.h"
+
+typedef const struct {
+        uint16_t type;
+        const char *name;
+} dns_type;
+
+static const struct dns_type_name *
+lookup_dns_type (register const char *str, register unsigned int len);
+
+#include "dns_type-from-name.h"
+#include "dns_type-to-name.h"
+
+int dns_type_from_string(const char *s) {
+        const struct dns_type_name *sc;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        sc = lookup_dns_type(s, strlen(s));
+        if (sc)
+                return sc->id;
+
+        s = startswith_no_case(s, "TYPE");
+        if (s) {
+                unsigned x;
+
+                if (safe_atou(s, &x) >= 0 &&
+                    x <= UINT16_MAX)
+                        return (int) x;
+        }
+
+        return _DNS_TYPE_INVALID;
+}
+
+bool dns_type_is_pseudo(uint16_t type) {
+
+        /* Checks whether the specified type is a "pseudo-type". What
+         * a "pseudo-type" precisely is, is defined only very weakly,
+         * but apparently entails all RR types that are not actually
+         * stored as RRs on the server and should hence also not be
+         * cached. We use this list primarily to validate NSEC type
+         * bitfields, and to verify what to cache. */
+
+        return IN_SET(type,
+                      0, /* A Pseudo RR type, according to RFC 2931 */
+                      DNS_TYPE_ANY,
+                      DNS_TYPE_AXFR,
+                      DNS_TYPE_IXFR,
+                      DNS_TYPE_OPT,
+                      DNS_TYPE_TSIG,
+                      DNS_TYPE_TKEY
+        );
+}
+
+bool dns_class_is_pseudo(uint16_t class) {
+        return class == DNS_TYPE_ANY;
+}
+
+bool dns_type_is_valid_query(uint16_t type) {
+
+        /* The types valid as questions in packets */
+
+        return !IN_SET(type,
+                       0,
+                       DNS_TYPE_OPT,
+                       DNS_TYPE_TSIG,
+                       DNS_TYPE_TKEY,
+
+                       /* RRSIG are technically valid as questions, but we refuse doing explicit queries for them, as
+                        * they aren't really payload, but signatures for payload, and cannot be validated on their
+                        * own. After all they are the signatures, and have no signatures of their own validating
+                        * them. */
+                       DNS_TYPE_RRSIG);
+}
+
+bool dns_type_is_zone_transer(uint16_t type) {
+
+        /* Zone transfers, either normal or incremental */
+
+        return IN_SET(type,
+                      DNS_TYPE_AXFR,
+                      DNS_TYPE_IXFR);
+}
+
+bool dns_type_is_valid_rr(uint16_t type) {
+
+        /* The types valid as RR in packets (but not necessarily
+         * stored on servers). */
+
+        return !IN_SET(type,
+                       DNS_TYPE_ANY,
+                       DNS_TYPE_AXFR,
+                       DNS_TYPE_IXFR);
+}
+
+bool dns_class_is_valid_rr(uint16_t class) {
+        return class != DNS_CLASS_ANY;
+}
+
+bool dns_type_may_redirect(uint16_t type) {
+        /* The following record types should never be redirected using
+         * CNAME/DNAME RRs. See
+         * <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4035#section-2.5>. */
+
+        if (dns_type_is_pseudo(type))
+                return false;
+
+        return !IN_SET(type,
+                       DNS_TYPE_CNAME,
+                       DNS_TYPE_DNAME,
+                       DNS_TYPE_NSEC3,
+                       DNS_TYPE_NSEC,
+                       DNS_TYPE_RRSIG,
+                       DNS_TYPE_NXT,
+                       DNS_TYPE_SIG,
+                       DNS_TYPE_KEY);
+}
+
+bool dns_type_may_wildcard(uint16_t type) {
+
+        /* The following records may not be expanded from wildcard RRsets */
+
+        if (dns_type_is_pseudo(type))
+                return false;
+
+        return !IN_SET(type,
+                       DNS_TYPE_NSEC3,
+                       DNS_TYPE_SOA,
+
+                       /* Prohibited by https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4592#section-4.4 */
+                       DNS_TYPE_DNAME);
+}
+
+bool dns_type_apex_only(uint16_t type) {
+
+        /* Returns true for all RR types that may only appear signed in a zone apex */
+
+        return IN_SET(type,
+                      DNS_TYPE_SOA,
+                      DNS_TYPE_NS,            /* this one can appear elsewhere, too, but not signed */
+                      DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY,
+                      DNS_TYPE_NSEC3PARAM);
+}
+
+bool dns_type_is_dnssec(uint16_t type) {
+        return IN_SET(type,
+                      DNS_TYPE_DS,
+                      DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY,
+                      DNS_TYPE_RRSIG,
+                      DNS_TYPE_NSEC,
+                      DNS_TYPE_NSEC3,
+                      DNS_TYPE_NSEC3PARAM);
+}
+
+bool dns_type_is_obsolete(uint16_t type) {
+        return IN_SET(type,
+                      /* Obsoleted by RFC 973 */
+                      DNS_TYPE_MD,
+                      DNS_TYPE_MF,
+                      DNS_TYPE_MAILA,
+
+                      /* Kinda obsoleted by RFC 2505 */
+                      DNS_TYPE_MB,
+                      DNS_TYPE_MG,
+                      DNS_TYPE_MR,
+                      DNS_TYPE_MINFO,
+                      DNS_TYPE_MAILB,
+
+                      /* RFC1127 kinda obsoleted this by recommending against its use */
+                      DNS_TYPE_WKS,
+
+                      /* Declared historical by RFC 6563 */
+                      DNS_TYPE_A6,
+
+                      /* Obsoleted by DNSSEC-bis */
+                      DNS_TYPE_NXT,
+
+                      /* RFC 1035 removed support for concepts that needed this from RFC 883 */
+                      DNS_TYPE_NULL);
+}
+
+bool dns_type_needs_authentication(uint16_t type) {
+
+        /* Returns true for all (non-obsolete) RR types where records are not useful if they aren't
+         * authenticated. I.e. everything that contains crypto keys. */
+
+        return IN_SET(type,
+                      DNS_TYPE_CERT,
+                      DNS_TYPE_SSHFP,
+                      DNS_TYPE_IPSECKEY,
+                      DNS_TYPE_DS,
+                      DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY,
+                      DNS_TYPE_TLSA,
+                      DNS_TYPE_CDNSKEY,
+                      DNS_TYPE_OPENPGPKEY,
+                      DNS_TYPE_CAA);
+}
+
+int dns_type_to_af(uint16_t t) {
+        switch (t) {
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_A:
+                return AF_INET;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_AAAA:
+                return AF_INET6;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_ANY:
+                return AF_UNSPEC;
+
+        default:
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+}
+
+const char *dns_class_to_string(uint16_t class) {
+
+        switch (class) {
+
+        case DNS_CLASS_IN:
+                return "IN";
+
+        case DNS_CLASS_ANY:
+                return "ANY";
+        }
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+int dns_class_from_string(const char *s) {
+
+        if (!s)
+                return _DNS_CLASS_INVALID;
+
+        if (strcaseeq(s, "IN"))
+                return DNS_CLASS_IN;
+        else if (strcaseeq(s, "ANY"))
+                return DNS_CLASS_ANY;
+
+        return _DNS_CLASS_INVALID;
+}
+
+const char* tlsa_cert_usage_to_string(uint8_t cert_usage) {
+
+        switch (cert_usage) {
+
+        case 0:
+                return "CA constraint";
+
+        case 1:
+                return "Service certificate constraint";
+
+        case 2:
+                return "Trust anchor assertion";
+
+        case 3:
+                return "Domain-issued certificate";
+
+        case 4 ... 254:
+                return "Unassigned";
+
+        case 255:
+                return "Private use";
+        }
+
+        return NULL;  /* clang cannot count that we covered everything */
+}
+
+const char* tlsa_selector_to_string(uint8_t selector) {
+        switch (selector) {
+
+        case 0:
+                return "Full Certificate";
+
+        case 1:
+                return "SubjectPublicKeyInfo";
+
+        case 2 ... 254:
+                return "Unassigned";
+
+        case 255:
+                return "Private use";
+        }
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+const char* tlsa_matching_type_to_string(uint8_t selector) {
+
+        switch (selector) {
+
+        case 0:
+                return "No hash used";
+
+        case 1:
+                return "SHA-256";
+
+        case 2:
+                return "SHA-512";
+
+        case 3 ... 254:
+                return "Unassigned";
+
+        case 255:
+                return "Private use";
+        }
+
+        return NULL;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/dns-type.h b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/dns-type.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be548b6073
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/dns-type.h
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/macro.h"
+
+/* DNS record types, taken from
+ * http://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-parameters/dns-parameters.xhtml.
+ */
+enum {
+        /* Normal records */
+        DNS_TYPE_A          = 0x01,
+        DNS_TYPE_NS,
+        DNS_TYPE_MD,
+        DNS_TYPE_MF,
+        DNS_TYPE_CNAME,
+        DNS_TYPE_SOA,
+        DNS_TYPE_MB,
+        DNS_TYPE_MG,
+        DNS_TYPE_MR,
+        DNS_TYPE_NULL,
+        DNS_TYPE_WKS,
+        DNS_TYPE_PTR,
+        DNS_TYPE_HINFO,
+        DNS_TYPE_MINFO,
+        DNS_TYPE_MX,
+        DNS_TYPE_TXT,
+        DNS_TYPE_RP,
+        DNS_TYPE_AFSDB,
+        DNS_TYPE_X25,
+        DNS_TYPE_ISDN,
+        DNS_TYPE_RT,
+        DNS_TYPE_NSAP,
+        DNS_TYPE_NSAP_PTR,
+        DNS_TYPE_SIG,
+        DNS_TYPE_KEY,
+        DNS_TYPE_PX,
+        DNS_TYPE_GPOS,
+        DNS_TYPE_AAAA,
+        DNS_TYPE_LOC,
+        DNS_TYPE_NXT,
+        DNS_TYPE_EID,
+        DNS_TYPE_NIMLOC,
+        DNS_TYPE_SRV,
+        DNS_TYPE_ATMA,
+        DNS_TYPE_NAPTR,
+        DNS_TYPE_KX,
+        DNS_TYPE_CERT,
+        DNS_TYPE_A6,
+        DNS_TYPE_DNAME,
+        DNS_TYPE_SINK,
+        DNS_TYPE_OPT,          /* EDNS0 option */
+        DNS_TYPE_APL,
+        DNS_TYPE_DS,
+        DNS_TYPE_SSHFP,
+        DNS_TYPE_IPSECKEY,
+        DNS_TYPE_RRSIG,
+        DNS_TYPE_NSEC,
+        DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY,
+        DNS_TYPE_DHCID,
+        DNS_TYPE_NSEC3,
+        DNS_TYPE_NSEC3PARAM,
+        DNS_TYPE_TLSA,
+
+        DNS_TYPE_HIP        = 0x37,
+        DNS_TYPE_NINFO,
+        DNS_TYPE_RKEY,
+        DNS_TYPE_TALINK,
+        DNS_TYPE_CDS,
+        DNS_TYPE_CDNSKEY,
+        DNS_TYPE_OPENPGPKEY,
+
+        DNS_TYPE_SPF        = 0x63,
+        DNS_TYPE_NID,
+        DNS_TYPE_L32,
+        DNS_TYPE_L64,
+        DNS_TYPE_LP,
+        DNS_TYPE_EUI48,
+        DNS_TYPE_EUI64,
+
+        DNS_TYPE_TKEY       = 0xF9,
+        DNS_TYPE_TSIG,
+        DNS_TYPE_IXFR,
+        DNS_TYPE_AXFR,
+        DNS_TYPE_MAILB,
+        DNS_TYPE_MAILA,
+        DNS_TYPE_ANY,
+        DNS_TYPE_URI,
+        DNS_TYPE_CAA,
+        DNS_TYPE_TA         = 0x8000,
+        DNS_TYPE_DLV,
+
+        _DNS_TYPE_MAX,
+        _DNS_TYPE_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+assert_cc(DNS_TYPE_SSHFP == 44);
+assert_cc(DNS_TYPE_TLSA == 52);
+assert_cc(DNS_TYPE_ANY == 255);
+
+/* DNS record classes, see RFC 1035 */
+enum {
+        DNS_CLASS_IN   = 0x01,
+        DNS_CLASS_ANY  = 0xFF,
+
+        _DNS_CLASS_MAX,
+        _DNS_CLASS_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+#define _DNS_CLASS_STRING_MAX (sizeof "CLASS" + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint16_t))
+#define _DNS_TYPE_STRING_MAX (sizeof "CLASS" + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint16_t))
+
+bool dns_type_is_pseudo(uint16_t type);
+bool dns_type_is_valid_query(uint16_t type);
+bool dns_type_is_valid_rr(uint16_t type);
+bool dns_type_may_redirect(uint16_t type);
+bool dns_type_is_dnssec(uint16_t type);
+bool dns_type_is_obsolete(uint16_t type);
+bool dns_type_may_wildcard(uint16_t type);
+bool dns_type_apex_only(uint16_t type);
+bool dns_type_needs_authentication(uint16_t type);
+bool dns_type_is_zone_transer(uint16_t type);
+int dns_type_to_af(uint16_t type);
+
+bool dns_class_is_pseudo(uint16_t class);
+bool dns_class_is_valid_rr(uint16_t class);
+
+/* TYPE?? follows http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3597#section-5 */
+const char *dns_type_to_string(int type);
+int dns_type_from_string(const char *s);
+
+const char *dns_class_to_string(uint16_t class);
+int dns_class_from_string(const char *name);
+
+/* https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-dane-protocol-23#section-7.2 */
+const char *tlsa_cert_usage_to_string(uint8_t cert_usage);
+
+/* https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-dane-protocol-23#section-7.3 */
+const char *tlsa_selector_to_string(uint8_t selector);
+
+/* https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-dane-protocol-23#section-7.4 */
+const char *tlsa_matching_type_to_string(uint8_t selector);
+
+/* https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6844#section-5.1 */
+#define CAA_FLAG_CRITICAL (1u << 7)
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-def.h b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-def.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c4c1915b18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-def.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+
+#define SD_RESOLVED_DNS           (UINT64_C(1) << 0)
+#define SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV4    (UINT64_C(1) << 1)
+#define SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV6    (UINT64_C(1) << 2)
+#define SD_RESOLVED_MDNS_IPV4     (UINT64_C(1) << 3)
+#define SD_RESOLVED_MDNS_IPV6     (UINT64_C(1) << 4)
+#define SD_RESOLVED_NO_CNAME      (UINT64_C(1) << 5)
+#define SD_RESOLVED_NO_TXT        (UINT64_C(1) << 6)
+#define SD_RESOLVED_NO_ADDRESS    (UINT64_C(1) << 7)
+#define SD_RESOLVED_NO_SEARCH     (UINT64_C(1) << 8)
+#define SD_RESOLVED_AUTHENTICATED (UINT64_C(1) << 9)
+
+#define SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR         (SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV4|SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV6)
+#define SD_RESOLVED_MDNS          (SD_RESOLVED_MDNS_IPV4|SD_RESOLVED_MDNS_IPV6)
+
+#define SD_RESOLVED_PROTOCOLS_ALL (SD_RESOLVED_MDNS|SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR|SD_RESOLVED_DNS)
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-answer.c b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-answer.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c45505b441
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-answer.c
@@ -0,0 +1,859 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+#include "shared/dns-domain.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-answer.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-dnssec.h"
+
+DnsAnswer *dns_answer_new(unsigned n) {
+        DnsAnswer *a;
+
+        a = malloc0(offsetof(DnsAnswer, items) + sizeof(DnsAnswerItem) * n);
+        if (!a)
+                return NULL;
+
+        a->n_ref = 1;
+        a->n_allocated = n;
+
+        return a;
+}
+
+DnsAnswer *dns_answer_ref(DnsAnswer *a) {
+        if (!a)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(a->n_ref > 0);
+        a->n_ref++;
+        return a;
+}
+
+static void dns_answer_flush(DnsAnswer *a) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+
+        if (!a)
+                return;
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, a)
+                dns_resource_record_unref(rr);
+
+        a->n_rrs = 0;
+}
+
+DnsAnswer *dns_answer_unref(DnsAnswer *a) {
+        if (!a)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(a->n_ref > 0);
+
+        if (a->n_ref == 1) {
+                dns_answer_flush(a);
+                free(a);
+        } else
+                a->n_ref--;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static int dns_answer_add_raw(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int ifindex, DnsAnswerFlags flags) {
+        assert(rr);
+
+        if (!a)
+                return -ENOSPC;
+
+        if (a->n_rrs >= a->n_allocated)
+                return -ENOSPC;
+
+        a->items[a->n_rrs++] = (DnsAnswerItem) {
+                .rr = dns_resource_record_ref(rr),
+                .ifindex = ifindex,
+                .flags = flags,
+        };
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int dns_answer_add_raw_all(DnsAnswer *a, DnsAnswer *source) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        DnsAnswerFlags flags;
+        int ifindex, r;
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FULL(rr, ifindex, flags, source) {
+                r = dns_answer_add_raw(a, rr, ifindex, flags);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_answer_add(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int ifindex, DnsAnswerFlags flags) {
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rr);
+
+        if (!a)
+                return -ENOSPC;
+        if (a->n_ref > 1)
+                return -EBUSY;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < a->n_rrs; i++) {
+                if (a->items[i].ifindex != ifindex)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_resource_record_equal(a->items[i].rr, rr);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        /* Don't mix contradicting TTLs (see below) */
+                        if ((rr->ttl == 0) != (a->items[i].rr->ttl == 0))
+                                return -EINVAL;
+
+                        /* Entry already exists, keep the entry with
+                         * the higher RR. */
+                        if (rr->ttl > a->items[i].rr->ttl) {
+                                dns_resource_record_ref(rr);
+                                dns_resource_record_unref(a->items[i].rr);
+                                a->items[i].rr = rr;
+                        }
+
+                        a->items[i].flags |= flags;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                r = dns_resource_key_equal(a->items[i].rr->key, rr->key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        /* There's already an RR of the same RRset in
+                         * place! Let's see if the TTLs more or less
+                         * match. We don't really care if they match
+                         * precisely, but we do care whether one is 0
+                         * and the other is not. See RFC 2181, Section
+                         * 5.2.*/
+
+                        if ((rr->ttl == 0) != (a->items[i].rr->ttl == 0))
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return dns_answer_add_raw(a, rr, ifindex, flags);
+}
+
+static int dns_answer_add_all(DnsAnswer *a, DnsAnswer *b) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        DnsAnswerFlags flags;
+        int ifindex, r;
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FULL(rr, ifindex, flags, b) {
+                r = dns_answer_add(a, rr, ifindex, flags);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_answer_add_extend(DnsAnswer **a, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int ifindex, DnsAnswerFlags flags) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(rr);
+
+        r = dns_answer_reserve_or_clone(a, 1);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return dns_answer_add(*a, rr, ifindex, flags);
+}
+
+int dns_answer_add_soa(DnsAnswer *a, const char *name, uint32_t ttl, int ifindex) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *soa = NULL;
+
+        soa = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_SOA, name);
+        if (!soa)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        soa->ttl = ttl;
+
+        soa->soa.mname = strdup(name);
+        if (!soa->soa.mname)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        soa->soa.rname = strappend("root.", name);
+        if (!soa->soa.rname)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        soa->soa.serial = 1;
+        soa->soa.refresh = 1;
+        soa->soa.retry = 1;
+        soa->soa.expire = 1;
+        soa->soa.minimum = ttl;
+
+        return dns_answer_add(a, soa, ifindex, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+}
+
+int dns_answer_match_key(DnsAnswer *a, const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsAnswerFlags *ret_flags) {
+        DnsAnswerFlags flags = 0, i_flags;
+        DnsResourceRecord *i;
+        bool found = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(key);
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(i, i_flags, a) {
+                r = dns_resource_key_match_rr(key, i, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!ret_flags)
+                        return 1;
+
+                if (found)
+                        flags &= i_flags;
+                else {
+                        flags = i_flags;
+                        found = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (ret_flags)
+                *ret_flags = flags;
+
+        return found;
+}
+
+int dns_answer_contains_rr(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceRecord *rr, DnsAnswerFlags *ret_flags) {
+        DnsAnswerFlags flags = 0, i_flags;
+        DnsResourceRecord *i;
+        bool found = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rr);
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(i, i_flags, a) {
+                r = dns_resource_record_equal(i, rr);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!ret_flags)
+                        return 1;
+
+                if (found)
+                        flags &= i_flags;
+                else {
+                        flags = i_flags;
+                        found = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (ret_flags)
+                *ret_flags = flags;
+
+        return found;
+}
+
+int dns_answer_contains_key(DnsAnswer *a, const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsAnswerFlags *ret_flags) {
+        DnsAnswerFlags flags = 0, i_flags;
+        DnsResourceRecord *i;
+        bool found = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(key);
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(i, i_flags, a) {
+                r = dns_resource_key_equal(i->key, key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!ret_flags)
+                        return true;
+
+                if (found)
+                        flags &= i_flags;
+                else {
+                        flags = i_flags;
+                        found = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (ret_flags)
+                *ret_flags = flags;
+
+        return found;
+}
+
+int dns_answer_contains_nsec_or_nsec3(DnsAnswer *a) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *i;
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(i, a) {
+                if (IN_SET(i->key->type, DNS_TYPE_NSEC, DNS_TYPE_NSEC3))
+                        return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+int dns_answer_contains_zone_nsec3(DnsAnswer *answer, const char *zone) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Checks whether the specified answer contains at least one NSEC3 RR in the specified zone */
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, answer) {
+                const char *p;
+
+                if (rr->key->type != DNS_TYPE_NSEC3)
+                        continue;
+
+                p = dns_resource_key_name(rr->key);
+                r = dns_name_parent(&p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_name_equal(p, zone);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+int dns_answer_find_soa(DnsAnswer *a, const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsResourceRecord **ret, DnsAnswerFlags *flags) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr, *soa = NULL;
+        DnsAnswerFlags rr_flags, soa_flags = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(key);
+
+        /* For a SOA record we can never find a matching SOA record */
+        if (key->type == DNS_TYPE_SOA)
+                return 0;
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(rr, rr_flags, a) {
+                r = dns_resource_key_match_soa(key, rr->key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+
+                        if (soa) {
+                                r = dns_name_endswith(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), dns_resource_key_name(soa->key));
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                                if (r > 0)
+                                        continue;
+                        }
+
+                        soa = rr;
+                        soa_flags = rr_flags;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!soa)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (ret)
+                *ret = soa;
+        if (flags)
+                *flags = soa_flags;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int dns_answer_find_cname_or_dname(DnsAnswer *a, const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsResourceRecord **ret, DnsAnswerFlags *flags) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        DnsAnswerFlags rr_flags;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(key);
+
+        /* For a {C,D}NAME record we can never find a matching {C,D}NAME record */
+        if (!dns_type_may_redirect(key->type))
+                return 0;
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(rr, rr_flags, a) {
+                r = dns_resource_key_match_cname_or_dname(key, rr->key, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        if (ret)
+                                *ret = rr;
+                        if (flags)
+                                *flags = rr_flags;
+                        return 1;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_answer_merge(DnsAnswer *a, DnsAnswer *b, DnsAnswer **ret) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *k = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (dns_answer_size(a) <= 0) {
+                *ret = dns_answer_ref(b);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (dns_answer_size(b) <= 0) {
+                *ret = dns_answer_ref(a);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        k = dns_answer_new(a->n_rrs + b->n_rrs);
+        if (!k)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = dns_answer_add_raw_all(k, a);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_answer_add_all(k, b);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret = k;
+        k = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_answer_extend(DnsAnswer **a, DnsAnswer *b) {
+        DnsAnswer *merged;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        r = dns_answer_merge(*a, b, &merged);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        dns_answer_unref(*a);
+        *a = merged;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_answer_remove_by_key(DnsAnswer **a, const DnsResourceKey *key) {
+        bool found = false, other = false;
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(key);
+
+        /* Remove all entries matching the specified key from *a */
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, *a) {
+                r = dns_resource_key_equal(rr->key, key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        found = true;
+                else
+                        other = true;
+
+                if (found && other)
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        if (!found)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!other) {
+                *a = dns_answer_unref(*a); /* Return NULL for the empty answer */
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        if ((*a)->n_ref > 1) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *copy = NULL;
+                DnsAnswerFlags flags;
+                int ifindex;
+
+                copy = dns_answer_new((*a)->n_rrs);
+                if (!copy)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FULL(rr, ifindex, flags, *a) {
+                        r = dns_resource_key_equal(rr->key, key);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r > 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = dns_answer_add_raw(copy, rr, ifindex, flags);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                dns_answer_unref(*a);
+                *a = copy;
+                copy = NULL;
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        /* Only a single reference, edit in-place */
+
+        i = 0;
+        for (;;) {
+                if (i >= (*a)->n_rrs)
+                        break;
+
+                r = dns_resource_key_equal((*a)->items[i].rr->key, key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        /* Kill this entry */
+
+                        dns_resource_record_unref((*a)->items[i].rr);
+                        memmove((*a)->items + i, (*a)->items + i + 1, sizeof(DnsAnswerItem) * ((*a)->n_rrs - i - 1));
+                        (*a)->n_rrs--;
+                        continue;
+
+                } else
+                        /* Keep this entry */
+                        i++;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int dns_answer_remove_by_rr(DnsAnswer **a, DnsResourceRecord *rm) {
+        bool found = false, other = false;
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(rm);
+
+        /* Remove all entries matching the specified RR from *a */
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, *a) {
+                r = dns_resource_record_equal(rr, rm);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        found = true;
+                else
+                        other = true;
+
+                if (found && other)
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        if (!found)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!other) {
+                *a = dns_answer_unref(*a); /* Return NULL for the empty answer */
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        if ((*a)->n_ref > 1) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *copy = NULL;
+                DnsAnswerFlags flags;
+                int ifindex;
+
+                copy = dns_answer_new((*a)->n_rrs);
+                if (!copy)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FULL(rr, ifindex, flags, *a) {
+                        r = dns_resource_record_equal(rr, rm);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r > 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = dns_answer_add_raw(copy, rr, ifindex, flags);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                dns_answer_unref(*a);
+                *a = copy;
+                copy = NULL;
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        /* Only a single reference, edit in-place */
+
+        i = 0;
+        for (;;) {
+                if (i >= (*a)->n_rrs)
+                        break;
+
+                r = dns_resource_record_equal((*a)->items[i].rr, rm);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        /* Kill this entry */
+
+                        dns_resource_record_unref((*a)->items[i].rr);
+                        memmove((*a)->items + i, (*a)->items + i + 1, sizeof(DnsAnswerItem) * ((*a)->n_rrs - i - 1));
+                        (*a)->n_rrs--;
+                        continue;
+
+                } else
+                        /* Keep this entry */
+                        i++;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int dns_answer_copy_by_key(DnsAnswer **a, DnsAnswer *source, const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsAnswerFlags or_flags) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr_source;
+        int ifindex_source, r;
+        DnsAnswerFlags flags_source;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(key);
+
+        /* Copy all RRs matching the specified key from source into *a */
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FULL(rr_source, ifindex_source, flags_source, source) {
+
+                r = dns_resource_key_equal(rr_source->key, key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Make space for at least one entry */
+                r = dns_answer_reserve_or_clone(a, 1);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_answer_add(*a, rr_source, ifindex_source, flags_source|or_flags);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_answer_move_by_key(DnsAnswer **to, DnsAnswer **from, const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsAnswerFlags or_flags) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(to);
+        assert(from);
+        assert(key);
+
+        r = dns_answer_copy_by_key(to, *from, key, or_flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return dns_answer_remove_by_key(from, key);
+}
+
+void dns_answer_order_by_scope(DnsAnswer *a, bool prefer_link_local) {
+        DnsAnswerItem *items;
+        unsigned i, start, end;
+
+        if (!a)
+                return;
+
+        if (a->n_rrs <= 1)
+                return;
+
+        start = 0;
+        end = a->n_rrs-1;
+
+        /* RFC 4795, Section 2.6 suggests we should order entries
+         * depending on whether the sender is a link-local address. */
+
+        items = newa(DnsAnswerItem, a->n_rrs);
+        for (i = 0; i < a->n_rrs; i++) {
+
+                if (a->items[i].rr->key->class == DNS_CLASS_IN &&
+                    ((a->items[i].rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_A && in_addr_is_link_local(AF_INET, (union in_addr_union*) &a->items[i].rr->a.in_addr) != prefer_link_local) ||
+                     (a->items[i].rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_AAAA && in_addr_is_link_local(AF_INET6, (union in_addr_union*) &a->items[i].rr->aaaa.in6_addr) != prefer_link_local)))
+                        /* Order address records that are not preferred to the end of the array */
+                        items[end--] = a->items[i];
+                else
+                        /* Order all other records to the beginning of the array */
+                        items[start++] = a->items[i];
+        }
+
+        assert(start == end+1);
+        memcpy(a->items, items, sizeof(DnsAnswerItem) * a->n_rrs);
+}
+
+int dns_answer_reserve(DnsAnswer **a, unsigned n_free) {
+        DnsAnswer *n;
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (n_free <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (*a) {
+                unsigned ns;
+
+                if ((*a)->n_ref > 1)
+                        return -EBUSY;
+
+                ns = (*a)->n_rrs + n_free;
+
+                if ((*a)->n_allocated >= ns)
+                        return 0;
+
+                /* Allocate more than we need */
+                ns *= 2;
+
+                n = realloc(*a, offsetof(DnsAnswer, items) + sizeof(DnsAnswerItem) * ns);
+                if (!n)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                n->n_allocated = ns;
+        } else {
+                n = dns_answer_new(n_free);
+                if (!n)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        *a = n;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_answer_reserve_or_clone(DnsAnswer **a, unsigned n_free) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *n = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        /* Tries to extend the DnsAnswer object. And if that's not
+         * possible, since we are not the sole owner, then allocate a
+         * new, appropriately sized one. Either way, after this call
+         * the object will only have a single reference, and has room
+         * for at least the specified number of RRs. */
+
+        r = dns_answer_reserve(a, n_free);
+        if (r != -EBUSY)
+                return r;
+
+        assert(*a);
+
+        n = dns_answer_new(((*a)->n_rrs + n_free) * 2);
+        if (!n)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = dns_answer_add_raw_all(n, *a);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        dns_answer_unref(*a);
+        *a = n;
+        n = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void dns_answer_dump(DnsAnswer *answer, FILE *f) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        DnsAnswerFlags flags;
+        int ifindex;
+
+        if (!f)
+                f = stdout;
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FULL(rr, ifindex, flags, answer) {
+                const char *t;
+
+                fputc('\t', f);
+
+                t = dns_resource_record_to_string(rr);
+                if (!t) {
+                        log_oom();
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                fputs(t, f);
+
+                if (ifindex != 0 || flags & (DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED|DNS_ANSWER_CACHEABLE|DNS_ANSWER_SHARED_OWNER))
+                        fputs("\t;", f);
+
+                if (ifindex != 0)
+                        printf(" ifindex=%i", ifindex);
+                if (flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED)
+                        fputs(" authenticated", f);
+                if (flags & DNS_ANSWER_CACHEABLE)
+                        fputs(" cachable", f);
+                if (flags & DNS_ANSWER_SHARED_OWNER)
+                        fputs(" shared-owner", f);
+
+                fputc('\n', f);
+        }
+}
+
+bool dns_answer_has_dname_for_cname(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceRecord *cname) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(cname);
+
+        /* Checks whether the answer contains a DNAME record that indicates that the specified CNAME record is
+         * synthesized from it */
+
+        if (cname->key->type != DNS_TYPE_CNAME)
+                return 0;
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, a) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL;
+
+                if (rr->key->type != DNS_TYPE_DNAME)
+                        continue;
+                if (rr->key->class != cname->key->class)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_name_change_suffix(cname->cname.name, rr->dname.name, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), &n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_name_equal(n, dns_resource_key_name(cname->key));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        return 1;
+
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-answer.h b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-answer.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bbb836fc7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-answer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/macro.h"
+
+typedef struct DnsAnswer DnsAnswer;
+typedef struct DnsAnswerItem DnsAnswerItem;
+
+#include "resolved-dns-rr.h"
+
+/* A simple array of resource records. We keep track of the
+ * originating ifindex for each RR where that makes sense, so that we
+ * can qualify A and AAAA RRs referring to a local link with the
+ * right ifindex.
+ *
+ * Note that we usually encode the empty DnsAnswer object as a simple NULL. */
+
+typedef enum DnsAnswerFlags {
+        DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED = 1, /* Item has been authenticated */
+        DNS_ANSWER_CACHEABLE     = 2, /* Item is subject to caching */
+        DNS_ANSWER_SHARED_OWNER  = 4, /* For mDNS: RRset may be owner by multiple peers */
+} DnsAnswerFlags;
+
+struct DnsAnswerItem {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        int ifindex;
+        DnsAnswerFlags flags;
+};
+
+struct DnsAnswer {
+        unsigned n_ref;
+        unsigned n_rrs, n_allocated;
+        DnsAnswerItem items[0];
+};
+
+DnsAnswer *dns_answer_new(unsigned n);
+DnsAnswer *dns_answer_ref(DnsAnswer *a);
+DnsAnswer *dns_answer_unref(DnsAnswer *a);
+
+int dns_answer_add(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int ifindex, DnsAnswerFlags flags);
+int dns_answer_add_extend(DnsAnswer **a, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int ifindex, DnsAnswerFlags flags);
+int dns_answer_add_soa(DnsAnswer *a, const char *name, uint32_t ttl, int ifindex);
+
+int dns_answer_match_key(DnsAnswer *a, const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsAnswerFlags *combined_flags);
+int dns_answer_contains_rr(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceRecord *rr, DnsAnswerFlags *combined_flags);
+int dns_answer_contains_key(DnsAnswer *a, const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsAnswerFlags *combined_flags);
+int dns_answer_contains_nsec_or_nsec3(DnsAnswer *a);
+int dns_answer_contains_zone_nsec3(DnsAnswer *answer, const char *zone);
+
+int dns_answer_find_soa(DnsAnswer *a, const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsResourceRecord **ret, DnsAnswerFlags *flags);
+int dns_answer_find_cname_or_dname(DnsAnswer *a, const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsResourceRecord **ret, DnsAnswerFlags *flags);
+
+int dns_answer_merge(DnsAnswer *a, DnsAnswer *b, DnsAnswer **ret);
+int dns_answer_extend(DnsAnswer **a, DnsAnswer *b);
+
+void dns_answer_order_by_scope(DnsAnswer *a, bool prefer_link_local);
+
+int dns_answer_reserve(DnsAnswer **a, unsigned n_free);
+int dns_answer_reserve_or_clone(DnsAnswer **a, unsigned n_free);
+
+int dns_answer_remove_by_key(DnsAnswer **a, const DnsResourceKey *key);
+int dns_answer_remove_by_rr(DnsAnswer **a, DnsResourceRecord *rr);
+
+int dns_answer_copy_by_key(DnsAnswer **a, DnsAnswer *source, const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsAnswerFlags or_flags);
+int dns_answer_move_by_key(DnsAnswer **to, DnsAnswer **from, const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsAnswerFlags or_flags);
+
+bool dns_answer_has_dname_for_cname(DnsAnswer *a, DnsResourceRecord *cname);
+
+static inline unsigned dns_answer_size(DnsAnswer *a) {
+        return a ? a->n_rrs : 0;
+}
+
+static inline bool dns_answer_isempty(DnsAnswer *a) {
+        return dns_answer_size(a) <= 0;
+}
+
+void dns_answer_dump(DnsAnswer *answer, FILE *f);
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsAnswer*, dns_answer_unref);
+
+#define _DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(q, kk, a)                                   \
+        for (unsigned UNIQ_T(i, q) = ({                                 \
+                                (kk) = ((a) && (a)->n_rrs > 0) ? (a)->items[0].rr : NULL; \
+                                0;                                      \
+                        });                                             \
+             (a) && (UNIQ_T(i, q) < (a)->n_rrs);                        \
+             UNIQ_T(i, q)++, (kk) = (UNIQ_T(i, q) < (a)->n_rrs ? (a)->items[UNIQ_T(i, q)].rr : NULL))
+
+#define DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(kk, a) _DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(UNIQ, kk, a)
+
+#define _DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_IFINDEX(q, kk, ifi, a)                      \
+        for (unsigned UNIQ_T(i, q) = ({                                 \
+                                (kk) = ((a) && (a)->n_rrs > 0) ? (a)->items[0].rr : NULL; \
+                                (ifi) = ((a) && (a)->n_rrs > 0) ? (a)->items[0].ifindex : 0; \
+                                0;                                      \
+                        });                                             \
+             (a) && (UNIQ_T(i, q) < (a)->n_rrs);                        \
+             UNIQ_T(i, q)++,                                            \
+                     (kk) = ((UNIQ_T(i, q) < (a)->n_rrs) ? (a)->items[UNIQ_T(i, q)].rr : NULL), \
+                     (ifi) = ((UNIQ_T(i, q) < (a)->n_rrs) ? (a)->items[UNIQ_T(i, q)].ifindex : 0))
+
+#define DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_IFINDEX(kk, ifindex, a) _DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_IFINDEX(UNIQ, kk, ifindex, a)
+
+#define _DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(q, kk, fl, a)                         \
+        for (unsigned UNIQ_T(i, q) = ({                                 \
+                                (kk) = ((a) && (a)->n_rrs > 0) ? (a)->items[0].rr : NULL; \
+                                (fl) = ((a) && (a)->n_rrs > 0) ? (a)->items[0].flags : 0; \
+                                0;                                      \
+                        });                                             \
+             (a) && (UNIQ_T(i, q) < (a)->n_rrs);                        \
+             UNIQ_T(i, q)++,                                            \
+                     (kk) = ((UNIQ_T(i, q) < (a)->n_rrs) ? (a)->items[UNIQ_T(i, q)].rr : NULL), \
+                     (fl) = ((UNIQ_T(i, q) < (a)->n_rrs) ? (a)->items[UNIQ_T(i, q)].flags : 0))
+
+#define DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(kk, flags, a) _DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(UNIQ, kk, flags, a)
+
+#define _DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FULL(q, kk, ifi, fl, a)                     \
+        for (unsigned UNIQ_T(i, q) = ({                                 \
+                                (kk) = ((a) && (a)->n_rrs > 0) ? (a)->items[0].rr : NULL; \
+                                (ifi) = ((a) && (a)->n_rrs > 0) ? (a)->items[0].ifindex : 0; \
+                                (fl) = ((a) && (a)->n_rrs > 0) ? (a)->items[0].flags : 0; \
+                                0;                                      \
+                        });                                             \
+             (a) && (UNIQ_T(i, q) < (a)->n_rrs);                        \
+             UNIQ_T(i, q)++,                                            \
+                     (kk) = ((UNIQ_T(i, q) < (a)->n_rrs) ? (a)->items[UNIQ_T(i, q)].rr : NULL), \
+                     (ifi) = ((UNIQ_T(i, q) < (a)->n_rrs) ? (a)->items[UNIQ_T(i, q)].ifindex : 0), \
+                     (fl) = ((UNIQ_T(i, q) < (a)->n_rrs) ? (a)->items[UNIQ_T(i, q)].flags : 0))
+
+#define DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FULL(kk, ifindex, flags, a) _DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FULL(UNIQ, kk, ifindex, flags, a)
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-dnssec.c b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-dnssec.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a53f2daa28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-dnssec.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2200 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2015 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GCRYPT
+#include <gcrypt.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/hexdecoct.h"
+#include "basic/string-table.h"
+#include "shared/dns-domain.h"
+#include "shared/gcrypt-util.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-dnssec.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-packet.h"
+
+#define VERIFY_RRS_MAX 256
+#define MAX_KEY_SIZE (32*1024)
+
+/* Permit a maximum clock skew of 1h 10min. This should be enough to deal with DST confusion */
+#define SKEW_MAX (1*USEC_PER_HOUR + 10*USEC_PER_MINUTE)
+
+/* Maximum number of NSEC3 iterations we'll do. RFC5155 says 2500 shall be the maximum useful value */
+#define NSEC3_ITERATIONS_MAX 2500
+
+/*
+ * The DNSSEC Chain of trust:
+ *
+ *            Normal RRs are protected via RRSIG RRs in combination with DNSKEY RRs, all in the same zone
+ *            DNSKEY RRs are either protected like normal RRs, or via a DS from a zone "higher" up the tree
+ *            DS RRs are protected like normal RRs
+ *
+ * Example chain:
+ *            Normal RR → RRSIG/DNSKEY+ → DS → RRSIG/DNSKEY+ → DS → ... → DS → RRSIG/DNSKEY+ → DS
+ */
+
+uint16_t dnssec_keytag(DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, bool mask_revoke) {
+        const uint8_t *p;
+        uint32_t sum, f;
+        size_t i;
+
+        /* The algorithm from RFC 4034, Appendix B. */
+
+        assert(dnskey);
+        assert(dnskey->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY);
+
+        f = (uint32_t) dnskey->dnskey.flags;
+
+        if (mask_revoke)
+                f &= ~DNSKEY_FLAG_REVOKE;
+
+        sum = f + ((((uint32_t) dnskey->dnskey.protocol) << 8) + (uint32_t) dnskey->dnskey.algorithm);
+
+        p = dnskey->dnskey.key;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < dnskey->dnskey.key_size; i++)
+                sum += (i & 1) == 0 ? (uint32_t) p[i] << 8 : (uint32_t) p[i];
+
+        sum += (sum >> 16) & UINT32_C(0xFFFF);
+
+        return sum & UINT32_C(0xFFFF);
+}
+
+int dnssec_canonicalize(const char *n, char *buffer, size_t buffer_max) {
+        size_t c = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Converts the specified hostname into DNSSEC canonicalized
+         * form. */
+
+        if (buffer_max < 2)
+                return -ENOBUFS;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                r = dns_label_unescape(&n, buffer, buffer_max);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (buffer_max < (size_t) r + 2)
+                        return -ENOBUFS;
+
+                /* The DNSSEC canonical form is not clear on what to
+                 * do with dots appearing in labels, the way DNS-SD
+                 * does it. Refuse it for now. */
+
+                if (memchr(buffer, '.', r))
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                ascii_strlower_n(buffer, (size_t) r);
+                buffer[r] = '.';
+
+                buffer += r + 1;
+                c += r + 1;
+
+                buffer_max -= r + 1;
+        }
+
+        if (c <= 0) {
+                /* Not even a single label: this is the root domain name */
+
+                assert(buffer_max > 2);
+                buffer[0] = '.';
+                buffer[1] = 0;
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        return (int) c;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GCRYPT
+
+static int rr_compare(const void *a, const void *b) {
+        DnsResourceRecord **x = (DnsResourceRecord**) a, **y = (DnsResourceRecord**) b;
+        size_t m;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Let's order the RRs according to RFC 4034, Section 6.3 */
+
+        assert(x);
+        assert(*x);
+        assert((*x)->wire_format);
+        assert(y);
+        assert(*y);
+        assert((*y)->wire_format);
+
+        m = MIN(DNS_RESOURCE_RECORD_RDATA_SIZE(*x), DNS_RESOURCE_RECORD_RDATA_SIZE(*y));
+
+        r = memcmp(DNS_RESOURCE_RECORD_RDATA(*x), DNS_RESOURCE_RECORD_RDATA(*y), m);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (DNS_RESOURCE_RECORD_RDATA_SIZE(*x) < DNS_RESOURCE_RECORD_RDATA_SIZE(*y))
+                return -1;
+        else if (DNS_RESOURCE_RECORD_RDATA_SIZE(*x) > DNS_RESOURCE_RECORD_RDATA_SIZE(*y))
+                return 1;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dnssec_rsa_verify_raw(
+                const char *hash_algorithm,
+                const void *signature, size_t signature_size,
+                const void *data, size_t data_size,
+                const void *exponent, size_t exponent_size,
+                const void *modulus, size_t modulus_size) {
+
+        gcry_sexp_t public_key_sexp = NULL, data_sexp = NULL, signature_sexp = NULL;
+        gcry_mpi_t n = NULL, e = NULL, s = NULL;
+        gcry_error_t ge;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(hash_algorithm);
+
+        ge = gcry_mpi_scan(&s, GCRYMPI_FMT_USG, signature, signature_size, NULL);
+        if (ge != 0) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        ge = gcry_mpi_scan(&e, GCRYMPI_FMT_USG, exponent, exponent_size, NULL);
+        if (ge != 0) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        ge = gcry_mpi_scan(&n, GCRYMPI_FMT_USG, modulus, modulus_size, NULL);
+        if (ge != 0) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        ge = gcry_sexp_build(&signature_sexp,
+                             NULL,
+                             "(sig-val (rsa (s %m)))",
+                             s);
+
+        if (ge != 0) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        ge = gcry_sexp_build(&data_sexp,
+                             NULL,
+                             "(data (flags pkcs1) (hash %s %b))",
+                             hash_algorithm,
+                             (int) data_size,
+                             data);
+        if (ge != 0) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        ge = gcry_sexp_build(&public_key_sexp,
+                             NULL,
+                             "(public-key (rsa (n %m) (e %m)))",
+                             n,
+                             e);
+        if (ge != 0) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        ge = gcry_pk_verify(signature_sexp, data_sexp, public_key_sexp);
+        if (gpg_err_code(ge) == GPG_ERR_BAD_SIGNATURE)
+                r = 0;
+        else if (ge != 0) {
+                log_debug("RSA signature check failed: %s", gpg_strerror(ge));
+                r = -EIO;
+        } else
+                r = 1;
+
+finish:
+        if (e)
+                gcry_mpi_release(e);
+        if (n)
+                gcry_mpi_release(n);
+        if (s)
+                gcry_mpi_release(s);
+
+        if (public_key_sexp)
+                gcry_sexp_release(public_key_sexp);
+        if (signature_sexp)
+                gcry_sexp_release(signature_sexp);
+        if (data_sexp)
+                gcry_sexp_release(data_sexp);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int dnssec_rsa_verify(
+                const char *hash_algorithm,
+                const void *hash, size_t hash_size,
+                DnsResourceRecord *rrsig,
+                DnsResourceRecord *dnskey) {
+
+        size_t exponent_size, modulus_size;
+        void *exponent, *modulus;
+
+        assert(hash_algorithm);
+        assert(hash);
+        assert(hash_size > 0);
+        assert(rrsig);
+        assert(dnskey);
+
+        if (*(uint8_t*) dnskey->dnskey.key == 0) {
+                /* exponent is > 255 bytes long */
+
+                exponent = (uint8_t*) dnskey->dnskey.key + 3;
+                exponent_size =
+                        ((size_t) (((uint8_t*) dnskey->dnskey.key)[1]) << 8) |
+                        ((size_t) ((uint8_t*) dnskey->dnskey.key)[2]);
+
+                if (exponent_size < 256)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                if (3 + exponent_size >= dnskey->dnskey.key_size)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                modulus = (uint8_t*) dnskey->dnskey.key + 3 + exponent_size;
+                modulus_size = dnskey->dnskey.key_size - 3 - exponent_size;
+
+        } else {
+                /* exponent is <= 255 bytes long */
+
+                exponent = (uint8_t*) dnskey->dnskey.key + 1;
+                exponent_size = (size_t) ((uint8_t*) dnskey->dnskey.key)[0];
+
+                if (exponent_size <= 0)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                if (1 + exponent_size >= dnskey->dnskey.key_size)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                modulus = (uint8_t*) dnskey->dnskey.key + 1 + exponent_size;
+                modulus_size = dnskey->dnskey.key_size - 1 - exponent_size;
+        }
+
+        return dnssec_rsa_verify_raw(
+                        hash_algorithm,
+                        rrsig->rrsig.signature, rrsig->rrsig.signature_size,
+                        hash, hash_size,
+                        exponent, exponent_size,
+                        modulus, modulus_size);
+}
+
+static int dnssec_ecdsa_verify_raw(
+                const char *hash_algorithm,
+                const char *curve,
+                const void *signature_r, size_t signature_r_size,
+                const void *signature_s, size_t signature_s_size,
+                const void *data, size_t data_size,
+                const void *key, size_t key_size) {
+
+        gcry_sexp_t public_key_sexp = NULL, data_sexp = NULL, signature_sexp = NULL;
+        gcry_mpi_t q = NULL, r = NULL, s = NULL;
+        gcry_error_t ge;
+        int k;
+
+        assert(hash_algorithm);
+
+        ge = gcry_mpi_scan(&r, GCRYMPI_FMT_USG, signature_r, signature_r_size, NULL);
+        if (ge != 0) {
+                k = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        ge = gcry_mpi_scan(&s, GCRYMPI_FMT_USG, signature_s, signature_s_size, NULL);
+        if (ge != 0) {
+                k = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        ge = gcry_mpi_scan(&q, GCRYMPI_FMT_USG, key, key_size, NULL);
+        if (ge != 0) {
+                k = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        ge = gcry_sexp_build(&signature_sexp,
+                             NULL,
+                             "(sig-val (ecdsa (r %m) (s %m)))",
+                             r,
+                             s);
+        if (ge != 0) {
+                k = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        ge = gcry_sexp_build(&data_sexp,
+                             NULL,
+                             "(data (flags rfc6979) (hash %s %b))",
+                             hash_algorithm,
+                             (int) data_size,
+                             data);
+        if (ge != 0) {
+                k = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        ge = gcry_sexp_build(&public_key_sexp,
+                             NULL,
+                             "(public-key (ecc (curve %s) (q %m)))",
+                             curve,
+                             q);
+        if (ge != 0) {
+                k = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        ge = gcry_pk_verify(signature_sexp, data_sexp, public_key_sexp);
+        if (gpg_err_code(ge) == GPG_ERR_BAD_SIGNATURE)
+                k = 0;
+        else if (ge != 0) {
+                log_debug("ECDSA signature check failed: %s", gpg_strerror(ge));
+                k = -EIO;
+        } else
+                k = 1;
+finish:
+        if (r)
+                gcry_mpi_release(r);
+        if (s)
+                gcry_mpi_release(s);
+        if (q)
+                gcry_mpi_release(q);
+
+        if (public_key_sexp)
+                gcry_sexp_release(public_key_sexp);
+        if (signature_sexp)
+                gcry_sexp_release(signature_sexp);
+        if (data_sexp)
+                gcry_sexp_release(data_sexp);
+
+        return k;
+}
+
+static int dnssec_ecdsa_verify(
+                const char *hash_algorithm,
+                int algorithm,
+                const void *hash, size_t hash_size,
+                DnsResourceRecord *rrsig,
+                DnsResourceRecord *dnskey) {
+
+        const char *curve;
+        size_t key_size;
+        uint8_t *q;
+
+        assert(hash);
+        assert(hash_size);
+        assert(rrsig);
+        assert(dnskey);
+
+        if (algorithm == DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_ECDSAP256SHA256) {
+                key_size = 32;
+                curve = "NIST P-256";
+        } else if (algorithm == DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_ECDSAP384SHA384) {
+                key_size = 48;
+                curve = "NIST P-384";
+        } else
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+
+        if (dnskey->dnskey.key_size != key_size * 2)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (rrsig->rrsig.signature_size != key_size * 2)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        q = alloca(key_size*2 + 1);
+        q[0] = 0x04; /* Prepend 0x04 to indicate an uncompressed key */
+        memcpy(q+1, dnskey->dnskey.key, key_size*2);
+
+        return dnssec_ecdsa_verify_raw(
+                        hash_algorithm,
+                        curve,
+                        rrsig->rrsig.signature, key_size,
+                        (uint8_t*) rrsig->rrsig.signature + key_size, key_size,
+                        hash, hash_size,
+                        q, key_size*2+1);
+}
+
+static void md_add_uint8(gcry_md_hd_t md, uint8_t v) {
+        gcry_md_write(md, &v, sizeof(v));
+}
+
+static void md_add_uint16(gcry_md_hd_t md, uint16_t v) {
+        v = htobe16(v);
+        gcry_md_write(md, &v, sizeof(v));
+}
+
+static void md_add_uint32(gcry_md_hd_t md, uint32_t v) {
+        v = htobe32(v);
+        gcry_md_write(md, &v, sizeof(v));
+}
+
+static int dnssec_rrsig_prepare(DnsResourceRecord *rrsig) {
+        int n_key_labels, n_signer_labels;
+        const char *name;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Checks whether the specified RRSIG RR is somewhat valid, and initializes the .n_skip_labels_source and
+         * .n_skip_labels_signer fields so that we can use them later on. */
+
+        assert(rrsig);
+        assert(rrsig->key->type == DNS_TYPE_RRSIG);
+
+        /* Check if this RRSIG RR is already prepared */
+        if (rrsig->n_skip_labels_source != (unsigned) -1)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (rrsig->rrsig.inception > rrsig->rrsig.expiration)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        name = dns_resource_key_name(rrsig->key);
+
+        n_key_labels = dns_name_count_labels(name);
+        if (n_key_labels < 0)
+                return n_key_labels;
+        if (rrsig->rrsig.labels > n_key_labels)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        n_signer_labels = dns_name_count_labels(rrsig->rrsig.signer);
+        if (n_signer_labels < 0)
+                return n_signer_labels;
+        if (n_signer_labels > rrsig->rrsig.labels)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = dns_name_skip(name, n_key_labels - n_signer_labels, &name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        /* Check if the signer is really a suffix of us */
+        r = dns_name_equal(name, rrsig->rrsig.signer);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        rrsig->n_skip_labels_source = n_key_labels - rrsig->rrsig.labels;
+        rrsig->n_skip_labels_signer = n_key_labels - n_signer_labels;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dnssec_rrsig_expired(DnsResourceRecord *rrsig, usec_t realtime) {
+        usec_t expiration, inception, skew;
+
+        assert(rrsig);
+        assert(rrsig->key->type == DNS_TYPE_RRSIG);
+
+        if (realtime == USEC_INFINITY)
+                realtime = now(CLOCK_REALTIME);
+
+        expiration = rrsig->rrsig.expiration * USEC_PER_SEC;
+        inception = rrsig->rrsig.inception * USEC_PER_SEC;
+
+        /* Consider inverted validity intervals as expired */
+        if (inception > expiration)
+                return true;
+
+        /* Permit a certain amount of clock skew of 10% of the valid
+         * time range. This takes inspiration from unbound's
+         * resolver. */
+        skew = (expiration - inception) / 10;
+        if (skew > SKEW_MAX)
+                skew = SKEW_MAX;
+
+        if (inception < skew)
+                inception = 0;
+        else
+                inception -= skew;
+
+        if (expiration + skew < expiration)
+                expiration = USEC_INFINITY;
+        else
+                expiration += skew;
+
+        return realtime < inception || realtime > expiration;
+}
+
+static int algorithm_to_gcrypt_md(uint8_t algorithm) {
+
+        /* Translates a DNSSEC signature algorithm into a gcrypt
+         * digest identifier.
+         *
+         * Note that we implement all algorithms listed as "Must
+         * implement" and "Recommended to Implement" in RFC6944. We
+         * don't implement any algorithms that are listed as
+         * "Optional" or "Must Not Implement". Specifically, we do not
+         * implement RSAMD5, DSASHA1, DH, DSA-NSEC3-SHA1, and
+         * GOST-ECC. */
+
+        switch (algorithm) {
+
+        case DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA1:
+        case DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA1_NSEC3_SHA1:
+                return GCRY_MD_SHA1;
+
+        case DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA256:
+        case DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_ECDSAP256SHA256:
+                return GCRY_MD_SHA256;
+
+        case DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_ECDSAP384SHA384:
+                return GCRY_MD_SHA384;
+
+        case DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA512:
+                return GCRY_MD_SHA512;
+
+        default:
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+        }
+}
+
+static void dnssec_fix_rrset_ttl(
+                DnsResourceRecord *list[],
+                unsigned n,
+                DnsResourceRecord *rrsig,
+                usec_t realtime) {
+
+        unsigned k;
+
+        assert(list);
+        assert(n > 0);
+        assert(rrsig);
+
+        for (k = 0; k < n; k++) {
+                DnsResourceRecord *rr = list[k];
+
+                /* Pick the TTL as the minimum of the RR's TTL, the
+                 * RR's original TTL according to the RRSIG and the
+                 * RRSIG's own TTL, see RFC 4035, Section 5.3.3 */
+                rr->ttl = MIN3(rr->ttl, rrsig->rrsig.original_ttl, rrsig->ttl);
+                rr->expiry = rrsig->rrsig.expiration * USEC_PER_SEC;
+
+                /* Copy over information about the signer and wildcard source of synthesis */
+                rr->n_skip_labels_source = rrsig->n_skip_labels_source;
+                rr->n_skip_labels_signer = rrsig->n_skip_labels_signer;
+        }
+
+        rrsig->expiry = rrsig->rrsig.expiration * USEC_PER_SEC;
+}
+
+int dnssec_verify_rrset(
+                DnsAnswer *a,
+                const DnsResourceKey *key,
+                DnsResourceRecord *rrsig,
+                DnsResourceRecord *dnskey,
+                usec_t realtime,
+                DnssecResult *result) {
+
+        uint8_t wire_format_name[DNS_WIRE_FOMAT_HOSTNAME_MAX];
+        DnsResourceRecord **list, *rr;
+        const char *source, *name;
+        gcry_md_hd_t md = NULL;
+        int r, md_algorithm;
+        size_t k, n = 0;
+        size_t hash_size;
+        void *hash;
+        bool wildcard;
+
+        assert(key);
+        assert(rrsig);
+        assert(dnskey);
+        assert(result);
+        assert(rrsig->key->type == DNS_TYPE_RRSIG);
+        assert(dnskey->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY);
+
+        /* Verifies that the RRSet matches the specified "key" in "a",
+         * using the signature "rrsig" and the key "dnskey". It's
+         * assumed that RRSIG and DNSKEY match. */
+
+        md_algorithm = algorithm_to_gcrypt_md(rrsig->rrsig.algorithm);
+        if (md_algorithm == -EOPNOTSUPP) {
+                *result = DNSSEC_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM;
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (md_algorithm < 0)
+                return md_algorithm;
+
+        r = dnssec_rrsig_prepare(rrsig);
+        if (r == -EINVAL) {
+                *result = DNSSEC_INVALID;
+                return r;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dnssec_rrsig_expired(rrsig, realtime);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0) {
+                *result = DNSSEC_SIGNATURE_EXPIRED;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        name = dns_resource_key_name(key);
+
+        /* Some keys may only appear signed in the zone apex, and are invalid anywhere else. (SOA, NS...) */
+        if (dns_type_apex_only(rrsig->rrsig.type_covered)) {
+                r = dns_name_equal(rrsig->rrsig.signer, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0) {
+                        *result = DNSSEC_INVALID;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* OTOH DS RRs may not appear in the zone apex, but are valid everywhere else. */
+        if (rrsig->rrsig.type_covered == DNS_TYPE_DS) {
+                r = dns_name_equal(rrsig->rrsig.signer, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        *result = DNSSEC_INVALID;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Determine the "Source of Synthesis" and whether this is a wildcard RRSIG */
+        r = dns_name_suffix(name, rrsig->rrsig.labels, &source);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0 && !dns_type_may_wildcard(rrsig->rrsig.type_covered)) {
+                /* We refuse to validate NSEC3 or SOA RRs that are synthesized from wildcards */
+                *result = DNSSEC_INVALID;
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (r == 1) {
+                /* If we stripped a single label, then let's see if that maybe was "*". If so, we are not really
+                 * synthesized from a wildcard, we are the wildcard itself. Treat that like a normal name. */
+                r = dns_name_startswith(name, "*");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        source = name;
+
+                wildcard = r == 0;
+        } else
+                wildcard = r > 0;
+
+        /* Collect all relevant RRs in a single array, so that we can look at the RRset */
+        list = newa(DnsResourceRecord *, dns_answer_size(a));
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, a) {
+                r = dns_resource_key_equal(key, rr->key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* We need the wire format for ordering, and digest calculation */
+                r = dns_resource_record_to_wire_format(rr, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                list[n++] = rr;
+
+                if (n > VERIFY_RRS_MAX)
+                        return -E2BIG;
+        }
+
+        if (n <= 0)
+                return -ENODATA;
+
+        /* Bring the RRs into canonical order */
+        qsort_safe(list, n, sizeof(DnsResourceRecord*), rr_compare);
+
+        /* OK, the RRs are now in canonical order. Let's calculate the digest */
+        initialize_libgcrypt(false);
+
+        hash_size = gcry_md_get_algo_dlen(md_algorithm);
+        assert(hash_size > 0);
+
+        gcry_md_open(&md, md_algorithm, 0);
+        if (!md)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        md_add_uint16(md, rrsig->rrsig.type_covered);
+        md_add_uint8(md, rrsig->rrsig.algorithm);
+        md_add_uint8(md, rrsig->rrsig.labels);
+        md_add_uint32(md, rrsig->rrsig.original_ttl);
+        md_add_uint32(md, rrsig->rrsig.expiration);
+        md_add_uint32(md, rrsig->rrsig.inception);
+        md_add_uint16(md, rrsig->rrsig.key_tag);
+
+        r = dns_name_to_wire_format(rrsig->rrsig.signer, wire_format_name, sizeof(wire_format_name), true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+        gcry_md_write(md, wire_format_name, r);
+
+        /* Convert the source of synthesis into wire format */
+        r = dns_name_to_wire_format(source, wire_format_name, sizeof(wire_format_name), true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        for (k = 0; k < n; k++) {
+                size_t l;
+
+                rr = list[k];
+
+                /* Hash the source of synthesis. If this is a wildcard, then prefix it with the *. label */
+                if (wildcard)
+                        gcry_md_write(md, (uint8_t[]) { 1, '*'}, 2);
+                gcry_md_write(md, wire_format_name, r);
+
+                md_add_uint16(md, rr->key->type);
+                md_add_uint16(md, rr->key->class);
+                md_add_uint32(md, rrsig->rrsig.original_ttl);
+
+                l = DNS_RESOURCE_RECORD_RDATA_SIZE(rr);
+                assert(l <= 0xFFFF);
+
+                md_add_uint16(md, (uint16_t) l);
+                gcry_md_write(md, DNS_RESOURCE_RECORD_RDATA(rr), l);
+        }
+
+        hash = gcry_md_read(md, 0);
+        if (!hash) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        switch (rrsig->rrsig.algorithm) {
+
+        case DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA1:
+        case DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA1_NSEC3_SHA1:
+        case DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA256:
+        case DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA512:
+                r = dnssec_rsa_verify(
+                                gcry_md_algo_name(md_algorithm),
+                                hash, hash_size,
+                                rrsig,
+                                dnskey);
+                break;
+
+        case DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_ECDSAP256SHA256:
+        case DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_ECDSAP384SHA384:
+                r = dnssec_ecdsa_verify(
+                                gcry_md_algo_name(md_algorithm),
+                                rrsig->rrsig.algorithm,
+                                hash, hash_size,
+                                rrsig,
+                                dnskey);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        /* Now, fix the ttl, expiry, and remember the synthesizing source and the signer */
+        if (r > 0)
+                dnssec_fix_rrset_ttl(list, n, rrsig, realtime);
+
+        if (r == 0)
+                *result = DNSSEC_INVALID;
+        else if (wildcard)
+                *result = DNSSEC_VALIDATED_WILDCARD;
+        else
+                *result = DNSSEC_VALIDATED;
+
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        gcry_md_close(md);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int dnssec_rrsig_match_dnskey(DnsResourceRecord *rrsig, DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, bool revoked_ok) {
+
+        assert(rrsig);
+        assert(dnskey);
+
+        /* Checks if the specified DNSKEY RR matches the key used for
+         * the signature in the specified RRSIG RR */
+
+        if (rrsig->key->type != DNS_TYPE_RRSIG)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (dnskey->key->type != DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY)
+                return 0;
+        if (dnskey->key->class != rrsig->key->class)
+                return 0;
+        if ((dnskey->dnskey.flags & DNSKEY_FLAG_ZONE_KEY) == 0)
+                return 0;
+        if (!revoked_ok && (dnskey->dnskey.flags & DNSKEY_FLAG_REVOKE))
+                return 0;
+        if (dnskey->dnskey.protocol != 3)
+                return 0;
+        if (dnskey->dnskey.algorithm != rrsig->rrsig.algorithm)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (dnssec_keytag(dnskey, false) != rrsig->rrsig.key_tag)
+                return 0;
+
+        return dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(dnskey->key), rrsig->rrsig.signer);
+}
+
+int dnssec_key_match_rrsig(const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsResourceRecord *rrsig) {
+        assert(key);
+        assert(rrsig);
+
+        /* Checks if the specified RRSIG RR protects the RRSet of the specified RR key. */
+
+        if (rrsig->key->type != DNS_TYPE_RRSIG)
+                return 0;
+        if (rrsig->key->class != key->class)
+                return 0;
+        if (rrsig->rrsig.type_covered != key->type)
+                return 0;
+
+        return dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(rrsig->key), dns_resource_key_name(key));
+}
+
+int dnssec_verify_rrset_search(
+                DnsAnswer *a,
+                const DnsResourceKey *key,
+                DnsAnswer *validated_dnskeys,
+                usec_t realtime,
+                DnssecResult *result,
+                DnsResourceRecord **ret_rrsig) {
+
+        bool found_rrsig = false, found_invalid = false, found_expired_rrsig = false, found_unsupported_algorithm = false;
+        DnsResourceRecord *rrsig;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(key);
+        assert(result);
+
+        /* Verifies all RRs from "a" that match the key "key" against DNSKEYs in "validated_dnskeys" */
+
+        if (!a || a->n_rrs <= 0)
+                return -ENODATA;
+
+        /* Iterate through each RRSIG RR. */
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rrsig, a) {
+                DnsResourceRecord *dnskey;
+                DnsAnswerFlags flags;
+
+                /* Is this an RRSIG RR that applies to RRs matching our key? */
+                r = dnssec_key_match_rrsig(key, rrsig);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                found_rrsig = true;
+
+                /* Look for a matching key */
+                DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(dnskey, flags, validated_dnskeys) {
+                        DnssecResult one_result;
+
+                        if ((flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED) == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* Is this a DNSKEY RR that matches they key of our RRSIG? */
+                        r = dnssec_rrsig_match_dnskey(rrsig, dnskey, false);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* Take the time here, if it isn't set yet, so
+                         * that we do all validations with the same
+                         * time. */
+                        if (realtime == USEC_INFINITY)
+                                realtime = now(CLOCK_REALTIME);
+
+                        /* Yay, we found a matching RRSIG with a matching
+                         * DNSKEY, awesome. Now let's verify all entries of
+                         * the RRSet against the RRSIG and DNSKEY
+                         * combination. */
+
+                        r = dnssec_verify_rrset(a, key, rrsig, dnskey, realtime, &one_result);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        switch (one_result) {
+
+                        case DNSSEC_VALIDATED:
+                        case DNSSEC_VALIDATED_WILDCARD:
+                                /* Yay, the RR has been validated,
+                                 * return immediately, but fix up the expiry */
+                                if (ret_rrsig)
+                                        *ret_rrsig = rrsig;
+
+                                *result = one_result;
+                                return 0;
+
+                        case DNSSEC_INVALID:
+                                /* If the signature is invalid, let's try another
+                                   key and/or signature. After all they
+                                   key_tags and stuff are not unique, and
+                                   might be shared by multiple keys. */
+                                found_invalid = true;
+                                continue;
+
+                        case DNSSEC_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM:
+                                /* If the key algorithm is
+                                   unsupported, try another
+                                   RRSIG/DNSKEY pair, but remember we
+                                   encountered this, so that we can
+                                   return a proper error when we
+                                   encounter nothing better. */
+                                found_unsupported_algorithm = true;
+                                continue;
+
+                        case DNSSEC_SIGNATURE_EXPIRED:
+                                /* If the signature is expired, try
+                                   another one, but remember it, so
+                                   that we can return this */
+                                found_expired_rrsig = true;
+                                continue;
+
+                        default:
+                                assert_not_reached("Unexpected DNSSEC validation result");
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (found_expired_rrsig)
+                *result = DNSSEC_SIGNATURE_EXPIRED;
+        else if (found_unsupported_algorithm)
+                *result = DNSSEC_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM;
+        else if (found_invalid)
+                *result = DNSSEC_INVALID;
+        else if (found_rrsig)
+                *result = DNSSEC_MISSING_KEY;
+        else
+                *result = DNSSEC_NO_SIGNATURE;
+
+        if (ret_rrsig)
+                *ret_rrsig = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dnssec_has_rrsig(DnsAnswer *a, const DnsResourceKey *key) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Checks whether there's at least one RRSIG in 'a' that proctects RRs of the specified key */
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, a) {
+                r = dnssec_key_match_rrsig(key, rr);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int digest_to_gcrypt_md(uint8_t algorithm) {
+
+        /* Translates a DNSSEC digest algorithm into a gcrypt digest identifier */
+
+        switch (algorithm) {
+
+        case DNSSEC_DIGEST_SHA1:
+                return GCRY_MD_SHA1;
+
+        case DNSSEC_DIGEST_SHA256:
+                return GCRY_MD_SHA256;
+
+        case DNSSEC_DIGEST_SHA384:
+                return GCRY_MD_SHA384;
+
+        default:
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+        }
+}
+
+int dnssec_verify_dnskey_by_ds(DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, DnsResourceRecord *ds, bool mask_revoke) {
+        char owner_name[DNSSEC_CANONICAL_HOSTNAME_MAX];
+        gcry_md_hd_t md = NULL;
+        size_t hash_size;
+        int md_algorithm, r;
+        void *result;
+
+        assert(dnskey);
+        assert(ds);
+
+        /* Implements DNSKEY verification by a DS, according to RFC 4035, section 5.2 */
+
+        if (dnskey->key->type != DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY)
+                return -EINVAL;
+        if (ds->key->type != DNS_TYPE_DS)
+                return -EINVAL;
+        if ((dnskey->dnskey.flags & DNSKEY_FLAG_ZONE_KEY) == 0)
+                return -EKEYREJECTED;
+        if (!mask_revoke && (dnskey->dnskey.flags & DNSKEY_FLAG_REVOKE))
+                return -EKEYREJECTED;
+        if (dnskey->dnskey.protocol != 3)
+                return -EKEYREJECTED;
+
+        if (dnskey->dnskey.algorithm != ds->ds.algorithm)
+                return 0;
+        if (dnssec_keytag(dnskey, mask_revoke) != ds->ds.key_tag)
+                return 0;
+
+        initialize_libgcrypt(false);
+
+        md_algorithm = digest_to_gcrypt_md(ds->ds.digest_type);
+        if (md_algorithm < 0)
+                return md_algorithm;
+
+        hash_size = gcry_md_get_algo_dlen(md_algorithm);
+        assert(hash_size > 0);
+
+        if (ds->ds.digest_size != hash_size)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = dnssec_canonicalize(dns_resource_key_name(dnskey->key), owner_name, sizeof(owner_name));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        gcry_md_open(&md, md_algorithm, 0);
+        if (!md)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        gcry_md_write(md, owner_name, r);
+        if (mask_revoke)
+                md_add_uint16(md, dnskey->dnskey.flags & ~DNSKEY_FLAG_REVOKE);
+        else
+                md_add_uint16(md, dnskey->dnskey.flags);
+        md_add_uint8(md, dnskey->dnskey.protocol);
+        md_add_uint8(md, dnskey->dnskey.algorithm);
+        gcry_md_write(md, dnskey->dnskey.key, dnskey->dnskey.key_size);
+
+        result = gcry_md_read(md, 0);
+        if (!result) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = memcmp(result, ds->ds.digest, ds->ds.digest_size) != 0;
+
+finish:
+        gcry_md_close(md);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int dnssec_verify_dnskey_by_ds_search(DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, DnsAnswer *validated_ds) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *ds;
+        DnsAnswerFlags flags;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(dnskey);
+
+        if (dnskey->key->type != DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY)
+                return 0;
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(ds, flags, validated_ds) {
+
+                if ((flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED) == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (ds->key->type != DNS_TYPE_DS)
+                        continue;
+                if (ds->key->class != dnskey->key->class)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(dnskey->key), dns_resource_key_name(ds->key));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dnssec_verify_dnskey_by_ds(dnskey, ds, false);
+                if (IN_SET(r, -EKEYREJECTED, -EOPNOTSUPP))
+                        return 0; /* The DNSKEY is revoked or otherwise invalid, or we don't support the digest algorithm */
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int nsec3_hash_to_gcrypt_md(uint8_t algorithm) {
+
+        /* Translates a DNSSEC NSEC3 hash algorithm into a gcrypt digest identifier */
+
+        switch (algorithm) {
+
+        case NSEC3_ALGORITHM_SHA1:
+                return GCRY_MD_SHA1;
+
+        default:
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+        }
+}
+
+int dnssec_nsec3_hash(DnsResourceRecord *nsec3, const char *name, void *ret) {
+        uint8_t wire_format[DNS_WIRE_FOMAT_HOSTNAME_MAX];
+        gcry_md_hd_t md = NULL;
+        size_t hash_size;
+        int algorithm;
+        void *result;
+        unsigned k;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(nsec3);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (nsec3->key->type != DNS_TYPE_NSEC3)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (nsec3->nsec3.iterations > NSEC3_ITERATIONS_MAX) {
+                log_debug("Ignoring NSEC3 RR %s with excessive number of iterations.", dns_resource_record_to_string(nsec3));
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+        }
+
+        algorithm = nsec3_hash_to_gcrypt_md(nsec3->nsec3.algorithm);
+        if (algorithm < 0)
+                return algorithm;
+
+        initialize_libgcrypt(false);
+
+        hash_size = gcry_md_get_algo_dlen(algorithm);
+        assert(hash_size > 0);
+
+        if (nsec3->nsec3.next_hashed_name_size != hash_size)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = dns_name_to_wire_format(name, wire_format, sizeof(wire_format), true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        gcry_md_open(&md, algorithm, 0);
+        if (!md)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        gcry_md_write(md, wire_format, r);
+        gcry_md_write(md, nsec3->nsec3.salt, nsec3->nsec3.salt_size);
+
+        result = gcry_md_read(md, 0);
+        if (!result) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        for (k = 0; k < nsec3->nsec3.iterations; k++) {
+                uint8_t tmp[hash_size];
+                memcpy(tmp, result, hash_size);
+
+                gcry_md_reset(md);
+                gcry_md_write(md, tmp, hash_size);
+                gcry_md_write(md, nsec3->nsec3.salt, nsec3->nsec3.salt_size);
+
+                result = gcry_md_read(md, 0);
+                if (!result) {
+                        r = -EIO;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        memcpy(ret, result, hash_size);
+        r = (int) hash_size;
+
+finish:
+        gcry_md_close(md);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int nsec3_is_good(DnsResourceRecord *rr, DnsResourceRecord *nsec3) {
+        const char *a, *b;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rr);
+
+        if (rr->key->type != DNS_TYPE_NSEC3)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* RFC 5155, Section 8.2 says we MUST ignore NSEC3 RRs with flags != 0 or 1 */
+        if (!IN_SET(rr->nsec3.flags, 0, 1))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Ignore NSEC3 RRs whose algorithm we don't know */
+        if (nsec3_hash_to_gcrypt_md(rr->nsec3.algorithm) < 0)
+                return 0;
+        /* Ignore NSEC3 RRs with an excessive number of required iterations */
+        if (rr->nsec3.iterations > NSEC3_ITERATIONS_MAX)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Ignore NSEC3 RRs generated from wildcards. If these NSEC3 RRs weren't correctly signed we can't make this
+         * check (since rr->n_skip_labels_source is -1), but that's OK, as we won't trust them anyway in that case. */
+        if (rr->n_skip_labels_source != 0 && rr->n_skip_labels_source != (unsigned) -1)
+                return 0;
+        /* Ignore NSEC3 RRs that are located anywhere else than one label below the zone */
+        if (rr->n_skip_labels_signer != 1 && rr->n_skip_labels_signer != (unsigned) -1)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!nsec3)
+                return 1;
+
+        /* If a second NSEC3 RR is specified, also check if they are from the same zone. */
+
+        if (nsec3 == rr) /* Shortcut */
+                return 1;
+
+        if (rr->key->class != nsec3->key->class)
+                return 0;
+        if (rr->nsec3.algorithm != nsec3->nsec3.algorithm)
+                return 0;
+        if (rr->nsec3.iterations != nsec3->nsec3.iterations)
+                return 0;
+        if (rr->nsec3.salt_size != nsec3->nsec3.salt_size)
+                return 0;
+        if (memcmp(rr->nsec3.salt, nsec3->nsec3.salt, rr->nsec3.salt_size) != 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        a = dns_resource_key_name(rr->key);
+        r = dns_name_parent(&a); /* strip off hash */
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        b = dns_resource_key_name(nsec3->key);
+        r = dns_name_parent(&b); /* strip off hash */
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Make sure both have the same parent */
+        return dns_name_equal(a, b);
+}
+
+static int nsec3_hashed_domain_format(const uint8_t *hashed, size_t hashed_size, const char *zone, char **ret) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *l = NULL;
+        char *j;
+
+        assert(hashed);
+        assert(hashed_size > 0);
+        assert(zone);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        l = base32hexmem(hashed, hashed_size, false);
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        j = strjoin(l, ".", zone, NULL);
+        if (!j)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = j;
+        return (int) hashed_size;
+}
+
+static int nsec3_hashed_domain_make(DnsResourceRecord *nsec3, const char *domain, const char *zone, char **ret) {
+        uint8_t hashed[DNSSEC_HASH_SIZE_MAX];
+        int hashed_size;
+
+        assert(nsec3);
+        assert(domain);
+        assert(zone);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        hashed_size = dnssec_nsec3_hash(nsec3, domain, hashed);
+        if (hashed_size < 0)
+                return hashed_size;
+
+        return nsec3_hashed_domain_format(hashed, (size_t) hashed_size, zone, ret);
+}
+
+/* See RFC 5155, Section 8
+ * First try to find a NSEC3 record that matches our query precisely, if that fails, find the closest
+ * enclosure. Secondly, find a proof that there is no closer enclosure and either a proof that there
+ * is no wildcard domain as a direct descendant of the closest enclosure, or find an NSEC3 record that
+ * matches the wildcard domain.
+ *
+ * Based on this we can prove either the existence of the record in @key, or NXDOMAIN or NODATA, or
+ * that there is no proof either way. The latter is the case if a the proof of non-existence of a given
+ * name uses an NSEC3 record with the opt-out bit set. Lastly, if we are given insufficient NSEC3 records
+ * to conclude anything we indicate this by returning NO_RR. */
+static int dnssec_test_nsec3(DnsAnswer *answer, DnsResourceKey *key, DnssecNsecResult *result, bool *authenticated, uint32_t *ttl) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *next_closer_domain = NULL, *wildcard_domain = NULL;
+        const char *zone, *p, *pp = NULL, *wildcard;
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr, *enclosure_rr, *zone_rr, *wildcard_rr = NULL;
+        DnsAnswerFlags flags;
+        int hashed_size, r;
+        bool a, no_closer = false, no_wildcard = false, optout = false;
+
+        assert(key);
+        assert(result);
+
+        /* First step, find the zone name and the NSEC3 parameters of the zone.
+         * it is sufficient to look for the longest common suffix we find with
+         * any NSEC3 RR in the response. Any NSEC3 record will do as all NSEC3
+         * records from a given zone in a response must use the same
+         * parameters. */
+        zone = dns_resource_key_name(key);
+        for (;;) {
+                DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(zone_rr, flags, answer) {
+                        r = nsec3_is_good(zone_rr, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = dns_name_equal_skip(dns_resource_key_name(zone_rr->key), 1, zone);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r > 0)
+                                goto found_zone;
+                }
+
+                /* Strip one label from the front */
+                r = dns_name_parent(&zone);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_NO_RR;
+        return 0;
+
+found_zone:
+        /* Second step, find the closest encloser NSEC3 RR in 'answer' that matches 'key' */
+        p = dns_resource_key_name(key);
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *hashed_domain = NULL;
+
+                hashed_size = nsec3_hashed_domain_make(zone_rr, p, zone, &hashed_domain);
+                if (hashed_size == -EOPNOTSUPP) {
+                        *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+                if (hashed_size < 0)
+                        return hashed_size;
+
+                DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(enclosure_rr, flags, answer) {
+
+                        r = nsec3_is_good(enclosure_rr, zone_rr);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (enclosure_rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name_size != (size_t) hashed_size)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(enclosure_rr->key), hashed_domain);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r > 0) {
+                                a = flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED;
+                                goto found_closest_encloser;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* We didn't find the closest encloser with this name,
+                 * but let's remember this domain name, it might be
+                 * the next closer name */
+
+                pp = p;
+
+                /* Strip one label from the front */
+                r = dns_name_parent(&p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_NO_RR;
+        return 0;
+
+found_closest_encloser:
+        /* We found a closest encloser in 'p'; next closer is 'pp' */
+
+        if (!pp) {
+                /* We have an exact match! If we area looking for a DS RR, then we must insist that we got the NSEC3 RR
+                 * from the parent. Otherwise the one from the child. Do so, by checking whether SOA and NS are
+                 * appropriately set. */
+
+                if (key->type == DNS_TYPE_DS) {
+                        if (bitmap_isset(enclosure_rr->nsec3.types, DNS_TYPE_SOA))
+                                return -EBADMSG;
+                } else {
+                        if (bitmap_isset(enclosure_rr->nsec3.types, DNS_TYPE_NS) &&
+                            !bitmap_isset(enclosure_rr->nsec3.types, DNS_TYPE_SOA))
+                                return -EBADMSG;
+                }
+
+                /* No next closer NSEC3 RR. That means there's a direct NSEC3 RR for our key. */
+                if (bitmap_isset(enclosure_rr->nsec3.types, key->type))
+                        *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_FOUND;
+                else if (bitmap_isset(enclosure_rr->nsec3.types, DNS_TYPE_CNAME))
+                        *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_CNAME;
+                else
+                        *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_NODATA;
+
+                if (authenticated)
+                        *authenticated = a;
+                if (ttl)
+                        *ttl = enclosure_rr->ttl;
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Ensure this is not a DNAME domain, see RFC5155, section 8.3. */
+        if (bitmap_isset(enclosure_rr->nsec3.types, DNS_TYPE_DNAME))
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        /* Ensure that this data is from the delegated domain
+         * (i.e. originates from the "lower" DNS server), and isn't
+         * just glue records (i.e. doesn't originate from the "upper"
+         * DNS server). */
+        if (bitmap_isset(enclosure_rr->nsec3.types, DNS_TYPE_NS) &&
+            !bitmap_isset(enclosure_rr->nsec3.types, DNS_TYPE_SOA))
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        /* Prove that there is no next closer and whether or not there is a wildcard domain. */
+
+        wildcard = strjoina("*.", p);
+        r = nsec3_hashed_domain_make(enclosure_rr, wildcard, zone, &wildcard_domain);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r != hashed_size)
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        r = nsec3_hashed_domain_make(enclosure_rr, pp, zone, &next_closer_domain);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r != hashed_size)
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(rr, flags, answer) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *next_hashed_domain = NULL;
+
+                r = nsec3_is_good(rr, zone_rr);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = nsec3_hashed_domain_format(rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name, rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name_size, zone, &next_hashed_domain);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_name_between(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), next_closer_domain, next_hashed_domain);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        if (rr->nsec3.flags & 1)
+                                optout = true;
+
+                        a = a && (flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+
+                        no_closer = true;
+                }
+
+                r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), wildcard_domain);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        a = a && (flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+
+                        wildcard_rr = rr;
+                }
+
+                r = dns_name_between(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), wildcard_domain, next_hashed_domain);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        if (rr->nsec3.flags & 1)
+                                /* This only makes sense if we have a wildcard delegation, which is
+                                 * very unlikely, see RFC 4592, Section 4.2, but we cannot rely on
+                                 * this not happening, so hence cannot simply conclude NXDOMAIN as
+                                 * we would wish */
+                                optout = true;
+
+                        a = a && (flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+
+                        no_wildcard = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (wildcard_rr && no_wildcard)
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        if (!no_closer) {
+                *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_NO_RR;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (wildcard_rr) {
+                /* A wildcard exists that matches our query. */
+                if (optout)
+                        /* This is not specified in any RFC to the best of my knowledge, but
+                         * if the next closer enclosure is covered by an opt-out NSEC3 RR
+                         * it means that we cannot prove that the source of synthesis is
+                         * correct, as there may be a closer match. */
+                        *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_OPTOUT;
+                else if (bitmap_isset(wildcard_rr->nsec3.types, key->type))
+                        *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_FOUND;
+                else if (bitmap_isset(wildcard_rr->nsec3.types, DNS_TYPE_CNAME))
+                        *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_CNAME;
+                else
+                        *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_NODATA;
+        } else {
+                if (optout)
+                        /* The RFC only specifies that we have to care for optout for NODATA for
+                         * DS records. However, children of an insecure opt-out delegation should
+                         * also be considered opt-out, rather than verified NXDOMAIN.
+                         * Note that we do not require a proof of wildcard non-existence if the
+                         * next closer domain is covered by an opt-out, as that would not provide
+                         * any additional information. */
+                        *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_OPTOUT;
+                else if (no_wildcard)
+                        *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_NXDOMAIN;
+                else {
+                        *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_NO_RR;
+
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (authenticated)
+                *authenticated = a;
+
+        if (ttl)
+                *ttl = enclosure_rr->ttl;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dnssec_nsec_wildcard_equal(DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *name) {
+        char label[DNS_LABEL_MAX];
+        const char *n;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rr);
+        assert(rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_NSEC);
+
+        /* Checks whether the specified RR has a name beginning in "*.", and if the rest is a suffix of our name */
+
+        if (rr->n_skip_labels_source != 1)
+                return 0;
+
+        n = dns_resource_key_name(rr->key);
+        r = dns_label_unescape(&n, label, sizeof(label));
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r != 1 || label[0] != '*')
+                return 0;
+
+        return dns_name_endswith(name, n);
+}
+
+static int dnssec_nsec_in_path(DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *name) {
+        const char *nn, *common_suffix;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rr);
+        assert(rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_NSEC);
+
+        /* Checks whether the specified nsec RR indicates that name is an empty non-terminal (ENT)
+         *
+         * A couple of examples:
+         *
+         *      NSEC             bar →   waldo.foo.bar: indicates that foo.bar exists and is an ENT
+         *      NSEC   waldo.foo.bar → yyy.zzz.xoo.bar: indicates that xoo.bar and zzz.xoo.bar exist and are ENTs
+         *      NSEC yyy.zzz.xoo.bar →             bar: indicates pretty much nothing about ENTs
+         */
+
+        /* First, determine parent of next domain. */
+        nn = rr->nsec.next_domain_name;
+        r = dns_name_parent(&nn);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* If the name we just determined is not equal or child of the name we are interested in, then we can't say
+         * anything at all. */
+        r = dns_name_endswith(nn, name);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* If the name we are interested in is not a prefix of the common suffix of the NSEC RR's owner and next domain names, then we can't say anything either. */
+        r = dns_name_common_suffix(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), rr->nsec.next_domain_name, &common_suffix);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return dns_name_endswith(name, common_suffix);
+}
+
+static int dnssec_nsec_from_parent_zone(DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *name) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rr);
+        assert(rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_NSEC);
+
+        /* Checks whether this NSEC originates to the parent zone or the child zone. */
+
+        r = dns_name_parent(&name);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_name_equal(name, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* DNAME, and NS without SOA is an indication for a delegation. */
+        if (bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_DNAME))
+                return 1;
+
+        if (bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_NS) && !bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_SOA))
+                return 1;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dnssec_nsec_covers(DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *name) {
+        const char *common_suffix, *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rr);
+        assert(rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_NSEC);
+
+        /* Checks whether the "Next Closer" is witin the space covered by the specified RR. */
+
+        r = dns_name_common_suffix(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), rr->nsec.next_domain_name, &common_suffix);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                p = name;
+                r = dns_name_parent(&name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                r = dns_name_equal(name, common_suffix);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        /* p is now the "Next Closer". */
+
+        return dns_name_between(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), p, rr->nsec.next_domain_name);
+}
+
+static int dnssec_nsec_covers_wildcard(DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *name) {
+        const char *common_suffix, *wc;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rr);
+        assert(rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_NSEC);
+
+        /* Checks whether the "Wildcard at the Closest Encloser" is within the space covered by the specified
+         * RR. Specifically, checks whether 'name' has the common suffix of the NSEC RR's owner and next names as
+         * suffix, and whether the NSEC covers the name generated by that suffix prepended with an asterisk label.
+         *
+         *     NSEC             bar →   waldo.foo.bar: indicates that *.bar and *.foo.bar do not exist
+         *     NSEC   waldo.foo.bar → yyy.zzz.xoo.bar: indicates that *.xoo.bar and *.zzz.xoo.bar do not exist (and more ...)
+         *     NSEC yyy.zzz.xoo.bar →             bar: indicates that a number of wildcards don#t exist either...
+         */
+
+        r = dns_name_common_suffix(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), rr->nsec.next_domain_name, &common_suffix);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* If the common suffix is not shared by the name we are interested in, it has nothing to say for us. */
+        r = dns_name_endswith(name, common_suffix);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        wc = strjoina("*.", common_suffix);
+        return dns_name_between(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), wc, rr->nsec.next_domain_name);
+}
+
+int dnssec_nsec_test(DnsAnswer *answer, DnsResourceKey *key, DnssecNsecResult *result, bool *authenticated, uint32_t *ttl) {
+        bool have_nsec3 = false, covering_rr_authenticated = false, wildcard_rr_authenticated = false;
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr, *covering_rr = NULL, *wildcard_rr = NULL;
+        DnsAnswerFlags flags;
+        const char *name;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(key);
+        assert(result);
+
+        /* Look for any NSEC/NSEC3 RRs that say something about the specified key. */
+
+        name = dns_resource_key_name(key);
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(rr, flags, answer) {
+
+                if (rr->key->class != key->class)
+                        continue;
+
+                have_nsec3 = have_nsec3 || (rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_NSEC3);
+
+                if (rr->key->type != DNS_TYPE_NSEC)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* The following checks only make sense for NSEC RRs that are not expanded from a wildcard */
+                r = dns_resource_record_is_synthetic(rr);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Check if this is a direct match. If so, we have encountered a NODATA case */
+                r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0) {
+                        /* If it's not a direct match, maybe it's a wild card match? */
+                        r = dnssec_nsec_wildcard_equal(rr, name);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        if (key->type == DNS_TYPE_DS) {
+                                /* If we look for a DS RR and the server sent us the NSEC RR of the child zone
+                                 * we have a problem. For DS RRs we want the NSEC RR from the parent */
+                                if (bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_SOA))
+                                        continue;
+                        } else {
+                                /* For all RR types, ensure that if NS is set SOA is set too, so that we know
+                                 * we got the child's NSEC. */
+                                if (bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_NS) &&
+                                    !bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_SOA))
+                                        continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if (bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, key->type))
+                                *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_FOUND;
+                        else if (bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_CNAME))
+                                *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_CNAME;
+                        else
+                                *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_NODATA;
+
+                        if (authenticated)
+                                *authenticated = flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED;
+                        if (ttl)
+                                *ttl = rr->ttl;
+
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                /* Check if the name we are looking for is an empty non-terminal within the owner or next name
+                 * of the NSEC RR. */
+                r = dnssec_nsec_in_path(rr, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_NODATA;
+
+                        if (authenticated)
+                                *authenticated = flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED;
+                        if (ttl)
+                                *ttl = rr->ttl;
+
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                /* The following two "covering" checks, are not useful if the NSEC is from the parent */
+                r = dnssec_nsec_from_parent_zone(rr, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Check if this NSEC RR proves the absence of an explicit RR under this name */
+                r = dnssec_nsec_covers(rr, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0 && (!covering_rr || !covering_rr_authenticated)) {
+                        covering_rr = rr;
+                        covering_rr_authenticated = flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED;
+                }
+
+                /* Check if this NSEC RR proves the absence of a wildcard RR under this name */
+                r = dnssec_nsec_covers_wildcard(rr, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0 && (!wildcard_rr || !wildcard_rr_authenticated)) {
+                        wildcard_rr = rr;
+                        wildcard_rr_authenticated = flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (covering_rr && wildcard_rr) {
+                /* If we could prove that neither the name itself, nor the wildcard at the closest encloser exists, we
+                 * proved the NXDOMAIN case. */
+                *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_NXDOMAIN;
+
+                if (authenticated)
+                        *authenticated = covering_rr_authenticated && wildcard_rr_authenticated;
+                if (ttl)
+                        *ttl = MIN(covering_rr->ttl, wildcard_rr->ttl);
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* OK, this was not sufficient. Let's see if NSEC3 can help. */
+        if (have_nsec3)
+                return dnssec_test_nsec3(answer, key, result, authenticated, ttl);
+
+        /* No approproate NSEC RR found, report this. */
+        *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_NO_RR;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dnssec_nsec_test_enclosed(DnsAnswer *answer, uint16_t type, const char *name, const char *zone, bool *authenticated) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        DnsAnswerFlags flags;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(zone);
+
+        /* Checks whether there's an NSEC/NSEC3 that proves that the specified 'name' is non-existing in the specified
+         * 'zone'. The 'zone' must be a suffix of the 'name'. */
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(rr, flags, answer) {
+                bool found = false;
+
+                if (rr->key->type != type && type != DNS_TYPE_ANY)
+                        continue;
+
+                switch (rr->key->type) {
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_NSEC:
+
+                        /* We only care for NSEC RRs from the indicated zone */
+                        r = dns_resource_record_is_signer(rr, zone);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = dns_name_between(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), name, rr->nsec.next_domain_name);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        found = r > 0;
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_NSEC3: {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *hashed_domain = NULL, *next_hashed_domain = NULL;
+
+                        /* We only care for NSEC3 RRs from the indicated zone */
+                        r = dns_resource_record_is_signer(rr, zone);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = nsec3_is_good(rr, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                break;
+
+                        /* Format the domain we are testing with the NSEC3 RR's hash function */
+                        r = nsec3_hashed_domain_make(
+                                        rr,
+                                        name,
+                                        zone,
+                                        &hashed_domain);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if ((size_t) r != rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name_size)
+                                break;
+
+                        /* Format the NSEC3's next hashed name as proper domain name */
+                        r = nsec3_hashed_domain_format(
+                                        rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name,
+                                        rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name_size,
+                                        zone,
+                                        &next_hashed_domain);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = dns_name_between(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), hashed_domain, next_hashed_domain);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        found = r > 0;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                default:
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (found) {
+                        if (authenticated)
+                                *authenticated = flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED;
+                        return 1;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dnssec_test_positive_wildcard_nsec3(
+                DnsAnswer *answer,
+                const char *name,
+                const char *source,
+                const char *zone,
+                bool *authenticated) {
+
+        const char *next_closer = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Run a positive NSEC3 wildcard proof. Specifically:
+         *
+         * A proof that the "next closer" of the generating wildcard does not exist.
+         *
+         * Note a key difference between the NSEC3 and NSEC versions of the proof. NSEC RRs don't have to exist for
+         * empty non-transients. NSEC3 RRs however have to. This means it's sufficient to check if the next closer name
+         * exists for the NSEC3 RR and we are done.
+         *
+         * To prove that a.b.c.d.e.f is rightfully synthesized from a wildcard *.d.e.f all we have to check is that
+         * c.d.e.f does not exist. */
+
+        for (;;) {
+                next_closer = name;
+                r = dns_name_parent(&name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                r = dns_name_equal(name, source);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        return dnssec_nsec_test_enclosed(answer, DNS_TYPE_NSEC3, next_closer, zone, authenticated);
+}
+
+static int dnssec_test_positive_wildcard_nsec(
+                DnsAnswer *answer,
+                const char *name,
+                const char *source,
+                const char *zone,
+                bool *_authenticated) {
+
+        bool authenticated = true;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Run a positive NSEC wildcard proof. Specifically:
+         *
+         * A proof that there's neither a wildcard name nor a non-wildcard name that is a suffix of the name "name" and
+         * a prefix of the synthesizing source "source" in the zone "zone".
+         *
+         * See RFC 5155, Section 8.8 and RFC 4035, Section 5.3.4
+         *
+         * Note that if we want to prove that a.b.c.d.e.f is rightfully synthesized from a wildcard *.d.e.f, then we
+         * have to prove that none of the following exist:
+         *
+         *      1) a.b.c.d.e.f
+         *      2) *.b.c.d.e.f
+         *      3)   b.c.d.e.f
+         *      4)   *.c.d.e.f
+         *      5)     c.d.e.f
+         *
+         */
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *wc = NULL;
+                bool a = false;
+
+                /* Check if there's an NSEC or NSEC3 RR that proves that the mame we determined is really non-existing,
+                 * i.e between the owner name and the next name of an NSEC RR. */
+                r = dnssec_nsec_test_enclosed(answer, DNS_TYPE_NSEC, name, zone, &a);
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                authenticated = authenticated && a;
+
+                /* Strip one label off */
+                r = dns_name_parent(&name);
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* Did we reach the source of synthesis? */
+                r = dns_name_equal(name, source);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        /* Successful exit */
+                        *_authenticated = authenticated;
+                        return 1;
+                }
+
+                /* Safety check, that the source of synthesis is still our suffix */
+                r = dns_name_endswith(name, source);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+
+                /* Replace the label we stripped off with an asterisk */
+                wc = strappend("*.", name);
+                if (!wc)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                /* And check if the proof holds for the asterisk name, too */
+                r = dnssec_nsec_test_enclosed(answer, DNS_TYPE_NSEC, wc, zone, &a);
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                authenticated = authenticated && a;
+                /* In the next iteration we'll check the non-asterisk-prefixed version */
+        }
+}
+
+int dnssec_test_positive_wildcard(
+                DnsAnswer *answer,
+                const char *name,
+                const char *source,
+                const char *zone,
+                bool *authenticated) {
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(source);
+        assert(zone);
+        assert(authenticated);
+
+        r = dns_answer_contains_zone_nsec3(answer, zone);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0)
+                return dnssec_test_positive_wildcard_nsec3(answer, name, source, zone, authenticated);
+        else
+                return dnssec_test_positive_wildcard_nsec(answer, name, source, zone, authenticated);
+}
+
+#else
+
+int dnssec_verify_rrset(
+                DnsAnswer *a,
+                const DnsResourceKey *key,
+                DnsResourceRecord *rrsig,
+                DnsResourceRecord *dnskey,
+                usec_t realtime,
+                DnssecResult *result) {
+
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+int dnssec_rrsig_match_dnskey(DnsResourceRecord *rrsig, DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, bool revoked_ok) {
+
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+int dnssec_key_match_rrsig(const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsResourceRecord *rrsig) {
+
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+int dnssec_verify_rrset_search(
+                DnsAnswer *a,
+                const DnsResourceKey *key,
+                DnsAnswer *validated_dnskeys,
+                usec_t realtime,
+                DnssecResult *result,
+                DnsResourceRecord **ret_rrsig) {
+
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+int dnssec_has_rrsig(DnsAnswer *a, const DnsResourceKey *key) {
+
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+int dnssec_verify_dnskey_by_ds(DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, DnsResourceRecord *ds, bool mask_revoke) {
+
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+int dnssec_verify_dnskey_by_ds_search(DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, DnsAnswer *validated_ds) {
+
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+int dnssec_nsec3_hash(DnsResourceRecord *nsec3, const char *name, void *ret) {
+
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+int dnssec_nsec_test(DnsAnswer *answer, DnsResourceKey *key, DnssecNsecResult *result, bool *authenticated, uint32_t *ttl) {
+
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+int dnssec_test_positive_wildcard(
+                DnsAnswer *answer,
+                const char *name,
+                const char *source,
+                const char *zone,
+                bool *authenticated) {
+
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+static const char* const dnssec_result_table[_DNSSEC_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [DNSSEC_VALIDATED] = "validated",
+        [DNSSEC_VALIDATED_WILDCARD] = "validated-wildcard",
+        [DNSSEC_INVALID] = "invalid",
+        [DNSSEC_SIGNATURE_EXPIRED] = "signature-expired",
+        [DNSSEC_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM] = "unsupported-algorithm",
+        [DNSSEC_NO_SIGNATURE] = "no-signature",
+        [DNSSEC_MISSING_KEY] = "missing-key",
+        [DNSSEC_UNSIGNED] = "unsigned",
+        [DNSSEC_FAILED_AUXILIARY] = "failed-auxiliary",
+        [DNSSEC_NSEC_MISMATCH] = "nsec-mismatch",
+        [DNSSEC_INCOMPATIBLE_SERVER] = "incompatible-server",
+};
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(dnssec_result, DnssecResult);
+
+static const char* const dnssec_verdict_table[_DNSSEC_VERDICT_MAX] = {
+        [DNSSEC_SECURE] = "secure",
+        [DNSSEC_INSECURE] = "insecure",
+        [DNSSEC_BOGUS] = "bogus",
+        [DNSSEC_INDETERMINATE] = "indeterminate",
+};
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(dnssec_verdict, DnssecVerdict);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-dnssec.h b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-dnssec.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b73cc24100
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-dnssec.h
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2015 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "shared/dns-domain.h"
+
+typedef enum DnssecResult DnssecResult;
+typedef enum DnssecVerdict DnssecVerdict;
+
+#include "resolved-dns-answer.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-rr.h"
+
+enum DnssecResult {
+        /* These five are returned by dnssec_verify_rrset() */
+        DNSSEC_VALIDATED,
+        DNSSEC_VALIDATED_WILDCARD, /* Validated via a wildcard RRSIG, further NSEC/NSEC3 checks necessary */
+        DNSSEC_INVALID,
+        DNSSEC_SIGNATURE_EXPIRED,
+        DNSSEC_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM,
+
+        /* These two are added by dnssec_verify_rrset_search() */
+        DNSSEC_NO_SIGNATURE,
+        DNSSEC_MISSING_KEY,
+
+        /* These two are added by the DnsTransaction logic */
+        DNSSEC_UNSIGNED,
+        DNSSEC_FAILED_AUXILIARY,
+        DNSSEC_NSEC_MISMATCH,
+        DNSSEC_INCOMPATIBLE_SERVER,
+
+        _DNSSEC_RESULT_MAX,
+        _DNSSEC_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+enum DnssecVerdict {
+        DNSSEC_SECURE,
+        DNSSEC_INSECURE,
+        DNSSEC_BOGUS,
+        DNSSEC_INDETERMINATE,
+
+        _DNSSEC_VERDICT_MAX,
+        _DNSSEC_VERDICT_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+#define DNSSEC_CANONICAL_HOSTNAME_MAX (DNS_HOSTNAME_MAX + 2)
+
+/* The longest digest we'll ever generate, of all digest algorithms we support */
+#define DNSSEC_HASH_SIZE_MAX (MAX(20, 32))
+
+int dnssec_rrsig_match_dnskey(DnsResourceRecord *rrsig, DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, bool revoked_ok);
+int dnssec_key_match_rrsig(const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsResourceRecord *rrsig);
+
+int dnssec_verify_rrset(DnsAnswer *answer, const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsResourceRecord *rrsig, DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, usec_t realtime, DnssecResult *result);
+int dnssec_verify_rrset_search(DnsAnswer *answer, const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsAnswer *validated_dnskeys, usec_t realtime, DnssecResult *result, DnsResourceRecord **rrsig);
+
+int dnssec_verify_dnskey_by_ds(DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, DnsResourceRecord *ds, bool mask_revoke);
+int dnssec_verify_dnskey_by_ds_search(DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, DnsAnswer *validated_ds);
+
+int dnssec_has_rrsig(DnsAnswer *a, const DnsResourceKey *key);
+
+uint16_t dnssec_keytag(DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, bool mask_revoke);
+
+int dnssec_canonicalize(const char *n, char *buffer, size_t buffer_max);
+
+int dnssec_nsec3_hash(DnsResourceRecord *nsec3, const char *name, void *ret);
+
+typedef enum DnssecNsecResult {
+        DNSSEC_NSEC_NO_RR,     /* No suitable NSEC/NSEC3 RR found */
+        DNSSEC_NSEC_CNAME,     /* Didn't find what was asked for, but did find CNAME */
+        DNSSEC_NSEC_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM,
+        DNSSEC_NSEC_NXDOMAIN,
+        DNSSEC_NSEC_NODATA,
+        DNSSEC_NSEC_FOUND,
+        DNSSEC_NSEC_OPTOUT,
+} DnssecNsecResult;
+
+int dnssec_nsec_test(DnsAnswer *answer, DnsResourceKey *key, DnssecNsecResult *result, bool *authenticated, uint32_t *ttl);
+
+
+int dnssec_test_positive_wildcard(DnsAnswer *a, const char *name, const char *source, const char *zone, bool *authenticated);
+
+const char* dnssec_result_to_string(DnssecResult m) _const_;
+DnssecResult dnssec_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* dnssec_verdict_to_string(DnssecVerdict m) _const_;
+DnssecVerdict dnssec_verdict_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-packet.c b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-packet.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e5a497e0ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-packet.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2301 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ***/
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/string-table.h"
+#include "basic/strv.h"
+#include "basic/unaligned.h"
+#include "basic/utf8.h"
+#include "basic/util.h"
+#include "shared/dns-domain.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-packet.h"
+
+#define EDNS0_OPT_DO (1<<15)
+
+typedef struct DnsPacketRewinder {
+        DnsPacket *packet;
+        size_t saved_rindex;
+} DnsPacketRewinder;
+
+static void rewind_dns_packet(DnsPacketRewinder *rewinder) {
+        if (rewinder->packet)
+                dns_packet_rewind(rewinder->packet, rewinder->saved_rindex);
+}
+
+#define INIT_REWINDER(rewinder, p) do { rewinder.packet = p; rewinder.saved_rindex = p->rindex; } while (0)
+#define CANCEL_REWINDER(rewinder) do { rewinder.packet = NULL; } while (0)
+
+int dns_packet_new(DnsPacket **ret, DnsProtocol protocol, size_t mtu) {
+        DnsPacket *p;
+        size_t a;
+
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (mtu <= UDP_PACKET_HEADER_SIZE)
+                a = DNS_PACKET_SIZE_START;
+        else
+                a = mtu - UDP_PACKET_HEADER_SIZE;
+
+        if (a < DNS_PACKET_HEADER_SIZE)
+                a = DNS_PACKET_HEADER_SIZE;
+
+        /* round up to next page size */
+        a = PAGE_ALIGN(ALIGN(sizeof(DnsPacket)) + a) - ALIGN(sizeof(DnsPacket));
+
+        /* make sure we never allocate more than useful */
+        if (a > DNS_PACKET_SIZE_MAX)
+                a = DNS_PACKET_SIZE_MAX;
+
+        p = malloc0(ALIGN(sizeof(DnsPacket)) + a);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        p->size = p->rindex = DNS_PACKET_HEADER_SIZE;
+        p->allocated = a;
+        p->protocol = protocol;
+        p->opt_start = p->opt_size = (size_t) -1;
+        p->n_ref = 1;
+
+        *ret = p;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void dns_packet_set_flags(DnsPacket *p, bool dnssec_checking_disabled, bool truncated) {
+
+        DnsPacketHeader *h;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        h = DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p);
+
+        switch(p->protocol) {
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
+                assert(!truncated);
+
+                h->flags = htobe16(DNS_PACKET_MAKE_FLAGS(0 /* qr */,
+                                                         0 /* opcode */,
+                                                         0 /* c */,
+                                                         0 /* tc */,
+                                                         0 /* t */,
+                                                         0 /* ra */,
+                                                         0 /* ad */,
+                                                         0 /* cd */,
+                                                         0 /* rcode */));
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
+                h->flags = htobe16(DNS_PACKET_MAKE_FLAGS(0         /* qr */,
+                                                         0         /* opcode */,
+                                                         0         /* aa */,
+                                                         truncated /* tc */,
+                                                         0         /* rd (ask for recursion) */,
+                                                         0         /* ra */,
+                                                         0         /* ad */,
+                                                         0         /* cd */,
+                                                         0         /* rcode */));
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert(!truncated);
+
+                h->flags = htobe16(DNS_PACKET_MAKE_FLAGS(0 /* qr */,
+                                                         0 /* opcode */,
+                                                         0 /* aa */,
+                                                         0 /* tc */,
+                                                         1 /* rd (ask for recursion) */,
+                                                         0 /* ra */,
+                                                         0 /* ad */,
+                                                         dnssec_checking_disabled /* cd */,
+                                                         0 /* rcode */));
+        }
+}
+
+int dns_packet_new_query(DnsPacket **ret, DnsProtocol protocol, size_t mtu, bool dnssec_checking_disabled) {
+        DnsPacket *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret);
+
+        r = dns_packet_new(&p, protocol, mtu);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Always set the TC bit to 0 initially.
+         * If there are multiple packets later, we'll update the bit shortly before sending.
+         */
+        dns_packet_set_flags(p, dnssec_checking_disabled, false);
+
+        *ret = p;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DnsPacket *dns_packet_ref(DnsPacket *p) {
+
+        if (!p)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(!p->on_stack);
+
+        assert(p->n_ref > 0);
+        p->n_ref++;
+        return p;
+}
+
+static void dns_packet_free(DnsPacket *p) {
+        char *s;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        dns_question_unref(p->question);
+        dns_answer_unref(p->answer);
+        dns_resource_record_unref(p->opt);
+
+        while ((s = hashmap_steal_first_key(p->names)))
+                free(s);
+        hashmap_free(p->names);
+
+        free(p->_data);
+
+        if (!p->on_stack)
+                free(p);
+}
+
+DnsPacket *dns_packet_unref(DnsPacket *p) {
+        if (!p)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(p->n_ref > 0);
+
+        dns_packet_unref(p->more);
+
+        if (p->n_ref == 1)
+                dns_packet_free(p);
+        else
+                p->n_ref--;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_validate(DnsPacket *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (p->size < DNS_PACKET_HEADER_SIZE)
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        if (p->size > DNS_PACKET_SIZE_MAX)
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_validate_reply(DnsPacket *p) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        r = dns_packet_validate(p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (DNS_PACKET_QR(p) != 1)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (DNS_PACKET_OPCODE(p) != 0)
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        switch (p->protocol) {
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
+                /* RFC 4795, Section 2.1.1. says to discard all replies with QDCOUNT != 1 */
+                if (DNS_PACKET_QDCOUNT(p) != 1)
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
+                /* RFC 6762, Section 18 */
+                if (DNS_PACKET_RCODE(p) != 0)
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_validate_query(DnsPacket *p) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        r = dns_packet_validate(p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (DNS_PACKET_QR(p) != 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (DNS_PACKET_OPCODE(p) != 0)
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        if (DNS_PACKET_TC(p))
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        switch (p->protocol) {
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS:
+                /* RFC 4795, Section 2.1.1. says to discard all queries with QDCOUNT != 1 */
+                if (DNS_PACKET_QDCOUNT(p) != 1)
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+
+                /* RFC 4795, Section 2.1.1. says to discard all queries with ANCOUNT != 0 */
+                if (DNS_PACKET_ANCOUNT(p) > 0)
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+
+                /* RFC 4795, Section 2.1.1. says to discard all queries with NSCOUNT != 0 */
+                if (DNS_PACKET_NSCOUNT(p) > 0)
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
+                /* RFC 6762, Section 18 */
+                if (DNS_PACKET_AA(p)    != 0 ||
+                    DNS_PACKET_RD(p)    != 0 ||
+                    DNS_PACKET_RA(p)    != 0 ||
+                    DNS_PACKET_AD(p)    != 0 ||
+                    DNS_PACKET_CD(p)    != 0 ||
+                    DNS_PACKET_RCODE(p) != 0)
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int dns_packet_extend(DnsPacket *p, size_t add, void **ret, size_t *start) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (p->size + add > p->allocated) {
+                size_t a;
+
+                a = PAGE_ALIGN((p->size + add) * 2);
+                if (a > DNS_PACKET_SIZE_MAX)
+                        a = DNS_PACKET_SIZE_MAX;
+
+                if (p->size + add > a)
+                        return -EMSGSIZE;
+
+                if (p->_data) {
+                        void *d;
+
+                        d = realloc(p->_data, a);
+                        if (!d)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        p->_data = d;
+                } else {
+                        p->_data = malloc(a);
+                        if (!p->_data)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        memcpy(p->_data, (uint8_t*) p + ALIGN(sizeof(DnsPacket)), p->size);
+                        memzero((uint8_t*) p->_data + p->size, a - p->size);
+                }
+
+                p->allocated = a;
+        }
+
+        if (start)
+                *start = p->size;
+
+        if (ret)
+                *ret = (uint8_t*) DNS_PACKET_DATA(p) + p->size;
+
+        p->size += add;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void dns_packet_truncate(DnsPacket *p, size_t sz) {
+        Iterator i;
+        char *s;
+        void *n;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (p->size <= sz)
+                return;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(n, s, p->names, i) {
+
+                if (PTR_TO_SIZE(n) < sz)
+                        continue;
+
+                hashmap_remove(p->names, s);
+                free(s);
+        }
+
+        p->size = sz;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_append_blob(DnsPacket *p, const void *d, size_t l, size_t *start) {
+        void *q;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        r = dns_packet_extend(p, l, &q, start);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        memcpy(q, d, l);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_append_uint8(DnsPacket *p, uint8_t v, size_t *start) {
+        void *d;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        r = dns_packet_extend(p, sizeof(uint8_t), &d, start);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        ((uint8_t*) d)[0] = v;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_append_uint16(DnsPacket *p, uint16_t v, size_t *start) {
+        void *d;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        r = dns_packet_extend(p, sizeof(uint16_t), &d, start);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        unaligned_write_be16(d, v);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_append_uint32(DnsPacket *p, uint32_t v, size_t *start) {
+        void *d;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        r = dns_packet_extend(p, sizeof(uint32_t), &d, start);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        unaligned_write_be32(d, v);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_append_string(DnsPacket *p, const char *s, size_t *start) {
+        assert(p);
+        assert(s);
+
+        return dns_packet_append_raw_string(p, s, strlen(s), start);
+}
+
+int dns_packet_append_raw_string(DnsPacket *p, const void *s, size_t size, size_t *start) {
+        void *d;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(s || size == 0);
+
+        if (size > 255)
+                return -E2BIG;
+
+        r = dns_packet_extend(p, 1 + size, &d, start);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        ((uint8_t*) d)[0] = (uint8_t) size;
+
+        memcpy_safe(((uint8_t*) d) + 1, s, size);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_append_label(DnsPacket *p, const char *d, size_t l, bool canonical_candidate, size_t *start) {
+        uint8_t *w;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Append a label to a packet. Optionally, does this in DNSSEC
+         * canonical form, if this label is marked as a candidate for
+         * it, and the canonical form logic is enabled for the
+         * packet */
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(d);
+
+        if (l > DNS_LABEL_MAX)
+                return -E2BIG;
+
+        r = dns_packet_extend(p, 1 + l, (void**) &w, start);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *(w++) = (uint8_t) l;
+
+        if (p->canonical_form && canonical_candidate) {
+                size_t i;
+
+                /* Generate in canonical form, as defined by DNSSEC
+                 * RFC 4034, Section 6.2, i.e. all lower-case. */
+
+                for (i = 0; i < l; i++)
+                        w[i] = (uint8_t) ascii_tolower(d[i]);
+        } else
+                /* Otherwise, just copy the string unaltered. This is
+                 * essential for DNS-SD, where the casing of labels
+                 * matters and needs to be retained. */
+                memcpy(w, d, l);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_append_name(
+                DnsPacket *p,
+                const char *name,
+                bool allow_compression,
+                bool canonical_candidate,
+                size_t *start) {
+
+        size_t saved_size;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (p->refuse_compression)
+                allow_compression = false;
+
+        saved_size = p->size;
+
+        while (!dns_name_is_root(name)) {
+                const char *z = name;
+                char label[DNS_LABEL_MAX];
+                size_t n = 0;
+
+                if (allow_compression)
+                        n = PTR_TO_SIZE(hashmap_get(p->names, name));
+                if (n > 0) {
+                        assert(n < p->size);
+
+                        if (n < 0x4000) {
+                                r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, 0xC000 | n, NULL);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        goto fail;
+
+                                goto done;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                r = dns_label_unescape(&name, label, sizeof(label));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_label(p, label, r, canonical_candidate, &n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                if (allow_compression) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+
+                        s = strdup(z);
+                        if (!s) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+
+                        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&p->names, &dns_name_hash_ops);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        r = hashmap_put(p->names, s, SIZE_TO_PTR(n));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        s = NULL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, 0, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+done:
+        if (start)
+                *start = saved_size;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        dns_packet_truncate(p, saved_size);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_append_key(DnsPacket *p, const DnsResourceKey *k, size_t *start) {
+        size_t saved_size;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(k);
+
+        saved_size = p->size;
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_name(p, dns_resource_key_name(k), true, true, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, k->type, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, k->class, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (start)
+                *start = saved_size;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        dns_packet_truncate(p, saved_size);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int dns_packet_append_type_window(DnsPacket *p, uint8_t window, uint8_t length, const uint8_t *types, size_t *start) {
+        size_t saved_size;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(types);
+        assert(length > 0);
+
+        saved_size = p->size;
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, window, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, length, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_blob(p, types, length, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (start)
+                *start = saved_size;
+
+        return 0;
+fail:
+        dns_packet_truncate(p, saved_size);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int dns_packet_append_types(DnsPacket *p, Bitmap *types, size_t *start) {
+        Iterator i;
+        uint8_t window = 0;
+        uint8_t entry = 0;
+        uint8_t bitmaps[32] = {};
+        unsigned n;
+        size_t saved_size;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        saved_size = p->size;
+
+        BITMAP_FOREACH(n, types, i) {
+                assert(n <= 0xffff);
+
+                if ((n >> 8) != window && bitmaps[entry / 8] != 0) {
+                        r = dns_packet_append_type_window(p, window, entry / 8 + 1, bitmaps, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        zero(bitmaps);
+                }
+
+                window = n >> 8;
+                entry = n & 255;
+
+                bitmaps[entry / 8] |= 1 << (7 - (entry % 8));
+        }
+
+        if (bitmaps[entry / 8] != 0) {
+                r = dns_packet_append_type_window(p, window, entry / 8 + 1, bitmaps, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (start)
+                *start = saved_size;
+
+        return 0;
+fail:
+        dns_packet_truncate(p, saved_size);
+        return r;
+}
+
+/* Append the OPT pseudo-RR described in RFC6891 */
+int dns_packet_append_opt(DnsPacket *p, uint16_t max_udp_size, bool edns0_do, int rcode, size_t *start) {
+        size_t saved_size;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        /* we must never advertise supported packet size smaller than the legacy max */
+        assert(max_udp_size >= DNS_PACKET_UNICAST_SIZE_MAX);
+        assert(rcode >= 0);
+        assert(rcode <= _DNS_RCODE_MAX);
+
+        if (p->opt_start != (size_t) -1)
+                return -EBUSY;
+
+        assert(p->opt_size == (size_t) -1);
+
+        saved_size = p->size;
+
+        /* empty name */
+        r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, 0, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* type */
+        r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, DNS_TYPE_OPT, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* class: maximum udp packet that can be received */
+        r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, max_udp_size, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* extended RCODE and VERSION */
+        r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, ((uint16_t) rcode & 0x0FF0) << 4, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* flags: DNSSEC OK (DO), see RFC3225 */
+        r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, edns0_do ? EDNS0_OPT_DO : 0, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* RDLENGTH */
+        if (edns0_do && !DNS_PACKET_QR(p)) {
+                /* If DO is on and this is not a reply, also append RFC6975 Algorithm data */
+
+                static const uint8_t rfc6975[] = {
+
+                        0, 5, /* OPTION_CODE: DAU */
+                        0, 6, /* LIST_LENGTH */
+                        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA1,
+                        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA1_NSEC3_SHA1,
+                        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA256,
+                        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA512,
+                        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_ECDSAP256SHA256,
+                        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_ECDSAP384SHA384,
+
+                        0, 6, /* OPTION_CODE: DHU */
+                        0, 3, /* LIST_LENGTH */
+                        DNSSEC_DIGEST_SHA1,
+                        DNSSEC_DIGEST_SHA256,
+                        DNSSEC_DIGEST_SHA384,
+
+                        0, 7, /* OPTION_CODE: N3U */
+                        0, 1, /* LIST_LENGTH */
+                        NSEC3_ALGORITHM_SHA1,
+                };
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, sizeof(rfc6975), NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_blob(p, rfc6975, sizeof(rfc6975), NULL);
+        } else
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, 0, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->arcount = htobe16(DNS_PACKET_ARCOUNT(p) + 1);
+
+        p->opt_start = saved_size;
+        p->opt_size = p->size - saved_size;
+
+        if (start)
+                *start = saved_size;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        dns_packet_truncate(p, saved_size);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_truncate_opt(DnsPacket *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (p->opt_start == (size_t) -1) {
+                assert(p->opt_size == (size_t) -1);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        assert(p->opt_size != (size_t) -1);
+        assert(DNS_PACKET_ARCOUNT(p) > 0);
+
+        if (p->opt_start + p->opt_size != p->size)
+                return -EBUSY;
+
+        dns_packet_truncate(p, p->opt_start);
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->arcount = htobe16(DNS_PACKET_ARCOUNT(p) - 1);
+        p->opt_start = p->opt_size = (size_t) -1;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_append_rr(DnsPacket *p, const DnsResourceRecord *rr, size_t *start, size_t *rdata_start) {
+
+        size_t saved_size, rdlength_offset, end, rdlength, rds;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(rr);
+
+        saved_size = p->size;
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_key(p, rr->key, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_uint32(p, rr->ttl, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* Initially we write 0 here */
+        r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, 0, &rdlength_offset);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        rds = p->size - saved_size;
+
+        switch (rr->unparseable ? _DNS_TYPE_INVALID : rr->key->type) {
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SRV:
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, rr->srv.priority, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, rr->srv.weight, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, rr->srv.port, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_name(p, rr->srv.name, true, false, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_PTR:
+        case DNS_TYPE_NS:
+        case DNS_TYPE_CNAME:
+        case DNS_TYPE_DNAME:
+                r = dns_packet_append_name(p, rr->ptr.name, true, false, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_HINFO:
+                r = dns_packet_append_string(p, rr->hinfo.cpu, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_string(p, rr->hinfo.os, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SPF: /* exactly the same as TXT */
+        case DNS_TYPE_TXT:
+
+                if (!rr->txt.items) {
+                        /* RFC 6763, section 6.1 suggests to generate
+                         * single empty string for an empty array. */
+
+                        r = dns_packet_append_raw_string(p, NULL, 0, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                } else {
+                        DnsTxtItem *i;
+
+                        LIST_FOREACH(items, i, rr->txt.items) {
+                                r = dns_packet_append_raw_string(p, i->data, i->length, NULL);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        goto fail;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                r = 0;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_A:
+                r = dns_packet_append_blob(p, &rr->a.in_addr, sizeof(struct in_addr), NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_AAAA:
+                r = dns_packet_append_blob(p, &rr->aaaa.in6_addr, sizeof(struct in6_addr), NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SOA:
+                r = dns_packet_append_name(p, rr->soa.mname, true, false, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_name(p, rr->soa.rname, true, false, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint32(p, rr->soa.serial, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint32(p, rr->soa.refresh, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint32(p, rr->soa.retry, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint32(p, rr->soa.expire, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint32(p, rr->soa.minimum, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_MX:
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, rr->mx.priority, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_name(p, rr->mx.exchange, true, false, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_LOC:
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->loc.version, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->loc.size, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->loc.horiz_pre, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->loc.vert_pre, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint32(p, rr->loc.latitude, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint32(p, rr->loc.longitude, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint32(p, rr->loc.altitude, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_DS:
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, rr->ds.key_tag, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->ds.algorithm, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->ds.digest_type, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_blob(p, rr->ds.digest, rr->ds.digest_size, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SSHFP:
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->sshfp.algorithm, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->sshfp.fptype, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_blob(p, rr->sshfp.fingerprint, rr->sshfp.fingerprint_size, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY:
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, rr->dnskey.flags, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->dnskey.protocol, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->dnskey.algorithm, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_blob(p, rr->dnskey.key, rr->dnskey.key_size, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_RRSIG:
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, rr->rrsig.type_covered, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->rrsig.algorithm, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->rrsig.labels, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint32(p, rr->rrsig.original_ttl, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint32(p, rr->rrsig.expiration, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint32(p, rr->rrsig.inception, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, rr->rrsig.key_tag, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_name(p, rr->rrsig.signer, false, true, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_blob(p, rr->rrsig.signature, rr->rrsig.signature_size, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_NSEC:
+                r = dns_packet_append_name(p, rr->nsec.next_domain_name, false, false, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_types(p, rr->nsec.types, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_NSEC3:
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->nsec3.algorithm, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->nsec3.flags, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, rr->nsec3.iterations, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->nsec3.salt_size, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_blob(p, rr->nsec3.salt, rr->nsec3.salt_size, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name_size, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_blob(p, rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name, rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name_size, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_types(p, rr->nsec3.types, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_TLSA:
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->tlsa.cert_usage, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->tlsa.selector, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->tlsa.matching_type, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_blob(p, rr->tlsa.data, rr->tlsa.data_size, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_CAA:
+                r = dns_packet_append_uint8(p, rr->caa.flags, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_string(p, rr->caa.tag, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_blob(p, rr->caa.value, rr->caa.value_size, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_OPT:
+        case DNS_TYPE_OPENPGPKEY:
+        case _DNS_TYPE_INVALID: /* unparseable */
+        default:
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_blob(p, rr->generic.data, rr->generic.data_size, NULL);
+                break;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* Let's calculate the actual data size and update the field */
+        rdlength = p->size - rdlength_offset - sizeof(uint16_t);
+        if (rdlength > 0xFFFF) {
+                r = -ENOSPC;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        end = p->size;
+        p->size = rdlength_offset;
+        r = dns_packet_append_uint16(p, rdlength, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+        p->size = end;
+
+        if (start)
+                *start = saved_size;
+
+        if (rdata_start)
+                *rdata_start = rds;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        dns_packet_truncate(p, saved_size);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_append_question(DnsPacket *p, DnsQuestion *q) {
+        DnsResourceKey *key;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        DNS_QUESTION_FOREACH(key, q) {
+                r = dns_packet_append_key(p, key, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_append_answer(DnsPacket *p, DnsAnswer *a) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, a) {
+                r = dns_packet_append_rr(p, rr, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_read(DnsPacket *p, size_t sz, const void **ret, size_t *start) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (p->rindex + sz > p->size)
+                return -EMSGSIZE;
+
+        if (ret)
+                *ret = (uint8_t*) DNS_PACKET_DATA(p) + p->rindex;
+
+        if (start)
+                *start = p->rindex;
+
+        p->rindex += sz;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void dns_packet_rewind(DnsPacket *p, size_t idx) {
+        assert(p);
+        assert(idx <= p->size);
+        assert(idx >= DNS_PACKET_HEADER_SIZE);
+
+        p->rindex = idx;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_read_blob(DnsPacket *p, void *d, size_t sz, size_t *start) {
+        const void *q;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(d);
+
+        r = dns_packet_read(p, sz, &q, start);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        memcpy(d, q, sz);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_packet_read_memdup(
+                DnsPacket *p, size_t size,
+                void **ret, size_t *ret_size,
+                size_t *ret_start) {
+
+        const void *src;
+        size_t start;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        r = dns_packet_read(p, size, &src, &start);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (size <= 0)
+                *ret = NULL;
+        else {
+                void *copy;
+
+                copy = memdup(src, size);
+                if (!copy)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                *ret = copy;
+        }
+
+        if (ret_size)
+                *ret_size = size;
+        if (ret_start)
+                *ret_start = start;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_read_uint8(DnsPacket *p, uint8_t *ret, size_t *start) {
+        const void *d;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        r = dns_packet_read(p, sizeof(uint8_t), &d, start);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret = ((uint8_t*) d)[0];
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_read_uint16(DnsPacket *p, uint16_t *ret, size_t *start) {
+        const void *d;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        r = dns_packet_read(p, sizeof(uint16_t), &d, start);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret = unaligned_read_be16(d);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_read_uint32(DnsPacket *p, uint32_t *ret, size_t *start) {
+        const void *d;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        r = dns_packet_read(p, sizeof(uint32_t), &d, start);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret = unaligned_read_be32(d);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_read_string(DnsPacket *p, char **ret, size_t *start) {
+        _cleanup_(rewind_dns_packet) DnsPacketRewinder rewinder;
+        const void *d;
+        char *t;
+        uint8_t c;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        INIT_REWINDER(rewinder, p);
+
+        r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &c, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_packet_read(p, c, &d, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (memchr(d, 0, c))
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        t = strndup(d, c);
+        if (!t)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (!utf8_is_valid(t)) {
+                free(t);
+                return -EBADMSG;
+        }
+
+        *ret = t;
+
+        if (start)
+                *start = rewinder.saved_rindex;
+        CANCEL_REWINDER(rewinder);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_read_raw_string(DnsPacket *p, const void **ret, size_t *size, size_t *start) {
+        _cleanup_(rewind_dns_packet) DnsPacketRewinder rewinder;
+        uint8_t c;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        INIT_REWINDER(rewinder, p);
+
+        r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &c, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_packet_read(p, c, ret, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (size)
+                *size = c;
+        if (start)
+                *start = rewinder.saved_rindex;
+        CANCEL_REWINDER(rewinder);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_read_name(
+                DnsPacket *p,
+                char **_ret,
+                bool allow_compression,
+                size_t *start) {
+
+        _cleanup_(rewind_dns_packet) DnsPacketRewinder rewinder;
+        size_t after_rindex = 0, jump_barrier;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *ret = NULL;
+        size_t n = 0, allocated = 0;
+        bool first = true;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(_ret);
+        INIT_REWINDER(rewinder, p);
+        jump_barrier = p->rindex;
+
+        if (p->refuse_compression)
+                allow_compression = false;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                uint8_t c, d;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &c, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (c == 0)
+                        /* End of name */
+                        break;
+                else if (c <= 63) {
+                        const char *label;
+
+                        /* Literal label */
+                        r = dns_packet_read(p, c, (const void**) &label, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(ret, allocated, n + !first + DNS_LABEL_ESCAPED_MAX))
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        if (first)
+                                first = false;
+                        else
+                                ret[n++] = '.';
+
+                        r = dns_label_escape(label, c, ret + n, DNS_LABEL_ESCAPED_MAX);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        n += r;
+                        continue;
+                } else if (allow_compression && (c & 0xc0) == 0xc0) {
+                        uint16_t ptr;
+
+                        /* Pointer */
+                        r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &d, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        ptr = (uint16_t) (c & ~0xc0) << 8 | (uint16_t) d;
+                        if (ptr < DNS_PACKET_HEADER_SIZE || ptr >= jump_barrier)
+                                return -EBADMSG;
+
+                        if (after_rindex == 0)
+                                after_rindex = p->rindex;
+
+                        /* Jumps are limited to a "prior occurrence" (RFC-1035 4.1.4) */
+                        jump_barrier = ptr;
+                        p->rindex = ptr;
+                } else
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+        }
+
+        if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(ret, allocated, n + 1))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        ret[n] = 0;
+
+        if (after_rindex != 0)
+                p->rindex= after_rindex;
+
+        *_ret = ret;
+        ret = NULL;
+
+        if (start)
+                *start = rewinder.saved_rindex;
+        CANCEL_REWINDER(rewinder);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_packet_read_type_window(DnsPacket *p, Bitmap **types, size_t *start) {
+        uint8_t window;
+        uint8_t length;
+        const uint8_t *bitmap;
+        uint8_t bit = 0;
+        unsigned i;
+        bool found = false;
+        _cleanup_(rewind_dns_packet) DnsPacketRewinder rewinder;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(types);
+        INIT_REWINDER(rewinder, p);
+
+        r = bitmap_ensure_allocated(types);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &window, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &length, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (length == 0 || length > 32)
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        r = dns_packet_read(p, length, (const void **)&bitmap, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                uint8_t bitmask = 1 << 7;
+
+                if (!bitmap[i]) {
+                        found = false;
+                        bit += 8;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                found = true;
+
+                while (bitmask) {
+                        if (bitmap[i] & bitmask) {
+                                uint16_t n;
+
+                                n = (uint16_t) window << 8 | (uint16_t) bit;
+
+                                /* Ignore pseudo-types. see RFC4034 section 4.1.2 */
+                                if (dns_type_is_pseudo(n))
+                                        continue;
+
+                                r = bitmap_set(*types, n);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+
+                        bit++;
+                        bitmask >>= 1;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!found)
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        if (start)
+                *start = rewinder.saved_rindex;
+        CANCEL_REWINDER(rewinder);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_packet_read_type_windows(DnsPacket *p, Bitmap **types, size_t size, size_t *start) {
+        _cleanup_(rewind_dns_packet) DnsPacketRewinder rewinder;
+        int r;
+
+        INIT_REWINDER(rewinder, p);
+
+        while (p->rindex < rewinder.saved_rindex + size) {
+                r = dns_packet_read_type_window(p, types, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* don't read past end of current RR */
+                if (p->rindex > rewinder.saved_rindex + size)
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+        }
+
+        if (p->rindex != rewinder.saved_rindex + size)
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        if (start)
+                *start = rewinder.saved_rindex;
+        CANCEL_REWINDER(rewinder);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_read_key(DnsPacket *p, DnsResourceKey **ret, bool *ret_cache_flush, size_t *start) {
+        _cleanup_(rewind_dns_packet) DnsPacketRewinder rewinder;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL;
+        bool cache_flush = false;
+        uint16_t class, type;
+        DnsResourceKey *key;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(ret);
+        INIT_REWINDER(rewinder, p);
+
+        r = dns_packet_read_name(p, &name, true, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_packet_read_uint16(p, &type, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_packet_read_uint16(p, &class, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (p->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS) {
+                /* See RFC6762, Section 10.2 */
+
+                if (type != DNS_TYPE_OPT && (class & MDNS_RR_CACHE_FLUSH)) {
+                        class &= ~MDNS_RR_CACHE_FLUSH;
+                        cache_flush = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        key = dns_resource_key_new_consume(class, type, name);
+        if (!key)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        name = NULL;
+        *ret = key;
+
+        if (ret_cache_flush)
+                *ret_cache_flush = cache_flush;
+        if (start)
+                *start = rewinder.saved_rindex;
+        CANCEL_REWINDER(rewinder);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool loc_size_ok(uint8_t size) {
+        uint8_t m = size >> 4, e = size & 0xF;
+
+        return m <= 9 && e <= 9 && (m > 0 || e == 0);
+}
+
+int dns_packet_read_rr(DnsPacket *p, DnsResourceRecord **ret, bool *ret_cache_flush, size_t *start) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *key = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(rewind_dns_packet) DnsPacketRewinder rewinder;
+        size_t offset;
+        uint16_t rdlength;
+        bool cache_flush;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        INIT_REWINDER(rewinder, p);
+
+        r = dns_packet_read_key(p, &key, &cache_flush, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!dns_class_is_valid_rr(key->class) || !dns_type_is_valid_rr(key->type))
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        rr = dns_resource_record_new(key);
+        if (!rr)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = dns_packet_read_uint32(p, &rr->ttl, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* RFC 2181, Section 8, suggests to
+         * treat a TTL with the MSB set as a zero TTL. */
+        if (rr->ttl & UINT32_C(0x80000000))
+                rr->ttl = 0;
+
+        r = dns_packet_read_uint16(p, &rdlength, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (p->rindex + rdlength > p->size)
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        offset = p->rindex;
+
+        switch (rr->key->type) {
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SRV:
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint16(p, &rr->srv.priority, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint16(p, &rr->srv.weight, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint16(p, &rr->srv.port, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                r = dns_packet_read_name(p, &rr->srv.name, true, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_PTR:
+        case DNS_TYPE_NS:
+        case DNS_TYPE_CNAME:
+        case DNS_TYPE_DNAME:
+                r = dns_packet_read_name(p, &rr->ptr.name, true, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_HINFO:
+                r = dns_packet_read_string(p, &rr->hinfo.cpu, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_string(p, &rr->hinfo.os, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SPF: /* exactly the same as TXT */
+        case DNS_TYPE_TXT:
+                if (rdlength <= 0) {
+                        DnsTxtItem *i;
+                        /* RFC 6763, section 6.1 suggests to treat
+                         * empty TXT RRs as equivalent to a TXT record
+                         * with a single empty string. */
+
+                        i = malloc0(offsetof(DnsTxtItem, data) + 1); /* for safety reasons we add an extra NUL byte */
+                        if (!i)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        rr->txt.items = i;
+                } else {
+                        DnsTxtItem *last = NULL;
+
+                        while (p->rindex < offset + rdlength) {
+                                DnsTxtItem *i;
+                                const void *data;
+                                size_t sz;
+
+                                r = dns_packet_read_raw_string(p, &data, &sz, NULL);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                i = malloc0(offsetof(DnsTxtItem, data) + sz + 1); /* extra NUL byte at the end */
+                                if (!i)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                memcpy(i->data, data, sz);
+                                i->length = sz;
+
+                                LIST_INSERT_AFTER(items, rr->txt.items, last, i);
+                                last = i;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                r = 0;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_A:
+                r = dns_packet_read_blob(p, &rr->a.in_addr, sizeof(struct in_addr), NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_AAAA:
+                r = dns_packet_read_blob(p, &rr->aaaa.in6_addr, sizeof(struct in6_addr), NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SOA:
+                r = dns_packet_read_name(p, &rr->soa.mname, true, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_name(p, &rr->soa.rname, true, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint32(p, &rr->soa.serial, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint32(p, &rr->soa.refresh, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint32(p, &rr->soa.retry, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint32(p, &rr->soa.expire, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint32(p, &rr->soa.minimum, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_MX:
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint16(p, &rr->mx.priority, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_name(p, &rr->mx.exchange, true, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_LOC: {
+                uint8_t t;
+                size_t pos;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &t, &pos);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (t == 0) {
+                        rr->loc.version = t;
+
+                        r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->loc.size, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (!loc_size_ok(rr->loc.size))
+                                return -EBADMSG;
+
+                        r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->loc.horiz_pre, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (!loc_size_ok(rr->loc.horiz_pre))
+                                return -EBADMSG;
+
+                        r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->loc.vert_pre, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (!loc_size_ok(rr->loc.vert_pre))
+                                return -EBADMSG;
+
+                        r = dns_packet_read_uint32(p, &rr->loc.latitude, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = dns_packet_read_uint32(p, &rr->loc.longitude, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = dns_packet_read_uint32(p, &rr->loc.altitude, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        break;
+                } else {
+                        dns_packet_rewind(p, pos);
+                        rr->unparseable = true;
+                        goto unparseable;
+                }
+        }
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_DS:
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint16(p, &rr->ds.key_tag, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->ds.algorithm, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->ds.digest_type, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_memdup(p, rdlength - 4,
+                                           &rr->ds.digest, &rr->ds.digest_size,
+                                           NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (rr->ds.digest_size <= 0)
+                        /* the accepted size depends on the algorithm, but for now
+                           just ensure that the value is greater than zero */
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SSHFP:
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->sshfp.algorithm, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->sshfp.fptype, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_memdup(p, rdlength - 2,
+                                           &rr->sshfp.fingerprint, &rr->sshfp.fingerprint_size,
+                                           NULL);
+
+                if (rr->sshfp.fingerprint_size <= 0)
+                        /* the accepted size depends on the algorithm, but for now
+                           just ensure that the value is greater than zero */
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY:
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint16(p, &rr->dnskey.flags, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->dnskey.protocol, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->dnskey.algorithm, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_memdup(p, rdlength - 4,
+                                           &rr->dnskey.key, &rr->dnskey.key_size,
+                                           NULL);
+
+                if (rr->dnskey.key_size <= 0)
+                        /* the accepted size depends on the algorithm, but for now
+                           just ensure that the value is greater than zero */
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_RRSIG:
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint16(p, &rr->rrsig.type_covered, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->rrsig.algorithm, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->rrsig.labels, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint32(p, &rr->rrsig.original_ttl, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint32(p, &rr->rrsig.expiration, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint32(p, &rr->rrsig.inception, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint16(p, &rr->rrsig.key_tag, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_name(p, &rr->rrsig.signer, false, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_memdup(p, offset + rdlength - p->rindex,
+                                           &rr->rrsig.signature, &rr->rrsig.signature_size,
+                                           NULL);
+
+                if (rr->rrsig.signature_size <= 0)
+                        /* the accepted size depends on the algorithm, but for now
+                           just ensure that the value is greater than zero */
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_NSEC: {
+
+                /*
+                 * RFC6762, section 18.14 explictly states mDNS should use name compression.
+                 * This contradicts RFC3845, section 2.1.1
+                 */
+
+                bool allow_compressed = p->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_name(p, &rr->nsec.next_domain_name, allow_compressed, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_type_windows(p, &rr->nsec.types, offset + rdlength - p->rindex, NULL);
+
+                /* We accept empty NSEC bitmaps. The bit indicating the presence of the NSEC record itself
+                 * is redundant and in e.g., RFC4956 this fact is used to define a use for NSEC records
+                 * without the NSEC bit set. */
+
+                break;
+        }
+        case DNS_TYPE_NSEC3: {
+                uint8_t size;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->nsec3.algorithm, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->nsec3.flags, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint16(p, &rr->nsec3.iterations, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* this may be zero */
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &size, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_memdup(p, size, &rr->nsec3.salt, &rr->nsec3.salt_size, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &size, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (size <= 0)
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_memdup(p, size,
+                                           &rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name, &rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name_size,
+                                           NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_type_windows(p, &rr->nsec3.types, offset + rdlength - p->rindex, NULL);
+
+                /* empty non-terminals can have NSEC3 records, so empty bitmaps are allowed */
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_TLSA:
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->tlsa.cert_usage, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->tlsa.selector, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->tlsa.matching_type, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_memdup(p, rdlength - 3,
+                                           &rr->tlsa.data, &rr->tlsa.data_size,
+                                           NULL);
+
+                if (rr->tlsa.data_size <= 0)
+                        /* the accepted size depends on the algorithm, but for now
+                           just ensure that the value is greater than zero */
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_CAA:
+                r = dns_packet_read_uint8(p, &rr->caa.flags, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_string(p, &rr->caa.tag, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_packet_read_memdup(p,
+                                           rdlength + offset - p->rindex,
+                                           &rr->caa.value, &rr->caa.value_size, NULL);
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_OPT: /* we only care about the header of OPT for now. */
+        case DNS_TYPE_OPENPGPKEY:
+        default:
+        unparseable:
+                r = dns_packet_read_memdup(p, rdlength, &rr->generic.data, &rr->generic.data_size, NULL);
+
+                break;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (p->rindex != offset + rdlength)
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        *ret = rr;
+        rr = NULL;
+
+        if (ret_cache_flush)
+                *ret_cache_flush = cache_flush;
+        if (start)
+                *start = rewinder.saved_rindex;
+        CANCEL_REWINDER(rewinder);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool opt_is_good(DnsResourceRecord *rr, bool *rfc6975) {
+        const uint8_t* p;
+        bool found_dau_dhu_n3u = false;
+        size_t l;
+
+        /* Checks whether the specified OPT RR is well-formed and whether it contains RFC6975 data (which is not OK in
+         * a reply). */
+
+        assert(rr);
+        assert(rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_OPT);
+
+        /* Check that the version is 0 */
+        if (((rr->ttl >> 16) & UINT32_C(0xFF)) != 0) {
+                *rfc6975 = false;
+                return true; /* if it's not version 0, it's OK, but we will ignore the OPT field contents */
+        }
+
+        p = rr->opt.data;
+        l = rr->opt.data_size;
+        while (l > 0) {
+                uint16_t option_code, option_length;
+
+                /* At least four bytes for OPTION-CODE and OPTION-LENGTH are required */
+                if (l < 4U)
+                        return false;
+
+                option_code = unaligned_read_be16(p);
+                option_length = unaligned_read_be16(p + 2);
+
+                if (l < option_length + 4U)
+                        return false;
+
+                /* RFC 6975 DAU, DHU or N3U fields found. */
+                if (IN_SET(option_code, 5, 6, 7))
+                        found_dau_dhu_n3u = true;
+
+                p += option_length + 4U;
+                l -= option_length + 4U;
+        }
+
+        *rfc6975 = found_dau_dhu_n3u;
+        return true;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_extract(DnsPacket *p) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_question_unrefp) DnsQuestion *question = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *answer = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(rewind_dns_packet) DnsPacketRewinder rewinder = {};
+        unsigned n, i;
+        int r;
+
+        if (p->extracted)
+                return 0;
+
+        INIT_REWINDER(rewinder, p);
+        dns_packet_rewind(p, DNS_PACKET_HEADER_SIZE);
+
+        n = DNS_PACKET_QDCOUNT(p);
+        if (n > 0) {
+                question = dns_question_new(n);
+                if (!question)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *key = NULL;
+                        bool cache_flush;
+
+                        r = dns_packet_read_key(p, &key, &cache_flush, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (cache_flush)
+                                return -EBADMSG;
+
+                        if (!dns_type_is_valid_query(key->type))
+                                return -EBADMSG;
+
+                        r = dns_question_add(question, key);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        n = DNS_PACKET_RRCOUNT(p);
+        if (n > 0) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *previous = NULL;
+                bool bad_opt = false;
+
+                answer = dns_answer_new(n);
+                if (!answer)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+                        bool cache_flush;
+
+                        r = dns_packet_read_rr(p, &rr, &cache_flush, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        /* Try to reduce memory usage a bit */
+                        if (previous)
+                                dns_resource_key_reduce(&rr->key, &previous->key);
+
+                        if (rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_OPT) {
+                                bool has_rfc6975;
+
+                                if (p->opt || bad_opt) {
+                                        /* Multiple OPT RRs? if so, let's ignore all, because there's something wrong
+                                         * with the server, and if one is valid we wouldn't know which one. */
+                                        log_debug("Multiple OPT RRs detected, ignoring all.");
+                                        bad_opt = true;
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+
+                                if (!dns_name_is_root(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key))) {
+                                        /* If the OPT RR is not owned by the root domain, then it is bad, let's ignore
+                                         * it. */
+                                        log_debug("OPT RR is not owned by root domain, ignoring.");
+                                        bad_opt = true;
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+
+                                if (i < DNS_PACKET_ANCOUNT(p) + DNS_PACKET_NSCOUNT(p)) {
+                                        /* OPT RR is in the wrong section? Some Belkin routers do this. This is a hint
+                                         * the EDNS implementation is borked, like the Belkin one is, hence ignore
+                                         * it. */
+                                        log_debug("OPT RR in wrong section, ignoring.");
+                                        bad_opt = true;
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+
+                                if (!opt_is_good(rr, &has_rfc6975)) {
+                                        log_debug("Malformed OPT RR, ignoring.");
+                                        bad_opt = true;
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+
+                                if (DNS_PACKET_QR(p)) {
+                                        /* Additional checks for responses */
+
+                                        if (!DNS_RESOURCE_RECORD_OPT_VERSION_SUPPORTED(rr)) {
+                                                /* If this is a reply and we don't know the EDNS version then something
+                                                 * is weird... */
+                                                log_debug("EDNS version newer that our request, bad server.");
+                                                return -EBADMSG;
+                                        }
+
+                                        if (has_rfc6975) {
+                                                /* If the OPT RR contains RFC6975 algorithm data, then this is indication that
+                                                 * the server just copied the OPT it got from us (which contained that data)
+                                                 * back into the reply. If so, then it doesn't properly support EDNS, as
+                                                 * RFC6975 makes it very clear that the algorithm data should only be contained
+                                                 * in questions, never in replies. Crappy Belkin routers copy the OPT data for
+                                                 * example, hence let's detect this so that we downgrade early. */
+                                                log_debug("OPT RR contained RFC6975 data, ignoring.");
+                                                bad_opt = true;
+                                                continue;
+                                        }
+                                }
+
+                                p->opt = dns_resource_record_ref(rr);
+                        } else {
+
+                                /* According to RFC 4795, section 2.9. only the RRs from the Answer section shall be
+                                 * cached. Hence mark only those RRs as cacheable by default, but not the ones from the
+                                 * Additional or Authority sections. */
+
+                                r = dns_answer_add(answer, rr, p->ifindex,
+                                                   (i < DNS_PACKET_ANCOUNT(p) ? DNS_ANSWER_CACHEABLE : 0) |
+                                                   (p->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS && !cache_flush ? DNS_ANSWER_SHARED_OWNER : 0));
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Remember this RR, so that we potentically can merge it's ->key object with the next RR. Note
+                         * that we only do this if we actually decided to keep the RR around. */
+                        dns_resource_record_unref(previous);
+                        previous = dns_resource_record_ref(rr);
+                }
+
+                if (bad_opt)
+                        p->opt = dns_resource_record_unref(p->opt);
+        }
+
+        p->question = question;
+        question = NULL;
+
+        p->answer = answer;
+        answer = NULL;
+
+        p->extracted = true;
+
+        /* no CANCEL, always rewind */
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_packet_is_reply_for(DnsPacket *p, const DnsResourceKey *key) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(key);
+
+        /* Checks if the specified packet is a reply for the specified
+         * key and the specified key is the only one in the question
+         * section. */
+
+        if (DNS_PACKET_QR(p) != 1)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Let's unpack the packet, if that hasn't happened yet. */
+        r = dns_packet_extract(p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (p->question->n_keys != 1)
+                return 0;
+
+        return dns_resource_key_equal(p->question->keys[0], key);
+}
+
+static const char* const dns_rcode_table[_DNS_RCODE_MAX_DEFINED] = {
+        [DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS] = "SUCCESS",
+        [DNS_RCODE_FORMERR] = "FORMERR",
+        [DNS_RCODE_SERVFAIL] = "SERVFAIL",
+        [DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN] = "NXDOMAIN",
+        [DNS_RCODE_NOTIMP] = "NOTIMP",
+        [DNS_RCODE_REFUSED] = "REFUSED",
+        [DNS_RCODE_YXDOMAIN] = "YXDOMAIN",
+        [DNS_RCODE_YXRRSET] = "YRRSET",
+        [DNS_RCODE_NXRRSET] = "NXRRSET",
+        [DNS_RCODE_NOTAUTH] = "NOTAUTH",
+        [DNS_RCODE_NOTZONE] = "NOTZONE",
+        [DNS_RCODE_BADVERS] = "BADVERS",
+        [DNS_RCODE_BADKEY] = "BADKEY",
+        [DNS_RCODE_BADTIME] = "BADTIME",
+        [DNS_RCODE_BADMODE] = "BADMODE",
+        [DNS_RCODE_BADNAME] = "BADNAME",
+        [DNS_RCODE_BADALG] = "BADALG",
+        [DNS_RCODE_BADTRUNC] = "BADTRUNC",
+};
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(dns_rcode, int);
+
+static const char* const dns_protocol_table[_DNS_PROTOCOL_MAX] = {
+        [DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS] = "dns",
+        [DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS] = "mdns",
+        [DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR] = "llmnr",
+};
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(dns_protocol, DnsProtocol);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-packet.h b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-packet.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9e95ebd75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-packet.h
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ***/
+
+#include <netinet/ip.h>
+#include <netinet/udp.h>
+
+#include "basic/hashmap.h"
+#include "basic/in-addr-util.h"
+#include "basic/macro.h"
+#include "basic/sparse-endian.h"
+
+typedef struct DnsPacket DnsPacket;
+typedef struct DnsPacketHeader DnsPacketHeader;
+
+#include "resolved-def.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-answer.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-question.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-rr.h"
+
+typedef enum DnsProtocol {
+        DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS,
+        DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS,
+        DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR,
+        _DNS_PROTOCOL_MAX,
+        _DNS_PROTOCOL_INVALID = -1
+} DnsProtocol;
+
+struct DnsPacketHeader {
+        uint16_t id;
+        be16_t flags;
+        be16_t qdcount;
+        be16_t ancount;
+        be16_t nscount;
+        be16_t arcount;
+};
+
+#define DNS_PACKET_HEADER_SIZE sizeof(DnsPacketHeader)
+#define UDP_PACKET_HEADER_SIZE (sizeof(struct iphdr) + sizeof(struct udphdr))
+
+/* The various DNS protocols deviate in how large a packet can grow,
+   but the TCP transport has a 16bit size field, hence that appears to
+   be the absolute maximum. */
+#define DNS_PACKET_SIZE_MAX 0xFFFF
+
+/* RFC 1035 say 512 is the maximum, for classic unicast DNS */
+#define DNS_PACKET_UNICAST_SIZE_MAX 512
+
+/* With EDNS0 we can use larger packets, default to 4096, which is what is commonly used */
+#define DNS_PACKET_UNICAST_SIZE_LARGE_MAX 4096
+
+#define DNS_PACKET_SIZE_START 512
+
+struct DnsPacket {
+        int n_ref;
+        DnsProtocol protocol;
+        size_t size, allocated, rindex;
+        void *_data; /* don't access directly, use DNS_PACKET_DATA()! */
+        Hashmap *names; /* For name compression */
+        size_t opt_start, opt_size;
+
+        /* Parsed data */
+        DnsQuestion *question;
+        DnsAnswer *answer;
+        DnsResourceRecord *opt;
+
+        /* Packet reception metadata */
+        int ifindex;
+        int family, ipproto;
+        union in_addr_union sender, destination;
+        uint16_t sender_port, destination_port;
+        uint32_t ttl;
+
+        /* For support of truncated packets */
+        DnsPacket *more;
+
+        bool on_stack:1;
+        bool extracted:1;
+        bool refuse_compression:1;
+        bool canonical_form:1;
+};
+
+static inline uint8_t* DNS_PACKET_DATA(DnsPacket *p) {
+        if (_unlikely_(!p))
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (p->_data)
+                return p->_data;
+
+        return ((uint8_t*) p) + ALIGN(sizeof(DnsPacket));
+}
+
+#define DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p) ((DnsPacketHeader*) DNS_PACKET_DATA(p))
+#define DNS_PACKET_ID(p) DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->id
+#define DNS_PACKET_QR(p) ((be16toh(DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->flags) >> 15) & 1)
+#define DNS_PACKET_OPCODE(p) ((be16toh(DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->flags) >> 11) & 15)
+#define DNS_PACKET_AA(p) ((be16toh(DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->flags) >> 10) & 1)
+#define DNS_PACKET_TC(p) ((be16toh(DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->flags) >> 9) & 1)
+#define DNS_PACKET_RD(p) ((be16toh(DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->flags) >> 8) & 1)
+#define DNS_PACKET_RA(p) ((be16toh(DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->flags) >> 7) & 1)
+#define DNS_PACKET_AD(p) ((be16toh(DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->flags) >> 5) & 1)
+#define DNS_PACKET_CD(p) ((be16toh(DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->flags) >> 4) & 1)
+
+#define DNS_PACKET_FLAG_TC (UINT16_C(1) << 9)
+
+static inline uint16_t DNS_PACKET_RCODE(DnsPacket *p) {
+        uint16_t rcode;
+
+        if (p->opt)
+                rcode = (uint16_t) (p->opt->ttl >> 24);
+        else
+                rcode = 0;
+
+        return rcode | (be16toh(DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->flags) & 0xF);
+}
+
+static inline uint16_t DNS_PACKET_PAYLOAD_SIZE_MAX(DnsPacket *p) {
+
+        /* Returns the advertised maximum datagram size for replies, or the DNS default if there's nothing defined. */
+
+        if (p->opt)
+                return MAX(DNS_PACKET_UNICAST_SIZE_MAX, p->opt->key->class);
+
+        return DNS_PACKET_UNICAST_SIZE_MAX;
+}
+
+static inline bool DNS_PACKET_DO(DnsPacket *p) {
+        if (!p->opt)
+                return false;
+
+        return !!(p->opt->ttl & (1U << 15));
+}
+
+static inline bool DNS_PACKET_VERSION_SUPPORTED(DnsPacket *p) {
+        /* Returns true if this packet is in a version we support. Which means either non-EDNS or EDNS(0), but not EDNS
+         * of any newer versions */
+
+        if (!p->opt)
+                return true;
+
+        return DNS_RESOURCE_RECORD_OPT_VERSION_SUPPORTED(p->opt);
+}
+
+/* LLMNR defines some bits differently */
+#define DNS_PACKET_LLMNR_C(p) DNS_PACKET_AA(p)
+#define DNS_PACKET_LLMNR_T(p) DNS_PACKET_RD(p)
+
+#define DNS_PACKET_QDCOUNT(p) be16toh(DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->qdcount)
+#define DNS_PACKET_ANCOUNT(p) be16toh(DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->ancount)
+#define DNS_PACKET_NSCOUNT(p) be16toh(DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->nscount)
+#define DNS_PACKET_ARCOUNT(p) be16toh(DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->arcount)
+
+#define DNS_PACKET_MAKE_FLAGS(qr, opcode, aa, tc, rd, ra, ad, cd, rcode) \
+        (((uint16_t) !!(qr) << 15) |                                    \
+         ((uint16_t) ((opcode) & 15) << 11) |                           \
+         ((uint16_t) !!(aa) << 10) |                /* on LLMNR: c */   \
+         ((uint16_t) !!(tc) << 9) |                                     \
+         ((uint16_t) !!(rd) << 8) |                 /* on LLMNR: t */   \
+         ((uint16_t) !!(ra) << 7) |                                     \
+         ((uint16_t) !!(ad) << 5) |                                     \
+         ((uint16_t) !!(cd) << 4) |                                     \
+         ((uint16_t) ((rcode) & 15)))
+
+static inline unsigned DNS_PACKET_RRCOUNT(DnsPacket *p) {
+        return
+                (unsigned) DNS_PACKET_ANCOUNT(p) +
+                (unsigned) DNS_PACKET_NSCOUNT(p) +
+                (unsigned) DNS_PACKET_ARCOUNT(p);
+}
+
+int dns_packet_new(DnsPacket **p, DnsProtocol protocol, size_t mtu);
+int dns_packet_new_query(DnsPacket **p, DnsProtocol protocol, size_t mtu, bool dnssec_checking_disabled);
+
+void dns_packet_set_flags(DnsPacket *p, bool dnssec_checking_disabled, bool truncated);
+
+DnsPacket *dns_packet_ref(DnsPacket *p);
+DnsPacket *dns_packet_unref(DnsPacket *p);
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsPacket*, dns_packet_unref);
+
+int dns_packet_validate(DnsPacket *p);
+int dns_packet_validate_reply(DnsPacket *p);
+int dns_packet_validate_query(DnsPacket *p);
+
+int dns_packet_is_reply_for(DnsPacket *p, const DnsResourceKey *key);
+
+int dns_packet_append_blob(DnsPacket *p, const void *d, size_t sz, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_append_uint8(DnsPacket *p, uint8_t v, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_append_uint16(DnsPacket *p, uint16_t v, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_append_uint32(DnsPacket *p, uint32_t v, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_append_string(DnsPacket *p, const char *s, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_append_raw_string(DnsPacket *p, const void *s, size_t size, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_append_label(DnsPacket *p, const char *s, size_t l, bool canonical_candidate, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_append_name(DnsPacket *p, const char *name, bool allow_compression, bool canonical_candidate, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_append_key(DnsPacket *p, const DnsResourceKey *key, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_append_rr(DnsPacket *p, const DnsResourceRecord *rr, size_t *start, size_t *rdata_start);
+int dns_packet_append_opt(DnsPacket *p, uint16_t max_udp_size, bool edns0_do, int rcode, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_append_question(DnsPacket *p, DnsQuestion *q);
+int dns_packet_append_answer(DnsPacket *p, DnsAnswer *a);
+
+void dns_packet_truncate(DnsPacket *p, size_t sz);
+int dns_packet_truncate_opt(DnsPacket *p);
+
+int dns_packet_read(DnsPacket *p, size_t sz, const void **ret, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_read_blob(DnsPacket *p, void *d, size_t sz, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_read_uint8(DnsPacket *p, uint8_t *ret, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_read_uint16(DnsPacket *p, uint16_t *ret, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_read_uint32(DnsPacket *p, uint32_t *ret, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_read_string(DnsPacket *p, char **ret, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_read_raw_string(DnsPacket *p, const void **ret, size_t *size, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_read_name(DnsPacket *p, char **ret, bool allow_compression, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_read_key(DnsPacket *p, DnsResourceKey **ret, bool *ret_cache_flush, size_t *start);
+int dns_packet_read_rr(DnsPacket *p, DnsResourceRecord **ret, bool *ret_cache_flush, size_t *start);
+
+void dns_packet_rewind(DnsPacket *p, size_t idx);
+
+int dns_packet_skip_question(DnsPacket *p);
+int dns_packet_extract(DnsPacket *p);
+
+static inline bool DNS_PACKET_SHALL_CACHE(DnsPacket *p) {
+        /* Never cache data originating from localhost, under the
+         * assumption, that it's coming from a locally DNS forwarder
+         * or server, that is caching on its own. */
+
+        return in_addr_is_localhost(p->family, &p->sender) == 0;
+}
+
+/* https://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-parameters/dns-parameters.xhtml#dns-parameters-6 */
+enum {
+        DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS = 0,
+        DNS_RCODE_FORMERR = 1,
+        DNS_RCODE_SERVFAIL = 2,
+        DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN = 3,
+        DNS_RCODE_NOTIMP = 4,
+        DNS_RCODE_REFUSED = 5,
+        DNS_RCODE_YXDOMAIN = 6,
+        DNS_RCODE_YXRRSET = 7,
+        DNS_RCODE_NXRRSET = 8,
+        DNS_RCODE_NOTAUTH = 9,
+        DNS_RCODE_NOTZONE = 10,
+        DNS_RCODE_BADVERS = 16,
+        DNS_RCODE_BADSIG = 16, /* duplicate value! */
+        DNS_RCODE_BADKEY = 17,
+        DNS_RCODE_BADTIME = 18,
+        DNS_RCODE_BADMODE = 19,
+        DNS_RCODE_BADNAME = 20,
+        DNS_RCODE_BADALG = 21,
+        DNS_RCODE_BADTRUNC = 22,
+        _DNS_RCODE_MAX_DEFINED,
+        _DNS_RCODE_MAX = 4095 /* 4 bit rcode in the header plus 8 bit rcode in OPT, makes 12 bit */
+};
+
+const char* dns_rcode_to_string(int i) _const_;
+int dns_rcode_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* dns_protocol_to_string(DnsProtocol p) _const_;
+DnsProtocol dns_protocol_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+#define LLMNR_MULTICAST_IPV4_ADDRESS ((struct in_addr) { .s_addr = htobe32(224U << 24 | 252U) })
+#define LLMNR_MULTICAST_IPV6_ADDRESS ((struct in6_addr) { .s6_addr = { 0xFF, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x03 } })
+
+#define MDNS_MULTICAST_IPV4_ADDRESS  ((struct in_addr) { .s_addr = htobe32(224U << 24 | 251U) })
+#define MDNS_MULTICAST_IPV6_ADDRESS  ((struct in6_addr) { .s6_addr = { 0xFF, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfb } })
+
+static inline uint64_t SD_RESOLVED_FLAGS_MAKE(DnsProtocol protocol, int family, bool authenticated) {
+        uint64_t f;
+
+        /* Converts a protocol + family into a flags field as used in queries and responses */
+
+        f = authenticated ? SD_RESOLVED_AUTHENTICATED : 0;
+
+        switch (protocol) {
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS:
+                return f|SD_RESOLVED_DNS;
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
+                return f|(family == AF_INET6 ? SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV6 : SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV4);
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
+                return f|(family == AF_INET6 ? SD_RESOLVED_MDNS_IPV6 : SD_RESOLVED_MDNS_IPV4);
+
+        default:
+                return f;
+        }
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-question.c b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-question.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ee53dbff9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-question.c
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "shared/dns-domain.h"
+
+#include "dns-type.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-question.h"
+
+DnsQuestion *dns_question_new(unsigned n) {
+        DnsQuestion *q;
+
+        assert(n > 0);
+
+        q = malloc0(offsetof(DnsQuestion, keys) + sizeof(DnsResourceKey*) * n);
+        if (!q)
+                return NULL;
+
+        q->n_ref = 1;
+        q->n_allocated = n;
+
+        return q;
+}
+
+DnsQuestion *dns_question_ref(DnsQuestion *q) {
+        if (!q)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(q->n_ref > 0);
+        q->n_ref++;
+        return q;
+}
+
+DnsQuestion *dns_question_unref(DnsQuestion *q) {
+        if (!q)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(q->n_ref > 0);
+
+        if (q->n_ref == 1) {
+                unsigned i;
+
+                for (i = 0; i < q->n_keys; i++)
+                        dns_resource_key_unref(q->keys[i]);
+                free(q);
+        } else
+                q->n_ref--;
+
+        return  NULL;
+}
+
+int dns_question_add(DnsQuestion *q, DnsResourceKey *key) {
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(key);
+
+        if (!q)
+                return -ENOSPC;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < q->n_keys; i++) {
+                r = dns_resource_key_equal(q->keys[i], key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (q->n_keys >= q->n_allocated)
+                return -ENOSPC;
+
+        q->keys[q->n_keys++] = dns_resource_key_ref(key);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_question_matches_rr(DnsQuestion *q, DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *search_domain) {
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rr);
+
+        if (!q)
+                return 0;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < q->n_keys; i++) {
+                r = dns_resource_key_match_rr(q->keys[i], rr, search_domain);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_question_matches_cname_or_dname(DnsQuestion *q, DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *search_domain) {
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rr);
+
+        if (!q)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!IN_SET(rr->key->type, DNS_TYPE_CNAME, DNS_TYPE_DNAME))
+                return 0;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < q->n_keys; i++) {
+                /* For a {C,D}NAME record we can never find a matching {C,D}NAME record */
+                if (!dns_type_may_redirect(q->keys[i]->type))
+                        return 0;
+
+                r = dns_resource_key_match_cname_or_dname(q->keys[i], rr->key, search_domain);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_question_is_valid_for_query(DnsQuestion *q) {
+        const char *name;
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        if (!q)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (q->n_keys <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (q->n_keys > 65535)
+                return 0;
+
+        name = dns_resource_key_name(q->keys[0]);
+        if (!name)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Check that all keys in this question bear the same name */
+        for (i = 0; i < q->n_keys; i++) {
+                assert(q->keys[i]);
+
+                if (i > 0) {
+                        r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(q->keys[i]), name);
+                        if (r <= 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                if (!dns_type_is_valid_query(q->keys[i]->type))
+                        return 0;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int dns_question_contains(DnsQuestion *a, const DnsResourceKey *k) {
+        unsigned j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(k);
+
+        if (!a)
+                return 0;
+
+        for (j = 0; j < a->n_keys; j++) {
+                r = dns_resource_key_equal(a->keys[j], k);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_question_is_equal(DnsQuestion *a, DnsQuestion *b) {
+        unsigned j;
+        int r;
+
+        if (a == b)
+                return 1;
+
+        if (!a)
+                return !b || b->n_keys == 0;
+        if (!b)
+                return a->n_keys == 0;
+
+        /* Checks if all keys in a are also contained b, and vice versa */
+
+        for (j = 0; j < a->n_keys; j++) {
+                r = dns_question_contains(b, a->keys[j]);
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        for (j = 0; j < b->n_keys; j++) {
+                r = dns_question_contains(a, b->keys[j]);
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int dns_question_cname_redirect(DnsQuestion *q, const DnsResourceRecord *cname, DnsQuestion **ret) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_question_unrefp) DnsQuestion *n = NULL;
+        DnsResourceKey *key;
+        bool same = true;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(cname);
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(IN_SET(cname->key->type, DNS_TYPE_CNAME, DNS_TYPE_DNAME));
+
+        if (dns_question_size(q) <= 0) {
+                *ret = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        DNS_QUESTION_FOREACH(key, q) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *destination = NULL;
+                const char *d;
+
+                if (cname->key->type == DNS_TYPE_CNAME)
+                        d = cname->cname.name;
+                else {
+                        r = dns_name_change_suffix(dns_resource_key_name(key), dns_resource_key_name(cname->key), cname->dname.name, &destination);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        d = destination;
+                }
+
+                r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(key), d);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (r == 0) {
+                        same = false;
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Fully the same, indicate we didn't do a thing */
+        if (same) {
+                *ret = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        n = dns_question_new(q->n_keys);
+        if (!n)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        /* Create a new question, and patch in the new name */
+        DNS_QUESTION_FOREACH(key, q) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *k = NULL;
+
+                k = dns_resource_key_new_redirect(key, cname);
+                if (!k)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = dns_question_add(n, k);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        *ret = n;
+        n = NULL;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+const char *dns_question_first_name(DnsQuestion *q) {
+
+        if (!q)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (q->n_keys < 1)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return dns_resource_key_name(q->keys[0]);
+}
+
+int dns_question_new_address(DnsQuestion **ret, int family, const char *name, bool convert_idna) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_question_unrefp) DnsQuestion *q = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(family, AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNSPEC))
+                return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+
+        if (convert_idna) {
+                r = dns_name_apply_idna(name, &buf);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                name = buf;
+        }
+
+        q = dns_question_new(family == AF_UNSPEC ? 2 : 1);
+        if (!q)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (family != AF_INET6) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *key = NULL;
+
+                key = dns_resource_key_new(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_A, name);
+                if (!key)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = dns_question_add(q, key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (family != AF_INET) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *key = NULL;
+
+                key = dns_resource_key_new(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_AAAA, name);
+                if (!key)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = dns_question_add(q, key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        *ret = q;
+        q = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_question_new_reverse(DnsQuestion **ret, int family, const union in_addr_union *a) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *key = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_question_unrefp) DnsQuestion *q = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *reverse = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(family, AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNSPEC))
+                return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+
+        r = dns_name_reverse(family, a, &reverse);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        q = dns_question_new(1);
+        if (!q)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        key = dns_resource_key_new_consume(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_PTR, reverse);
+        if (!key)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        reverse = NULL;
+
+        r = dns_question_add(q, key);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret = q;
+        q = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_question_new_service(
+                DnsQuestion **ret,
+                const char *service,
+                const char *type,
+                const char *domain,
+                bool with_txt,
+                bool convert_idna) {
+
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *key = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_question_unrefp) DnsQuestion *q = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL, *joined = NULL;
+        const char *name;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret);
+
+        /* We support three modes of invocation:
+         *
+         * 1. Only a domain is specified, in which case we assume a properly encoded SRV RR name, including service
+         *    type and possibly a service name. If specified in this way we assume it's already IDNA converted if
+         *    that's necessary.
+         *
+         * 2. Both service type and a domain specified, in which case a normal SRV RR is assumed, without a DNS-SD
+         *    style prefix. In this case we'll IDNA convert the domain, if that's requested.
+         *
+         * 3. All three of service name, type and domain are specified, in which case a DNS-SD service is put
+         *    together. The service name is never IDNA converted, and the domain is if requested.
+         *
+         * It's not supported to specify a service name without a type, or no domain name.
+         */
+
+        if (!domain)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (type) {
+                if (convert_idna) {
+                        r = dns_name_apply_idna(domain, &buf);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        domain = buf;
+                }
+
+                r = dns_service_join(service, type, domain, &joined);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                name = joined;
+        } else {
+                if (service)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                name = domain;
+        }
+
+        q = dns_question_new(1 + with_txt);
+        if (!q)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        key = dns_resource_key_new(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_SRV, name);
+        if (!key)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = dns_question_add(q, key);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (with_txt) {
+                dns_resource_key_unref(key);
+                key = dns_resource_key_new(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_TXT, name);
+                if (!key)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = dns_question_add(q, key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        *ret = q;
+        q = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-question.h b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-question.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe47a6bd9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-question.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/macro.h"
+
+typedef struct DnsQuestion DnsQuestion;
+
+#include "resolved-dns-rr.h"
+
+/* A simple array of resource keys */
+
+struct DnsQuestion {
+        unsigned n_ref;
+        unsigned n_keys, n_allocated;
+        DnsResourceKey* keys[0];
+};
+
+DnsQuestion *dns_question_new(unsigned n);
+DnsQuestion *dns_question_ref(DnsQuestion *q);
+DnsQuestion *dns_question_unref(DnsQuestion *q);
+
+int dns_question_new_address(DnsQuestion **ret, int family, const char *name, bool convert_idna);
+int dns_question_new_reverse(DnsQuestion **ret, int family, const union in_addr_union *a);
+int dns_question_new_service(DnsQuestion **ret, const char *service, const char *type, const char *domain, bool with_txt, bool convert_idna);
+
+int dns_question_add(DnsQuestion *q, DnsResourceKey *key);
+
+int dns_question_matches_rr(DnsQuestion *q, DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *search_domain);
+int dns_question_matches_cname_or_dname(DnsQuestion *q, DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char* search_domain);
+int dns_question_is_valid_for_query(DnsQuestion *q);
+int dns_question_contains(DnsQuestion *a, const DnsResourceKey *k);
+int dns_question_is_equal(DnsQuestion *a, DnsQuestion *b);
+
+int dns_question_cname_redirect(DnsQuestion *q, const DnsResourceRecord *cname, DnsQuestion **ret);
+
+const char *dns_question_first_name(DnsQuestion *q);
+
+static inline unsigned dns_question_size(DnsQuestion *q) {
+        return q ? q->n_keys : 0;
+}
+
+static inline bool dns_question_isempty(DnsQuestion *q) {
+        return dns_question_size(q) <= 0;
+}
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsQuestion*, dns_question_unref);
+
+#define _DNS_QUESTION_FOREACH(u, key, q)                                \
+        for (unsigned UNIQ_T(i, u) = ({                                 \
+                                (key) = ((q) && (q)->n_keys > 0) ? (q)->keys[0] : NULL; \
+                                0;                                      \
+                        });                                             \
+             (q) && (UNIQ_T(i, u) < (q)->n_keys);                       \
+             UNIQ_T(i, u)++, (key) = (UNIQ_T(i, u) < (q)->n_keys ? (q)->keys[UNIQ_T(i, u)] : NULL))
+
+#define DNS_QUESTION_FOREACH(key, q) _DNS_QUESTION_FOREACH(UNIQ, key, q)
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-rr.c b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-rr.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..73ca3c7fb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-rr.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1840 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/escape.h"
+#include "basic/hexdecoct.h"
+#include "basic/string-table.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+#include "basic/strv.h"
+#include "basic/terminal-util.h"
+#include "shared/dns-domain.h"
+
+#include "dns-type.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-dnssec.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-packet.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-rr.h"
+
+DnsResourceKey* dns_resource_key_new(uint16_t class, uint16_t type, const char *name) {
+        DnsResourceKey *k;
+        size_t l;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        l = strlen(name);
+        k = malloc0(sizeof(DnsResourceKey) + l + 1);
+        if (!k)
+                return NULL;
+
+        k->n_ref = 1;
+        k->class = class;
+        k->type = type;
+
+        strcpy((char*) k + sizeof(DnsResourceKey), name);
+
+        return k;
+}
+
+DnsResourceKey* dns_resource_key_new_redirect(const DnsResourceKey *key, const DnsResourceRecord *cname) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(key);
+        assert(cname);
+
+        assert(IN_SET(cname->key->type, DNS_TYPE_CNAME, DNS_TYPE_DNAME));
+
+        if (cname->key->type == DNS_TYPE_CNAME)
+                return dns_resource_key_new(key->class, key->type, cname->cname.name);
+        else {
+                DnsResourceKey *k;
+                char *destination = NULL;
+
+                r = dns_name_change_suffix(dns_resource_key_name(key), dns_resource_key_name(cname->key), cname->dname.name, &destination);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return dns_resource_key_ref((DnsResourceKey*) key);
+
+                k = dns_resource_key_new_consume(key->class, key->type, destination);
+                if (!k) {
+                        free(destination);
+                        return NULL;
+                }
+
+                return k;
+        }
+}
+
+int dns_resource_key_new_append_suffix(DnsResourceKey **ret, DnsResourceKey *key, char *name) {
+        DnsResourceKey *new_key;
+        char *joined;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (dns_name_is_root(name)) {
+                *ret = dns_resource_key_ref(key);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_name_concat(dns_resource_key_name(key), name, &joined);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        new_key = dns_resource_key_new_consume(key->class, key->type, joined);
+        if (!new_key) {
+                free(joined);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        *ret = new_key;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DnsResourceKey* dns_resource_key_new_consume(uint16_t class, uint16_t type, char *name) {
+        DnsResourceKey *k;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        k = new0(DnsResourceKey, 1);
+        if (!k)
+                return NULL;
+
+        k->n_ref = 1;
+        k->class = class;
+        k->type = type;
+        k->_name = name;
+
+        return k;
+}
+
+DnsResourceKey* dns_resource_key_ref(DnsResourceKey *k) {
+
+        if (!k)
+                return NULL;
+
+        /* Static/const keys created with DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_CONST will
+         * set this to -1, they should not be reffed/unreffed */
+        assert(k->n_ref != (unsigned) -1);
+
+        assert(k->n_ref > 0);
+        k->n_ref++;
+
+        return k;
+}
+
+DnsResourceKey* dns_resource_key_unref(DnsResourceKey *k) {
+        if (!k)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(k->n_ref != (unsigned) -1);
+        assert(k->n_ref > 0);
+
+        if (k->n_ref == 1) {
+                free(k->_name);
+                free(k);
+        } else
+                k->n_ref--;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+const char* dns_resource_key_name(const DnsResourceKey *key) {
+        const char *name;
+
+        if (!key)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (key->_name)
+                name = key->_name;
+        else
+                name = (char*) key + sizeof(DnsResourceKey);
+
+        if (dns_name_is_root(name))
+                return ".";
+        else
+                return name;
+}
+
+bool dns_resource_key_is_address(const DnsResourceKey *key) {
+        assert(key);
+
+        /* Check if this is an A or AAAA resource key */
+
+        return key->class == DNS_CLASS_IN && IN_SET(key->type, DNS_TYPE_A, DNS_TYPE_AAAA);
+}
+
+int dns_resource_key_equal(const DnsResourceKey *a, const DnsResourceKey *b) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (a == b)
+                return 1;
+
+        r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(a), dns_resource_key_name(b));
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (a->class != b->class)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (a->type != b->type)
+                return 0;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int dns_resource_key_match_rr(const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *search_domain) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(key);
+        assert(rr);
+
+        if (key == rr->key)
+                return 1;
+
+        /* Checks if an rr matches the specified key. If a search
+         * domain is specified, it will also be checked if the key
+         * with the search domain suffixed might match the RR. */
+
+        if (rr->key->class != key->class && key->class != DNS_CLASS_ANY)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (rr->key->type != key->type && key->type != DNS_TYPE_ANY)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), dns_resource_key_name(key));
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (search_domain) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;
+
+                r = dns_name_concat(dns_resource_key_name(key), search_domain, &joined);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), joined);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_resource_key_match_cname_or_dname(const DnsResourceKey *key, const DnsResourceKey *cname, const char *search_domain) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(key);
+        assert(cname);
+
+        if (cname->class != key->class && key->class != DNS_CLASS_ANY)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (cname->type == DNS_TYPE_CNAME)
+                r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(key), dns_resource_key_name(cname));
+        else if (cname->type == DNS_TYPE_DNAME)
+                r = dns_name_endswith(dns_resource_key_name(key), dns_resource_key_name(cname));
+        else
+                return 0;
+
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (search_domain) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;
+
+                r = dns_name_concat(dns_resource_key_name(key), search_domain, &joined);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (cname->type == DNS_TYPE_CNAME)
+                        return dns_name_equal(joined, dns_resource_key_name(cname));
+                else if (cname->type == DNS_TYPE_DNAME)
+                        return dns_name_endswith(joined, dns_resource_key_name(cname));
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_resource_key_match_soa(const DnsResourceKey *key, const DnsResourceKey *soa) {
+        assert(soa);
+        assert(key);
+
+        /* Checks whether 'soa' is a SOA record for the specified key. */
+
+        if (soa->class != key->class)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (soa->type != DNS_TYPE_SOA)
+                return 0;
+
+        return dns_name_endswith(dns_resource_key_name(key), dns_resource_key_name(soa));
+}
+
+static void dns_resource_key_hash_func(const void *i, struct siphash *state) {
+        const DnsResourceKey *k = i;
+
+        assert(k);
+
+        dns_name_hash_func(dns_resource_key_name(k), state);
+        siphash24_compress(&k->class, sizeof(k->class), state);
+        siphash24_compress(&k->type, sizeof(k->type), state);
+}
+
+static int dns_resource_key_compare_func(const void *a, const void *b) {
+        const DnsResourceKey *x = a, *y = b;
+        int ret;
+
+        ret = dns_name_compare_func(dns_resource_key_name(x), dns_resource_key_name(y));
+        if (ret != 0)
+                return ret;
+
+        if (x->type < y->type)
+                return -1;
+        if (x->type > y->type)
+                return 1;
+
+        if (x->class < y->class)
+                return -1;
+        if (x->class > y->class)
+                return 1;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+const struct hash_ops dns_resource_key_hash_ops = {
+        .hash = dns_resource_key_hash_func,
+        .compare = dns_resource_key_compare_func
+};
+
+char* dns_resource_key_to_string(const DnsResourceKey *key, char *buf, size_t buf_size) {
+        const char *c, *t;
+        char *ans = buf;
+
+        /* If we cannot convert the CLASS/TYPE into a known string,
+           use the format recommended by RFC 3597, Section 5. */
+
+        c = dns_class_to_string(key->class);
+        t = dns_type_to_string(key->type);
+
+        snprintf(buf, buf_size, "%s %s%s%.0u %s%s%.0u",
+                 dns_resource_key_name(key),
+                 c ?: "", c ? "" : "CLASS", c ? 0 : key->class,
+                 t ?: "", t ? "" : "TYPE", t ? 0 : key->class);
+
+        return ans;
+}
+
+bool dns_resource_key_reduce(DnsResourceKey **a, DnsResourceKey **b) {
+        assert(a);
+        assert(b);
+
+        /* Try to replace one RR key by another if they are identical, thus saving a bit of memory. Note that we do
+         * this only for RR keys, not for RRs themselves, as they carry a lot of additional metadata (where they come
+         * from, validity data, and suchlike), and cannot be replaced so easily by other RRs that have the same
+         * superficial data. */
+
+        if (!*a)
+                return false;
+        if (!*b)
+                return false;
+
+        /* We refuse merging const keys */
+        if ((*a)->n_ref == (unsigned) -1)
+                return false;
+        if ((*b)->n_ref == (unsigned) -1)
+                return false;
+
+        /* Already the same? */
+        if (*a == *b)
+                return true;
+
+        /* Are they really identical? */
+        if (dns_resource_key_equal(*a, *b) <= 0)
+                return false;
+
+        /* Keep the one which already has more references. */
+        if ((*a)->n_ref > (*b)->n_ref) {
+                dns_resource_key_unref(*b);
+                *b = dns_resource_key_ref(*a);
+        } else {
+                dns_resource_key_unref(*a);
+                *a = dns_resource_key_ref(*b);
+        }
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+DnsResourceRecord* dns_resource_record_new(DnsResourceKey *key) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+
+        rr = new0(DnsResourceRecord, 1);
+        if (!rr)
+                return NULL;
+
+        rr->n_ref = 1;
+        rr->key = dns_resource_key_ref(key);
+        rr->expiry = USEC_INFINITY;
+        rr->n_skip_labels_signer = rr->n_skip_labels_source = (unsigned) -1;
+
+        return rr;
+}
+
+DnsResourceRecord* dns_resource_record_new_full(uint16_t class, uint16_t type, const char *name) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *key = NULL;
+
+        key = dns_resource_key_new(class, type, name);
+        if (!key)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return dns_resource_record_new(key);
+}
+
+DnsResourceRecord* dns_resource_record_ref(DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        if (!rr)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(rr->n_ref > 0);
+        rr->n_ref++;
+
+        return rr;
+}
+
+DnsResourceRecord* dns_resource_record_unref(DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        if (!rr)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(rr->n_ref > 0);
+
+        if (rr->n_ref > 1) {
+                rr->n_ref--;
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (rr->key) {
+                switch(rr->key->type) {
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_SRV:
+                        free(rr->srv.name);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_PTR:
+                case DNS_TYPE_NS:
+                case DNS_TYPE_CNAME:
+                case DNS_TYPE_DNAME:
+                        free(rr->ptr.name);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_HINFO:
+                        free(rr->hinfo.cpu);
+                        free(rr->hinfo.os);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_TXT:
+                case DNS_TYPE_SPF:
+                        dns_txt_item_free_all(rr->txt.items);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_SOA:
+                        free(rr->soa.mname);
+                        free(rr->soa.rname);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_MX:
+                        free(rr->mx.exchange);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_DS:
+                        free(rr->ds.digest);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_SSHFP:
+                        free(rr->sshfp.fingerprint);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY:
+                        free(rr->dnskey.key);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_RRSIG:
+                        free(rr->rrsig.signer);
+                        free(rr->rrsig.signature);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_NSEC:
+                        free(rr->nsec.next_domain_name);
+                        bitmap_free(rr->nsec.types);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_NSEC3:
+                        free(rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name);
+                        free(rr->nsec3.salt);
+                        bitmap_free(rr->nsec3.types);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_LOC:
+                case DNS_TYPE_A:
+                case DNS_TYPE_AAAA:
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_TLSA:
+                        free(rr->tlsa.data);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_CAA:
+                        free(rr->caa.tag);
+                        free(rr->caa.value);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_OPENPGPKEY:
+                default:
+                        free(rr->generic.data);
+                }
+
+                free(rr->wire_format);
+                dns_resource_key_unref(rr->key);
+        }
+
+        free(rr->to_string);
+        free(rr);
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+int dns_resource_record_new_reverse(DnsResourceRecord **ret, int family, const union in_addr_union *address, const char *hostname) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *key = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *ptr = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(address);
+        assert(hostname);
+
+        r = dns_name_reverse(family, address, &ptr);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        key = dns_resource_key_new_consume(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_PTR, ptr);
+        if (!key)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        ptr = NULL;
+
+        rr = dns_resource_record_new(key);
+        if (!rr)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        rr->ptr.name = strdup(hostname);
+        if (!rr->ptr.name)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = rr;
+        rr = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_resource_record_new_address(DnsResourceRecord **ret, int family, const union in_addr_union *address, const char *name) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(address);
+        assert(family);
+
+        if (family == AF_INET) {
+
+                rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_A, name);
+                if (!rr)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                rr->a.in_addr = address->in;
+
+        } else if (family == AF_INET6) {
+
+                rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_AAAA, name);
+                if (!rr)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                rr->aaaa.in6_addr = address->in6;
+        } else
+                return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+
+        *ret = rr;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#define FIELD_EQUAL(a, b, field) \
+        ((a).field ## _size == (b).field ## _size &&  \
+         memcmp((a).field, (b).field, (a).field ## _size) == 0)
+
+int dns_resource_record_equal(const DnsResourceRecord *a, const DnsResourceRecord *b) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(b);
+
+        if (a == b)
+                return 1;
+
+        r = dns_resource_key_equal(a->key, b->key);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (a->unparseable != b->unparseable)
+                return 0;
+
+        switch (a->unparseable ? _DNS_TYPE_INVALID : a->key->type) {
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SRV:
+                r = dns_name_equal(a->srv.name, b->srv.name);
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return a->srv.priority == b->srv.priority &&
+                       a->srv.weight == b->srv.weight &&
+                       a->srv.port == b->srv.port;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_PTR:
+        case DNS_TYPE_NS:
+        case DNS_TYPE_CNAME:
+        case DNS_TYPE_DNAME:
+                return dns_name_equal(a->ptr.name, b->ptr.name);
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_HINFO:
+                return strcaseeq(a->hinfo.cpu, b->hinfo.cpu) &&
+                       strcaseeq(a->hinfo.os, b->hinfo.os);
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SPF: /* exactly the same as TXT */
+        case DNS_TYPE_TXT:
+                return dns_txt_item_equal(a->txt.items, b->txt.items);
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_A:
+                return memcmp(&a->a.in_addr, &b->a.in_addr, sizeof(struct in_addr)) == 0;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_AAAA:
+                return memcmp(&a->aaaa.in6_addr, &b->aaaa.in6_addr, sizeof(struct in6_addr)) == 0;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SOA:
+                r = dns_name_equal(a->soa.mname, b->soa.mname);
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        return r;
+                r = dns_name_equal(a->soa.rname, b->soa.rname);
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return a->soa.serial  == b->soa.serial &&
+                       a->soa.refresh == b->soa.refresh &&
+                       a->soa.retry   == b->soa.retry &&
+                       a->soa.expire  == b->soa.expire &&
+                       a->soa.minimum == b->soa.minimum;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_MX:
+                if (a->mx.priority != b->mx.priority)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return dns_name_equal(a->mx.exchange, b->mx.exchange);
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_LOC:
+                assert(a->loc.version == b->loc.version);
+
+                return a->loc.size == b->loc.size &&
+                       a->loc.horiz_pre == b->loc.horiz_pre &&
+                       a->loc.vert_pre == b->loc.vert_pre &&
+                       a->loc.latitude == b->loc.latitude &&
+                       a->loc.longitude == b->loc.longitude &&
+                       a->loc.altitude == b->loc.altitude;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_DS:
+                return a->ds.key_tag == b->ds.key_tag &&
+                       a->ds.algorithm == b->ds.algorithm &&
+                       a->ds.digest_type == b->ds.digest_type &&
+                       FIELD_EQUAL(a->ds, b->ds, digest);
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SSHFP:
+                return a->sshfp.algorithm == b->sshfp.algorithm &&
+                       a->sshfp.fptype == b->sshfp.fptype &&
+                       FIELD_EQUAL(a->sshfp, b->sshfp, fingerprint);
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY:
+                return a->dnskey.flags == b->dnskey.flags &&
+                       a->dnskey.protocol == b->dnskey.protocol &&
+                       a->dnskey.algorithm == b->dnskey.algorithm &&
+                       FIELD_EQUAL(a->dnskey, b->dnskey, key);
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_RRSIG:
+                /* do the fast comparisons first */
+                return a->rrsig.type_covered == b->rrsig.type_covered &&
+                       a->rrsig.algorithm == b->rrsig.algorithm &&
+                       a->rrsig.labels == b->rrsig.labels &&
+                       a->rrsig.original_ttl == b->rrsig.original_ttl &&
+                       a->rrsig.expiration == b->rrsig.expiration &&
+                       a->rrsig.inception == b->rrsig.inception &&
+                       a->rrsig.key_tag == b->rrsig.key_tag &&
+                       FIELD_EQUAL(a->rrsig, b->rrsig, signature) &&
+                       dns_name_equal(a->rrsig.signer, b->rrsig.signer);
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_NSEC:
+                return dns_name_equal(a->nsec.next_domain_name, b->nsec.next_domain_name) &&
+                       bitmap_equal(a->nsec.types, b->nsec.types);
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_NSEC3:
+                return a->nsec3.algorithm == b->nsec3.algorithm &&
+                       a->nsec3.flags == b->nsec3.flags &&
+                       a->nsec3.iterations == b->nsec3.iterations &&
+                       FIELD_EQUAL(a->nsec3, b->nsec3, salt) &&
+                       FIELD_EQUAL(a->nsec3, b->nsec3, next_hashed_name) &&
+                       bitmap_equal(a->nsec3.types, b->nsec3.types);
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_TLSA:
+                return a->tlsa.cert_usage == b->tlsa.cert_usage &&
+                       a->tlsa.selector == b->tlsa.selector &&
+                       a->tlsa.matching_type == b->tlsa.matching_type &&
+                       FIELD_EQUAL(a->tlsa, b->tlsa, data);
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_CAA:
+                return a->caa.flags == b->caa.flags &&
+                       streq(a->caa.tag, b->caa.tag) &&
+                       FIELD_EQUAL(a->caa, b->caa, value);
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_OPENPGPKEY:
+        default:
+                return FIELD_EQUAL(a->generic, b->generic, data);
+        }
+}
+
+static char* format_location(uint32_t latitude, uint32_t longitude, uint32_t altitude,
+                             uint8_t size, uint8_t horiz_pre, uint8_t vert_pre) {
+        char *s;
+        char NS = latitude >= 1U<<31 ? 'N' : 'S';
+        char EW = longitude >= 1U<<31 ? 'E' : 'W';
+
+        int lat = latitude >= 1U<<31 ? (int) (latitude - (1U<<31)) : (int) ((1U<<31) - latitude);
+        int lon = longitude >= 1U<<31 ? (int) (longitude - (1U<<31)) : (int) ((1U<<31) - longitude);
+        double alt = altitude >= 10000000u ? altitude - 10000000u : -(double)(10000000u - altitude);
+        double siz = (size >> 4) * exp10((double) (size & 0xF));
+        double hor = (horiz_pre >> 4) * exp10((double) (horiz_pre & 0xF));
+        double ver = (vert_pre >> 4) * exp10((double) (vert_pre & 0xF));
+
+        if (asprintf(&s, "%d %d %.3f %c %d %d %.3f %c %.2fm %.2fm %.2fm %.2fm",
+                     (lat / 60000 / 60),
+                     (lat / 60000) % 60,
+                     (lat % 60000) / 1000.,
+                     NS,
+                     (lon / 60000 / 60),
+                     (lon / 60000) % 60,
+                     (lon % 60000) / 1000.,
+                     EW,
+                     alt / 100.,
+                     siz / 100.,
+                     hor / 100.,
+                     ver / 100.) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return s;
+}
+
+static int format_timestamp_dns(char *buf, size_t l, time_t sec) {
+        struct tm tm;
+
+        assert(buf);
+        assert(l > strlen("YYYYMMDDHHmmSS"));
+
+        if (!gmtime_r(&sec, &tm))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (strftime(buf, l, "%Y%m%d%H%M%S", &tm) <= 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static char *format_types(Bitmap *types) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **strv = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *str = NULL;
+        Iterator i;
+        unsigned type;
+        int r;
+
+        BITMAP_FOREACH(type, types, i) {
+                if (dns_type_to_string(type)) {
+                        r = strv_extend(&strv, dns_type_to_string(type));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return NULL;
+                } else {
+                        char *t;
+
+                        r = asprintf(&t, "TYPE%u", type);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return NULL;
+
+                        r = strv_consume(&strv, t);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return NULL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        str = strv_join(strv, " ");
+        if (!str)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return strjoin("( ", str, " )", NULL);
+}
+
+static char *format_txt(DnsTxtItem *first) {
+        DnsTxtItem *i;
+        size_t c = 1;
+        char *p, *s;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(items, i, first)
+                c += i->length * 4 + 3;
+
+        p = s = new(char, c);
+        if (!s)
+                return NULL;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(items, i, first) {
+                size_t j;
+
+                if (i != first)
+                        *(p++) = ' ';
+
+                *(p++) = '"';
+
+                for (j = 0; j < i->length; j++) {
+                        if (i->data[j] < ' ' || i->data[j] == '"' || i->data[j] >= 127) {
+                                *(p++) = '\\';
+                                *(p++) = '0' + (i->data[j] / 100);
+                                *(p++) = '0' + ((i->data[j] / 10) % 10);
+                                *(p++) = '0' + (i->data[j] % 10);
+                        } else
+                                *(p++) = i->data[j];
+                }
+
+                *(p++) = '"';
+        }
+
+        *p = 0;
+        return s;
+}
+
+const char *dns_resource_record_to_string(DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+        char *s, k[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rr);
+
+        if (rr->to_string)
+                return rr->to_string;
+
+        dns_resource_key_to_string(rr->key, k, sizeof(k));
+
+        switch (rr->unparseable ? _DNS_TYPE_INVALID : rr->key->type) {
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SRV:
+                r = asprintf(&s, "%s %u %u %u %s",
+                             k,
+                             rr->srv.priority,
+                             rr->srv.weight,
+                             rr->srv.port,
+                             strna(rr->srv.name));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_PTR:
+        case DNS_TYPE_NS:
+        case DNS_TYPE_CNAME:
+        case DNS_TYPE_DNAME:
+                s = strjoin(k, " ", rr->ptr.name, NULL);
+                if (!s)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_HINFO:
+                s = strjoin(k, " ", rr->hinfo.cpu, " ", rr->hinfo.os, NULL);
+                if (!s)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SPF: /* exactly the same as TXT */
+        case DNS_TYPE_TXT:
+                t = format_txt(rr->txt.items);
+                if (!t)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                s = strjoin(k, " ", t, NULL);
+                if (!s)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_A: {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *x = NULL;
+
+                r = in_addr_to_string(AF_INET, (const union in_addr_union*) &rr->a.in_addr, &x);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                s = strjoin(k, " ", x, NULL);
+                if (!s)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_AAAA:
+                r = in_addr_to_string(AF_INET6, (const union in_addr_union*) &rr->aaaa.in6_addr, &t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                s = strjoin(k, " ", t, NULL);
+                if (!s)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SOA:
+                r = asprintf(&s, "%s %s %s %u %u %u %u %u",
+                             k,
+                             strna(rr->soa.mname),
+                             strna(rr->soa.rname),
+                             rr->soa.serial,
+                             rr->soa.refresh,
+                             rr->soa.retry,
+                             rr->soa.expire,
+                             rr->soa.minimum);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_MX:
+                r = asprintf(&s, "%s %u %s",
+                             k,
+                             rr->mx.priority,
+                             rr->mx.exchange);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_LOC:
+                assert(rr->loc.version == 0);
+
+                t = format_location(rr->loc.latitude,
+                                    rr->loc.longitude,
+                                    rr->loc.altitude,
+                                    rr->loc.size,
+                                    rr->loc.horiz_pre,
+                                    rr->loc.vert_pre);
+                if (!t)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                s = strjoin(k, " ", t, NULL);
+                if (!s)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_DS:
+                t = hexmem(rr->ds.digest, rr->ds.digest_size);
+                if (!t)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                r = asprintf(&s, "%s %u %u %u %s",
+                             k,
+                             rr->ds.key_tag,
+                             rr->ds.algorithm,
+                             rr->ds.digest_type,
+                             t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SSHFP:
+                t = hexmem(rr->sshfp.fingerprint, rr->sshfp.fingerprint_size);
+                if (!t)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                r = asprintf(&s, "%s %u %u %s",
+                             k,
+                             rr->sshfp.algorithm,
+                             rr->sshfp.fptype,
+                             t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY: {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *alg = NULL;
+                char *ss;
+                int n;
+                uint16_t key_tag;
+
+                key_tag = dnssec_keytag(rr, true);
+
+                r = dnssec_algorithm_to_string_alloc(rr->dnskey.algorithm, &alg);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                r = asprintf(&s, "%s %u %u %s %n",
+                             k,
+                             rr->dnskey.flags,
+                             rr->dnskey.protocol,
+                             alg,
+                             &n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                r = base64_append(&s, n,
+                                  rr->dnskey.key, rr->dnskey.key_size,
+                                  8, columns());
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                r = asprintf(&ss, "%s\n"
+                             "        -- Flags:%s%s%s\n"
+                             "        -- Key tag: %u",
+                             s,
+                             rr->dnskey.flags & DNSKEY_FLAG_SEP ? " SEP" : "",
+                             rr->dnskey.flags & DNSKEY_FLAG_REVOKE ? " REVOKE" : "",
+                             rr->dnskey.flags & DNSKEY_FLAG_ZONE_KEY ? " ZONE_KEY" : "",
+                             key_tag);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+                free(s);
+                s = ss;
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_RRSIG: {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *alg = NULL;
+                char expiration[strlen("YYYYMMDDHHmmSS") + 1], inception[strlen("YYYYMMDDHHmmSS") + 1];
+                const char *type;
+                int n;
+
+                type = dns_type_to_string(rr->rrsig.type_covered);
+
+                r = dnssec_algorithm_to_string_alloc(rr->rrsig.algorithm, &alg);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                r = format_timestamp_dns(expiration, sizeof(expiration), rr->rrsig.expiration);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                r = format_timestamp_dns(inception, sizeof(inception), rr->rrsig.inception);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                /* TYPE?? follows
+                 * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3597#section-5 */
+
+                r = asprintf(&s, "%s %s%.*u %s %u %u %s %s %u %s %n",
+                             k,
+                             type ?: "TYPE",
+                             type ? 0 : 1, type ? 0u : (unsigned) rr->rrsig.type_covered,
+                             alg,
+                             rr->rrsig.labels,
+                             rr->rrsig.original_ttl,
+                             expiration,
+                             inception,
+                             rr->rrsig.key_tag,
+                             rr->rrsig.signer,
+                             &n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                r = base64_append(&s, n,
+                                  rr->rrsig.signature, rr->rrsig.signature_size,
+                                  8, columns());
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_NSEC:
+                t = format_types(rr->nsec.types);
+                if (!t)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                r = asprintf(&s, "%s %s %s",
+                             k,
+                             rr->nsec.next_domain_name,
+                             t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_NSEC3: {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *salt = NULL, *hash = NULL;
+
+                if (rr->nsec3.salt_size > 0) {
+                        salt = hexmem(rr->nsec3.salt, rr->nsec3.salt_size);
+                        if (!salt)
+                                return NULL;
+                }
+
+                hash = base32hexmem(rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name, rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name_size, false);
+                if (!hash)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                t = format_types(rr->nsec3.types);
+                if (!t)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                r = asprintf(&s, "%s %"PRIu8" %"PRIu8" %"PRIu16" %s %s %s",
+                             k,
+                             rr->nsec3.algorithm,
+                             rr->nsec3.flags,
+                             rr->nsec3.iterations,
+                             rr->nsec3.salt_size > 0 ? salt : "-",
+                             hash,
+                             t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_TLSA: {
+                const char *cert_usage, *selector, *matching_type;
+
+                cert_usage = tlsa_cert_usage_to_string(rr->tlsa.cert_usage);
+                selector = tlsa_selector_to_string(rr->tlsa.selector);
+                matching_type = tlsa_matching_type_to_string(rr->tlsa.matching_type);
+
+                t = hexmem(rr->sshfp.fingerprint, rr->sshfp.fingerprint_size);
+                if (!t)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                r = asprintf(&s,
+                             "%s %u %u %u %s\n"
+                             "        -- Cert. usage: %s\n"
+                             "        -- Selector: %s\n"
+                             "        -- Matching type: %s",
+                             k,
+                             rr->tlsa.cert_usage,
+                             rr->tlsa.selector,
+                             rr->tlsa.matching_type,
+                             t,
+                             cert_usage,
+                             selector,
+                             matching_type);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_CAA: {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *value;
+
+                value = octescape(rr->caa.value, rr->caa.value_size);
+                if (!value)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                r = asprintf(&s, "%s %u %s \"%s\"%s%s%s%.0u",
+                             k,
+                             rr->caa.flags,
+                             rr->caa.tag,
+                             value,
+                             rr->caa.flags ? "\n        -- Flags:" : "",
+                             rr->caa.flags & CAA_FLAG_CRITICAL ? " critical" : "",
+                             rr->caa.flags & ~CAA_FLAG_CRITICAL ? " " : "",
+                             rr->caa.flags & ~CAA_FLAG_CRITICAL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_OPENPGPKEY: {
+                int n;
+
+                r = asprintf(&s, "%s %n",
+                             k,
+                             &n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                r = base64_append(&s, n,
+                                  rr->generic.data, rr->generic.data_size,
+                                  8, columns());
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        default:
+                t = hexmem(rr->generic.data, rr->generic.data_size);
+                if (!t)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                /* Format as documented in RFC 3597, Section 5 */
+                r = asprintf(&s, "%s \\# %zu %s", k, rr->generic.data_size, t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        rr->to_string = s;
+        return s;
+}
+
+ssize_t dns_resource_record_payload(DnsResourceRecord *rr, void **out) {
+        assert(rr);
+        assert(out);
+
+        switch(rr->unparseable ? _DNS_TYPE_INVALID : rr->key->type) {
+        case DNS_TYPE_SRV:
+        case DNS_TYPE_PTR:
+        case DNS_TYPE_NS:
+        case DNS_TYPE_CNAME:
+        case DNS_TYPE_DNAME:
+        case DNS_TYPE_HINFO:
+        case DNS_TYPE_SPF:
+        case DNS_TYPE_TXT:
+        case DNS_TYPE_A:
+        case DNS_TYPE_AAAA:
+        case DNS_TYPE_SOA:
+        case DNS_TYPE_MX:
+        case DNS_TYPE_LOC:
+        case DNS_TYPE_DS:
+        case DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY:
+        case DNS_TYPE_RRSIG:
+        case DNS_TYPE_NSEC:
+        case DNS_TYPE_NSEC3:
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SSHFP:
+                *out = rr->sshfp.fingerprint;
+                return rr->sshfp.fingerprint_size;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_TLSA:
+                *out = rr->tlsa.data;
+                return rr->tlsa.data_size;
+
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_OPENPGPKEY:
+        default:
+                *out = rr->generic.data;
+                return rr->generic.data_size;
+        }
+}
+
+int dns_resource_record_to_wire_format(DnsResourceRecord *rr, bool canonical) {
+
+        DnsPacket packet = {
+                .n_ref = 1,
+                .protocol = DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS,
+                .on_stack = true,
+                .refuse_compression = true,
+                .canonical_form = canonical,
+        };
+
+        size_t start, rds;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rr);
+
+        /* Generates the RR in wire-format, optionally in the
+         * canonical form as discussed in the DNSSEC RFC 4034, Section
+         * 6.2. We allocate a throw-away DnsPacket object on the stack
+         * here, because we need some book-keeping for memory
+         * management, and can reuse the DnsPacket serializer, that
+         * can generate the canonical form, too, but also knows label
+         * compression and suchlike. */
+
+        if (rr->wire_format && rr->wire_format_canonical == canonical)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_rr(&packet, rr, &start, &rds);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        assert(start == 0);
+        assert(packet._data);
+
+        free(rr->wire_format);
+        rr->wire_format = packet._data;
+        rr->wire_format_size = packet.size;
+        rr->wire_format_rdata_offset = rds;
+        rr->wire_format_canonical = canonical;
+
+        packet._data = NULL;
+        dns_packet_unref(&packet);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_resource_record_signer(DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char **ret) {
+        const char *n;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rr);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        /* Returns the RRset's signer, if it is known. */
+
+        if (rr->n_skip_labels_signer == (unsigned) -1)
+                return -ENODATA;
+
+        n = dns_resource_key_name(rr->key);
+        r = dns_name_skip(n, rr->n_skip_labels_signer, &n);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        *ret = n;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_resource_record_source(DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char **ret) {
+        const char *n;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rr);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        /* Returns the RRset's synthesizing source, if it is known. */
+
+        if (rr->n_skip_labels_source == (unsigned) -1)
+                return -ENODATA;
+
+        n = dns_resource_key_name(rr->key);
+        r = dns_name_skip(n, rr->n_skip_labels_source, &n);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        *ret = n;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_resource_record_is_signer(DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *zone) {
+        const char *signer;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rr);
+
+        r = dns_resource_record_signer(rr, &signer);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return dns_name_equal(zone, signer);
+}
+
+int dns_resource_record_is_synthetic(DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rr);
+
+        /* Returns > 0 if the RR is generated from a wildcard, and is not the asterisk name itself */
+
+        if (rr->n_skip_labels_source == (unsigned) -1)
+                return -ENODATA;
+
+        if (rr->n_skip_labels_source == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (rr->n_skip_labels_source > 1)
+                return 1;
+
+        r = dns_name_startswith(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), "*");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return !r;
+}
+
+void dns_resource_record_hash_func(const void *i, struct siphash *state) {
+        const DnsResourceRecord *rr = i;
+
+        assert(rr);
+
+        dns_resource_key_hash_func(rr->key, state);
+
+        switch (rr->unparseable ? _DNS_TYPE_INVALID : rr->key->type) {
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SRV:
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->srv.priority, sizeof(rr->srv.priority), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->srv.weight, sizeof(rr->srv.weight), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->srv.port, sizeof(rr->srv.port), state);
+                dns_name_hash_func(rr->srv.name, state);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_PTR:
+        case DNS_TYPE_NS:
+        case DNS_TYPE_CNAME:
+        case DNS_TYPE_DNAME:
+                dns_name_hash_func(rr->ptr.name, state);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_HINFO:
+                string_hash_func(rr->hinfo.cpu, state);
+                string_hash_func(rr->hinfo.os, state);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_TXT:
+        case DNS_TYPE_SPF: {
+                DnsTxtItem *j;
+
+                LIST_FOREACH(items, j, rr->txt.items) {
+                        siphash24_compress(j->data, j->length, state);
+
+                        /* Add an extra NUL byte, so that "a" followed by "b" doesn't result in the same hash as "ab"
+                         * followed by "". */
+                        siphash24_compress_byte(0, state);
+                }
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_A:
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->a.in_addr, sizeof(rr->a.in_addr), state);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_AAAA:
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->aaaa.in6_addr, sizeof(rr->aaaa.in6_addr), state);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SOA:
+                dns_name_hash_func(rr->soa.mname, state);
+                dns_name_hash_func(rr->soa.rname, state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->soa.serial, sizeof(rr->soa.serial), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->soa.refresh, sizeof(rr->soa.refresh), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->soa.retry, sizeof(rr->soa.retry), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->soa.expire, sizeof(rr->soa.expire), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->soa.minimum, sizeof(rr->soa.minimum), state);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_MX:
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->mx.priority, sizeof(rr->mx.priority), state);
+                dns_name_hash_func(rr->mx.exchange, state);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_LOC:
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->loc.version, sizeof(rr->loc.version), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->loc.size, sizeof(rr->loc.size), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->loc.horiz_pre, sizeof(rr->loc.horiz_pre), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->loc.vert_pre, sizeof(rr->loc.vert_pre), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->loc.latitude, sizeof(rr->loc.latitude), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->loc.longitude, sizeof(rr->loc.longitude), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->loc.altitude, sizeof(rr->loc.altitude), state);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SSHFP:
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->sshfp.algorithm, sizeof(rr->sshfp.algorithm), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->sshfp.fptype, sizeof(rr->sshfp.fptype), state);
+                siphash24_compress(rr->sshfp.fingerprint, rr->sshfp.fingerprint_size, state);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY:
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->dnskey.flags, sizeof(rr->dnskey.flags), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->dnskey.protocol, sizeof(rr->dnskey.protocol), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->dnskey.algorithm, sizeof(rr->dnskey.algorithm), state);
+                siphash24_compress(rr->dnskey.key, rr->dnskey.key_size, state);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_RRSIG:
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->rrsig.type_covered, sizeof(rr->rrsig.type_covered), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->rrsig.algorithm, sizeof(rr->rrsig.algorithm), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->rrsig.labels, sizeof(rr->rrsig.labels), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->rrsig.original_ttl, sizeof(rr->rrsig.original_ttl), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->rrsig.expiration, sizeof(rr->rrsig.expiration), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->rrsig.inception, sizeof(rr->rrsig.inception), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->rrsig.key_tag, sizeof(rr->rrsig.key_tag), state);
+                dns_name_hash_func(rr->rrsig.signer, state);
+                siphash24_compress(rr->rrsig.signature, rr->rrsig.signature_size, state);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_NSEC:
+                dns_name_hash_func(rr->nsec.next_domain_name, state);
+                /* FIXME: we leave out the type bitmap here. Hash
+                 * would be better if we'd take it into account
+                 * too. */
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_DS:
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->ds.key_tag, sizeof(rr->ds.key_tag), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->ds.algorithm, sizeof(rr->ds.algorithm), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->ds.digest_type, sizeof(rr->ds.digest_type), state);
+                siphash24_compress(rr->ds.digest, rr->ds.digest_size, state);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_NSEC3:
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->nsec3.algorithm, sizeof(rr->nsec3.algorithm), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->nsec3.flags, sizeof(rr->nsec3.flags), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->nsec3.iterations, sizeof(rr->nsec3.iterations), state);
+                siphash24_compress(rr->nsec3.salt, rr->nsec3.salt_size, state);
+                siphash24_compress(rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name, rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name_size, state);
+                /* FIXME: We leave the bitmaps out */
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_TLSA:
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->tlsa.cert_usage, sizeof(rr->tlsa.cert_usage), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->tlsa.selector, sizeof(rr->tlsa.selector), state);
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->tlsa.matching_type, sizeof(rr->tlsa.matching_type), state);
+                siphash24_compress(rr->tlsa.data, rr->tlsa.data_size, state);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_CAA:
+                siphash24_compress(&rr->caa.flags, sizeof(rr->caa.flags), state);
+                string_hash_func(rr->caa.tag, state);
+                siphash24_compress(rr->caa.value, rr->caa.value_size, state);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_OPENPGPKEY:
+        default:
+                siphash24_compress(rr->generic.data, rr->generic.data_size, state);
+                break;
+        }
+}
+
+static int dns_resource_record_compare_func(const void *a, const void *b) {
+        const DnsResourceRecord *x = a, *y = b;
+        int ret;
+
+        ret = dns_resource_key_compare_func(x->key, y->key);
+        if (ret != 0)
+                return ret;
+
+        if (dns_resource_record_equal(x, y))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* This is a bit dirty, we don't implement proper ordering, but
+         * the hashtable doesn't need ordering anyway, hence we don't
+         * care. */
+        return x < y ? -1 : 1;
+}
+
+const struct hash_ops dns_resource_record_hash_ops = {
+        .hash = dns_resource_record_hash_func,
+        .compare = dns_resource_record_compare_func,
+};
+
+DnsResourceRecord *dns_resource_record_copy(DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *copy = NULL;
+        DnsResourceRecord *t;
+
+        assert(rr);
+
+        copy = dns_resource_record_new(rr->key);
+        if (!copy)
+                return NULL;
+
+        copy->ttl = rr->ttl;
+        copy->expiry = rr->expiry;
+        copy->n_skip_labels_signer = rr->n_skip_labels_signer;
+        copy->n_skip_labels_source = rr->n_skip_labels_source;
+        copy->unparseable = rr->unparseable;
+
+        switch (rr->unparseable ? _DNS_TYPE_INVALID : rr->key->type) {
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SRV:
+                copy->srv.priority = rr->srv.priority;
+                copy->srv.weight = rr->srv.weight;
+                copy->srv.port = rr->srv.port;
+                copy->srv.name = strdup(rr->srv.name);
+                if (!copy->srv.name)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_PTR:
+        case DNS_TYPE_NS:
+        case DNS_TYPE_CNAME:
+        case DNS_TYPE_DNAME:
+                copy->ptr.name = strdup(rr->ptr.name);
+                if (!copy->ptr.name)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_HINFO:
+                copy->hinfo.cpu = strdup(rr->hinfo.cpu);
+                if (!copy->hinfo.cpu)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                copy->hinfo.os = strdup(rr->hinfo.os);
+                if(!copy->hinfo.os)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_TXT:
+        case DNS_TYPE_SPF:
+                copy->txt.items = dns_txt_item_copy(rr->txt.items);
+                if (!copy->txt.items)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_A:
+                copy->a = rr->a;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_AAAA:
+                copy->aaaa = rr->aaaa;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SOA:
+                copy->soa.mname = strdup(rr->soa.mname);
+                if (!copy->soa.mname)
+                        return NULL;
+                copy->soa.rname = strdup(rr->soa.rname);
+                if (!copy->soa.rname)
+                        return NULL;
+                copy->soa.serial = rr->soa.serial;
+                copy->soa.refresh = rr->soa.refresh;
+                copy->soa.retry = rr->soa.retry;
+                copy->soa.expire = rr->soa.expire;
+                copy->soa.minimum = rr->soa.minimum;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_MX:
+                copy->mx.priority = rr->mx.priority;
+                copy->mx.exchange = strdup(rr->mx.exchange);
+                if (!copy->mx.exchange)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_LOC:
+                copy->loc = rr->loc;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SSHFP:
+                copy->sshfp.algorithm = rr->sshfp.algorithm;
+                copy->sshfp.fptype = rr->sshfp.fptype;
+                copy->sshfp.fingerprint = memdup(rr->sshfp.fingerprint, rr->sshfp.fingerprint_size);
+                if (!copy->sshfp.fingerprint)
+                        return NULL;
+                copy->sshfp.fingerprint_size = rr->sshfp.fingerprint_size;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY:
+                copy->dnskey.flags = rr->dnskey.flags;
+                copy->dnskey.protocol = rr->dnskey.protocol;
+                copy->dnskey.algorithm = rr->dnskey.algorithm;
+                copy->dnskey.key = memdup(rr->dnskey.key, rr->dnskey.key_size);
+                if (!copy->dnskey.key)
+                        return NULL;
+                copy->dnskey.key_size = rr->dnskey.key_size;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_RRSIG:
+                copy->rrsig.type_covered = rr->rrsig.type_covered;
+                copy->rrsig.algorithm = rr->rrsig.algorithm;
+                copy->rrsig.labels = rr->rrsig.labels;
+                copy->rrsig.original_ttl = rr->rrsig.original_ttl;
+                copy->rrsig.expiration = rr->rrsig.expiration;
+                copy->rrsig.inception = rr->rrsig.inception;
+                copy->rrsig.key_tag = rr->rrsig.key_tag;
+                copy->rrsig.signer = strdup(rr->rrsig.signer);
+                if (!copy->rrsig.signer)
+                        return NULL;
+                copy->rrsig.signature = memdup(rr->rrsig.signature, rr->rrsig.signature_size);
+                if (!copy->rrsig.signature)
+                        return NULL;
+                copy->rrsig.signature_size = rr->rrsig.signature_size;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_NSEC:
+                copy->nsec.next_domain_name = strdup(rr->nsec.next_domain_name);
+                if (!copy->nsec.next_domain_name)
+                        return NULL;
+                copy->nsec.types = bitmap_copy(rr->nsec.types);
+                if (!copy->nsec.types)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_DS:
+                copy->ds.key_tag = rr->ds.key_tag;
+                copy->ds.algorithm = rr->ds.algorithm;
+                copy->ds.digest_type = rr->ds.digest_type;
+                copy->ds.digest = memdup(rr->ds.digest, rr->ds.digest_size);
+                if (!copy->ds.digest)
+                        return NULL;
+                copy->ds.digest_size = rr->ds.digest_size;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_NSEC3:
+                copy->nsec3.algorithm = rr->nsec3.algorithm;
+                copy->nsec3.flags = rr->nsec3.flags;
+                copy->nsec3.iterations = rr->nsec3.iterations;
+                copy->nsec3.salt = memdup(rr->nsec3.salt, rr->nsec3.salt_size);
+                if (!copy->nsec3.salt)
+                        return NULL;
+                copy->nsec3.salt_size = rr->nsec3.salt_size;
+                copy->nsec3.next_hashed_name = memdup(rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name, rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name_size);
+                if (!copy->nsec3.next_hashed_name_size)
+                        return NULL;
+                copy->nsec3.next_hashed_name_size = rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name_size;
+                copy->nsec3.types = bitmap_copy(rr->nsec3.types);
+                if (!copy->nsec3.types)
+                        return NULL;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_TLSA:
+                copy->tlsa.cert_usage = rr->tlsa.cert_usage;
+                copy->tlsa.selector = rr->tlsa.selector;
+                copy->tlsa.matching_type = rr->tlsa.matching_type;
+                copy->tlsa.data = memdup(rr->tlsa.data, rr->tlsa.data_size);
+                if (!copy->tlsa.data)
+                        return NULL;
+                copy->tlsa.data_size = rr->tlsa.data_size;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_CAA:
+                copy->caa.flags = rr->caa.flags;
+                copy->caa.tag = strdup(rr->caa.tag);
+                if (!copy->caa.tag)
+                        return NULL;
+                copy->caa.value = memdup(rr->caa.value, rr->caa.value_size);
+                if (!copy->caa.value)
+                        return NULL;
+                copy->caa.value_size = rr->caa.value_size;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_OPT:
+        default:
+                copy->generic.data = memdup(rr->generic.data, rr->generic.data_size);
+                if (!copy->generic.data)
+                        return NULL;
+                copy->generic.data_size = rr->generic.data_size;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        t = copy;
+        copy = NULL;
+
+        return t;
+}
+
+int dns_resource_record_clamp_ttl(DnsResourceRecord **rr, uint32_t max_ttl) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *old_rr, *new_rr;
+        uint32_t new_ttl;
+
+        assert(rr);
+        old_rr = *rr;
+
+        if (old_rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_OPT)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        new_ttl = MIN(old_rr->ttl, max_ttl);
+        if (new_ttl == old_rr->ttl)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (old_rr->n_ref == 1) {
+                /* Patch in place */
+                old_rr->ttl = new_ttl;
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        new_rr = dns_resource_record_copy(old_rr);
+        if (!new_rr)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        new_rr->ttl = new_ttl;
+
+        dns_resource_record_unref(*rr);
+        *rr = new_rr;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+DnsTxtItem *dns_txt_item_free_all(DnsTxtItem *i) {
+        DnsTxtItem *n;
+
+        if (!i)
+                return NULL;
+
+        n = i->items_next;
+
+        free(i);
+        return dns_txt_item_free_all(n);
+}
+
+bool dns_txt_item_equal(DnsTxtItem *a, DnsTxtItem *b) {
+
+        if (a == b)
+                return true;
+
+        if (!a != !b)
+                return false;
+
+        if (!a)
+                return true;
+
+        if (a->length != b->length)
+                return false;
+
+        if (memcmp(a->data, b->data, a->length) != 0)
+                return false;
+
+        return dns_txt_item_equal(a->items_next, b->items_next);
+}
+
+DnsTxtItem *dns_txt_item_copy(DnsTxtItem *first) {
+        DnsTxtItem *i, *copy = NULL, *end = NULL;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(items, i, first) {
+                DnsTxtItem *j;
+
+                j = memdup(i, offsetof(DnsTxtItem, data) + i->length + 1);
+                if (!j) {
+                        dns_txt_item_free_all(copy);
+                        return NULL;
+                }
+
+                LIST_INSERT_AFTER(items, copy, end, j);
+                end = j;
+        }
+
+        return copy;
+}
+
+static const char* const dnssec_algorithm_table[_DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_MAX_DEFINED] = {
+        /* Mnemonics as listed on https://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-sec-alg-numbers/dns-sec-alg-numbers.xhtml */
+        [DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSAMD5]             = "RSAMD5",
+        [DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_DH]                 = "DH",
+        [DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_DSA]                = "DSA",
+        [DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_ECC]                = "ECC",
+        [DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA1]            = "RSASHA1",
+        [DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_DSA_NSEC3_SHA1]     = "DSA-NSEC3-SHA1",
+        [DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA1_NSEC3_SHA1] = "RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1",
+        [DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA256]          = "RSASHA256",
+        [DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA512]          = "RSASHA512",
+        [DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_ECC_GOST]           = "ECC-GOST",
+        [DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_ECDSAP256SHA256]    = "ECDSAP256SHA256",
+        [DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_ECDSAP384SHA384]    = "ECDSAP384SHA384",
+        [DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_INDIRECT]           = "INDIRECT",
+        [DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_PRIVATEDNS]         = "PRIVATEDNS",
+        [DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_PRIVATEOID]         = "PRIVATEOID",
+};
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP_WITH_FALLBACK(dnssec_algorithm, int, 255);
+
+static const char* const dnssec_digest_table[_DNSSEC_DIGEST_MAX_DEFINED] = {
+        /* Names as listed on https://www.iana.org/assignments/ds-rr-types/ds-rr-types.xhtml */
+        [DNSSEC_DIGEST_SHA1] = "SHA-1",
+        [DNSSEC_DIGEST_SHA256] = "SHA-256",
+        [DNSSEC_DIGEST_GOST_R_34_11_94] = "GOST_R_34.11-94",
+        [DNSSEC_DIGEST_SHA384] = "SHA-384",
+};
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP_WITH_FALLBACK(dnssec_digest, int, 255);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-rr.h b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-rr.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..13240e57ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/resolved-dns-rr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ***/
+
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+
+#include "basic/bitmap.h"
+#include "basic/hashmap.h"
+#include "basic/in-addr-util.h"
+#include "basic/list.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+
+#include "dns-type.h"
+
+typedef struct DnsResourceKey DnsResourceKey;
+typedef struct DnsResourceRecord DnsResourceRecord;
+typedef struct DnsTxtItem DnsTxtItem;
+
+/* DNSKEY RR flags */
+#define DNSKEY_FLAG_SEP      (UINT16_C(1) << 0)
+#define DNSKEY_FLAG_REVOKE   (UINT16_C(1) << 7)
+#define DNSKEY_FLAG_ZONE_KEY (UINT16_C(1) << 8)
+
+/* mDNS RR flags */
+#define MDNS_RR_CACHE_FLUSH  (UINT16_C(1) << 15)
+
+/* DNSSEC algorithm identifiers, see
+ * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4034#appendix-A.1 and
+ * https://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-sec-alg-numbers/dns-sec-alg-numbers.xhtml */
+enum {
+        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSAMD5 = 1,
+        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_DH,
+        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_DSA,
+        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_ECC,
+        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA1,
+        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_DSA_NSEC3_SHA1,
+        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA1_NSEC3_SHA1,
+        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA256 = 8,        /* RFC 5702 */
+        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA512 = 10,       /* RFC 5702 */
+        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_ECC_GOST = 12,        /* RFC 5933 */
+        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_ECDSAP256SHA256 = 13, /* RFC 6605 */
+        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_ECDSAP384SHA384 = 14, /* RFC 6605 */
+        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_INDIRECT = 252,
+        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_PRIVATEDNS,
+        DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_PRIVATEOID,
+        _DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_MAX_DEFINED
+};
+
+/* DNSSEC digest identifiers, see
+ * https://www.iana.org/assignments/ds-rr-types/ds-rr-types.xhtml */
+enum {
+        DNSSEC_DIGEST_SHA1 = 1,
+        DNSSEC_DIGEST_SHA256 = 2,              /* RFC 4509 */
+        DNSSEC_DIGEST_GOST_R_34_11_94 = 3,     /* RFC 5933 */
+        DNSSEC_DIGEST_SHA384 = 4,              /* RFC 6605 */
+        _DNSSEC_DIGEST_MAX_DEFINED
+};
+
+/* DNSSEC NSEC3 hash algorithms, see
+ * https://www.iana.org/assignments/dnssec-nsec3-parameters/dnssec-nsec3-parameters.xhtml */
+enum {
+        NSEC3_ALGORITHM_SHA1 = 1,
+        _NSEC3_ALGORITHM_MAX_DEFINED
+};
+
+struct DnsResourceKey {
+        unsigned n_ref; /* (unsigned -1) for const keys, see below */
+        uint16_t class, type;
+        char *_name; /* don't access directly, use dns_resource_key_name()! */
+};
+
+/* Creates a temporary resource key. This is only useful to quickly
+ * look up something, without allocating a full DnsResourceKey object
+ * for it. Note that it is not OK to take references to this kind of
+ * resource key object. */
+#define DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_CONST(c, t, n)                 \
+        ((DnsResourceKey) {                             \
+                .n_ref = (unsigned) -1,                 \
+                .class = c,                             \
+                .type = t,                              \
+                ._name = (char*) n,                     \
+        })
+
+
+struct DnsTxtItem {
+        size_t length;
+        LIST_FIELDS(DnsTxtItem, items);
+        uint8_t data[];
+};
+
+struct DnsResourceRecord {
+        unsigned n_ref;
+        DnsResourceKey *key;
+
+        char *to_string;
+
+        uint32_t ttl;
+        usec_t expiry; /* RRSIG signature expiry */
+
+        /* How many labels to strip to determine "signer" of the RRSIG (aka, the zone). -1 if not signed. */
+        unsigned n_skip_labels_signer;
+        /* How many labels to strip to determine "synthesizing source" of this RR, i.e. the wildcard's immediate parent. -1 if not signed. */
+        unsigned n_skip_labels_source;
+
+        bool unparseable:1;
+
+        bool wire_format_canonical:1;
+        void *wire_format;
+        size_t wire_format_size;
+        size_t wire_format_rdata_offset;
+
+        union {
+                struct {
+                        void *data;
+                        size_t data_size;
+                } generic, opt;
+
+                struct {
+                        uint16_t priority;
+                        uint16_t weight;
+                        uint16_t port;
+                        char *name;
+                } srv;
+
+                struct {
+                        char *name;
+                } ptr, ns, cname, dname;
+
+                struct {
+                        char *cpu;
+                        char *os;
+                } hinfo;
+
+                struct {
+                        DnsTxtItem *items;
+                } txt, spf;
+
+                struct {
+                        struct in_addr in_addr;
+                } a;
+
+                struct {
+                        struct in6_addr in6_addr;
+                } aaaa;
+
+                struct {
+                        char *mname;
+                        char *rname;
+                        uint32_t serial;
+                        uint32_t refresh;
+                        uint32_t retry;
+                        uint32_t expire;
+                        uint32_t minimum;
+                } soa;
+
+                struct {
+                        uint16_t priority;
+                        char *exchange;
+                } mx;
+
+                /* https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1876 */
+                struct {
+                        uint8_t version;
+                        uint8_t size;
+                        uint8_t horiz_pre;
+                        uint8_t vert_pre;
+                        uint32_t latitude;
+                        uint32_t longitude;
+                        uint32_t altitude;
+                } loc;
+
+                /* https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4255#section-3.1 */
+                struct {
+                        uint8_t algorithm;
+                        uint8_t fptype;
+                        void *fingerprint;
+                        size_t fingerprint_size;
+                } sshfp;
+
+                /* http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4034#section-2.1 */
+                struct {
+                        uint16_t flags;
+                        uint8_t protocol;
+                        uint8_t algorithm;
+                        void* key;
+                        size_t key_size;
+                } dnskey;
+
+                /* http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4034#section-3.1 */
+                struct {
+                        uint16_t type_covered;
+                        uint8_t algorithm;
+                        uint8_t labels;
+                        uint32_t original_ttl;
+                        uint32_t expiration;
+                        uint32_t inception;
+                        uint16_t key_tag;
+                        char *signer;
+                        void *signature;
+                        size_t signature_size;
+                } rrsig;
+
+                /* https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4034#section-4.1 */
+                struct {
+                        char *next_domain_name;
+                        Bitmap *types;
+                } nsec;
+
+                /* https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4034#section-5.1 */
+                struct {
+                        uint16_t key_tag;
+                        uint8_t algorithm;
+                        uint8_t digest_type;
+                        void *digest;
+                        size_t digest_size;
+                } ds;
+
+                struct {
+                        uint8_t algorithm;
+                        uint8_t flags;
+                        uint16_t iterations;
+                        void *salt;
+                        size_t salt_size;
+                        void *next_hashed_name;
+                        size_t next_hashed_name_size;
+                        Bitmap *types;
+                } nsec3;
+
+                /* https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-dane-protocol-23 */
+                struct {
+                        uint8_t cert_usage;
+                        uint8_t selector;
+                        uint8_t matching_type;
+                        void *data;
+                        size_t data_size;
+                } tlsa;
+
+                /* https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6844 */
+                struct {
+                        uint8_t flags;
+                        char *tag;
+                        void *value;
+                        size_t value_size;
+                } caa;
+        };
+};
+
+static inline const void* DNS_RESOURCE_RECORD_RDATA(DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        if (!rr)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (!rr->wire_format)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(rr->wire_format_rdata_offset <= rr->wire_format_size);
+        return (uint8_t*) rr->wire_format + rr->wire_format_rdata_offset;
+}
+
+static inline size_t DNS_RESOURCE_RECORD_RDATA_SIZE(DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        if (!rr)
+                return 0;
+        if (!rr->wire_format)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(rr->wire_format_rdata_offset <= rr->wire_format_size);
+        return rr->wire_format_size - rr->wire_format_rdata_offset;
+}
+
+static inline uint8_t DNS_RESOURCE_RECORD_OPT_VERSION_SUPPORTED(DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        assert(rr);
+        assert(rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_OPT);
+
+        return ((rr->ttl >> 16) & 0xFF) == 0;
+}
+
+DnsResourceKey* dns_resource_key_new(uint16_t class, uint16_t type, const char *name);
+DnsResourceKey* dns_resource_key_new_redirect(const DnsResourceKey *key, const DnsResourceRecord *cname);
+int dns_resource_key_new_append_suffix(DnsResourceKey **ret, DnsResourceKey *key, char *name);
+DnsResourceKey* dns_resource_key_new_consume(uint16_t class, uint16_t type, char *name);
+DnsResourceKey* dns_resource_key_ref(DnsResourceKey *key);
+DnsResourceKey* dns_resource_key_unref(DnsResourceKey *key);
+const char* dns_resource_key_name(const DnsResourceKey *key);
+bool dns_resource_key_is_address(const DnsResourceKey *key);
+int dns_resource_key_equal(const DnsResourceKey *a, const DnsResourceKey *b);
+int dns_resource_key_match_rr(const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *search_domain);
+int dns_resource_key_match_cname_or_dname(const DnsResourceKey *key, const DnsResourceKey *cname, const char *search_domain);
+int dns_resource_key_match_soa(const DnsResourceKey *key, const DnsResourceKey *soa);
+
+/* _DNS_{CLASS,TYPE}_STRING_MAX include one byte for NUL, which we use for space instead below.
+ * DNS_HOSTNAME_MAX does not include the NUL byte, so we need to add 1. */
+#define DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX (_DNS_CLASS_STRING_MAX + _DNS_TYPE_STRING_MAX + DNS_HOSTNAME_MAX + 1)
+
+char* dns_resource_key_to_string(const DnsResourceKey *key, char *buf, size_t buf_size);
+ssize_t dns_resource_record_payload(DnsResourceRecord *rr, void **out);
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsResourceKey*, dns_resource_key_unref);
+
+static inline bool dns_key_is_shared(const DnsResourceKey *key) {
+        return IN_SET(key->type, DNS_TYPE_PTR);
+}
+
+bool dns_resource_key_reduce(DnsResourceKey **a, DnsResourceKey **b);
+
+DnsResourceRecord* dns_resource_record_new(DnsResourceKey *key);
+DnsResourceRecord* dns_resource_record_new_full(uint16_t class, uint16_t type, const char *name);
+DnsResourceRecord* dns_resource_record_ref(DnsResourceRecord *rr);
+DnsResourceRecord* dns_resource_record_unref(DnsResourceRecord *rr);
+int dns_resource_record_new_reverse(DnsResourceRecord **ret, int family, const union in_addr_union *address, const char *name);
+int dns_resource_record_new_address(DnsResourceRecord **ret, int family, const union in_addr_union *address, const char *name);
+int dns_resource_record_equal(const DnsResourceRecord *a, const DnsResourceRecord *b);
+const char* dns_resource_record_to_string(DnsResourceRecord *rr);
+DnsResourceRecord *dns_resource_record_copy(DnsResourceRecord *rr);
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsResourceRecord*, dns_resource_record_unref);
+
+int dns_resource_record_to_wire_format(DnsResourceRecord *rr, bool canonical);
+
+int dns_resource_record_signer(DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char **ret);
+int dns_resource_record_source(DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char **ret);
+int dns_resource_record_is_signer(DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *zone);
+int dns_resource_record_is_synthetic(DnsResourceRecord *rr);
+
+int dns_resource_record_clamp_ttl(DnsResourceRecord **rr, uint32_t max_ttl);
+
+DnsTxtItem *dns_txt_item_free_all(DnsTxtItem *i);
+bool dns_txt_item_equal(DnsTxtItem *a, DnsTxtItem *b);
+DnsTxtItem *dns_txt_item_copy(DnsTxtItem *i);
+
+void dns_resource_record_hash_func(const void *i, struct siphash *state);
+
+extern const struct hash_ops dns_resource_key_hash_ops;
+extern const struct hash_ops dns_resource_record_hash_ops;
+
+int dnssec_algorithm_to_string_alloc(int i, char **ret);
+int dnssec_algorithm_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+int dnssec_digest_to_string_alloc(int i, char **ret);
+int dnssec_digest_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/_443._tcp.fedoraproject.org.pkts b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/_443._tcp.fedoraproject.org.pkts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a383c6286d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/_443._tcp.fedoraproject.org.pkts
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/_openpgpkey.fedoraproject.org.pkts b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/_openpgpkey.fedoraproject.org.pkts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..15de02e997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/_openpgpkey.fedoraproject.org.pkts
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/fake-caa.pkts b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/fake-caa.pkts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1c3ecc5491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/fake-caa.pkts
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/fedoraproject.org.pkts b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/fedoraproject.org.pkts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17874844d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/fedoraproject.org.pkts
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/gandi.net.pkts b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/gandi.net.pkts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5ef51e0c8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/gandi.net.pkts
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/google.com.pkts b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/google.com.pkts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f98c4cd855
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/google.com.pkts
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/kyhwana.org.pkts b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/kyhwana.org.pkts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e28a725c9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/kyhwana.org.pkts
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/root.pkts b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/root.pkts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..54ba668c75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/root.pkts
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/sw1a1aa-sw1a2aa-sw1a2ab-sw1a2ac.find.me.uk.pkts b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/sw1a1aa-sw1a2aa-sw1a2ab-sw1a2ac.find.me.uk.pkts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a854249532
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/sw1a1aa-sw1a2aa-sw1a2ab-sw1a2ac.find.me.uk.pkts
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/teamits.com.pkts b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/teamits.com.pkts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..11deb39677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/teamits.com.pkts
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/zbyszek@fedoraproject.org.pkts b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/zbyszek@fedoraproject.org.pkts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f0a6f982df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-data/zbyszek@fedoraproject.org.pkts
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-dns-packet.c b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-dns-packet.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9e210fa94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-dns-packet.c
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd
+
+  Copyright 2016 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <glob.h>
+#include <net/if.h>
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/fileio.h"
+#include "basic/glob-util.h"
+#include "basic/log.h"
+#include "basic/macro.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+#include "basic/strv.h"
+#include "basic/unaligned.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-packet.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-rr.h"
+
+#define HASH_KEY SD_ID128_MAKE(d3,1e,48,90,4b,fa,4c,fe,af,9d,d5,a1,d7,2e,8a,b1)
+
+static void verify_rr_copy(DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *copy = NULL;
+        const char *a, *b;
+
+        assert_se(copy = dns_resource_record_copy(rr));
+        assert_se(dns_resource_record_equal(copy, rr) > 0);
+
+        assert_se(a = dns_resource_record_to_string(rr));
+        assert_se(b = dns_resource_record_to_string(copy));
+
+        assert_se(streq(a, b));
+}
+
+static uint64_t hash(DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        struct siphash state;
+
+        siphash24_init(&state, HASH_KEY.bytes);
+        dns_resource_record_hash_func(rr, &state);
+        return siphash24_finalize(&state);
+}
+
+static void test_packet_from_file(const char* filename, bool canonical) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *data = NULL;
+        size_t data_size, packet_size, offset;
+
+        assert_se(read_full_file(filename, &data, &data_size) >= 0);
+        assert_se(data);
+        assert_se(data_size > 8);
+
+        log_info("============== %s %s==============", filename, canonical ? "canonical " : "");
+
+        for (offset = 0; offset < data_size; offset += 8 + packet_size) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL, *p2 = NULL;
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL, *rr2 = NULL;
+                const char *s, *s2;
+                uint64_t hash1, hash2;
+
+                packet_size = unaligned_read_le64(data + offset);
+                assert_se(packet_size > 0);
+                assert_se(offset + 8 + packet_size <= data_size);
+
+                assert_se(dns_packet_new(&p, DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS, 0) >= 0);
+
+                assert_se(dns_packet_append_blob(p, data + offset + 8, packet_size, NULL) >= 0);
+                assert_se(dns_packet_read_rr(p, &rr, NULL, NULL) >= 0);
+
+                verify_rr_copy(rr);
+
+                s = dns_resource_record_to_string(rr);
+                assert_se(s);
+                puts(s);
+
+                hash1 = hash(rr);
+
+                assert_se(dns_resource_record_to_wire_format(rr, canonical) >= 0);
+
+                assert_se(dns_packet_new(&p2, DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS, 0) >= 0);
+                assert_se(dns_packet_append_blob(p2, rr->wire_format, rr->wire_format_size, NULL) >= 0);
+                assert_se(dns_packet_read_rr(p2, &rr2, NULL, NULL) >= 0);
+
+                verify_rr_copy(rr);
+
+                s2 = dns_resource_record_to_string(rr);
+                assert_se(s2);
+                assert_se(streq(s, s2));
+
+                hash2 = hash(rr);
+                assert_se(hash1 == hash2);
+        }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+        int i, N;
+        _cleanup_globfree_ glob_t g = {};
+        char **fnames;
+
+        log_parse_environment();
+
+        if (argc >= 2) {
+                N = argc - 1;
+                fnames = argv + 1;
+        } else {
+                assert_se(glob(RESOLVE_TEST_DIR "/*.pkts", GLOB_NOSORT, NULL, &g) == 0);
+                N = g.gl_pathc;
+                fnames = g.gl_pathv;
+        }
+
+        for (i = 0; i < N; i++) {
+                test_packet_from_file(fnames[i], false);
+                puts("");
+                test_packet_from_file(fnames[i], true);
+                if (i + 1 < N)
+                        puts("");
+        }
+
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-dnssec-complex.c b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-dnssec-complex.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef78cd1ea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-dnssec-complex.c
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2016 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <netinet/ip.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "basic/af-list.h"
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/random-util.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+#include "basic/time-util.h"
+#include "sd-bus/bus-common-errors.h"
+
+#include "dns-type.h"
+
+#define DNS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC (45*USEC_PER_SEC)
+
+static void prefix_random(const char *name, char **ret) {
+        uint64_t i, u;
+        char *m = NULL;
+
+        u = 1 + (random_u64() & 3);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < u; i++) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *b = NULL;
+                char *x;
+
+                assert_se(asprintf(&b, "x%" PRIu64 "x", random_u64()));
+                x = strjoin(b, ".", name, NULL);
+                assert_se(x);
+
+                free(m);
+                m = x;
+        }
+
+        *ret = m;
+ }
+
+static void test_rr_lookup(sd_bus *bus, const char *name, uint16_t type, const char *result) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *req = NULL, *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *m = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        /* If the name starts with a dot, we prefix one to three random labels */
+        if (startswith(name, ".")) {
+                prefix_random(name + 1, &m);
+                name = m;
+        }
+
+        assert_se(sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                                  bus,
+                                  &req,
+                                  "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                                  "/org/freedesktop/resolve1",
+                                  "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Manager",
+                                  "ResolveRecord") >= 0);
+
+        assert_se(sd_bus_message_append(req, "isqqt", 0, name, DNS_CLASS_IN, type, UINT64_C(0)) >= 0);
+
+        r = sd_bus_call(bus, req, DNS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, &reply);
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+                assert_se(result);
+                assert_se(sd_bus_error_has_name(&error, result));
+                log_info("[OK] %s/%s resulted in <%s>.", name, dns_type_to_string(type), error.name);
+        } else {
+                assert_se(!result);
+                log_info("[OK] %s/%s succeeded.", name, dns_type_to_string(type));
+        }
+}
+
+static void test_hostname_lookup(sd_bus *bus, const char *name, int family, const char *result) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *req = NULL, *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *m = NULL;
+        const char *af;
+        int r;
+
+        af = family == AF_UNSPEC ? "AF_UNSPEC" : af_to_name(family);
+
+        /* If the name starts with a dot, we prefix one to three random labels */
+        if (startswith(name, ".")) {
+                prefix_random(name + 1, &m);
+                name = m;
+        }
+
+        assert_se(sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                                  bus,
+                                  &req,
+                                  "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                                  "/org/freedesktop/resolve1",
+                                  "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Manager",
+                                  "ResolveHostname") >= 0);
+
+        assert_se(sd_bus_message_append(req, "isit", 0, name, family, UINT64_C(0)) >= 0);
+
+        r = sd_bus_call(bus, req, DNS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, &reply);
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+                assert_se(result);
+                assert_se(sd_bus_error_has_name(&error, result));
+                log_info("[OK] %s/%s resulted in <%s>.", name, af, error.name);
+        } else {
+                assert_se(!result);
+                log_info("[OK] %s/%s succeeded.", name, af);
+        }
+
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+
+        /* Note that this is a manual test as it requires:
+         *
+         *    Full network access
+         *    A DNSSEC capable DNS server
+         *    That zones contacted are still set up as they were when I wrote this.
+         */
+
+        assert_se(sd_bus_open_system(&bus) >= 0);
+
+        /* Normally signed */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, "www.eurid.eu", DNS_TYPE_A, NULL);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "www.eurid.eu", AF_UNSPEC, NULL);
+
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, "sigok.verteiltesysteme.net", DNS_TYPE_A, NULL);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "sigok.verteiltesysteme.net", AF_UNSPEC, NULL);
+
+        /* Normally signed, NODATA */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, "www.eurid.eu", DNS_TYPE_RP, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR);
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, "sigok.verteiltesysteme.net", DNS_TYPE_RP, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR);
+
+        /* Invalid signature */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, "sigfail.verteiltesysteme.net", DNS_TYPE_A, BUS_ERROR_DNSSEC_FAILED);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "sigfail.verteiltesysteme.net", AF_INET, BUS_ERROR_DNSSEC_FAILED);
+
+        /* Invalid signature, RSA, wildcard */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, ".wilda.rhybar.0skar.cz", DNS_TYPE_A, BUS_ERROR_DNSSEC_FAILED);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, ".wilda.rhybar.0skar.cz", AF_INET, BUS_ERROR_DNSSEC_FAILED);
+
+        /* Invalid signature, ECDSA, wildcard */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, ".wilda.rhybar.ecdsa.0skar.cz", DNS_TYPE_A, BUS_ERROR_DNSSEC_FAILED);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, ".wilda.rhybar.ecdsa.0skar.cz", AF_INET, BUS_ERROR_DNSSEC_FAILED);
+
+        /* NXDOMAIN in NSEC domain */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, "hhh.nasa.gov", DNS_TYPE_A, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN");
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "hhh.nasa.gov", AF_UNSPEC, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN");
+
+        /* wildcard, NSEC zone */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, ".wilda.nsec.0skar.cz", DNS_TYPE_A, NULL);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, ".wilda.nsec.0skar.cz", AF_INET, NULL);
+
+        /* wildcard, NSEC zone, NODATA */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, ".wilda.nsec.0skar.cz", DNS_TYPE_RP, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR);
+
+        /* wildcard, NSEC3 zone */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, ".wilda.0skar.cz", DNS_TYPE_A, NULL);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, ".wilda.0skar.cz", AF_INET, NULL);
+
+        /* wildcard, NSEC3 zone, NODATA */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, ".wilda.0skar.cz", DNS_TYPE_RP, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR);
+
+        /* wildcard, NSEC zone, CNAME */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, ".wild.nsec.0skar.cz", DNS_TYPE_A, NULL);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, ".wild.nsec.0skar.cz", AF_UNSPEC, NULL);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, ".wild.nsec.0skar.cz", AF_INET, NULL);
+
+        /* wildcard, NSEC zone, NODATA, CNAME */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, ".wild.nsec.0skar.cz", DNS_TYPE_RP, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR);
+
+        /* wildcard, NSEC3 zone, CNAME */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, ".wild.0skar.cz", DNS_TYPE_A, NULL);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, ".wild.0skar.cz", AF_UNSPEC, NULL);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, ".wild.0skar.cz", AF_INET, NULL);
+
+        /* wildcard, NSEC3 zone, NODATA, CNAME */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, ".wild.0skar.cz", DNS_TYPE_RP, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR);
+
+        /* NODATA due to empty non-terminal in NSEC domain */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, "herndon.nasa.gov", DNS_TYPE_A, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "herndon.nasa.gov", AF_UNSPEC, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "herndon.nasa.gov", AF_INET, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "herndon.nasa.gov", AF_INET6, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR);
+
+        /* NXDOMAIN in NSEC root zone: */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, "jasdhjas.kjkfgjhfjg", DNS_TYPE_A, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN");
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "jasdhjas.kjkfgjhfjg", AF_UNSPEC, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN");
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "jasdhjas.kjkfgjhfjg", AF_INET, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN");
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "jasdhjas.kjkfgjhfjg", AF_INET6, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN");
+
+        /* NXDOMAIN in NSEC3 .com zone: */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, "kjkfgjhfjgsdfdsfd.com", DNS_TYPE_A, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN");
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "kjkfgjhfjgsdfdsfd.com", AF_INET, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN");
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "kjkfgjhfjgsdfdsfd.com", AF_INET6, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN");
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "kjkfgjhfjgsdfdsfd.com", AF_UNSPEC, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN");
+
+        /* Unsigned A */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, "poettering.de", DNS_TYPE_A, NULL);
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, "poettering.de", DNS_TYPE_AAAA, NULL);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "poettering.de", AF_UNSPEC, NULL);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "poettering.de", AF_INET, NULL);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "poettering.de", AF_INET6, NULL);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBIDN
+        /* Unsigned A with IDNA conversion necessary */
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "pöttering.de", AF_UNSPEC, NULL);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "pöttering.de", AF_INET, NULL);
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, "pöttering.de", AF_INET6, NULL);
+#endif
+
+        /* DNAME, pointing to NXDOMAIN */
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, ".ireallyhpoethisdoesnexist.xn--kprw13d.", DNS_TYPE_A, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN");
+        test_rr_lookup(bus, ".ireallyhpoethisdoesnexist.xn--kprw13d.", DNS_TYPE_RP, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN");
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, ".ireallyhpoethisdoesntexist.xn--kprw13d.", AF_UNSPEC, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN");
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, ".ireallyhpoethisdoesntexist.xn--kprw13d.", AF_INET, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN");
+        test_hostname_lookup(bus, ".ireallyhpoethisdoesntexist.xn--kprw13d.", AF_INET6, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN");
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-dnssec.c b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-dnssec.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1f05196d8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-dnssec.c
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2015 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/hexdecoct.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-dnssec.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-rr.h"
+
+static void test_dnssec_canonicalize_one(const char *original, const char *canonical, int r) {
+        char canonicalized[DNSSEC_CANONICAL_HOSTNAME_MAX];
+
+        assert_se(dnssec_canonicalize(original, canonicalized, sizeof(canonicalized)) == r);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return;
+
+        assert_se(streq(canonicalized, canonical));
+}
+
+static void test_dnssec_canonicalize(void) {
+        test_dnssec_canonicalize_one("", ".", 1);
+        test_dnssec_canonicalize_one(".", ".", 1);
+        test_dnssec_canonicalize_one("foo", "foo.", 4);
+        test_dnssec_canonicalize_one("foo.", "foo.", 4);
+        test_dnssec_canonicalize_one("FOO.", "foo.", 4);
+        test_dnssec_canonicalize_one("FOO.bar.", "foo.bar.", 8);
+        test_dnssec_canonicalize_one("FOO..bar.", NULL, -EINVAL);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GCRYPT
+
+static void test_dnssec_verify_dns_key(void) {
+
+        static const uint8_t ds1_fprint[] = {
+                0x46, 0x8B, 0xC8, 0xDD, 0xC7, 0xE8, 0x27, 0x03, 0x40, 0xBB, 0x8A, 0x1F, 0x3B, 0x2E, 0x45, 0x9D,
+                0x80, 0x67, 0x14, 0x01,
+        };
+        static const uint8_t ds2_fprint[] = {
+                0x8A, 0xEE, 0x80, 0x47, 0x05, 0x5F, 0x83, 0xD1, 0x48, 0xBA, 0x8F, 0xF6, 0xDD, 0xA7, 0x60, 0xCE,
+                0x94, 0xF7, 0xC7, 0x5E, 0x52, 0x4C, 0xF2, 0xE9, 0x50, 0xB9, 0x2E, 0xCB, 0xEF, 0x96, 0xB9, 0x98,
+        };
+        static const uint8_t dnskey_blob[] = {
+                0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0xa8, 0x12, 0xda, 0x4f, 0xd2, 0x7d, 0x54, 0x14, 0x0e, 0xcc, 0x5b, 0x5e,
+                0x45, 0x9c, 0x96, 0x98, 0xc0, 0xc0, 0x85, 0x81, 0xb1, 0x47, 0x8c, 0x7d, 0xe8, 0x39, 0x50, 0xcc,
+                0xc5, 0xd0, 0xf2, 0x00, 0x81, 0x67, 0x79, 0xf6, 0xcc, 0x9d, 0xad, 0x6c, 0xbb, 0x7b, 0x6f, 0x48,
+                0x97, 0x15, 0x1c, 0xfd, 0x0b, 0xfe, 0xd3, 0xd7, 0x7d, 0x9f, 0x81, 0x26, 0xd3, 0xc5, 0x65, 0x49,
+                0xcf, 0x46, 0x62, 0xb0, 0x55, 0x6e, 0x47, 0xc7, 0x30, 0xef, 0x51, 0xfb, 0x3e, 0xc6, 0xef, 0xde,
+                0x27, 0x3f, 0xfa, 0x57, 0x2d, 0xa7, 0x1d, 0x80, 0x46, 0x9a, 0x5f, 0x14, 0xb3, 0xb0, 0x2c, 0xbe,
+                0x72, 0xca, 0xdf, 0xb2, 0xff, 0x36, 0x5b, 0x4f, 0xec, 0x58, 0x8e, 0x8d, 0x01, 0xe9, 0xa9, 0xdf,
+                0xb5, 0x60, 0xad, 0x52, 0x4d, 0xfc, 0xa9, 0x3e, 0x8d, 0x35, 0x95, 0xb3, 0x4e, 0x0f, 0xca, 0x45,
+                0x1b, 0xf7, 0xef, 0x3a, 0x88, 0x25, 0x08, 0xc7, 0x4e, 0x06, 0xc1, 0x62, 0x1a, 0xce, 0xd8, 0x77,
+                0xbd, 0x02, 0x65, 0xf8, 0x49, 0xfb, 0xce, 0xf6, 0xa8, 0x09, 0xfc, 0xde, 0xb2, 0x09, 0x9d, 0x39,
+                0xf8, 0x63, 0x9c, 0x32, 0x42, 0x7c, 0xa0, 0x30, 0x86, 0x72, 0x7a, 0x4a, 0xc6, 0xd4, 0xb3, 0x2d,
+                0x24, 0xef, 0x96, 0x3f, 0xc2, 0xda, 0xd3, 0xf2, 0x15, 0x6f, 0xda, 0x65, 0x4b, 0x81, 0x28, 0x68,
+                0xf4, 0xfe, 0x3e, 0x71, 0x4f, 0x50, 0x96, 0x72, 0x58, 0xa1, 0x89, 0xdd, 0x01, 0x61, 0x39, 0x39,
+                0xc6, 0x76, 0xa4, 0xda, 0x02, 0x70, 0x3d, 0xc0, 0xdc, 0x8d, 0x70, 0x72, 0x04, 0x90, 0x79, 0xd4,
+                0xec, 0x65, 0xcf, 0x49, 0x35, 0x25, 0x3a, 0x14, 0x1a, 0x45, 0x20, 0xeb, 0x31, 0xaf, 0x92, 0xba,
+                0x20, 0xd3, 0xcd, 0xa7, 0x13, 0x44, 0xdc, 0xcf, 0xf0, 0x27, 0x34, 0xb9, 0xe7, 0x24, 0x6f, 0x73,
+                0xe7, 0xea, 0x77, 0x03,
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *dnskey = NULL, *ds1 = NULL, *ds2 = NULL;
+
+        /* The two DS RRs in effect for nasa.gov on 2015-12-01. */
+        ds1 = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_DS, "nasa.gov");
+        assert_se(ds1);
+
+        ds1->ds.key_tag = 47857;
+        ds1->ds.algorithm = DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA256;
+        ds1->ds.digest_type = DNSSEC_DIGEST_SHA1;
+        ds1->ds.digest_size = sizeof(ds1_fprint);
+        ds1->ds.digest = memdup(ds1_fprint, ds1->ds.digest_size);
+        assert_se(ds1->ds.digest);
+
+        log_info("DS1: %s", strna(dns_resource_record_to_string(ds1)));
+
+        ds2 = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_DS, "NASA.GOV");
+        assert_se(ds2);
+
+        ds2->ds.key_tag = 47857;
+        ds2->ds.algorithm = DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA256;
+        ds2->ds.digest_type = DNSSEC_DIGEST_SHA256;
+        ds2->ds.digest_size = sizeof(ds2_fprint);
+        ds2->ds.digest = memdup(ds2_fprint, ds2->ds.digest_size);
+        assert_se(ds2->ds.digest);
+
+        log_info("DS2: %s", strna(dns_resource_record_to_string(ds2)));
+
+        dnskey = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY, "nasa.GOV");
+        assert_se(dnskey);
+
+        dnskey->dnskey.flags = 257;
+        dnskey->dnskey.protocol = 3;
+        dnskey->dnskey.algorithm = DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA256;
+        dnskey->dnskey.key_size = sizeof(dnskey_blob);
+        dnskey->dnskey.key = memdup(dnskey_blob, sizeof(dnskey_blob));
+        assert_se(dnskey->dnskey.key);
+
+        log_info("DNSKEY: %s", strna(dns_resource_record_to_string(dnskey)));
+        log_info("DNSKEY keytag: %u", dnssec_keytag(dnskey, false));
+
+        assert_se(dnssec_verify_dnskey_by_ds(dnskey, ds1, false) > 0);
+        assert_se(dnssec_verify_dnskey_by_ds(dnskey, ds2, false) > 0);
+}
+
+static void test_dnssec_verify_rrset(void) {
+
+        static const uint8_t signature_blob[] = {
+                0x7f, 0x79, 0xdd, 0x5e, 0x89, 0x79, 0x18, 0xd0, 0x34, 0x86, 0x8c, 0x72, 0x77, 0x75, 0x48, 0x4d,
+                0xc3, 0x7d, 0x38, 0x04, 0xab, 0xcd, 0x9e, 0x4c, 0x82, 0xb0, 0x92, 0xca, 0xe9, 0x66, 0xe9, 0x6e,
+                0x47, 0xc7, 0x68, 0x8c, 0x94, 0xf6, 0x69, 0xcb, 0x75, 0x94, 0xe6, 0x30, 0xa6, 0xfb, 0x68, 0x64,
+                0x96, 0x1a, 0x84, 0xe1, 0xdc, 0x16, 0x4c, 0x83, 0x6c, 0x44, 0xf2, 0x74, 0x4d, 0x74, 0x79, 0x8f,
+                0xf3, 0xf4, 0x63, 0x0d, 0xef, 0x5a, 0xe7, 0xe2, 0xfd, 0xf2, 0x2b, 0x38, 0x7c, 0x28, 0x96, 0x9d,
+                0xb6, 0xcd, 0x5c, 0x3b, 0x57, 0xe2, 0x24, 0x78, 0x65, 0xd0, 0x9e, 0x77, 0x83, 0x09, 0x6c, 0xff,
+                0x3d, 0x52, 0x3f, 0x6e, 0xd1, 0xed, 0x2e, 0xf9, 0xee, 0x8e, 0xa6, 0xbe, 0x9a, 0xa8, 0x87, 0x76,
+                0xd8, 0x77, 0xcc, 0x96, 0xa0, 0x98, 0xa1, 0xd1, 0x68, 0x09, 0x43, 0xcf, 0x56, 0xd9, 0xd1, 0x66,
+        };
+
+        static const uint8_t dnskey_blob[] = {
+                0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x9b, 0x49, 0x9b, 0xc1, 0xf9, 0x9a, 0xe0, 0x4e, 0xcf, 0xcb, 0x14, 0x45,
+                0x2e, 0xc9, 0xf9, 0x74, 0xa7, 0x18, 0xb5, 0xf3, 0xde, 0x39, 0x49, 0xdf, 0x63, 0x33, 0x97, 0x52,
+                0xe0, 0x8e, 0xac, 0x50, 0x30, 0x8e, 0x09, 0xd5, 0x24, 0x3d, 0x26, 0xa4, 0x49, 0x37, 0x2b, 0xb0,
+                0x6b, 0x1b, 0xdf, 0xde, 0x85, 0x83, 0xcb, 0x22, 0x4e, 0x60, 0x0a, 0x91, 0x1a, 0x1f, 0xc5, 0x40,
+                0xb1, 0xc3, 0x15, 0xc1, 0x54, 0x77, 0x86, 0x65, 0x53, 0xec, 0x10, 0x90, 0x0c, 0x91, 0x00, 0x5e,
+                0x15, 0xdc, 0x08, 0x02, 0x4c, 0x8c, 0x0d, 0xc0, 0xac, 0x6e, 0xc4, 0x3e, 0x1b, 0x80, 0x19, 0xe4,
+                0xf7, 0x5f, 0x77, 0x51, 0x06, 0x87, 0x61, 0xde, 0xa2, 0x18, 0x0f, 0x40, 0x8b, 0x79, 0x72, 0xfa,
+                0x8d, 0x1a, 0x44, 0x47, 0x0d, 0x8e, 0x3a, 0x2d, 0xc7, 0x39, 0xbf, 0x56, 0x28, 0x97, 0xd9, 0x20,
+                0x4f, 0x00, 0x51, 0x3b,
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *a = NULL, *rrsig = NULL, *dnskey = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *answer = NULL;
+        DnssecResult result;
+
+        a = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_A, "nAsA.gov");
+        assert_se(a);
+
+        a->a.in_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("52.0.14.116");
+
+        log_info("A: %s", strna(dns_resource_record_to_string(a)));
+
+        rrsig = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_RRSIG, "NaSa.GOV.");
+        assert_se(rrsig);
+
+        rrsig->rrsig.type_covered = DNS_TYPE_A;
+        rrsig->rrsig.algorithm = DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA256;
+        rrsig->rrsig.labels = 2;
+        rrsig->rrsig.original_ttl = 600;
+        rrsig->rrsig.expiration = 0x5683135c;
+        rrsig->rrsig.inception = 0x565b7da8;
+        rrsig->rrsig.key_tag = 63876;
+        rrsig->rrsig.signer = strdup("Nasa.Gov.");
+        assert_se(rrsig->rrsig.signer);
+        rrsig->rrsig.signature_size = sizeof(signature_blob);
+        rrsig->rrsig.signature = memdup(signature_blob, rrsig->rrsig.signature_size);
+        assert_se(rrsig->rrsig.signature);
+
+        log_info("RRSIG: %s", strna(dns_resource_record_to_string(rrsig)));
+
+        dnskey = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY, "nASA.gOV");
+        assert_se(dnskey);
+
+        dnskey->dnskey.flags = 256;
+        dnskey->dnskey.protocol = 3;
+        dnskey->dnskey.algorithm = DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA256;
+        dnskey->dnskey.key_size = sizeof(dnskey_blob);
+        dnskey->dnskey.key = memdup(dnskey_blob, sizeof(dnskey_blob));
+        assert_se(dnskey->dnskey.key);
+
+        log_info("DNSKEY: %s", strna(dns_resource_record_to_string(dnskey)));
+        log_info("DNSKEY keytag: %u", dnssec_keytag(dnskey, false));
+
+        assert_se(dnssec_key_match_rrsig(a->key, rrsig) > 0);
+        assert_se(dnssec_rrsig_match_dnskey(rrsig, dnskey, false) > 0);
+
+        answer = dns_answer_new(1);
+        assert_se(answer);
+        assert_se(dns_answer_add(answer, a, 0, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED) >= 0);
+
+        /* Validate the RR as it if was 2015-12-2 today */
+        assert_se(dnssec_verify_rrset(answer, a->key, rrsig, dnskey, 1449092754*USEC_PER_SEC, &result) >= 0);
+        assert_se(result == DNSSEC_VALIDATED);
+}
+
+static void test_dnssec_verify_rrset2(void) {
+
+        static const uint8_t signature_blob[] = {
+                0x48, 0x45, 0xc8, 0x8b, 0xc0, 0x14, 0x92, 0xf5, 0x15, 0xc6, 0x84, 0x9d, 0x2f, 0xe3, 0x32, 0x11,
+                0x7d, 0xf1, 0xe6, 0x87, 0xb9, 0x42, 0xd3, 0x8b, 0x9e, 0xaf, 0x92, 0x31, 0x0a, 0x53, 0xad, 0x8b,
+                0xa7, 0x5c, 0x83, 0x39, 0x8c, 0x28, 0xac, 0xce, 0x6e, 0x9c, 0x18, 0xe3, 0x31, 0x16, 0x6e, 0xca,
+                0x38, 0x31, 0xaf, 0xd9, 0x94, 0xf1, 0x84, 0xb1, 0xdf, 0x5a, 0xc2, 0x73, 0x22, 0xf6, 0xcb, 0xa2,
+                0xe7, 0x8c, 0x77, 0x0c, 0x74, 0x2f, 0xc2, 0x13, 0xb0, 0x93, 0x51, 0xa9, 0x4f, 0xae, 0x0a, 0xda,
+                0x45, 0xcc, 0xfd, 0x43, 0x99, 0x36, 0x9a, 0x0d, 0x21, 0xe0, 0xeb, 0x30, 0x65, 0xd4, 0xa0, 0x27,
+                0x37, 0x3b, 0xe4, 0xc1, 0xc5, 0xa1, 0x2a, 0xd1, 0x76, 0xc4, 0x7e, 0x64, 0x0e, 0x5a, 0xa6, 0x50,
+                0x24, 0xd5, 0x2c, 0xcc, 0x6d, 0xe5, 0x37, 0xea, 0xbd, 0x09, 0x34, 0xed, 0x24, 0x06, 0xa1, 0x22,
+        };
+
+        static const uint8_t dnskey_blob[] = {
+                0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0xc3, 0x7f, 0x1d, 0xd1, 0x1c, 0x97, 0xb1, 0x13, 0x34, 0x3a, 0x9a, 0xea,
+                0xee, 0xd9, 0x5a, 0x11, 0x1b, 0x17, 0xc7, 0xe3, 0xd4, 0xda, 0x20, 0xbc, 0x5d, 0xba, 0x74, 0xe3,
+                0x37, 0x99, 0xec, 0x25, 0xce, 0x93, 0x7f, 0xbd, 0x22, 0x73, 0x7e, 0x14, 0x71, 0xe0, 0x60, 0x07,
+                0xd4, 0x39, 0x8b, 0x5e, 0xe9, 0xba, 0x25, 0xe8, 0x49, 0xe9, 0x34, 0xef, 0xfe, 0x04, 0x5c, 0xa5,
+                0x27, 0xcd, 0xa9, 0xda, 0x70, 0x05, 0x21, 0xab, 0x15, 0x82, 0x24, 0xc3, 0x94, 0xf5, 0xd7, 0xb7,
+                0xc4, 0x66, 0xcb, 0x32, 0x6e, 0x60, 0x2b, 0x55, 0x59, 0x28, 0x89, 0x8a, 0x72, 0xde, 0x88, 0x56,
+                0x27, 0x95, 0xd9, 0xac, 0x88, 0x4f, 0x65, 0x2b, 0x68, 0xfc, 0xe6, 0x41, 0xc1, 0x1b, 0xef, 0x4e,
+                0xd6, 0xc2, 0x0f, 0x64, 0x88, 0x95, 0x5e, 0xdd, 0x3a, 0x02, 0x07, 0x50, 0xa9, 0xda, 0xa4, 0x49,
+                0x74, 0x62, 0xfe, 0xd7,
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *nsec = NULL, *rrsig = NULL, *dnskey = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *answer = NULL;
+        DnssecResult result;
+
+        nsec = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_NSEC, "nasa.gov");
+        assert_se(nsec);
+
+        nsec->nsec.next_domain_name = strdup("3D-Printing.nasa.gov");
+        assert_se(nsec->nsec.next_domain_name);
+
+        nsec->nsec.types = bitmap_new();
+        assert_se(nsec->nsec.types);
+        assert_se(bitmap_set(nsec->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_A) >= 0);
+        assert_se(bitmap_set(nsec->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_NS) >= 0);
+        assert_se(bitmap_set(nsec->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_SOA) >= 0);
+        assert_se(bitmap_set(nsec->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_MX) >= 0);
+        assert_se(bitmap_set(nsec->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_TXT) >= 0);
+        assert_se(bitmap_set(nsec->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_RRSIG) >= 0);
+        assert_se(bitmap_set(nsec->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_NSEC) >= 0);
+        assert_se(bitmap_set(nsec->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY) >= 0);
+        assert_se(bitmap_set(nsec->nsec.types, 65534) >= 0);
+
+        log_info("NSEC: %s", strna(dns_resource_record_to_string(nsec)));
+
+        rrsig = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_RRSIG, "NaSa.GOV.");
+        assert_se(rrsig);
+
+        rrsig->rrsig.type_covered = DNS_TYPE_NSEC;
+        rrsig->rrsig.algorithm = DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA256;
+        rrsig->rrsig.labels = 2;
+        rrsig->rrsig.original_ttl = 300;
+        rrsig->rrsig.expiration = 0x5689002f;
+        rrsig->rrsig.inception = 0x56617230;
+        rrsig->rrsig.key_tag = 30390;
+        rrsig->rrsig.signer = strdup("Nasa.Gov.");
+        assert_se(rrsig->rrsig.signer);
+        rrsig->rrsig.signature_size = sizeof(signature_blob);
+        rrsig->rrsig.signature = memdup(signature_blob, rrsig->rrsig.signature_size);
+        assert_se(rrsig->rrsig.signature);
+
+        log_info("RRSIG: %s", strna(dns_resource_record_to_string(rrsig)));
+
+        dnskey = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY, "nASA.gOV");
+        assert_se(dnskey);
+
+        dnskey->dnskey.flags = 256;
+        dnskey->dnskey.protocol = 3;
+        dnskey->dnskey.algorithm = DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA256;
+        dnskey->dnskey.key_size = sizeof(dnskey_blob);
+        dnskey->dnskey.key = memdup(dnskey_blob, sizeof(dnskey_blob));
+        assert_se(dnskey->dnskey.key);
+
+        log_info("DNSKEY: %s", strna(dns_resource_record_to_string(dnskey)));
+        log_info("DNSKEY keytag: %u", dnssec_keytag(dnskey, false));
+
+        assert_se(dnssec_key_match_rrsig(nsec->key, rrsig) > 0);
+        assert_se(dnssec_rrsig_match_dnskey(rrsig, dnskey, false) > 0);
+
+        answer = dns_answer_new(1);
+        assert_se(answer);
+        assert_se(dns_answer_add(answer, nsec, 0, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED) >= 0);
+
+        /* Validate the RR as it if was 2015-12-11 today */
+        assert_se(dnssec_verify_rrset(answer, nsec->key, rrsig, dnskey, 1449849318*USEC_PER_SEC, &result) >= 0);
+        assert_se(result == DNSSEC_VALIDATED);
+}
+
+static void test_dnssec_nsec3_hash(void) {
+        static const uint8_t salt[] = { 0xB0, 0x1D, 0xFA, 0xCE };
+        static const uint8_t next_hashed_name[] = { 0x84, 0x10, 0x26, 0x53, 0xc9, 0xfa, 0x4d, 0x85, 0x6c, 0x97, 0x82, 0xe2, 0x8f, 0xdf, 0x2d, 0x5e, 0x87, 0x69, 0xc4, 0x52 };
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+        uint8_t h[DNSSEC_HASH_SIZE_MAX];
+        _cleanup_free_ char *b = NULL;
+        int k;
+
+        /* The NSEC3 RR for eurid.eu on 2015-12-14. */
+        rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_NSEC3, "PJ8S08RR45VIQDAQGE7EN3VHKNROTBMM.eurid.eu.");
+        assert_se(rr);
+
+        rr->nsec3.algorithm = DNSSEC_DIGEST_SHA1;
+        rr->nsec3.flags = 1;
+        rr->nsec3.iterations = 1;
+        rr->nsec3.salt = memdup(salt, sizeof(salt));
+        assert_se(rr->nsec3.salt);
+        rr->nsec3.salt_size = sizeof(salt);
+        rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name = memdup(next_hashed_name, sizeof(next_hashed_name));
+        assert_se(rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name);
+        rr->nsec3.next_hashed_name_size = sizeof(next_hashed_name);
+
+        log_info("NSEC3: %s", strna(dns_resource_record_to_string(rr)));
+
+        k = dnssec_nsec3_hash(rr, "eurid.eu", &h);
+        assert_se(k >= 0);
+
+        b = base32hexmem(h, k, false);
+        assert_se(b);
+        assert_se(strcasecmp(b, "PJ8S08RR45VIQDAQGE7EN3VHKNROTBMM") == 0);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+int main(int argc, char*argv[]) {
+
+        test_dnssec_canonicalize();
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GCRYPT
+        test_dnssec_verify_dns_key();
+        test_dnssec_verify_rrset();
+        test_dnssec_verify_rrset2();
+        test_dnssec_nsec3_hash();
+#endif
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-resolve-tables.c b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-resolve-tables.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0eaab70687
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/libbasic-dns/test-resolve-tables.c
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd
+
+  Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "shared/test-tables.h"
+
+#include "dns-type.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+        uint16_t i;
+
+        test_table_sparse(dns_type, DNS_TYPE);
+
+        log_info("/* DNS_TYPE */");
+        for (i = 0; i < _DNS_TYPE_MAX; i++) {
+                const char *s;
+
+                s = dns_type_to_string(i);
+                assert_se(s == NULL || strlen(s) < _DNS_TYPE_STRING_MAX);
+
+                if (s)
+                        log_info("%-*s %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s",
+                                 (int) _DNS_TYPE_STRING_MAX - 1, s,
+                                 dns_type_is_pseudo(i) ? "pseudo " : "",
+                                 dns_type_is_valid_query(i) ? "valid_query " : "",
+                                 dns_type_is_valid_rr(i) ? "is_valid_rr " : "",
+                                 dns_type_may_redirect(i) ? "may_redirect " : "",
+                                 dns_type_is_dnssec(i) ? "dnssec " : "",
+                                 dns_type_is_obsolete(i) ? "obsolete " : "",
+                                 dns_type_may_wildcard(i) ? "wildcard " : "",
+                                 dns_type_apex_only(i) ? "apex_only " : "",
+                                 dns_type_needs_authentication(i) ? "needs_authentication" : "");
+        }
+
+        log_info("/* DNS_CLASS */");
+        for (i = 0; i < _DNS_CLASS_MAX; i++) {
+                const char *s;
+
+                s = dns_class_to_string(i);
+                assert_se(s == NULL || strlen(s) < _DNS_CLASS_STRING_MAX);
+
+                if (s)
+                        log_info("%-*s %s%s",
+                                 (int) _DNS_CLASS_STRING_MAX - 1, s,
+                                 dns_class_is_pseudo(i) ? "is_pseudo " : "",
+                                 dns_class_is_valid_rr(i) ? "is_valid_rr " : "");
+        }
+
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/nss-resolve/Makefile b/src/grp-resolve/nss-resolve/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..badbacdb3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/nss-resolve/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#  -*- Mode: makefile; indent-tabs-mode: t -*-
+#
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  Copyright 2010-2012 Lennart Poettering
+#  Copyright 2010-2012 Kay Sievers
+#  Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+#  Copyright 2013 David Strauss
+#  Copyright 2016 Luke Shumaker
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+#  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+#  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+#  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+include $(dir $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))/../../../config.mk
+include $(topsrcdir)/build-aux/Makefile.head.mk
+
+libnss_resolve_la_SOURCES = \
+	src/nss-resolve/nss-resolve.sym \
+	src/nss-resolve/nss-resolve.c
+
+libnss_resolve_la_LDFLAGS = \
+	-module \
+	-export-dynamic \
+	-avoid-version \
+	-shared \
+	-shrext .so.2 \
+	-Wl,--version-script=$(srcdir)/nss-resolve.sym
+
+libnss_resolve_la_LIBADD = \
+	libsystemd-internal.la \
+	libbasic.la \
+        -ldl
+
+lib_LTLIBRARIES += \
+	libnss_resolve.la
+
+include $(topsrcdir)/build-aux/Makefile.tail.mk
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/nss-resolve/nss-resolve.c b/src/grp-resolve/nss-resolve/nss-resolve.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e316803a58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/nss-resolve/nss-resolve.c
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <netdb.h>
+#include <nss.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "basic/in-addr-util.h"
+#include "basic/macro.h"
+#include "basic/nss-util.h"
+#include "basic/signal-util.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+#include "basic/util.h"
+#include "sd-bus/bus-common-errors.h"
+
+NSS_GETHOSTBYNAME_PROTOTYPES(resolve);
+NSS_GETHOSTBYADDR_PROTOTYPES(resolve);
+
+#define DNS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC (45*USEC_PER_SEC)
+
+typedef void (*voidfunc_t)(void);
+
+static voidfunc_t find_fallback(const char *module, const char *symbol) {
+        void *dl;
+
+        /* Try to find a fallback NSS module symbol */
+
+        dl = dlopen(module, RTLD_LAZY|RTLD_NODELETE);
+        if (!dl)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return dlsym(dl, symbol);
+}
+
+static bool bus_error_shall_fallback(sd_bus_error *e) {
+        return sd_bus_error_has_name(e, SD_BUS_ERROR_SERVICE_UNKNOWN) ||
+               sd_bus_error_has_name(e, SD_BUS_ERROR_NAME_HAS_NO_OWNER) ||
+               sd_bus_error_has_name(e, SD_BUS_ERROR_NO_REPLY) ||
+               sd_bus_error_has_name(e, SD_BUS_ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED);
+}
+
+static int count_addresses(sd_bus_message *m, int af, const char **canonical) {
+        int c = 0, r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(canonical);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, 'a', "(iiay)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, 'r', "iiay")) > 0) {
+                int family, ifindex;
+
+                assert_cc(sizeof(int32_t) == sizeof(int));
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "ii", &ifindex, &family);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_skip(m, "ay");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (af != AF_UNSPEC && family != af)
+                        continue;
+
+                c++;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "s", canonical);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_rewind(m, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return c;
+}
+
+enum nss_status _nss_resolve_gethostbyname4_r(
+                const char *name,
+                struct gaih_addrtuple **pat,
+                char *buffer, size_t buflen,
+                int *errnop, int *h_errnop,
+                int32_t *ttlp) {
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *req = NULL, *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        struct gaih_addrtuple *r_tuple, *r_tuple_first = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        const char *canonical = NULL;
+        size_t l, ms, idx;
+        char *r_name;
+        int c, r, i = 0;
+
+        BLOCK_SIGNALS(NSS_SIGNALS_BLOCK);
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(pat);
+        assert(buffer);
+        assert(errnop);
+        assert(h_errnop);
+
+        r = sd_bus_open_system(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fallback;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                        bus,
+                        &req,
+                        "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/resolve1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Manager",
+                        "ResolveHostname");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_set_auto_start(req, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(req, "isit", 0, name, AF_UNSPEC, (uint64_t) 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_bus_call(bus, req, DNS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, &reply);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (sd_bus_error_has_name(&error, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN")) {
+                        *errnop = ESRCH;
+                        *h_errnop = HOST_NOT_FOUND;
+                        return NSS_STATUS_NOTFOUND;
+                }
+
+                if (bus_error_shall_fallback(&error))
+                        goto fallback;
+
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        c = count_addresses(reply, AF_UNSPEC, &canonical);
+        if (c < 0) {
+                r = c;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+        if (c == 0) {
+                *errnop = ESRCH;
+                *h_errnop = HOST_NOT_FOUND;
+                return NSS_STATUS_NOTFOUND;
+        }
+
+        if (isempty(canonical))
+                canonical = name;
+
+        l = strlen(canonical);
+        ms = ALIGN(l+1) + ALIGN(sizeof(struct gaih_addrtuple)) * c;
+        if (buflen < ms) {
+                *errnop = ENOMEM;
+                *h_errnop = TRY_AGAIN;
+                return NSS_STATUS_TRYAGAIN;
+        }
+
+        /* First, append name */
+        r_name = buffer;
+        memcpy(r_name, canonical, l+1);
+        idx = ALIGN(l+1);
+
+        /* Second, append addresses */
+        r_tuple_first = (struct gaih_addrtuple*) (buffer + idx);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(iiay)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "iiay")) > 0) {
+                int family, ifindex;
+                const void *a;
+                size_t sz;
+
+                assert_cc(sizeof(int32_t) == sizeof(int));
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "ii", &ifindex, &family);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                if (ifindex < 0) {
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_array(reply, 'y', &a, &sz);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                if (!IN_SET(family, AF_INET, AF_INET6))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (sz != FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(family)) {
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r_tuple = (struct gaih_addrtuple*) (buffer + idx);
+                r_tuple->next = i == c-1 ? NULL : (struct gaih_addrtuple*) ((char*) r_tuple + ALIGN(sizeof(struct gaih_addrtuple)));
+                r_tuple->name = r_name;
+                r_tuple->family = family;
+                r_tuple->scopeid = ifindex;
+                memcpy(r_tuple->addr, a, sz);
+
+                idx += ALIGN(sizeof(struct gaih_addrtuple));
+                i++;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        assert(i == c);
+        assert(idx == ms);
+
+        if (*pat)
+                **pat = *r_tuple_first;
+        else
+                *pat = r_tuple_first;
+
+        if (ttlp)
+                *ttlp = 0;
+
+        /* Explicitly reset all error variables */
+        *errnop = 0;
+        *h_errnop = NETDB_SUCCESS;
+        h_errno = 0;
+
+        return NSS_STATUS_SUCCESS;
+
+fallback:
+        {
+                _nss_gethostbyname4_r_t fallback;
+
+                fallback = (_nss_gethostbyname4_r_t)
+                        find_fallback("libnss_dns.so.2", "_nss_dns_gethostbyname4_r");
+
+                if (fallback)
+                        return fallback(name, pat, buffer, buflen, errnop, h_errnop, ttlp);
+        }
+
+fail:
+        *errnop = -r;
+        *h_errnop = NO_RECOVERY;
+        return NSS_STATUS_UNAVAIL;
+}
+
+enum nss_status _nss_resolve_gethostbyname3_r(
+                const char *name,
+                int af,
+                struct hostent *result,
+                char *buffer, size_t buflen,
+                int *errnop, int *h_errnop,
+                int32_t *ttlp,
+                char **canonp) {
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *req = NULL, *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        char *r_name, *r_aliases, *r_addr, *r_addr_list;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        size_t l, idx, ms, alen;
+        const char *canonical;
+        int c, r, i = 0;
+
+        BLOCK_SIGNALS(NSS_SIGNALS_BLOCK);
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(result);
+        assert(buffer);
+        assert(errnop);
+        assert(h_errnop);
+
+        if (af == AF_UNSPEC)
+                af = AF_INET;
+
+        if (af != AF_INET && af != AF_INET6) {
+                r = -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_open_system(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fallback;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                        bus,
+                        &req,
+                        "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/resolve1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Manager",
+                        "ResolveHostname");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_set_auto_start(req, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(req, "isit", 0, name, af, (uint64_t) 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_bus_call(bus, req, DNS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, &reply);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (sd_bus_error_has_name(&error, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN")) {
+                        *errnop = ESRCH;
+                        *h_errnop = HOST_NOT_FOUND;
+                        return NSS_STATUS_NOTFOUND;
+                }
+
+                if (bus_error_shall_fallback(&error))
+                        goto fallback;
+
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        c = count_addresses(reply, af, &canonical);
+        if (c < 0) {
+                r = c;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+        if (c == 0) {
+                *errnop = ESRCH;
+                *h_errnop = HOST_NOT_FOUND;
+                return NSS_STATUS_NOTFOUND;
+        }
+
+        if (isempty(canonical))
+                canonical = name;
+
+        alen = FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(af);
+        l = strlen(canonical);
+
+        ms = ALIGN(l+1) + c * ALIGN(alen) + (c+2) * sizeof(char*);
+
+        if (buflen < ms) {
+                *errnop = ENOMEM;
+                *h_errnop = TRY_AGAIN;
+                return NSS_STATUS_TRYAGAIN;
+        }
+
+        /* First, append name */
+        r_name = buffer;
+        memcpy(r_name, canonical, l+1);
+        idx = ALIGN(l+1);
+
+        /* Second, create empty aliases array */
+        r_aliases = buffer + idx;
+        ((char**) r_aliases)[0] = NULL;
+        idx += sizeof(char*);
+
+        /* Third, append addresses */
+        r_addr = buffer + idx;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(iiay)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "iiay")) > 0) {
+                int ifindex, family;
+                const void *a;
+                size_t sz;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "ii", &ifindex, &family);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                if (ifindex < 0) {
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_array(reply, 'y', &a, &sz);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                if (family != af)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (sz != alen) {
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                memcpy(r_addr + i*ALIGN(alen), a, alen);
+                i++;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        assert(i == c);
+        idx += c * ALIGN(alen);
+
+        /* Fourth, append address pointer array */
+        r_addr_list = buffer + idx;
+        for (i = 0; i < c; i++)
+                ((char**) r_addr_list)[i] = r_addr + i*ALIGN(alen);
+
+        ((char**) r_addr_list)[i] = NULL;
+        idx += (c+1) * sizeof(char*);
+
+        assert(idx == ms);
+
+        result->h_name = r_name;
+        result->h_aliases = (char**) r_aliases;
+        result->h_addrtype = af;
+        result->h_length = alen;
+        result->h_addr_list = (char**) r_addr_list;
+
+        /* Explicitly reset all error variables */
+        *errnop = 0;
+        *h_errnop = NETDB_SUCCESS;
+        h_errno = 0;
+
+        if (ttlp)
+                *ttlp = 0;
+
+        if (canonp)
+                *canonp = r_name;
+
+        return NSS_STATUS_SUCCESS;
+
+fallback:
+        {
+                _nss_gethostbyname3_r_t fallback;
+
+                fallback = (_nss_gethostbyname3_r_t)
+                        find_fallback("libnss_dns.so.2", "_nss_dns_gethostbyname3_r");
+                if (fallback)
+                        return fallback(name, af, result, buffer, buflen, errnop, h_errnop, ttlp, canonp);
+        }
+
+fail:
+        *errnop = -r;
+        *h_errnop = NO_RECOVERY;
+        return NSS_STATUS_UNAVAIL;
+}
+
+enum nss_status _nss_resolve_gethostbyaddr2_r(
+                const void* addr, socklen_t len,
+                int af,
+                struct hostent *result,
+                char *buffer, size_t buflen,
+                int *errnop, int *h_errnop,
+                int32_t *ttlp) {
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *req = NULL, *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        char *r_name, *r_aliases, *r_addr, *r_addr_list;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        unsigned c = 0, i = 0;
+        size_t ms = 0, idx;
+        const char *n;
+        int r, ifindex;
+
+        BLOCK_SIGNALS(NSS_SIGNALS_BLOCK);
+
+        assert(addr);
+        assert(result);
+        assert(buffer);
+        assert(errnop);
+        assert(h_errnop);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(af, AF_INET, AF_INET6)) {
+                *errnop = EAFNOSUPPORT;
+                *h_errnop = NO_DATA;
+                return NSS_STATUS_UNAVAIL;
+        }
+
+        if (len != FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(af)) {
+                *errnop = EINVAL;
+                *h_errnop = NO_RECOVERY;
+                return NSS_STATUS_UNAVAIL;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_open_system(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fallback;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                        bus,
+                        &req,
+                        "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/resolve1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Manager",
+                        "ResolveAddress");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_set_auto_start(req, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(req, "ii", 0, af);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append_array(req, 'y', addr, len);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(req, "t", (uint64_t) 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_bus_call(bus, req, DNS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, &reply);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (sd_bus_error_has_name(&error, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN")) {
+                        *errnop = ESRCH;
+                        *h_errnop = HOST_NOT_FOUND;
+                        return NSS_STATUS_NOTFOUND;
+                }
+
+                if (bus_error_shall_fallback(&error))
+                        goto fallback;
+
+
+                *errnop = -r;
+                *h_errnop = NO_RECOVERY;
+                return NSS_STATUS_UNAVAIL;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(is)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "(is)", &ifindex, &n)) > 0) {
+
+                if (ifindex < 0) {
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                c++;
+                ms += ALIGN(strlen(n) + 1);
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_rewind(reply, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (c <= 0) {
+                *errnop = ESRCH;
+                *h_errnop = HOST_NOT_FOUND;
+                return NSS_STATUS_NOTFOUND;
+        }
+
+        ms += ALIGN(len) +              /* the address */
+              2 * sizeof(char*) +       /* pointers to the address, plus trailing NULL */
+              c * sizeof(char*);        /* pointers to aliases, plus trailing NULL */
+
+        if (buflen < ms) {
+                *errnop = ENOMEM;
+                *h_errnop = TRY_AGAIN;
+                return NSS_STATUS_TRYAGAIN;
+        }
+
+        /* First, place address */
+        r_addr = buffer;
+        memcpy(r_addr, addr, len);
+        idx = ALIGN(len);
+
+        /* Second, place address list */
+        r_addr_list = buffer + idx;
+        ((char**) r_addr_list)[0] = r_addr;
+        ((char**) r_addr_list)[1] = NULL;
+        idx += sizeof(char*) * 2;
+
+        /* Third, reserve space for the aliases array */
+        r_aliases = buffer + idx;
+        idx += sizeof(char*) * c;
+
+        /* Fourth, place aliases */
+        i = 0;
+        r_name = buffer + idx;
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "(is)", &ifindex, &n)) > 0) {
+                char *p;
+                size_t l;
+
+                l = strlen(n);
+                p = buffer + idx;
+                memcpy(p, n, l+1);
+
+                if (i > 0)
+                        ((char**) r_aliases)[i-1] = p;
+                i++;
+
+                idx += ALIGN(l+1);
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        ((char**) r_aliases)[c-1] = NULL;
+        assert(idx == ms);
+
+        result->h_name = r_name;
+        result->h_aliases = (char**) r_aliases;
+        result->h_addrtype = af;
+        result->h_length = len;
+        result->h_addr_list = (char**) r_addr_list;
+
+        if (ttlp)
+                *ttlp = 0;
+
+        /* Explicitly reset all error variables */
+        *errnop = 0;
+        *h_errnop = NETDB_SUCCESS;
+        h_errno = 0;
+
+        return NSS_STATUS_SUCCESS;
+
+fallback:
+        {
+                _nss_gethostbyaddr2_r_t fallback;
+
+                fallback = (_nss_gethostbyaddr2_r_t)
+                        find_fallback("libnss_dns.so.2", "_nss_dns_gethostbyaddr2_r");
+
+                if (fallback)
+                        return fallback(addr, len, af, result, buffer, buflen, errnop, h_errnop, ttlp);
+        }
+
+fail:
+        *errnop = -r;
+        *h_errnop = NO_RECOVERY;
+        return NSS_STATUS_UNAVAIL;
+}
+
+NSS_GETHOSTBYNAME_FALLBACKS(resolve);
+NSS_GETHOSTBYADDR_FALLBACKS(resolve);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/nss-resolve/nss-resolve.sym b/src/grp-resolve/nss-resolve/nss-resolve.sym
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df8dff2a20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/nss-resolve/nss-resolve.sym
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+***/
+
+{
+global:
+        _nss_resolve_gethostbyname_r;
+        _nss_resolve_gethostbyname2_r;
+        _nss_resolve_gethostbyname3_r;
+        _nss_resolve_gethostbyname4_r;
+        _nss_resolve_gethostbyaddr_r;
+        _nss_resolve_gethostbyaddr2_r;
+local: *;
+};
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/nss-resolve/nss-resolve.xml b/src/grp-resolve/nss-resolve/nss-resolve.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d9e56453e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/nss-resolve/nss-resolve.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*- Mode: nxml; nxml-child-indent: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
+
+<!--
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2011 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright 2013 Tom Gundersen
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+-->
+
+<refentry id="nss-resolve" conditional='ENABLE_RESOLVED'>
+
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <title>nss-resolve</title>
+    <productname>systemd</productname>
+
+    <authorgroup>
+      <author>
+        <contrib>Developer</contrib>
+        <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
+        <surname>Poettering</surname>
+        <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
+      </author>
+    </authorgroup>
+  </refentryinfo>
+
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>nss-resolve</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+  </refmeta>
+
+  <refnamediv>
+    <refname>nss-resolve</refname>
+    <refname>libnss_resolve.so.2</refname>
+    <refpurpose>Provide hostname resolution via <filename>systemd-resolved.service</filename></refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv>
+    <para><filename>libnss_resolve.so.2</filename></para>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Description</title>
+
+    <para><command>nss-resolve</command> is a plug-in module for the GNU Name Service Switch (NSS) functionality of the
+    GNU C Library (<command>glibc</command>) enabling it to resolve host names via the
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> local network
+    name resolution service. It replaces the <command>nss-dns</command> plug-in module that traditionally resolves
+    hostnames via DNS.</para>
+
+    <para>To activate the NSS module, add <literal>resolve</literal> to the line starting with
+    <literal>hosts:</literal> in <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename>.</para>
+
+    <para>It is recommended to place <literal>resolve</literal> early in <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename>'
+    <literal>hosts:</literal> line (but after the <literal>files</literal> or <literal>mymachines</literal> entries),
+    replacing the <literal>dns</literal> entry if it exists, to ensure DNS queries are always routed via
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
+
+    <para>Note that <command>nss-resolve</command> will chain-load <command>nss-dns</command> if
+    <filename>systemd-resolved.service</filename> is not running, ensuring that basic DNS resolution continues to work
+    if the service is down.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Example</title>
+
+    <para>Here is an example <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> file that enables <command>nss-resolve</command>
+    correctly:</para>
+
+<programlisting>passwd:         compat mymachines
+group:          compat mymachines
+shadow:         compat
+
+hosts:          files mymachines <command>resolve</command> myhostname
+networks:       files
+
+protocols:      db files
+services:       db files
+ethers:         db files
+rpc:            db files
+
+netgroup:       nis</programlisting>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>See Also</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nss-mymachines</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nss-myhostname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>nsswitch.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+</refentry>
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolve/Makefile b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolve/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d9b46d58d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolve/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#  -*- Mode: makefile; indent-tabs-mode: t -*-
+#
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  Copyright 2010-2012 Lennart Poettering
+#  Copyright 2010-2012 Kay Sievers
+#  Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+#  Copyright 2013 David Strauss
+#  Copyright 2016 Luke Shumaker
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+#  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+#  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+#  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+include $(dir $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))/../../../config.mk
+include $(topsrcdir)/build-aux/Makefile.head.mk
+
+systemd_resolve_SOURCES = \
+	src/resolve/resolve-tool.c \
+	$(basic_dns_sources) \
+	src/shared/gcrypt-util.c \
+	src/shared/gcrypt-util.h
+
+nodist_systemd_resolve_SOURCES = \
+	src/resolve/dns_type-from-name.h \
+	src/resolve/dns_type-to-name.h
+
+systemd_resolve_CFLAGS = \
+	$(GCRYPT_CFLAGS)
+
+systemd_resolve_LDADD = \
+	libsystemd-shared.la \
+	$(GCRYPT_LIBS) \
+	-lm
+
+bin_PROGRAMS += \
+	systemd-resolve
+
+dist_bashcompletion_data += \
+	shell-completion/bash/systemd-resolve
+
+dist_zshcompletion_data += \
+	shell-completion/zsh/_systemd-resolve
+
+include $(topsrcdir)/build-aux/Makefile.tail.mk
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolve/resolve-tool.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolve/resolve-tool.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..433a103b57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolve/resolve-tool.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2007 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <net/if.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "basic/af-list.h"
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/escape.h"
+#include "basic/in-addr-util.h"
+#include "basic/parse-util.h"
+#include "basic/strv.h"
+#include "basic/terminal-util.h"
+#include "resolved-def.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-packet.h"
+#include "sd-bus/bus-error.h"
+#include "sd-netlink/netlink-util.h"
+#include "sd-netlink/sd-netlink.h"
+#include "shared/bus-util.h"
+#include "shared/gcrypt-util.h"
+#include "shared/pager.h"
+
+#define DNS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC (45*USEC_PER_SEC)
+
+static int arg_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+static int arg_ifindex = 0;
+static uint16_t arg_type = 0;
+static uint16_t arg_class = 0;
+static bool arg_legend = true;
+static uint64_t arg_flags = 0;
+static bool arg_no_pager = false;
+
+typedef enum ServiceFamily {
+        SERVICE_FAMILY_TCP,
+        SERVICE_FAMILY_UDP,
+        SERVICE_FAMILY_SCTP,
+        _SERVICE_FAMILY_INVALID = -1,
+} ServiceFamily;
+static ServiceFamily arg_service_family = SERVICE_FAMILY_TCP;
+
+typedef enum RawType {
+        RAW_NONE,
+        RAW_PAYLOAD,
+        RAW_PACKET,
+} RawType;
+static RawType arg_raw = RAW_NONE;
+
+static enum {
+        MODE_RESOLVE_HOST,
+        MODE_RESOLVE_RECORD,
+        MODE_RESOLVE_SERVICE,
+        MODE_RESOLVE_OPENPGP,
+        MODE_RESOLVE_TLSA,
+        MODE_STATISTICS,
+        MODE_RESET_STATISTICS,
+        MODE_FLUSH_CACHES,
+        MODE_STATUS,
+} arg_mode = MODE_RESOLVE_HOST;
+
+static ServiceFamily service_family_from_string(const char *s) {
+        if (s == NULL || streq(s, "tcp"))
+                return SERVICE_FAMILY_TCP;
+        if (streq(s, "udp"))
+                return SERVICE_FAMILY_UDP;
+        if (streq(s, "sctp"))
+                return SERVICE_FAMILY_SCTP;
+        return _SERVICE_FAMILY_INVALID;
+}
+
+static const char* service_family_to_string(ServiceFamily service) {
+        switch(service) {
+        case SERVICE_FAMILY_TCP:
+                return "_tcp";
+        case SERVICE_FAMILY_UDP:
+                return "_udp";
+        case SERVICE_FAMILY_SCTP:
+                return "_sctp";
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("invalid service");
+        }
+}
+
+static void print_source(uint64_t flags, usec_t rtt) {
+        char rtt_str[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+
+        if (!arg_legend)
+                return;
+
+        if (flags == 0)
+                return;
+
+        fputs("\n-- Information acquired via", stdout);
+
+        if (flags != 0)
+                printf(" protocol%s%s%s%s%s",
+                       flags & SD_RESOLVED_DNS ? " DNS" :"",
+                       flags & SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV4 ? " LLMNR/IPv4" : "",
+                       flags & SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV6 ? " LLMNR/IPv6" : "",
+                       flags & SD_RESOLVED_MDNS_IPV4 ? "mDNS/IPv4" : "",
+                       flags & SD_RESOLVED_MDNS_IPV6 ? "mDNS/IPv6" : "");
+
+        assert_se(format_timespan(rtt_str, sizeof(rtt_str), rtt, 100));
+
+        printf(" in %s", rtt_str);
+
+        fputc('.', stdout);
+        fputc('\n', stdout);
+
+        printf("-- Data is authenticated: %s\n", yes_no(flags & SD_RESOLVED_AUTHENTICATED));
+}
+
+static int resolve_host(sd_bus *bus, const char *name) {
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *req = NULL, *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        const char *canonical = NULL;
+        char ifname[IF_NAMESIZE] = "";
+        unsigned c = 0;
+        int r;
+        uint64_t flags;
+        usec_t ts;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (arg_ifindex > 0 && !if_indextoname(arg_ifindex, ifname))
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface name for index %i: %m", arg_ifindex);
+
+        log_debug("Resolving %s (family %s, interface %s).", name, af_to_name(arg_family) ?: "*", isempty(ifname) ? "*" : ifname);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                        bus,
+                        &req,
+                        "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/resolve1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Manager",
+                        "ResolveHostname");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(req, "isit", arg_ifindex, name, arg_family, arg_flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        ts = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+        r = sd_bus_call(bus, req, DNS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "%s: resolve call failed: %s", name, bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        ts = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - ts;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(iiay)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "iiay")) > 0) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *pretty = NULL;
+                int ifindex, family;
+                const void *a;
+                size_t sz;
+
+                assert_cc(sizeof(int) == sizeof(int32_t));
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "ii", &ifindex, &family);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_array(reply, 'y', &a, &sz);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                if (!IN_SET(family, AF_INET, AF_INET6)) {
+                        log_debug("%s: skipping entry with family %d (%s)", name, family, af_to_name(family) ?: "unknown");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (sz != FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(family)) {
+                        log_error("%s: systemd-resolved returned address of invalid size %zu for family %s", name, sz, af_to_name(family) ?: "unknown");
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                ifname[0] = 0;
+                if (ifindex > 0 && !if_indextoname(ifindex, ifname))
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface name for index %i: %m", ifindex);
+
+                r = in_addr_ifindex_to_string(family, a, ifindex, &pretty);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to print address for %s: %m", name);
+
+                printf("%*s%s %s%s%s\n",
+                       (int) strlen(name), c == 0 ? name : "", c == 0 ? ":" : " ",
+                       pretty,
+                       isempty(ifname) ? "" : "%", ifname);
+
+                c++;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "st", &canonical, &flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        if (!streq(name, canonical))
+                printf("%*s%s (%s)\n",
+                       (int) strlen(name), c == 0 ? name : "", c == 0 ? ":" : " ",
+                       canonical);
+
+        if (c == 0) {
+                log_error("%s: no addresses found", name);
+                return -ESRCH;
+        }
+
+        print_source(flags, ts);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int resolve_address(sd_bus *bus, int family, const union in_addr_union *address, int ifindex) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *req = NULL, *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *pretty = NULL;
+        char ifname[IF_NAMESIZE] = "";
+        uint64_t flags;
+        unsigned c = 0;
+        usec_t ts;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(IN_SET(family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+        assert(address);
+
+        if (ifindex <= 0)
+                ifindex = arg_ifindex;
+
+        r = in_addr_ifindex_to_string(family, address, ifindex, &pretty);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (ifindex > 0 && !if_indextoname(ifindex, ifname))
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface name for index %i: %m", ifindex);
+
+        log_debug("Resolving %s%s%s.", pretty, isempty(ifname) ? "" : "%", ifname);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                        bus,
+                        &req,
+                        "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/resolve1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Manager",
+                        "ResolveAddress");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(req, "ii", ifindex, family);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append_array(req, 'y', address, FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(family));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(req, "t", arg_flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        ts = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+        r = sd_bus_call(bus, req, DNS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, &reply);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("%s: resolve call failed: %s", pretty, bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        ts = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - ts;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(is)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "is")) > 0) {
+                const char *n;
+
+                assert_cc(sizeof(int) == sizeof(int32_t));
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "is", &ifindex, &n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                ifname[0] = 0;
+                if (ifindex > 0 && !if_indextoname(ifindex, ifname))
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface name for index %i: %m", ifindex);
+
+                printf("%*s%*s%*s%s %s\n",
+                       (int) strlen(pretty), c == 0 ? pretty : "",
+                       isempty(ifname) ? 0 : 1, c > 0 || isempty(ifname) ? "" : "%",
+                       (int) strlen(ifname), c == 0 ? ifname : "",
+                       c == 0 ? ":" : " ",
+                       n);
+
+                c++;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "t", &flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        if (c == 0) {
+                log_error("%s: no names found", pretty);
+                return -ESRCH;
+        }
+
+        print_source(flags, ts);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int output_rr_packet(const void *d, size_t l, int ifindex) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
+        int r;
+        char ifname[IF_NAMESIZE] = "";
+
+        r = dns_packet_new(&p, DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        p->refuse_compression = true;
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_blob(p, d, l, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = dns_packet_read_rr(p, &rr, NULL, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse RR: %m");
+
+        if (arg_raw == RAW_PAYLOAD) {
+                void *data;
+                ssize_t k;
+
+                k = dns_resource_record_payload(rr, &data);
+                if (k < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(k, "Cannot dump RR: %m");
+                fwrite(data, 1, k, stdout);
+        } else {
+                const char *s;
+
+                s = dns_resource_record_to_string(rr);
+                if (!s)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (ifindex > 0 && !if_indextoname(ifindex, ifname))
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface name for index %i: %m", ifindex);
+
+                printf("%s%s%s\n", s, isempty(ifname) ? "" : " # interface ", ifname);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int resolve_record(sd_bus *bus, const char *name, uint16_t class, uint16_t type) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *req = NULL, *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        char ifname[IF_NAMESIZE] = "";
+        unsigned n = 0;
+        uint64_t flags;
+        int r;
+        usec_t ts;
+        bool needs_authentication = false;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (arg_ifindex > 0 && !if_indextoname(arg_ifindex, ifname))
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface name for index %i: %m", arg_ifindex);
+
+        log_debug("Resolving %s %s %s (interface %s).", name, dns_class_to_string(class), dns_type_to_string(type), isempty(ifname) ? "*" : ifname);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                        bus,
+                        &req,
+                        "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/resolve1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Manager",
+                        "ResolveRecord");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(req, "isqqt", arg_ifindex, name, class, type, arg_flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        ts = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+        r = sd_bus_call(bus, req, DNS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, &reply);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("%s: resolve call failed: %s", name, bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        ts = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - ts;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(iqqay)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "iqqay")) > 0) {
+                uint16_t c, t;
+                int ifindex;
+                const void *d;
+                size_t l;
+
+                assert_cc(sizeof(int) == sizeof(int32_t));
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "iqq", &ifindex, &c, &t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_array(reply, 'y', &d, &l);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                if (arg_raw == RAW_PACKET) {
+                        uint64_t u64 = htole64(l);
+
+                        fwrite(&u64, sizeof(u64), 1, stdout);
+                        fwrite(d, 1, l, stdout);
+                } else {
+                        r = output_rr_packet(d, l, ifindex);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                if (dns_type_needs_authentication(t))
+                        needs_authentication = true;
+
+                n++;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "t", &flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        if (n == 0) {
+                log_error("%s: no records found", name);
+                return -ESRCH;
+        }
+
+        print_source(flags, ts);
+
+        if ((flags & SD_RESOLVED_AUTHENTICATED) == 0 && needs_authentication) {
+                fflush(stdout);
+
+                fprintf(stderr, "\n%s"
+                       "WARNING: The resources shown contain cryptographic key data which could not be\n"
+                       "         authenticated. It is not suitable to authenticate any communication.\n"
+                       "         This is usually indication that DNSSEC authentication was not enabled\n"
+                       "         or is not available for the selected protocol or DNS servers.%s\n",
+                       ansi_highlight_red(),
+                       ansi_normal());
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int resolve_rfc4501(sd_bus *bus, const char *name) {
+        uint16_t type = 0, class = 0;
+        const char *p, *q, *n;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(startswith(name, "dns:"));
+
+        /* Parse RFC 4501 dns: URIs */
+
+        p = name + 4;
+
+        if (p[0] == '/') {
+                const char *e;
+
+                if (p[1] != '/')
+                        goto invalid;
+
+                e = strchr(p + 2, '/');
+                if (!e)
+                        goto invalid;
+
+                if (e != p + 2)
+                        log_warning("DNS authority specification not supported; ignoring specified authority.");
+
+                p = e + 1;
+        }
+
+        q = strchr(p, '?');
+        if (q) {
+                n = strndupa(p, q - p);
+                q++;
+
+                for (;;) {
+                        const char *f;
+
+                        f = startswith_no_case(q, "class=");
+                        if (f) {
+                                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+                                const char *e;
+
+                                if (class != 0) {
+                                        log_error("DNS class specified twice.");
+                                        return -EINVAL;
+                                }
+
+                                e = strchrnul(f, ';');
+                                t = strndup(f, e - f);
+                                if (!t)
+                                        return log_oom();
+
+                                r = dns_class_from_string(t);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_error("Unknown DNS class %s.", t);
+                                        return -EINVAL;
+                                }
+
+                                class = r;
+
+                                if (*e == ';') {
+                                        q = e + 1;
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        f = startswith_no_case(q, "type=");
+                        if (f) {
+                                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+                                const char *e;
+
+                                if (type != 0) {
+                                        log_error("DNS type specified twice.");
+                                        return -EINVAL;
+                                }
+
+                                e = strchrnul(f, ';');
+                                t = strndup(f, e - f);
+                                if (!t)
+                                        return log_oom();
+
+                                r = dns_type_from_string(t);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_error("Unknown DNS type %s.", t);
+                                        return -EINVAL;
+                                }
+
+                                type = r;
+
+                                if (*e == ';') {
+                                        q = e + 1;
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        goto invalid;
+                }
+        } else
+                n = p;
+
+        if (class == 0)
+                class = arg_class ?: DNS_CLASS_IN;
+        if (type == 0)
+                type = arg_type ?: DNS_TYPE_A;
+
+        return resolve_record(bus, n, class, type);
+
+invalid:
+        log_error("Invalid DNS URI: %s", name);
+        return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+static int resolve_service(sd_bus *bus, const char *name, const char *type, const char *domain) {
+        const char *canonical_name, *canonical_type, *canonical_domain;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *req = NULL, *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        char ifname[IF_NAMESIZE] = "";
+        size_t indent, sz;
+        uint64_t flags;
+        const char *p;
+        unsigned c;
+        usec_t ts;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(domain);
+
+        name = empty_to_null(name);
+        type = empty_to_null(type);
+
+        if (arg_ifindex > 0 && !if_indextoname(arg_ifindex, ifname))
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface name for index %i: %m", arg_ifindex);
+
+        if (name)
+                log_debug("Resolving service \"%s\" of type %s in %s (family %s, interface %s).", name, type, domain, af_to_name(arg_family) ?: "*", isempty(ifname) ? "*" : ifname);
+        else if (type)
+                log_debug("Resolving service type %s of %s (family %s, interface %s).", type, domain, af_to_name(arg_family) ?: "*", isempty(ifname) ? "*" : ifname);
+        else
+                log_debug("Resolving service type %s (family %s, interface %s).", domain, af_to_name(arg_family) ?: "*", isempty(ifname) ? "*" : ifname);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                        bus,
+                        &req,
+                        "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/resolve1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Manager",
+                        "ResolveService");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(req, "isssit", arg_ifindex, name, type, domain, arg_family, arg_flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        ts = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+        r = sd_bus_call(bus, req, DNS_CALL_TIMEOUT_USEC, &error, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Resolve call failed: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        ts = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - ts;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(qqqsa(iiay)s)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        indent =
+                (name ? strlen(name) + 1 : 0) +
+                (type ? strlen(type) + 1 : 0) +
+                strlen(domain) + 2;
+
+        c = 0;
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "qqqsa(iiay)s")) > 0) {
+                uint16_t priority, weight, port;
+                const char *hostname, *canonical;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "qqqs", &priority, &weight, &port, &hostname);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                if (name)
+                        printf("%*s%s", (int) strlen(name), c == 0 ? name : "", c == 0 ? "/" : " ");
+                if (type)
+                        printf("%*s%s", (int) strlen(type), c == 0 ? type : "", c == 0 ? "/" : " ");
+
+                printf("%*s%s %s:%u [priority=%u, weight=%u]\n",
+                       (int) strlen(domain), c == 0 ? domain : "",
+                       c == 0 ? ":" : " ",
+                       hostname, port,
+                       priority, weight);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(iiay)");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "iiay")) > 0) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *pretty = NULL;
+                        int ifindex, family;
+                        const void *a;
+
+                        assert_cc(sizeof(int) == sizeof(int32_t));
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "ii", &ifindex, &family);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_read_array(reply, 'y', &a, &sz);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                        if (!IN_SET(family, AF_INET, AF_INET6)) {
+                                log_debug("%s: skipping entry with family %d (%s)", name, family, af_to_name(family) ?: "unknown");
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if (sz != FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(family)) {
+                                log_error("%s: systemd-resolved returned address of invalid size %zu for family %s", name, sz, af_to_name(family) ?: "unknown");
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        ifname[0] = 0;
+                        if (ifindex > 0 && !if_indextoname(ifindex, ifname))
+                                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface name for index %i: %m", ifindex);
+
+                        r = in_addr_to_string(family, a, &pretty);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to print address for %s: %m", name);
+
+                        printf("%*s%s%s%s\n", (int) indent, "", pretty, isempty(ifname) ? "" : "%s", ifname);
+                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "s", &canonical);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                if (!streq(hostname, canonical))
+                        printf("%*s(%s)\n", (int) indent, "", canonical);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+                c++;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "ay");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        c = 0;
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read_array(reply, 'y', (const void**) &p, &sz)) > 0) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *escaped = NULL;
+
+                escaped = cescape_length(p, sz);
+                if (!escaped)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                printf("%*s%s\n", (int) indent, "", escaped);
+                c++;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "ssst", &canonical_name, &canonical_type, &canonical_domain, &flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        canonical_name = empty_to_null(canonical_name);
+        canonical_type = empty_to_null(canonical_type);
+
+        if (!streq_ptr(name, canonical_name) ||
+            !streq_ptr(type, canonical_type) ||
+            !streq_ptr(domain, canonical_domain)) {
+
+                printf("%*s(", (int) indent, "");
+
+                if (canonical_name)
+                        printf("%s/", canonical_name);
+                if (canonical_type)
+                        printf("%s/", canonical_type);
+
+                printf("%s)\n", canonical_domain);
+        }
+
+        print_source(flags, ts);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int resolve_openpgp(sd_bus *bus, const char *address) {
+        const char *domain, *full;
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *hashed = NULL;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(address);
+
+        domain = strrchr(address, '@');
+        if (!domain) {
+                log_error("Address does not contain '@': \"%s\"", address);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        } else if (domain == address || domain[1] == '\0') {
+                log_error("Address starts or ends with '@': \"%s\"", address);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+        domain++;
+
+        r = string_hashsum_sha224(address, domain - 1 - address, &hashed);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Hashing failed: %m");
+
+        full = strjoina(hashed, "._openpgpkey.", domain);
+        log_debug("Looking up \"%s\".", full);
+
+        return resolve_record(bus, full,
+                              arg_class ?: DNS_CLASS_IN,
+                              arg_type ?: DNS_TYPE_OPENPGPKEY);
+}
+
+static int resolve_tlsa(sd_bus *bus, const char *address) {
+        const char *port;
+        uint16_t port_num = 443;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *full = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(address);
+
+        port = strrchr(address, ':');
+        if (port) {
+                r = safe_atou16(port + 1, &port_num);
+                if (r < 0 || port_num == 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Invalid port \"%s\".", port + 1);
+
+                address = strndupa(address, port - address);
+        }
+
+        r = asprintf(&full, "_%u.%s.%s",
+                     port_num,
+                     service_family_to_string(arg_service_family),
+                     address);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        log_debug("Looking up \"%s\".", full);
+
+        return resolve_record(bus, full,
+                              arg_class ?: DNS_CLASS_IN,
+                              arg_type ?: DNS_TYPE_TLSA);
+}
+
+static int show_statistics(sd_bus *bus) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+        uint64_t n_current_transactions, n_total_transactions,
+                cache_size, n_cache_hit, n_cache_miss,
+                n_dnssec_secure, n_dnssec_insecure, n_dnssec_bogus, n_dnssec_indeterminate;
+        int r, dnssec_supported;
+
+        assert(bus);
+
+        r = sd_bus_get_property_trivial(bus,
+                                        "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                                        "/org/freedesktop/resolve1",
+                                        "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Manager",
+                                        "DNSSECSupported",
+                                        &error,
+                                        'b',
+                                        &dnssec_supported);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get DNSSEC supported state: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        printf("DNSSEC supported by current servers: %s%s%s\n\n",
+               ansi_highlight(),
+               yes_no(dnssec_supported),
+               ansi_normal());
+
+        r = sd_bus_get_property(bus,
+                                "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                                "/org/freedesktop/resolve1",
+                                "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Manager",
+                                "TransactionStatistics",
+                                &error,
+                                &reply,
+                                "(tt)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get transaction statistics: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "(tt)",
+                                &n_current_transactions,
+                                &n_total_transactions);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        printf("%sTransactions%s\n"
+               "Current Transactions: %" PRIu64 "\n"
+               "  Total Transactions: %" PRIu64 "\n",
+               ansi_highlight(),
+               ansi_normal(),
+               n_current_transactions,
+               n_total_transactions);
+
+        reply = sd_bus_message_unref(reply);
+
+        r = sd_bus_get_property(bus,
+                                "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                                "/org/freedesktop/resolve1",
+                                "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Manager",
+                                "CacheStatistics",
+                                &error,
+                                &reply,
+                                "(ttt)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get cache statistics: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "(ttt)",
+                                &cache_size,
+                                &n_cache_hit,
+                                &n_cache_miss);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        printf("\n%sCache%s\n"
+               "  Current Cache Size: %" PRIu64 "\n"
+               "          Cache Hits: %" PRIu64 "\n"
+               "        Cache Misses: %" PRIu64 "\n",
+               ansi_highlight(),
+               ansi_normal(),
+               cache_size,
+               n_cache_hit,
+               n_cache_miss);
+
+        reply = sd_bus_message_unref(reply);
+
+        r = sd_bus_get_property(bus,
+                                "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                                "/org/freedesktop/resolve1",
+                                "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Manager",
+                                "DNSSECStatistics",
+                                &error,
+                                &reply,
+                                "(tttt)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get DNSSEC statistics: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "(tttt)",
+                                &n_dnssec_secure,
+                                &n_dnssec_insecure,
+                                &n_dnssec_bogus,
+                                &n_dnssec_indeterminate);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        printf("\n%sDNSSEC Verdicts%s\n"
+               "              Secure: %" PRIu64 "\n"
+               "            Insecure: %" PRIu64 "\n"
+               "               Bogus: %" PRIu64 "\n"
+               "       Indeterminate: %" PRIu64 "\n",
+               ansi_highlight(),
+               ansi_normal(),
+               n_dnssec_secure,
+               n_dnssec_insecure,
+               n_dnssec_bogus,
+               n_dnssec_indeterminate);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int reset_statistics(sd_bus *bus) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_call_method(bus,
+                               "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                               "/org/freedesktop/resolve1",
+                               "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Manager",
+                               "ResetStatistics",
+                               &error,
+                               NULL,
+                               NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to reset statistics: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int flush_caches(sd_bus *bus) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_call_method(bus,
+                               "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                               "/org/freedesktop/resolve1",
+                               "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Manager",
+                               "FlushCaches",
+                               &error,
+                               NULL,
+                               NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to flush caches: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int map_link_dns_servers(sd_bus *bus, const char *member, sd_bus_message *m, sd_bus_error *error, void *userdata) {
+        char ***l = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(member);
+        assert(m);
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, 'a', "(iay)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                const void *a;
+                char *pretty;
+                int family;
+                size_t sz;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, 'r', "iay");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "i", &family);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_array(m, 'y', &a, &sz);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!IN_SET(family, AF_INET, AF_INET6)) {
+                        log_debug("Unexpected family, ignoring.");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (sz != FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(family)) {
+                        log_debug("Address size mismatch, ignoring.");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = in_addr_to_string(family, a, &pretty);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = strv_consume(l, pretty);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int map_link_domains(sd_bus *bus, const char *member, sd_bus_message *m, sd_bus_error *error, void *userdata) {
+        char ***l = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(member);
+        assert(m);
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, 'a', "(sb)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                const char *domain;
+                int route_only;
+                char *pretty;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(sb)", &domain, &route_only);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (route_only)
+                        pretty = strappend("~", domain);
+                else
+                        pretty = strdup(domain);
+                if (!pretty)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = strv_consume(l, pretty);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int status_ifindex(sd_bus *bus, int ifindex, const char *name, bool *empty_line) {
+
+        struct link_info {
+                uint64_t scopes_mask;
+                char *llmnr;
+                char *mdns;
+                char *dnssec;
+                char **dns;
+                char **domains;
+                char **ntas;
+                int dnssec_supported;
+        } link_info = {};
+
+        static const struct bus_properties_map property_map[] = {
+                { "ScopesMask",                 "t",      NULL,                 offsetof(struct link_info, scopes_mask)      },
+                { "DNS",                        "a(iay)", map_link_dns_servers, offsetof(struct link_info, dns)              },
+                { "Domains",                    "a(sb)",  map_link_domains,     offsetof(struct link_info, domains)          },
+                { "LLMNR",                      "s",      NULL,                 offsetof(struct link_info, llmnr)            },
+                { "MulticastDNS",               "s",      NULL,                 offsetof(struct link_info, mdns)             },
+                { "DNSSEC",                     "s",      NULL,                 offsetof(struct link_info, dnssec)           },
+                { "DNSSECNegativeTrustAnchors", "as",     NULL,                 offsetof(struct link_info, ntas)             },
+                { "DNSSECSupported",            "b",      NULL,                 offsetof(struct link_info, dnssec_supported) },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *ifi = NULL, *p = NULL;
+        char ifname[IF_NAMESIZE] = "";
+        char **i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(ifindex > 0);
+        assert(empty_line);
+
+        if (!name) {
+                if (!if_indextoname(ifindex, ifname))
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface name for %i: %m", ifindex);
+
+                name = ifname;
+        }
+
+        if (asprintf(&ifi, "%i", ifindex) < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = sd_bus_path_encode("/org/freedesktop/resolve1/link", ifi, &p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = bus_map_all_properties(bus,
+                                   "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                                   p,
+                                   property_map,
+                                   &link_info);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get link data for %i: %m", ifindex);
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        pager_open(arg_no_pager, false);
+
+        if (*empty_line)
+                fputc('\n', stdout);
+
+        printf("%sLink %i (%s)%s\n",
+               ansi_highlight(), ifindex, name, ansi_normal());
+
+        if (link_info.scopes_mask == 0)
+                printf("      Current Scopes: none\n");
+        else
+                printf("      Current Scopes:%s%s%s%s%s\n",
+                       link_info.scopes_mask & SD_RESOLVED_DNS ? " DNS" : "",
+                       link_info.scopes_mask & SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV4 ? " LLMNR/IPv4" : "",
+                       link_info.scopes_mask & SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV6 ? " LLMNR/IPv6" : "",
+                       link_info.scopes_mask & SD_RESOLVED_MDNS_IPV4 ? " mDNS/IPv4" : "",
+                       link_info.scopes_mask & SD_RESOLVED_MDNS_IPV6 ? " mDNS/IPv6" : "");
+
+        printf("       LLMNR setting: %s\n"
+               "MulticastDNS setting: %s\n"
+               "      DNSSEC setting: %s\n"
+               "    DNSSEC supported: %s\n",
+               strna(link_info.llmnr),
+               strna(link_info.mdns),
+               strna(link_info.dnssec),
+               yes_no(link_info.dnssec_supported));
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, link_info.dns) {
+                printf("         %s %s\n",
+                       i == link_info.dns ? "DNS Servers:" : "            ",
+                       *i);
+        }
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, link_info.domains) {
+                printf("          %s %s\n",
+                       i == link_info.domains ? "DNS Domain:" : "           ",
+                       *i);
+        }
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, link_info.ntas) {
+                printf("          %s %s\n",
+                       i == link_info.ntas ? "DNSSEC NTA:" : "           ",
+                       *i);
+        }
+
+        *empty_line = true;
+
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        strv_free(link_info.dns);
+        strv_free(link_info.domains);
+        free(link_info.llmnr);
+        free(link_info.mdns);
+        free(link_info.dnssec);
+        strv_free(link_info.ntas);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int map_global_dns_servers(sd_bus *bus, const char *member, sd_bus_message *m, sd_bus_error *error, void *userdata) {
+        char ***l = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(member);
+        assert(m);
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, 'a', "(iiay)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                const void *a;
+                char *pretty;
+                int family, ifindex;
+                size_t sz;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, 'r', "iiay");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "ii", &ifindex, &family);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_array(m, 'y', &a, &sz);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (ifindex != 0) /* only show the global ones here */
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!IN_SET(family, AF_INET, AF_INET6)) {
+                        log_debug("Unexpected family, ignoring.");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (sz != FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(family)) {
+                        log_debug("Address size mismatch, ignoring.");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = in_addr_to_string(family, a, &pretty);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = strv_consume(l, pretty);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int map_global_domains(sd_bus *bus, const char *member, sd_bus_message *m, sd_bus_error *error, void *userdata) {
+        char ***l = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(member);
+        assert(m);
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, 'a', "(isb)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                const char *domain;
+                int route_only, ifindex;
+                char *pretty;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(isb)", &ifindex, &domain, &route_only);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (ifindex != 0) /* only show the global ones here */
+                        continue;
+
+                if (route_only)
+                        pretty = strappend("~", domain);
+                else
+                        pretty = strdup(domain);
+                if (!pretty)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = strv_consume(l, pretty);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int status_global(sd_bus *bus, bool *empty_line) {
+
+        struct global_info {
+                char **dns;
+                char **domains;
+                char **ntas;
+        } global_info = {};
+
+        static const struct bus_properties_map property_map[] = {
+                { "DNS",                        "a(iiay)", map_global_dns_servers, offsetof(struct global_info, dns)     },
+                { "Domains",                    "a(isb)",  map_global_domains,     offsetof(struct global_info, domains) },
+                { "DNSSECNegativeTrustAnchors", "as",      NULL,                   offsetof(struct global_info, ntas)    },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        char **i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(empty_line);
+
+        r = bus_map_all_properties(bus,
+                                   "org.freedesktop.resolve1",
+                                   "/org/freedesktop/resolve1",
+                                   property_map,
+                                   &global_info);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get global data: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (strv_isempty(global_info.dns) && strv_isempty(global_info.domains) && strv_isempty(global_info.ntas)) {
+                r = 0;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        pager_open(arg_no_pager, false);
+
+        printf("%sGlobal%s\n", ansi_highlight(), ansi_normal());
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, global_info.dns) {
+                printf("         %s %s\n",
+                       i == global_info.dns ? "DNS Servers:" : "            ",
+                       *i);
+        }
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, global_info.domains) {
+                printf("          %s %s\n",
+                       i == global_info.domains ? "DNS Domain:" : "           ",
+                       *i);
+        }
+
+        strv_sort(global_info.ntas);
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, global_info.ntas) {
+                printf("          %s %s\n",
+                       i == global_info.ntas ? "DNSSEC NTA:" : "           ",
+                       *i);
+        }
+
+        *empty_line = true;
+
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        strv_free(global_info.dns);
+        strv_free(global_info.domains);
+        strv_free(global_info.ntas);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int status_all(sd_bus *bus) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_netlink_message_unrefp) sd_netlink_message *req = NULL, *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_netlink_unrefp) sd_netlink *rtnl = NULL;
+        sd_netlink_message *i;
+        bool empty_line = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+
+        r = status_global(bus, &empty_line);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_netlink_open(&rtnl);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to connect to netlink: %m");
+
+        r = sd_rtnl_message_new_link(rtnl, &req, RTM_GETLINK, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return rtnl_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_netlink_message_request_dump(req, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return rtnl_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_netlink_call(rtnl, req, 0, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to enumerate links: %m");
+
+        r = 0;
+        for (i = reply; i; i = sd_netlink_message_next(i)) {
+                const char *name;
+                int ifindex, q;
+                uint16_t type;
+
+                q = sd_netlink_message_get_type(i, &type);
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return rtnl_log_parse_error(q);
+
+                if (type != RTM_NEWLINK)
+                        continue;
+
+                q = sd_rtnl_message_link_get_ifindex(i, &ifindex);
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return rtnl_log_parse_error(q);
+
+                if (ifindex == LOOPBACK_IFINDEX)
+                        continue;
+
+                q = sd_netlink_message_read_string(i, IFLA_IFNAME, &name);
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return rtnl_log_parse_error(q);
+
+                q = status_ifindex(bus, ifindex, name, &empty_line);
+                if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
+                        r = q;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void help_protocol_types(void) {
+        if (arg_legend)
+                puts("Known protocol types:");
+        puts("dns\nllmnr\nllmnr-ipv4\nllmnr-ipv6");
+}
+
+static void help_dns_types(void) {
+        const char *t;
+        int i;
+
+        if (arg_legend)
+                puts("Known DNS RR types:");
+        for (i = 0; i < _DNS_TYPE_MAX; i++) {
+                t = dns_type_to_string(i);
+                if (t)
+                        puts(t);
+        }
+}
+
+static void help_dns_classes(void) {
+        const char *t;
+        int i;
+
+        if (arg_legend)
+                puts("Known DNS RR classes:");
+        for (i = 0; i < _DNS_CLASS_MAX; i++) {
+                t = dns_class_to_string(i);
+                if (t)
+                        puts(t);
+        }
+}
+
+static void help(void) {
+        printf("%1$s [OPTIONS...] HOSTNAME|ADDRESS...\n"
+               "%1$s [OPTIONS...] --service [[NAME] TYPE] DOMAIN\n"
+               "%1$s [OPTIONS...] --openpgp EMAIL@DOMAIN...\n"
+               "%1$s [OPTIONS...] --statistics\n"
+               "%1$s [OPTIONS...] --reset-statistics\n"
+               "\n"
+               "Resolve domain names, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, DNS resource records, and services.\n\n"
+               "  -h --help                 Show this help\n"
+               "     --version              Show package version\n"
+               "     --no-pager             Do not pipe output into a pager\n"
+               "  -4                        Resolve IPv4 addresses\n"
+               "  -6                        Resolve IPv6 addresses\n"
+               "  -i --interface=INTERFACE  Look on interface\n"
+               "  -p --protocol=PROTO|help  Look via protocol\n"
+               "  -t --type=TYPE|help       Query RR with DNS type\n"
+               "  -c --class=CLASS|help     Query RR with DNS class\n"
+               "     --service              Resolve service (SRV)\n"
+               "     --service-address=BOOL Resolve address for services (default: yes)\n"
+               "     --service-txt=BOOL     Resolve TXT records for services (default: yes)\n"
+               "     --openpgp              Query OpenPGP public key\n"
+               "     --tlsa                 Query TLS public key\n"
+               "     --cname=BOOL           Follow CNAME redirects (default: yes)\n"
+               "     --search=BOOL          Use search domains for single-label names\n"
+               "                                                              (default: yes)\n"
+               "     --raw[=payload|packet] Dump the answer as binary data\n"
+               "     --legend=BOOL          Print headers and additional info (default: yes)\n"
+               "     --statistics           Show resolver statistics\n"
+               "     --reset-statistics     Reset resolver statistics\n"
+               "     --status               Show link and server status\n"
+               "     --flush-caches         Flush all local DNS caches\n"
+               , program_invocation_short_name);
+}
+
+static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        enum {
+                ARG_VERSION = 0x100,
+                ARG_LEGEND,
+                ARG_SERVICE,
+                ARG_CNAME,
+                ARG_SERVICE_ADDRESS,
+                ARG_SERVICE_TXT,
+                ARG_OPENPGP,
+                ARG_TLSA,
+                ARG_RAW,
+                ARG_SEARCH,
+                ARG_STATISTICS,
+                ARG_RESET_STATISTICS,
+                ARG_STATUS,
+                ARG_FLUSH_CACHES,
+                ARG_NO_PAGER,
+        };
+
+        static const struct option options[] = {
+                { "help",             no_argument,       NULL, 'h'                  },
+                { "version",          no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION          },
+                { "type",             required_argument, NULL, 't'                  },
+                { "class",            required_argument, NULL, 'c'                  },
+                { "legend",           required_argument, NULL, ARG_LEGEND           },
+                { "interface",        required_argument, NULL, 'i'                  },
+                { "protocol",         required_argument, NULL, 'p'                  },
+                { "cname",            required_argument, NULL, ARG_CNAME            },
+                { "service",          no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SERVICE          },
+                { "service-address",  required_argument, NULL, ARG_SERVICE_ADDRESS  },
+                { "service-txt",      required_argument, NULL, ARG_SERVICE_TXT      },
+                { "openpgp",          no_argument,       NULL, ARG_OPENPGP          },
+                { "tlsa",             optional_argument, NULL, ARG_TLSA             },
+                { "raw",              optional_argument, NULL, ARG_RAW              },
+                { "search",           required_argument, NULL, ARG_SEARCH           },
+                { "statistics",       no_argument,       NULL, ARG_STATISTICS,      },
+                { "reset-statistics", no_argument,       NULL, ARG_RESET_STATISTICS },
+                { "status",           no_argument,       NULL, ARG_STATUS           },
+                { "flush-caches",     no_argument,       NULL, ARG_FLUSH_CACHES     },
+                { "no-pager",         no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_PAGER         },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        int c, r;
+
+        assert(argc >= 0);
+        assert(argv);
+
+        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "h46i:t:c:p:", options, NULL)) >= 0)
+                switch(c) {
+
+                case 'h':
+                        help();
+                        return 0; /* done */;
+
+                case ARG_VERSION:
+                        return version();
+
+                case '4':
+                        arg_family = AF_INET;
+                        break;
+
+                case '6':
+                        arg_family = AF_INET6;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'i': {
+                        int ifi;
+
+                        if (parse_ifindex(optarg, &ifi) >= 0)
+                                arg_ifindex = ifi;
+                        else {
+                                ifi = if_nametoindex(optarg);
+                                if (ifi <= 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Unknown interface %s: %m", optarg);
+
+                                arg_ifindex = ifi;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case 't':
+                        if (streq(optarg, "help")) {
+                                help_dns_types();
+                                return 0;
+                        }
+
+                        r = dns_type_from_string(optarg);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse RR record type %s", optarg);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                        arg_type = (uint16_t) r;
+                        assert((int) arg_type == r);
+
+                        arg_mode = MODE_RESOLVE_RECORD;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'c':
+                        if (streq(optarg, "help")) {
+                                help_dns_classes();
+                                return 0;
+                        }
+
+                        r = dns_class_from_string(optarg);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse RR record class %s", optarg);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                        arg_class = (uint16_t) r;
+                        assert((int) arg_class == r);
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_LEGEND:
+                        r = parse_boolean(optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse --legend= argument");
+
+                        arg_legend = r;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'p':
+                        if (streq(optarg, "help")) {
+                                help_protocol_types();
+                                return 0;
+                        } else if (streq(optarg, "dns"))
+                                arg_flags |= SD_RESOLVED_DNS;
+                        else if (streq(optarg, "llmnr"))
+                                arg_flags |= SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR;
+                        else if (streq(optarg, "llmnr-ipv4"))
+                                arg_flags |= SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV4;
+                        else if (streq(optarg, "llmnr-ipv6"))
+                                arg_flags |= SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV6;
+                        else {
+                                log_error("Unknown protocol specifier: %s", optarg);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SERVICE:
+                        arg_mode = MODE_RESOLVE_SERVICE;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_OPENPGP:
+                        arg_mode = MODE_RESOLVE_OPENPGP;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_TLSA:
+                        arg_mode = MODE_RESOLVE_TLSA;
+                        arg_service_family = service_family_from_string(optarg);
+                        if (arg_service_family < 0) {
+                                log_error("Unknown service family \"%s\".", optarg);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_RAW:
+                        if (on_tty()) {
+                                log_error("Refusing to write binary data to tty.");
+                                return -ENOTTY;
+                        }
+
+                        if (optarg == NULL || streq(optarg, "payload"))
+                                arg_raw = RAW_PAYLOAD;
+                        else if (streq(optarg, "packet"))
+                                arg_raw = RAW_PACKET;
+                        else {
+                                log_error("Unknown --raw specifier \"%s\".", optarg);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        arg_legend = false;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_CNAME:
+                        r = parse_boolean(optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse --cname= argument.");
+                        SET_FLAG(arg_flags, SD_RESOLVED_NO_CNAME, r == 0);
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SERVICE_ADDRESS:
+                        r = parse_boolean(optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse --service-address= argument.");
+                        SET_FLAG(arg_flags, SD_RESOLVED_NO_ADDRESS, r == 0);
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SERVICE_TXT:
+                        r = parse_boolean(optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse --service-txt= argument.");
+                        SET_FLAG(arg_flags, SD_RESOLVED_NO_TXT, r == 0);
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SEARCH:
+                        r = parse_boolean(optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse --search argument.");
+                        SET_FLAG(arg_flags, SD_RESOLVED_NO_SEARCH, r == 0);
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_STATISTICS:
+                        arg_mode = MODE_STATISTICS;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_RESET_STATISTICS:
+                        arg_mode = MODE_RESET_STATISTICS;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_FLUSH_CACHES:
+                        arg_mode = MODE_FLUSH_CACHES;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_STATUS:
+                        arg_mode = MODE_STATUS;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_NO_PAGER:
+                        arg_no_pager = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case '?':
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
+                }
+
+        if (arg_type == 0 && arg_class != 0) {
+                log_error("--class= may only be used in conjunction with --type=.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (arg_type != 0 && arg_mode == MODE_RESOLVE_SERVICE) {
+                log_error("--service and --type= may not be combined.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (arg_type != 0 && arg_class == 0)
+                arg_class = DNS_CLASS_IN;
+
+        if (arg_class != 0 && arg_type == 0)
+                arg_type = DNS_TYPE_A;
+
+        return 1 /* work to do */;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = sd_bus_open_system(&bus);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "sd_bus_open_system: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        switch (arg_mode) {
+
+        case MODE_RESOLVE_HOST:
+                if (optind >= argc) {
+                        log_error("No arguments passed.");
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                while (argv[optind]) {
+                        int family, ifindex, k;
+                        union in_addr_union a;
+
+                        if (startswith(argv[optind], "dns:"))
+                                k = resolve_rfc4501(bus, argv[optind]);
+                        else {
+                                k = in_addr_ifindex_from_string_auto(argv[optind], &family, &a, &ifindex);
+                                if (k >= 0)
+                                        k = resolve_address(bus, family, &a, ifindex);
+                                else
+                                        k = resolve_host(bus, argv[optind]);
+                        }
+
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                r = k;
+
+                        optind++;
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case MODE_RESOLVE_RECORD:
+                if (optind >= argc) {
+                        log_error("No arguments passed.");
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                while (argv[optind]) {
+                        int k;
+
+                        k = resolve_record(bus, argv[optind], arg_class, arg_type);
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                r = k;
+
+                        optind++;
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case MODE_RESOLVE_SERVICE:
+                if (argc < optind + 1) {
+                        log_error("Domain specification required.");
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto finish;
+
+                } else if (argc == optind + 1)
+                        r = resolve_service(bus, NULL, NULL, argv[optind]);
+                else if (argc == optind + 2)
+                        r = resolve_service(bus, NULL, argv[optind], argv[optind+1]);
+                else if (argc == optind + 3)
+                        r = resolve_service(bus, argv[optind], argv[optind+1], argv[optind+2]);
+                else {
+                        log_error("Too many arguments.");
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                break;
+
+        case MODE_RESOLVE_OPENPGP:
+                if (argc < optind + 1) {
+                        log_error("E-mail address required.");
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto finish;
+
+                }
+
+                r = 0;
+                while (optind < argc) {
+                        int k;
+
+                        k = resolve_openpgp(bus, argv[optind++]);
+                        if (k < 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case MODE_RESOLVE_TLSA:
+                if (argc < optind + 1) {
+                        log_error("Domain name required.");
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto finish;
+
+                }
+
+                r = 0;
+                while (optind < argc) {
+                        int k;
+
+                        k = resolve_tlsa(bus, argv[optind++]);
+                        if (k < 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case MODE_STATISTICS:
+                if (argc > optind) {
+                        log_error("Too many arguments.");
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = show_statistics(bus);
+                break;
+
+        case MODE_RESET_STATISTICS:
+                if (argc > optind) {
+                        log_error("Too many arguments.");
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = reset_statistics(bus);
+                break;
+
+        case MODE_FLUSH_CACHES:
+                if (argc > optind) {
+                        log_error("Too many arguments.");
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = flush_caches(bus);
+                break;
+
+        case MODE_STATUS:
+
+                if (argc > optind) {
+                        char **ifname;
+                        bool empty_line = false;
+
+                        r = 0;
+                        STRV_FOREACH(ifname, argv + optind) {
+                                int ifindex, q;
+
+                                q = parse_ifindex(argv[optind], &ifindex);
+                                if (q < 0) {
+                                        ifindex = if_nametoindex(argv[optind]);
+                                        if (ifindex <= 0) {
+                                                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to resolve interface name: %s", argv[optind]);
+                                                continue;
+                                        }
+                                }
+
+                                q = status_ifindex(bus, ifindex, NULL, &empty_line);
+                                if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
+                                        r = q;
+                        }
+                } else
+                        r = status_all(bus);
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+finish:
+        pager_close();
+
+        return r == 0 ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolve/systemd-resolve.completion.bash b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolve/systemd-resolve.completion.bash
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c501c9405
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolve/systemd-resolve.completion.bash
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# systemd-resolve(1) completion                             -*- shell-script -*-
+#
+# This file is part of systemd.
+#
+# Copyright 2016 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+#
+# systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+# General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+__contains_word () {
+        local w word=$1; shift
+        for w in "$@"; do
+                [[ $w = "$word" ]] && return
+        done
+}
+
+__get_interfaces(){
+        { cd /sys/class/net && echo *; } | \
+        while read -d' ' -r name; do
+                [[ "$name" != "lo" ]] && echo "$name"
+        done
+}
+
+_systemd-resolve() {
+        local i comps
+        local cur=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]} prev=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}
+        local -A OPTS=(
+               [STANDALONE]='-h --help --version -4 -6
+                             --service --openpgp --tlsa --statistics --reset-statistics
+                             --service-address=no --service-txt=no
+                             --cname=no --search=no --legend=no'
+                      [ARG]='-i --interface -p --protocol -t --type -c --class'
+        )
+
+        if __contains_word "$prev" ${OPTS[ARG]}; then
+                case $prev in
+                        --interface|-i)
+                                comps=$( __get_interfaces )
+                                ;;
+                        --protocol|-p|--type|-t|--class|-c)
+                                comps=$( systemd-resolve --legend=no "$prev" help; echo help )
+                                ;;
+                esac
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W '$comps' -- "$cur") )
+                return 0
+        fi
+
+        if [[ "$cur" = -* ]]; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W '${OPTS[*]}' -- "$cur") )
+                return 0
+        fi
+}
+
+complete -F _systemd-resolve systemd-resolve
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolve/systemd-resolve.completion.zsh b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolve/systemd-resolve.completion.zsh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c318ab50f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolve/systemd-resolve.completion.zsh
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#compdef systemd-resolve
+
+#
+# This file is part of systemd.
+#
+# Copyright 2016 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+#
+# systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+# General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+_dns_protocol() {
+    local -a _protocol
+    _protocol=( $(_call_program protocol ${service} --legend=no --protocol help; echo help) )
+    _values 'protocol' "$_protocol[@]"
+}
+
+_dns_type() {
+    local -a _type
+    _type=( $(_call_program type ${service} --legend=no --type help; echo help) )
+    _values 'type' "$_type[@]"
+}
+
+_dns_class() {
+    local -a _class
+    _class=( $(_call_program class ${service} --legend=no --class help; echo help) )
+    _values 'class' "$_class[@]"
+}
+
+_systemd-resolve_none() {
+    _alternative : \
+        'domain:DNS address:' \
+        'address:email address:'
+}
+
+_arguments \
+    {-h,--help}'[Print a short help text and exit]' \
+    '--version[Print a short version string and exit]' \
+    '--legend=no[Do not show headers and footers]' \
+    '-4[Resolve IPv4 addresses]' \
+    '-6[Resolve IPv6 addresses]' \
+    {-i+,--interface=}'[Look on interface]:interface:_net_interfaces' \
+    {-p+,--protocol=}'[Look via protocol]:protocol:_dns_protocol' \
+    {-t+,--type=}'[Query RR with DNS type]:type:_dns_type' \
+    {-c+,--class=}'[Query RR with DNS class]:class:_dns_class' \
+    '--service[Resolve services]' \
+    '--service-address=no[Do not resolve address for services]' \
+    '--service-txt=no[Do not resolve TXT records for services]' \
+    '--openpgp[Query OpenPGP public key]' \
+    '--tlsa[Query TLS public key]' \
+    '--cname=no[Do not follow CNAME redirects]' \
+    '--search=no[Do not use search domains]' \
+    '--statistics[Show resolver statistics]' \
+    '--reset-statistics[Reset resolver statistics]' \
+    '*::default: _systemd-resolve_none'
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolve/systemd-resolve.xml b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolve/systemd-resolve.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ca26bb4d49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolve/systemd-resolve.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+<?xml version='1.0'?>
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
+"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
+
+<!--
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2016 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+-->
+
+<refentry id="systemd-resolve"
+          xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <title>systemd-resolve</title>
+    <productname>systemd</productname>
+
+    <authorgroup>
+      <author>
+        <contrib>Developer</contrib>
+        <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
+        <surname>Poettering</surname>
+        <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
+      </author>
+    </authorgroup>
+  </refentryinfo>
+
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>systemd-resolve</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+  </refmeta>
+
+  <refnamediv>
+    <refname>systemd-resolve</refname>
+    <refpurpose>Resolve domain names, IPV4 and IPv6 addresses, DNS resource records, and services</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-resolve</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>HOSTNAME</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-resolve</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>ADDRESS</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-resolve</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <command> --type=<replaceable>TYPE</replaceable></command>
+      <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>DOMAIN</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-resolve</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <command> --service</command>
+      <arg choice="plain"><arg choice="opt"><arg choice="opt"><replaceable>NAME</replaceable></arg>
+      <replaceable>TYPE</replaceable></arg> <replaceable>DOMAIN</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-resolve</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <command> --openpgp</command>
+      <arg choice="plain"><replaceable>USER@DOMAIN</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-resolve</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <command> --tlsa</command>
+      <arg choice="plain"><replaceable>DOMAIN<optional>:PORT</optional></replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-resolve</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <command> --statistics</command>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-resolve</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <command> --reset-statistics</command>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Description</title>
+
+    <para><command>systemd-resolve</command> may be used to resolve domain names, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, DNS resource
+    records and services with the
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    resolver service. By default, the specified list of parameters will be resolved as hostnames, retrieving their IPv4
+    and IPv6 addresses. If the parameters specified are formatted as IPv4 or IPv6 operation the reverse operation is
+    done, and a hostname is retrieved for the specified addresses.</para>
+
+    <para>The program's output contains information about the protocol used for the look-up and on which network
+    interface the data was discovered. It also contains information on whether the information could be
+    authenticated. All data for which local DNSSEC validation succeeds is considered authenticated. Moreover all data
+    originating from local, trusted sources is also reported authenticated, including resolution of the local host
+    name, the <literal>localhost</literal> host name or all data from <filename>/etc/hosts</filename>.</para>
+
+    <para>The <option>--type=</option> switch may be used to specify a DNS resource record type (A, AAAA, SOA, MX, ...) in
+    order to request a specific DNS resource record, instead of the address or reverse address lookups.
+    The special value <literal>help</literal> may be used to list known values.</para>
+
+    <para>The <option>--service</option> switch may be used to resolve <ulink
+    url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2782">SRV</ulink> and <ulink
+    url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6763">DNS-SD</ulink> services (see below). In this mode, between one and three
+    arguments are required. If three parameters are passed the first is assumed to be the DNS-SD service name, the
+    second the SRV service type, and the third the domain to search in. In this case a full DNS-SD style SRV and TXT
+    lookup is executed. If only two parameters are specified, the first is assumed to be the SRV service type, and the
+    second the domain to look in. In this case no TXT RR is requested. Finally, if only one parameter is specified, it
+    is assumed to be a domain name, that is already prefixed with an SRV type, and an SRV lookup is done (no
+    TXT).</para>
+
+    <para>The <option>--openpgp</option> switch may be used to query PGP keys stored as
+    <ulink url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-wouters-dane-openpgp-02">OPENPGPKEY</ulink> resource records.
+    When this option is specified one or more e-mail address must be specified.</para>
+
+    <para>The <option>--tlsa</option> switch maybe be used to query TLS public
+    keys stored as
+    <ulink url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6698">TLSA</ulink> resource records.
+    When this option is specified one or more domain names must be specified.</para>
+
+    <para>The <option>--statistics</option> switch may be used to show resolver statistics, including information about
+    the number of successful and failed DNSSEC validations.</para>
+
+    <para>The <option>--reset-statistics</option> may be used to reset various statistics counters maintained the
+    resolver, including those shown in the <option>--statistics</option> output. This operation requires root
+    privileges.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Options</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-4</option></term>
+        <term><option>-6</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>By default, when resolving a hostname, both IPv4 and IPv6
+        addresses are acquired. By specifying <option>-4</option> only IPv4 addresses are requested, by specifying
+        <option>-6</option> only IPv6 addresses are requested.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-i</option> <replaceable>INTERFACE</replaceable></term>
+        <term><option>--interface=</option><replaceable>INTERFACE</replaceable></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Specifies the network interface to execute the query on. This may either be specified as numeric
+        interface index or as network interface string (e.g. <literal>en0</literal>). Note that this option has no
+        effect if system-wide DNS configuration (as configured in <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> or
+        <filename>/etc/systemd/resolve.conf</filename>) in place of per-link configuration is used.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-p</option> <replaceable>PROTOCOL</replaceable></term>
+        <term><option>--protocol=</option><replaceable>PROTOCOL</replaceable></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Specifies the network protocol for the query. May be one of <literal>dns</literal>
+        (i.e. classic unicast DNS), <literal>llmnr</literal> (<ulink
+        url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4795">Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution</ulink>),
+        <literal>llmnr-ipv4</literal>, <literal>llmnr-ipv6</literal> (LLMNR via the indicated underlying IP
+        protocols). By default the lookup is done via all protocols suitable for the lookup. If used, limits the set of
+        protocols that may be used. Use this option multiple times to enable resolving via multiple protocols at the
+        same time. The setting <literal>llmnr</literal> is identical to specifying this switch once with
+        <literal>llmnr-ipv4</literal> and once via <literal>llmnr-ipv6</literal>. Note that this option does not force
+        the service to resolve the operation with the specified protocol, as that might require a suitable network
+        interface and configuration.
+        The special value <literal>help</literal> may be used to list known values.
+        </para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-t</option> <replaceable>TYPE</replaceable></term>
+        <term><option>--type=</option><replaceable>TYPE</replaceable></term>
+        <term><option>-c</option> <replaceable>CLASS</replaceable></term>
+        <term><option>--class=</option><replaceable>CLASS</replaceable></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Specifies the DNS resource record type (e.g. A, AAAA, MX, …) and class (e.g. IN, ANY, …) to
+        look up. If these options are used a DNS resource record set matching the specified class and type is
+        requested. The class defaults to IN if only a type is specified.
+        The special value <literal>help</literal> may be used to list known values.
+        </para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--service</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Enables service resolution. This enables DNS-SD and simple SRV service resolution, depending
+        on the specified list of parameters (see above).</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--service-address=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean parameter. If true (the default), when doing a service lookup with
+        <option>--service</option> the hostnames contained in the SRV resource records are resolved as well.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--service-txt=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean parameter. If true (the default), when doing a DNS-SD service lookup with
+        <option>--service</option> the TXT service metadata record is resolved as well.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--openpgp</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Enables OPENPGPKEY resource record resolution (see above). Specified e-mail
+        addresses are converted to the corresponding DNS domain name, and any OPENPGPKEY keys are
+        printed.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--tlsa</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Enables TLSA resource record resolution (see above).
+        A query will be performed for each of the specified names prefixed with
+        the port and family
+        (<literal>_<replaceable>port</replaceable>._<replaceable>family</replaceable>.<replaceable>domain</replaceable></literal>).
+        The port number may be specified after a colon
+        (<literal>:</literal>), otherwise <constant>443</constant> will be used
+        by default. The family may be specified as an argument after
+        <option>--tlsa</option>, otherwise <constant>tcp</constant> will be
+        used.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--cname=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean parameter. If true (the default), DNS CNAME or DNAME redirections are
+        followed. Otherwise, if a CNAME or DNAME record is encountered while resolving, an error is
+        returned.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--search=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean parameter. If true (the default), any specified single-label hostnames will be
+        searched in the domains configured in the search domain list, if it is non-empty. Otherwise, the search domain
+        logic is disabled.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--raw</option><optional>=payload|packet</optional></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Dump the answer as binary data. If there is no argument or if the argument is
+        <literal>payload</literal>, the payload of the packet is exported. If the argument is
+        <literal>packet</literal>, the whole packet is dumped in wire format, prefixed by
+        length specified as a little-endian 64-bit number. This format allows multiple packets
+        to be dumped and unambigously parsed.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--legend=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean parameter. If true (the default), column headers and meta information about the
+        query response are shown. Otherwise, this output is suppressed.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--statistics</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>If specified general resolver statistics are shown, including information whether DNSSEC is
+        enabled and available, as well as resolution and validation statistics.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--reset-statistics</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Resets the statistics counters shown in <option>--statistics</option> to zero.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--flush-caches</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Flushes all DNS resource record caches the service maintains locally.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--status</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Shows the global and per-link DNS settings in currently in effect.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Examples</title>
+
+    <example>
+      <title>Retrieve the addresses of the <literal>www.0pointer.net</literal> domain</title>
+
+      <programlisting>$ systemd-resolve www.0pointer.net
+www.0pointer.net: 2a01:238:43ed:c300:10c3:bcf3:3266:da74
+                  85.214.157.71
+
+-- Information acquired via protocol DNS in 611.6ms.
+-- Data is authenticated: no
+</programlisting>
+    </example>
+
+    <example>
+      <title>Retrieve the domain of the <literal>85.214.157.71</literal> IP address</title>
+
+      <programlisting>$ systemd-resolve 85.214.157.71
+85.214.157.71: gardel.0pointer.net
+
+-- Information acquired via protocol DNS in 1.2997s.
+-- Data is authenticated: no
+</programlisting>
+    </example>
+
+    <example>
+      <title>Retrieve the MX record of the <literal>0pointer.net</literal> domain</title>
+
+      <programlisting>$ systemd-resolve -t MX yahoo.com --legend=no
+yahoo.com. IN MX    1 mta7.am0.yahoodns.net
+yahoo.com. IN MX    1 mta6.am0.yahoodns.net
+yahoo.com. IN MX    1 mta5.am0.yahoodns.net
+</programlisting>
+    </example>
+
+    <example>
+      <title>Resolve an SRV service</title>
+
+      <programlisting>$ systemd-resolve --service _xmpp-server._tcp gmail.com
+_xmpp-server._tcp/gmail.com: alt1.xmpp-server.l.google.com:5269 [priority=20, weight=0]
+                             173.194.210.125
+                             alt4.xmpp-server.l.google.com:5269 [priority=20, weight=0]
+                             173.194.65.125
+                             ...
+</programlisting>
+    </example>
+
+    <example>
+      <title>Retrieve a PGP key</title>
+
+      <programlisting>$ systemd-resolve --openpgp zbyszek@fedoraproject.org
+d08ee310438ca124a6149ea5cc21b6313b390dce485576eff96f8722._openpgpkey.fedoraproject.org. IN OPENPGPKEY
+        mQINBFBHPMsBEACeInGYJCb+7TurKfb6wGyTottCDtiSJB310i37/6ZYoeIay/5soJjlMyf
+        MFQ9T2XNT/0LM6gTa0MpC1st9LnzYTMsT6tzRly1D1UbVI6xw0g0vE5y2Cjk3xUwAynCsSs
+        ...
+</programlisting>
+    </example>
+
+    <example>
+      <title>Retrieve a TLS key (<literal>=tcp</literal> and
+      <literal>:443</literal> could be skipped)</title>
+
+      <programlisting>$ systemd-resolve --tlsa=tcp fedoraproject.org:443
+_443._tcp.fedoraproject.org IN TLSA 0 0 1 19400be5b7a31fb733917700789d2f0a2471c0c9d506c0e504c06c16d7cb17c0
+        -- Cert. usage: CA constraint
+        -- Selector: Full Certificate
+        -- Matching type: SHA-256
+</programlisting>
+    </example>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>See Also</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/.gitignore b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f0835923b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+/resolved-gperf.c
+/resolved.conf
+/dns_type-from-name.gperf
+/dns_type-from-name.h
+/dns_type-list.txt
+/dns_type-to-name.h
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/Makefile b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..78b352b76f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+#  -*- Mode: makefile; indent-tabs-mode: t -*-
+#
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  Copyright 2010-2012 Lennart Poettering
+#  Copyright 2010-2012 Kay Sievers
+#  Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+#  Copyright 2013 David Strauss
+#  Copyright 2016 Luke Shumaker
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+#  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+#  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+#  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+include $(dir $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))/../../../config.mk
+include $(topsrcdir)/build-aux/Makefile.head.mk
+
+ifneq ($(ENABLE_RESOLVED),)
+
+basic_dns_sources = \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-dnssec.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-dnssec.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-packet.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-packet.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-rr.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-rr.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-answer.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-answer.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-question.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-question.h \
+	src/resolve/dns-type.c \
+	src/resolve/dns-type.h
+
+systemd_resolved_SOURCES = \
+	src/resolve/resolved.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-manager.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-manager.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-conf.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-conf.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-resolv-conf.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-resolv-conf.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-bus.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-bus.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-link.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-link.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-link-bus.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-link-bus.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-llmnr.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-llmnr.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-mdns.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-mdns.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-def.h \
+	$(basic_dns_sources) \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-query.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-query.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-synthesize.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-synthesize.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-transaction.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-transaction.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-scope.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-scope.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-server.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-server.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-search-domain.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-search-domain.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-cache.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-cache.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-zone.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-zone.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-stream.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-stream.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-trust-anchor.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-trust-anchor.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-stub.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-dns-stub.c \
+	src/resolve/resolved-etc-hosts.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-etc-hosts.c \
+	src/shared/gcrypt-util.c \
+	src/shared/gcrypt-util.h
+
+nodist_systemd_resolved_SOURCES = \
+	src/resolve/dns_type-from-name.h \
+	src/resolve/dns_type-to-name.h \
+	src/resolve/resolved-gperf.c
+
+systemd_resolved_CFLAGS = \
+	$(GCRYPT_CFLAGS)
+
+systemd_resolved_LDADD = \
+	libsystemd-network.la \
+	libsystemd-shared.la \
+	$(GCRYPT_LIBS) \
+	-lm
+
+rootlibexec_PROGRAMS += \
+	systemd-resolved
+
+nodist_systemunit_DATA += \
+	units/systemd-resolved.service
+
+dist_systemunit_DATA_busnames += \
+	units/org.freedesktop.resolve1.busname
+
+dist_dbuspolicy_DATA += \
+	src/resolve/org.freedesktop.resolve1.conf
+
+dist_dbussystemservice_DATA += \
+	src/resolve/org.freedesktop.resolve1.service
+
+SYSTEM_UNIT_ALIASES += \
+	systemd-resolved.service dbus-org.freedesktop.resolve1.service
+
+BUSNAMES_TARGET_WANTS += \
+	org.freedesktop.resolve1.busname
+
+GENERAL_ALIASES += \
+	$(systemunitdir)/systemd-resolved.service $(pkgsysconfdir)/system/multi-user.target.wants/systemd-resolved.service
+
+nodist_pkgsysconf_DATA += \
+	src/resolve/resolved.conf
+
+endif # ENABLE_RESOLVED
+gperf_gperf_sources += \
+	src/resolve/resolved-gperf.gperf
+
+EXTRA_DIST += \
+	units/systemd-resolved.service.m4.in \
+	src/resolve/resolved.conf.in
+
+dist_rootlibexec_DATA += \
+	src/resolve/resolv.conf
+
+include $(topsrcdir)/build-aux/Makefile.tail.mk
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/RFCs b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/RFCs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09c85f9518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/RFCs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+Y = Comprehensively Implemented, to the point appropriate for resolved
+D = Comprehensively Implemented, by a dependency of resolved
+! = Missing and something we might want to implement
+~ = Needs no explicit support or doesn't apply
+? = Is this relevant today?
+  = We are working on this
+
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1034 → DOMAIN NAMES - CONCEPTS AND FACILITIES
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035 → DOMAIN NAMES - IMPLEMENTATION AND SPECIFICATION
+? https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1101 → DNS Encoding of Network Names and Other Types
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123 → Requirements for Internet Hosts — Application and Support
+~ https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1464 → Using the Domain Name System To Store Arbitrary String Attributes
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1536 → Common DNS Implementation Errors and Suggested Fixes
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1876 → A Means for Expressing Location Information in the Domain Name System
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2181 → Clarifications to the DNS Specification
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2308 → Negative Caching of DNS Queries (DNS NCACHE)
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2782 → A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)
+D https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3492 → Punycode: A Bootstring encoding of Unicode for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3596 → DNS Extensions to Support IP Version 6
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3597 → Handling of Unknown DNS Resource Record (RR) Types
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4033 → DNS Security Introduction and Requirements
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4034 → Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4035 → Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security Extensions
+! https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4183 → A Suggested Scheme for DNS Resolution of Networks and Gateways
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4255 → Using DNS to Securely Publish Secure Shell (SSH) Key Fingerprints
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4343 → Domain Name System (DNS) Case Insensitivity Clarification
+~ https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4470 → Minimally Covering NSEC Records and DNSSEC On-line Signing
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4501 → Domain Name System Uniform Resource Identifiers
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4509 → Use of SHA-256 in DNSSEC Delegation Signer (DS) Resource Records (RRs)
+~ https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4592 → The Role of Wildcards in the Domain Name System
+~ https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4697 → Observed DNS Resolution Misbehavior
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4795 → Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR)
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5011 → Automated Updates of DNS Security (DNSSEC) Trust Anchors
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5155 → DNS Security (DNSSEC) Hashed Authenticated Denial of Existence
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5452 → Measures for Making DNS More Resilient against Forged Answers
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5702 → Use of SHA-2 Algorithms with RSA in DNSKEY and RRSIG Resource Records for DNSSEC
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5890 → Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891 → Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5966 → DNS Transport over TCP - Implementation Requirements
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6303 → Locally Served DNS Zones
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6604 → xNAME RCODE and Status Bits Clarification
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6605 → Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) for DNSSEC
+  https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6672 → DNAME Redirection in the DNS
+! https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6731 → Improved Recursive DNS Server Selection for Multi-Interfaced Nodes
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6761 → Special-Use Domain Names
+  https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6762 → Multicast DNS
+  https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6763 → DNS-Based Service Discovery
+~ https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6781 → DNSSEC Operational Practices, Version 2
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6840 → Clarifications and Implementation Notes for DNS Security (DNSSEC)
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6891 → Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS(0))
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6944 → Applicability Statement: DNS Security (DNSSEC) DNSKEY Algorithm Implementation Status
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6975 → Signaling Cryptographic Algorithm Understanding in DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC)
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7129 → Authenticated Denial of Existence in the DNS
+Y https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7646 → Definition and Use of DNSSEC Negative Trust Anchors
+~ https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7719 → DNS Terminology
+
+Also relevant:
+
+  https://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence-reports-documents/2013-2/iab-statement-dotless-domains-considered-harmful/
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/dnssec-trust-anchors.d.xml b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/dnssec-trust-anchors.d.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4bdc167f79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/dnssec-trust-anchors.d.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*- Mode: nxml; nxml-child-indent: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
+
+<!--
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2016 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+-->
+
+<refentry id="dnssec-trust-anchors.d" conditional='ENABLE_RESOLVED'
+    xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <title>dnssec-trust-anchors.d</title>
+    <productname>systemd</productname>
+
+    <authorgroup>
+      <author>
+        <contrib>Developer</contrib>
+        <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
+        <surname>Poettering</surname>
+        <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
+      </author>
+    </authorgroup>
+  </refentryinfo>
+
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>dnssec-trust-anchors.d</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+  </refmeta>
+
+  <refnamediv>
+    <refname>dnssec-trust-anchors.d</refname>
+    <refname>systemd.positive</refname>
+    <refname>systemd.negative</refname>
+    <refpurpose>DNSSEC trust anchor configuration files</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv>
+    <para><filename>/etc/dnssec-trust-anchors.d/*.positive</filename></para>
+    <para><filename>/run/dnssec-trust-anchors.d/*.positive</filename></para>
+    <para><filename>/usr/lib/dnssec-trust-anchors.d/*.positive</filename></para>
+    <para><filename>/etc/dnssec-trust-anchors.d/*.negative</filename></para>
+    <para><filename>/run/dnssec-trust-anchors.d/*.negative</filename></para>
+    <para><filename>/usr/lib/dnssec-trust-anchors.d/*.negative</filename></para>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Description</title>
+
+    <para>The DNSSEC trust anchor configuration files define positive
+    and negative trust anchors
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    bases DNSSEC integrity proofs on.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Positive Trust Anchors</title>
+
+    <para>Positive trust anchor configuration files contain DNSKEY and
+    DS resource record definitions to use as base for DNSSEC integrity
+    proofs. See <ulink
+    url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4035#section-4.4">RFC 4035,
+    Section 4.4</ulink> for more information about DNSSEC trust
+    anchors.</para>
+
+    <para>Positive trust anchors are read from files with the suffix
+    <filename>.positive</filename> located in
+    <filename>/etc/dnssec-trust-anchors.d/</filename>,
+    <filename>/run/dnssec-trust-anchors.d/</filename> and
+    <filename>/usr/lib/dnssec-trust-anchors.d/</filename>. These
+    directories are searched in the specified order, and a trust
+    anchor file of the same name in an earlier path overrides a trust
+    anchor files in a later path. To disable a trust anchor file
+    shipped in <filename>/usr/lib/dnssec-trust-anchors.d/</filename>
+    it is sufficient to provide an identically-named file in
+    <filename>/etc/dnssec-trust-anchors.d/</filename> or
+    <filename>/run/dnssec-trust-anchors.d/</filename> that is either
+    empty or a symlink to <filename>/dev/null</filename> ("masked").</para>
+
+    <para>Positive trust anchor files are simple text files resembling
+    DNS zone files, as documented in <ulink
+    url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035#section-5">RFC 1035, Section
+    5</ulink>. One DS or DNSKEY resource record may be listed per
+    line. Empty lines and lines starting with a semicolon
+    (<literal>;</literal>) are ignored and considered comments. A DS
+    resource record is specified like in the following example:</para>
+
+    <programlisting>. IN DS 19036 8 2 49aac11d7b6f6446702e54a1607371607a1a41855200fd2ce1cdde32f24e8fb5</programlisting>
+
+    <para>The first word specifies the domain, use
+    <literal>.</literal> for the root domain. The domain may be
+    specified with or without trailing dot, which is considered
+    equivalent. The second word must be <literal>IN</literal> the
+    third word <literal>DS</literal>. The following words specify the
+    key tag, signature algorithm, digest algorithm, followed by the
+    hex-encoded key fingerprint. See <ulink
+    url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4034#section-5">RFC 4034,
+    Section 5</ulink> for details about the precise syntax and meaning
+    of these fields.</para>
+
+    <para>Alternatively, DNSKEY resource records may be used to define
+    trust anchors, like in the following example:</para>
+
+    <programlisting>. IN DNSKEY 257 3 8 AwEAAagAIKlVZrpC6Ia7gEzahOR+9W29euxhJhVVLOyQbSEW0O8gcCjFFVQUTf6v58fLjwBd0YI0EzrAcQqBGCzh/RStIoO8g0NfnfL2MTJRkxoXbfDaUeVPQuYEhg37NZWAJQ9VnMVDxP/VHL496M/QZxkjf5/Efucp2gaDX6RS6CXpoY68LsvPVjR0ZSwzz1apAzvN9dlzEheX7ICJBBtuA6G3LQpzW5hOA2hzCTMjJPJ8LbqF6dsV6DoBQzgul0sGIcGOYl7OyQdXfZ57relSQageu+ipAdTTJ25AsRTAoub8ONGcLmqrAmRLKBP1dfwhYB4N7knNnulqQxA+Uk1ihz0=</programlisting>
+
+    <para>The first word specifies the domain again, the second word
+    must be <literal>IN</literal>, followed by
+    <literal>DNSKEY</literal>. The subsequent words encode the DNSKEY
+    flags, protocol and algorithm fields, followed by the key data
+    encoded in Base64. See <ulink
+    url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4034#section-2">RFC 4034,
+    Section 2</ulink> for details about the precise syntax and meaning
+    of these fields.</para>
+
+    <para>If multiple DS or DNSKEY records are defined for the same
+    domain (possibly even in different trust anchor files), all keys
+    are used and are considered equivalent as base for DNSSEC
+    proofs.</para>
+
+    <para>Note that <filename>systemd-resolved</filename> will
+    automatically use a built-in trust anchor key for the Internet
+    root domain if no positive trust anchors are defined for the root
+    domain. In most cases it is hence unnecessary to define an
+    explicit key with trust anchor files. The built-in key is disabled
+    as soon as at least one trust anchor key for the root domain is
+    defined in trust anchor files.</para>
+
+    <para>It is generally recommended to encode trust anchors in DS
+    resource records, rather than DNSKEY resource records.</para>
+
+    <para>If a trust anchor specified via a DS record is found revoked
+    it is automatically removed from the trust anchor database for the
+    runtime. See <ulink url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5011">RFC
+    5011</ulink> for details about revoked trust anchors. Note that
+    <filename>systemd-resolved</filename> will not update its trust
+    anchor database from DNS servers automatically. Instead, it is
+    recommended to update the resolver software or update the new
+    trust anchor via adding in new trust anchor files.</para>
+
+    <para>The current DNSSEC trust anchor for the Internet's root
+    domain is available at the <ulink
+    url="https://data.iana.org/root-anchors/root-anchors.xml">IANA
+    Trust Anchor and Keys</ulink> page.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Negative Trust Anchors</title>
+
+    <para>Negative trust anchors define domains where DNSSEC
+    validation shall be turned off. Negative trust anchor files are
+    found at the same location as positive trust anchor files, and
+    follow the same overriding rules. They are text files with the
+    <filename>.negative</filename> suffix. Empty lines and lines whose
+    first character is <literal>;</literal> are ignored. Each line
+    specifies one domain name where DNSSEC validation shall be
+    disabled on.</para>
+
+    <para>Negative trust anchors are useful to support private DNS
+    subtrees that are not referenced from the Internet DNS hierarchy,
+    and not signed.</para>
+
+    <para><ulink url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7646">RFC
+    7646</ulink> for details on negative trust anchors.</para>
+
+    <para>If no negative trust anchor files are configured a built-in
+    set of well-known private DNS zone domains is used as negative
+    trust anchors.</para>
+
+    <para>It is also possibly to define per-interface negative trust
+    anchors using the <varname>DNSSECNegativeTrustAnchors=</varname>
+    setting in
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.network</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    files.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+      <title>See Also</title>
+      <para>
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>resolved.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.network</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+      </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+</refentry>
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/org.freedesktop.resolve1.conf b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/org.freedesktop.resolve1.conf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25b09774e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/org.freedesktop.resolve1.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
+<!DOCTYPE busconfig PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD D-BUS Bus Configuration 1.0//EN"
+        "http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/busconfig.dtd">
+
+<!--
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+-->
+
+<busconfig>
+
+        <policy user="systemd-resolve">
+                <allow own="org.freedesktop.resolve1"/>
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.resolve1"/>
+                <allow receive_sender="org.freedesktop.resolve1"/>
+        </policy>
+
+        <policy context="default">
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.resolve1"/>
+                <allow receive_sender="org.freedesktop.resolve1"/>
+        </policy>
+
+</busconfig>
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/org.freedesktop.resolve1.service b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/org.freedesktop.resolve1.service
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ac5c323f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/org.freedesktop.resolve1.service
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[D-BUS Service]
+Name=org.freedesktop.resolve1
+Exec=/bin/false
+User=root
+SystemdService=dbus-org.freedesktop.resolve1.service
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolv.conf b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolv.conf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8034d6829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolv.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# This is a static resolv.conf file for connecting local clients to
+# systemd-resolved via its DNS stub listener on 127.0.0.53.
+#
+# Third party programs must not access this file directly, but only through the
+# symlink at /etc/resolv.conf. To manage resolv.conf(5) in a different way,
+# replace this symlink by a static file or a different symlink.
+#
+# See systemd-resolved.service(8) for details about the supported modes of
+# operation for /etc/resolv.conf.
+
+nameserver 127.0.0.53
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-bus.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-bus.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c2a8b0892
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-bus.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1690 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "resolved-def.h"
+#include "sd-bus/bus-common-errors.h"
+#include "shared/bus-util.h"
+#include "shared/dns-domain.h"
+
+#include "resolved-bus.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-synthesize.h"
+#include "resolved-link-bus.h"
+
+static int reply_query_state(DnsQuery *q) {
+
+        switch (q->state) {
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_SERVERS:
+                return sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_NO_NAME_SERVERS, "No appropriate name servers or networks for name found");
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_TIMEOUT:
+                return sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, SD_BUS_ERROR_TIMEOUT, "Query timed out");
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX_REACHED:
+                return sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, SD_BUS_ERROR_TIMEOUT, "All attempts to contact name servers or networks failed");
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY:
+                return sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_INVALID_REPLY, "Received invalid reply");
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO:
+                return sd_bus_reply_method_errnof(q->request, q->answer_errno, "Lookup failed due to system error: %m");
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_ABORTED:
+                return sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_ABORTED, "Query aborted");
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED:
+                return sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_DNSSEC_FAILED, "DNSSEC validation failed: %s",
+                                                  dnssec_result_to_string(q->answer_dnssec_result));
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_TRUST_ANCHOR:
+                return sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_NO_TRUST_ANCHOR, "No suitable trust anchor known");
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_RR_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED:
+                return sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_RR_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED, "Server does not support requested resource record type");
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK_DOWN:
+                return sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_NETWORK_DOWN, "Network is down");
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_NOT_FOUND:
+                /* We return this as NXDOMAIN. This is only generated when a host doesn't implement LLMNR/TCP, and we
+                 * thus quickly know that we cannot resolve an in-addr.arpa or ip6.arpa address. */
+                return sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN", "'%s' not found", dns_query_string(q));
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_RCODE_FAILURE: {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+
+                if (q->answer_rcode == DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN)
+                        sd_bus_error_setf(&error, _BUS_ERROR_DNS "NXDOMAIN", "'%s' not found", dns_query_string(q));
+                else {
+                        const char *rc, *n;
+                        char p[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(q->answer_rcode)];
+
+                        rc = dns_rcode_to_string(q->answer_rcode);
+                        if (!rc) {
+                                sprintf(p, "%i", q->answer_rcode);
+                                rc = p;
+                        }
+
+                        n = strjoina(_BUS_ERROR_DNS, rc);
+                        sd_bus_error_setf(&error, n, "Could not resolve '%s', server or network returned error %s", dns_query_string(q), rc);
+                }
+
+                return sd_bus_reply_method_error(q->request, &error);
+        }
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL:
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING:
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_VALIDATING:
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS:
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Impossible state");
+        }
+}
+
+static int append_address(sd_bus_message *reply, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int ifindex) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(rr);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'r', "iiay");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", ifindex);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_A) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", AF_INET);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append_array(reply, 'y', &rr->a.in_addr, sizeof(struct in_addr));
+
+        } else if (rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_AAAA) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", AF_INET6);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append_array(reply, 'y', &rr->aaaa.in6_addr, sizeof(struct in6_addr));
+        } else
+                return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void bus_method_resolve_hostname_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *canonical = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *normalized = NULL;
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        unsigned added = 0;
+        int ifindex, r;
+
+        assert(q);
+
+        if (q->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS) {
+                r = reply_query_state(q);
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_query_process_cname(q);
+        if (r == -ELOOP) {
+                r = sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_CNAME_LOOP, "CNAME loop detected, or CNAME resolving disabled on '%s'", dns_query_string(q));
+                goto finish;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+        if (r == DNS_QUERY_RESTARTED) /* This was a cname, and the query was restarted. */
+                return;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_return(q->request, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(iiay)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_IFINDEX(rr, ifindex, q->answer) {
+                DnsQuestion *question;
+
+                question = dns_query_question_for_protocol(q, q->answer_protocol);
+
+                r = dns_question_matches_rr(question, rr, DNS_SEARCH_DOMAIN_NAME(q->answer_search_domain));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = append_address(reply, rr, ifindex);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                if (!canonical)
+                        canonical = dns_resource_record_ref(rr);
+
+                added++;
+        }
+
+        if (added <= 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR, "'%s' does not have any RR of the requested type", dns_query_string(q));
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        /* The key names are not necessarily normalized, make sure that they are when we return them to our bus
+         * clients. */
+        r = dns_name_normalize(dns_resource_key_name(canonical->key), &normalized);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        /* Return the precise spelling and uppercasing and CNAME target reported by the server */
+        assert(canonical);
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(
+                        reply, "st",
+                        normalized,
+                        SD_RESOLVED_FLAGS_MAKE(q->answer_protocol, q->answer_family, q->answer_authenticated));
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = sd_bus_send(q->manager->bus, reply, NULL);
+
+finish:
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to send hostname reply: %m");
+                sd_bus_reply_method_errno(q->request, r, NULL);
+        }
+
+        dns_query_free(q);
+}
+
+static int check_ifindex_flags(int ifindex, uint64_t *flags, uint64_t ok, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        assert(flags);
+
+        if (ifindex < 0)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid interface index");
+
+        if (*flags & ~(SD_RESOLVED_PROTOCOLS_ALL|SD_RESOLVED_NO_CNAME|ok))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid flags parameter");
+
+        if ((*flags & SD_RESOLVED_PROTOCOLS_ALL) == 0) /* If no protocol is enabled, enable all */
+                *flags |= SD_RESOLVED_PROTOCOLS_ALL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_as_address(sd_bus_message *m, int ifindex, const char *hostname, int family, uint64_t flags) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *canonical = NULL;
+        union in_addr_union parsed;
+        int r, ff, parsed_ifindex = 0;
+
+        /* Check if the hostname is actually already an IP address formatted as string. In that case just parse it,
+         * let's not attempt to look it up. */
+
+        r = in_addr_ifindex_from_string_auto(hostname, &ff, &parsed, &parsed_ifindex);
+        if (r < 0) /* not an address */
+                return 0;
+
+        if (family != AF_UNSPEC && ff != family)
+                return sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(m, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR, "The specified address is not of the requested family.");
+        if (ifindex > 0 && parsed_ifindex > 0 && parsed_ifindex != ifindex)
+                return sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(m, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR, "The specified address interface index does not match requested interface.");
+
+        if (parsed_ifindex > 0)
+                ifindex = parsed_ifindex;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_return(m, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(iiay)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'r', "iiay");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "ii", ifindex, ff);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append_array(reply, 'y', &parsed, FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(ff));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* When an IP address is specified we just return it as canonical name, in order to avoid a DNS
+         * look-up. However, we reformat it to make sure it's in a truly canonical form (i.e. on IPv6 the inner
+         * omissions are always done the same way). */
+        r = in_addr_ifindex_to_string(ff, &parsed, ifindex, &canonical);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "st", canonical,
+                                  SD_RESOLVED_FLAGS_MAKE(dns_synthesize_protocol(flags), ff, true));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_send(sd_bus_message_get_bus(m), reply, NULL);
+}
+
+static int bus_method_resolve_hostname(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_question_unrefp) DnsQuestion *question_idna = NULL, *question_utf8 = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        const char *hostname;
+        int family, ifindex;
+        uint64_t flags;
+        DnsQuery *q;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        assert_cc(sizeof(int) == sizeof(int32_t));
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "isit", &ifindex, &hostname, &family, &flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!IN_SET(family, AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNSPEC))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Unknown address family %i", family);
+
+        r = check_ifindex_flags(ifindex, &flags, SD_RESOLVED_NO_SEARCH, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = parse_as_address(message, ifindex, hostname, family, flags);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_name_is_valid(hostname);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid hostname '%s'", hostname);
+
+        r = dns_question_new_address(&question_utf8, family, hostname, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_question_new_address(&question_idna, family, hostname, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_query_new(m, &q, question_utf8, question_idna, ifindex, flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        q->request = sd_bus_message_ref(message);
+        q->request_family = family;
+        q->complete = bus_method_resolve_hostname_complete;
+        q->suppress_unroutable_family = family == AF_UNSPEC;
+
+        r = dns_query_bus_track(q, message);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = dns_query_go(q);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return 1;
+
+fail:
+        dns_query_free(q);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void bus_method_resolve_address_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+        DnsQuestion *question;
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        unsigned added = 0;
+        int ifindex, r;
+
+        assert(q);
+
+        if (q->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS) {
+                r = reply_query_state(q);
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_query_process_cname(q);
+        if (r == -ELOOP) {
+                r = sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_CNAME_LOOP, "CNAME loop detected, or CNAME resolving disabled on '%s'", dns_query_string(q));
+                goto finish;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+        if (r == DNS_QUERY_RESTARTED) /* This was a cname, and the query was restarted. */
+                return;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_return(q->request, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(is)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        question = dns_query_question_for_protocol(q, q->answer_protocol);
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_IFINDEX(rr, ifindex, q->answer) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *normalized = NULL;
+
+                r = dns_question_matches_rr(question, rr, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_name_normalize(rr->ptr.name, &normalized);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(is)", ifindex, normalized);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                added++;
+        }
+
+        if (added <= 0) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *ip = NULL;
+
+                (void) in_addr_to_string(q->request_family, &q->request_address, &ip);
+                r = sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR,
+                                               "Address '%s' does not have any RR of requested type", strnull(ip));
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "t", SD_RESOLVED_FLAGS_MAKE(q->answer_protocol, q->answer_family, q->answer_authenticated));
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = sd_bus_send(q->manager->bus, reply, NULL);
+
+finish:
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to send address reply: %m");
+                sd_bus_reply_method_errno(q->request, r, NULL);
+        }
+
+        dns_query_free(q);
+}
+
+static int bus_method_resolve_address(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_question_unrefp) DnsQuestion *question = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int family, ifindex;
+        uint64_t flags;
+        const void *d;
+        DnsQuery *q;
+        size_t sz;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        assert_cc(sizeof(int) == sizeof(int32_t));
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "ii", &ifindex, &family);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!IN_SET(family, AF_INET, AF_INET6))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Unknown address family %i", family);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read_array(message, 'y', &d, &sz);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (sz != FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(family))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid address size");
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = check_ifindex_flags(ifindex, &flags, 0, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_question_new_reverse(&question, family, d);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_query_new(m, &q, question, question, ifindex, flags|SD_RESOLVED_NO_SEARCH);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        q->request = sd_bus_message_ref(message);
+        q->request_family = family;
+        memcpy(&q->request_address, d, sz);
+        q->complete = bus_method_resolve_address_complete;
+
+        r = dns_query_bus_track(q, message);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = dns_query_go(q);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return 1;
+
+fail:
+        dns_query_free(q);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int bus_message_append_rr(sd_bus_message *m, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int ifindex) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(rr);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'r', "iqqay");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "iqq",
+                                  ifindex,
+                                  rr->key->class,
+                                  rr->key->type);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_resource_record_to_wire_format(rr, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append_array(m, 'y', rr->wire_format, rr->wire_format_size);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+}
+
+static void bus_method_resolve_record_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        DnsQuestion *question;
+        unsigned added = 0;
+        int ifindex;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(q);
+
+        if (q->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS) {
+                r = reply_query_state(q);
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_query_process_cname(q);
+        if (r == -ELOOP) {
+                r = sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_CNAME_LOOP, "CNAME loop detected, or CNAME resolving disabled on '%s'", dns_query_string(q));
+                goto finish;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+        if (r == DNS_QUERY_RESTARTED) /* This was a cname, and the query was restarted. */
+                return;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_return(q->request, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(iqqay)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        question = dns_query_question_for_protocol(q, q->answer_protocol);
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_IFINDEX(rr, ifindex, q->answer) {
+                r = dns_question_matches_rr(question, rr, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = bus_message_append_rr(reply, rr, ifindex);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                added++;
+        }
+
+        if (added <= 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR, "Name '%s' does not have any RR of the requested type", dns_query_string(q));
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "t", SD_RESOLVED_FLAGS_MAKE(q->answer_protocol, q->answer_family, q->answer_authenticated));
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = sd_bus_send(q->manager->bus, reply, NULL);
+
+finish:
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to send record reply: %m");
+                sd_bus_reply_method_errno(q->request, r, NULL);
+        }
+
+        dns_query_free(q);
+}
+
+static int bus_method_resolve_record(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *key = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_question_unrefp) DnsQuestion *question = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        uint16_t class, type;
+        const char *name;
+        int r, ifindex;
+        uint64_t flags;
+        DnsQuery *q;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        assert_cc(sizeof(int) == sizeof(int32_t));
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "isqqt", &ifindex, &name, &class, &type, &flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_name_is_valid(name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid name '%s'", name);
+
+        if (!dns_type_is_valid_query(type))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Specified resource record type %" PRIu16 " may not be used in a query.", type);
+        if (dns_type_is_zone_transer(type))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, "Zone transfers not permitted via this programming interface.");
+        if (dns_type_is_obsolete(type))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, "Specified DNS resource record type %" PRIu16 " is obsolete.", type);
+
+        r = check_ifindex_flags(ifindex, &flags, 0, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        question = dns_question_new(1);
+        if (!question)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        key = dns_resource_key_new(class, type, name);
+        if (!key)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = dns_question_add(question, key);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_query_new(m, &q, question, question, ifindex, flags|SD_RESOLVED_NO_SEARCH);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Let's request that the TTL is fixed up for locally cached entries, after all we return it in the wire format
+         * blob */
+        q->clamp_ttl = true;
+
+        q->request = sd_bus_message_ref(message);
+        q->complete = bus_method_resolve_record_complete;
+
+        r = dns_query_bus_track(q, message);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = dns_query_go(q);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return 1;
+
+fail:
+        dns_query_free(q);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int append_srv(DnsQuery *q, sd_bus_message *reply, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *canonical = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *normalized = NULL;
+        DnsQuery *aux;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(q);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(rr);
+        assert(rr->key);
+
+        if (rr->key->type != DNS_TYPE_SRV)
+                return 0;
+
+        if ((q->flags & SD_RESOLVED_NO_ADDRESS) == 0) {
+                /* First, let's see if we could find an appropriate A or AAAA
+                 * record for the SRV record */
+                LIST_FOREACH(auxiliary_queries, aux, q->auxiliary_queries) {
+                        DnsResourceRecord *zz;
+                        DnsQuestion *question;
+
+                        if (aux->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS)
+                                continue;
+                        if (aux->auxiliary_result != 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        question = dns_query_question_for_protocol(aux, aux->answer_protocol);
+
+                        r = dns_name_equal(dns_question_first_name(question), rr->srv.name);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(zz, aux->answer) {
+
+                                r = dns_question_matches_rr(question, zz, NULL);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                canonical = dns_resource_record_ref(zz);
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (canonical)
+                                break;
+                }
+
+                /* Is there are successful A/AAAA lookup for this SRV RR? If not, don't add it */
+                if (!canonical)
+                        return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'r', "qqqsa(iiay)s");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_name_normalize(rr->srv.name, &normalized);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(
+                        reply,
+                        "qqqs",
+                        rr->srv.priority, rr->srv.weight, rr->srv.port, normalized);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(iiay)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if ((q->flags & SD_RESOLVED_NO_ADDRESS) == 0) {
+                LIST_FOREACH(auxiliary_queries, aux, q->auxiliary_queries) {
+                        DnsResourceRecord *zz;
+                        DnsQuestion *question;
+                        int ifindex;
+
+                        if (aux->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS)
+                                continue;
+                        if (aux->auxiliary_result != 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        question = dns_query_question_for_protocol(aux, aux->answer_protocol);
+
+                        r = dns_name_equal(dns_question_first_name(question), rr->srv.name);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_IFINDEX(zz, ifindex, aux->answer) {
+
+                                r = dns_question_matches_rr(question, zz, NULL);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                r = append_address(reply, zz, ifindex);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (canonical) {
+                normalized = mfree(normalized);
+
+                r = dns_name_normalize(dns_resource_key_name(canonical->key), &normalized);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Note that above we appended the hostname as encoded in the
+         * SRV, and here the canonical hostname this maps to. */
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", normalized);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int append_txt(sd_bus_message *reply, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        DnsTxtItem *i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(rr);
+        assert(rr->key);
+
+        if (rr->key->type != DNS_TYPE_TXT)
+                return 0;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(items, i, rr->txt.items) {
+
+                if (i->length <= 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append_array(reply, 'y', i->data, i->length);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static void resolve_service_all_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *canonical = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL, *type = NULL, *domain = NULL;
+        DnsQuestion *question;
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        unsigned added = 0;
+        DnsQuery *aux;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(q);
+
+        if (q->block_all_complete > 0)
+                return;
+
+        if ((q->flags & SD_RESOLVED_NO_ADDRESS) == 0) {
+                DnsQuery *bad = NULL;
+                bool have_success = false;
+
+                LIST_FOREACH(auxiliary_queries, aux, q->auxiliary_queries) {
+
+                        switch (aux->state) {
+
+                        case DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING:
+                                /* If an auxiliary query is still pending, let's wait */
+                                return;
+
+                        case DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS:
+                                if (aux->auxiliary_result == 0)
+                                        have_success = true;
+                                else
+                                        bad = aux;
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                bad = aux;
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (!have_success) {
+                        /* We can only return one error, hence pick the last error we encountered */
+
+                        assert(bad);
+
+                        if (bad->state == DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS) {
+                                assert(bad->auxiliary_result != 0);
+
+                                if (bad->auxiliary_result == -ELOOP) {
+                                        r = sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_CNAME_LOOP, "CNAME loop detected, or CNAME resolving disabled on '%s'", dns_query_string(bad));
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+
+                                r = bad->auxiliary_result;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                        r = reply_query_state(bad);
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_return(q->request, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(qqqsa(iiay)s)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        question = dns_query_question_for_protocol(q, q->answer_protocol);
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, q->answer) {
+                r = dns_question_matches_rr(question, rr, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = append_srv(q, reply, rr);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+                if (r == 0) /* not an SRV record */
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!canonical)
+                        canonical = dns_resource_record_ref(rr);
+
+                added++;
+        }
+
+        if (added <= 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR, "'%s' does not have any RR of the requested type", dns_query_string(q));
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "ay");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, q->answer) {
+                r = dns_question_matches_rr(question, rr, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = append_txt(reply, rr);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        assert(canonical);
+        r = dns_service_split(dns_resource_key_name(canonical->key), &name, &type, &domain);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(
+                        reply,
+                        "ssst",
+                        name, type, domain,
+                        SD_RESOLVED_FLAGS_MAKE(q->answer_protocol, q->answer_family, q->answer_authenticated));
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = sd_bus_send(q->manager->bus, reply, NULL);
+
+finish:
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to send service reply: %m");
+                sd_bus_reply_method_errno(q->request, r, NULL);
+        }
+
+        dns_query_free(q);
+}
+
+static void resolve_service_hostname_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(q);
+        assert(q->auxiliary_for);
+
+        if (q->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS) {
+                resolve_service_all_complete(q->auxiliary_for);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_query_process_cname(q);
+        if (r == DNS_QUERY_RESTARTED) /* This was a cname, and the query was restarted. */
+                return;
+
+        /* This auxiliary lookup is finished or failed, let's see if all are finished now. */
+        q->auxiliary_result = r;
+        resolve_service_all_complete(q->auxiliary_for);
+}
+
+static int resolve_service_hostname(DnsQuery *q, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int ifindex) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_question_unrefp) DnsQuestion *question = NULL;
+        DnsQuery *aux;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(q);
+        assert(rr);
+        assert(rr->key);
+        assert(rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_SRV);
+
+        /* OK, we found an SRV record for the service. Let's resolve
+         * the hostname included in it */
+
+        r = dns_question_new_address(&question, q->request_family, rr->srv.name, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_query_new(q->manager, &aux, question, question, ifindex, q->flags|SD_RESOLVED_NO_SEARCH);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        aux->request_family = q->request_family;
+        aux->complete = resolve_service_hostname_complete;
+
+        r = dns_query_make_auxiliary(aux, q);
+        if (r == -EAGAIN) {
+                /* Too many auxiliary lookups? If so, don't complain,
+                 * let's just not add this one, we already have more
+                 * than enough */
+
+                dns_query_free(aux);
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* Note that auxiliary queries do not track the original bus
+         * client, only the primary request does that. */
+
+        r = dns_query_go(aux);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return 1;
+
+fail:
+        dns_query_free(aux);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void bus_method_resolve_service_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
+        bool has_root_domain = false;
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        DnsQuestion *question;
+        unsigned found = 0;
+        int ifindex, r;
+
+        assert(q);
+
+        if (q->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS) {
+                r = reply_query_state(q);
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_query_process_cname(q);
+        if (r == -ELOOP) {
+                r = sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_CNAME_LOOP, "CNAME loop detected, or CNAME resolving disabled on '%s'", dns_query_string(q));
+                goto finish;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+        if (r == DNS_QUERY_RESTARTED) /* This was a cname, and the query was restarted. */
+                return;
+
+        question = dns_query_question_for_protocol(q, q->answer_protocol);
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_IFINDEX(rr, ifindex, q->answer) {
+                r = dns_question_matches_rr(question, rr, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (rr->key->type != DNS_TYPE_SRV)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (dns_name_is_root(rr->srv.name)) {
+                        has_root_domain = true;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if ((q->flags & SD_RESOLVED_NO_ADDRESS) == 0) {
+                        q->block_all_complete++;
+                        r = resolve_service_hostname(q, rr, ifindex);
+                        q->block_all_complete--;
+
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                }
+
+                found++;
+        }
+
+        if (has_root_domain && found <= 0) {
+                /* If there's exactly one SRV RR and it uses
+                 * the root domain as host name, then the
+                 * service is explicitly not offered on the
+                 * domain. Report this as a recognizable
+                 * error. See RFC 2782, Section "Usage
+                 * Rules". */
+                r = sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_SERVICE, "'%s' does not provide the requested service", dns_query_string(q));
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (found <= 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_reply_method_errorf(q->request, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_RR, "'%s' does not have any RR of the requested type", dns_query_string(q));
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        /* Maybe we are already finished? check now... */
+        resolve_service_all_complete(q);
+        return;
+
+finish:
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to send service reply: %m");
+                sd_bus_reply_method_errno(q->request, r, NULL);
+        }
+
+        dns_query_free(q);
+}
+
+static int bus_method_resolve_service(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_question_unrefp) DnsQuestion *question_idna = NULL, *question_utf8 = NULL;
+        const char *name, *type, *domain;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int family, ifindex;
+        uint64_t flags;
+        DnsQuery *q;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        assert_cc(sizeof(int) == sizeof(int32_t));
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "isssit", &ifindex, &name, &type, &domain, &family, &flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!IN_SET(family, AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNSPEC))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Unknown address family %i", family);
+
+        if (isempty(name))
+                name = NULL;
+        else if (!dns_service_name_is_valid(name))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid service name '%s'", name);
+
+        if (isempty(type))
+                type = NULL;
+        else if (!dns_srv_type_is_valid(type))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid SRV service type '%s'", type);
+
+        r = dns_name_is_valid(domain);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid domain '%s'", domain);
+
+        if (name && !type)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Service name cannot be specified without service type.");
+
+        r = check_ifindex_flags(ifindex, &flags, SD_RESOLVED_NO_TXT|SD_RESOLVED_NO_ADDRESS, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_question_new_service(&question_utf8, name, type, domain, !(flags & SD_RESOLVED_NO_TXT), false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_question_new_service(&question_idna, name, type, domain, !(flags & SD_RESOLVED_NO_TXT), true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_query_new(m, &q, question_utf8, question_idna, ifindex, flags|SD_RESOLVED_NO_SEARCH);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        q->request = sd_bus_message_ref(message);
+        q->request_family = family;
+        q->complete = bus_method_resolve_service_complete;
+
+        r = dns_query_bus_track(q, message);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = dns_query_go(q);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return 1;
+
+fail:
+        dns_query_free(q);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int bus_dns_server_append(sd_bus_message *reply, DnsServer *s, bool with_ifindex) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(s);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'r', with_ifindex ? "iiay" : "iay");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (with_ifindex) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", dns_server_ifindex(s));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", s->family);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append_array(reply, 'y', &s->address, FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(s->family));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int bus_property_get_dns_servers(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        unsigned c = 0;
+        DnsServer *s;
+        Iterator i;
+        Link *l;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(iiay)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(servers, s, m->dns_servers) {
+                r = bus_dns_server_append(reply, s, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                c++;
+        }
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(l, m->links, i) {
+                LIST_FOREACH(servers, s, l->dns_servers) {
+                        r = bus_dns_server_append(reply, s, true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        c++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (c == 0) {
+                LIST_FOREACH(servers, s, m->fallback_dns_servers) {
+                        r = bus_dns_server_append(reply, s, true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int bus_property_get_domains(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        DnsSearchDomain *d;
+        Iterator i;
+        Link *l;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(isb)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(domains, d, m->search_domains) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(isb)", 0, d->name, d->route_only);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(l, m->links, i) {
+                LIST_FOREACH(domains, d, l->search_domains) {
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(isb)", l->ifindex, d->name, d->route_only);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int bus_property_get_transaction_statistics(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(m);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(tt)",
+                                     (uint64_t) hashmap_size(m->dns_transactions),
+                                     (uint64_t) m->n_transactions_total);
+}
+
+static int bus_property_get_cache_statistics(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        uint64_t size = 0, hit = 0, miss = 0;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        DnsScope *s;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(m);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(scopes, s, m->dns_scopes) {
+                size += dns_cache_size(&s->cache);
+                hit += s->cache.n_hit;
+                miss += s->cache.n_miss;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(ttt)", size, hit, miss);
+}
+
+static int bus_property_get_dnssec_statistics(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(m);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(tttt)",
+                                     (uint64_t) m->n_dnssec_verdict[DNSSEC_SECURE],
+                                     (uint64_t) m->n_dnssec_verdict[DNSSEC_INSECURE],
+                                     (uint64_t) m->n_dnssec_verdict[DNSSEC_BOGUS],
+                                     (uint64_t) m->n_dnssec_verdict[DNSSEC_INDETERMINATE]);
+}
+
+static int bus_property_get_dnssec_supported(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(m);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "b", manager_dnssec_supported(m));
+}
+
+static int bus_property_get_ntas(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        const char *domain;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "s");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(domain, m->trust_anchor.negative_by_name, i) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", domain);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int bus_method_reset_statistics(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        DnsScope *s;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(scopes, s, m->dns_scopes)
+                s->cache.n_hit = s->cache.n_miss = 0;
+
+        m->n_transactions_total = 0;
+        zero(m->n_dnssec_verdict);
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static int get_any_link(Manager *m, int ifindex, Link **ret, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Link *l;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (ifindex <= 0)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid interface index");
+
+        l = hashmap_get(m->links, INT_TO_PTR(ifindex));
+        if (!l)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_LINK, "Link %i not known", ifindex);
+
+        *ret = l;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int call_link_method(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *message, sd_bus_message_handler_t handler, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        int ifindex, r;
+        Link *l;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(message);
+        assert(handler);
+
+        assert_cc(sizeof(int) == sizeof(int32_t));
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "i", &ifindex);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_any_link(m, ifindex, &l, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return handler(message, l, error);
+}
+
+static int bus_method_set_link_dns_servers(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return call_link_method(userdata, message, bus_link_method_set_dns_servers, error);
+}
+
+static int bus_method_set_link_domains(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return call_link_method(userdata, message, bus_link_method_set_domains, error);
+}
+
+static int bus_method_set_link_llmnr(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return call_link_method(userdata, message, bus_link_method_set_llmnr, error);
+}
+
+static int bus_method_set_link_mdns(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return call_link_method(userdata, message, bus_link_method_set_mdns, error);
+}
+
+static int bus_method_set_link_dnssec(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return call_link_method(userdata, message, bus_link_method_set_dnssec, error);
+}
+
+static int bus_method_set_link_dnssec_negative_trust_anchors(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return call_link_method(userdata, message, bus_link_method_set_dnssec_negative_trust_anchors, error);
+}
+
+static int bus_method_revert_link(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return call_link_method(userdata, message, bus_link_method_revert, error);
+}
+
+static int bus_method_get_link(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r, ifindex;
+        Link *l;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        assert_cc(sizeof(int) == sizeof(int32_t));
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "i", &ifindex);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_any_link(m, ifindex, &l, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        p = link_bus_path(l);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, "o", p);
+}
+
+static int bus_method_flush_caches(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        manager_flush_caches(m);
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static const sd_bus_vtable resolve_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LLMNRHostname", "s", NULL, offsetof(Manager, llmnr_hostname), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DNS", "a(iiay)", bus_property_get_dns_servers, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Domains", "a(isb)", bus_property_get_domains, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TransactionStatistics", "(tt)", bus_property_get_transaction_statistics, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CacheStatistics", "(ttt)", bus_property_get_cache_statistics, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DNSSECStatistics", "(tttt)", bus_property_get_dnssec_statistics, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DNSSECSupported", "b", bus_property_get_dnssec_supported, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DNSSECNegativeTrustAnchors", "as", bus_property_get_ntas, 0, 0),
+
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ResolveHostname", "isit", "a(iiay)st", bus_method_resolve_hostname, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ResolveAddress", "iiayt", "a(is)t", bus_method_resolve_address, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ResolveRecord", "isqqt", "a(iqqay)t", bus_method_resolve_record, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ResolveService", "isssit", "a(qqqsa(iiay)s)aayssst", bus_method_resolve_service, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ResetStatistics", NULL, NULL, bus_method_reset_statistics, 0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("FlushCaches", NULL, NULL, bus_method_flush_caches, 0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("GetLink", "i", "o", bus_method_get_link, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetLinkDNS", "ia(iay)", NULL, bus_method_set_link_dns_servers, 0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetLinkDomains", "ia(sb)", NULL, bus_method_set_link_domains, 0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetLinkLLMNR", "is", NULL, bus_method_set_link_llmnr, 0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetLinkMulticastDNS", "is", NULL, bus_method_set_link_mdns, 0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetLinkDNSSEC", "is", NULL, bus_method_set_link_dnssec, 0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetLinkDNSSECNegativeTrustAnchors", "ias", NULL, bus_method_set_link_dnssec_negative_trust_anchors, 0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("RevertLink", "i", NULL, bus_method_revert_link, 0),
+
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END,
+};
+
+static int on_bus_retry(sd_event_source *s, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->bus_retry_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->bus_retry_event_source);
+
+        manager_connect_bus(m);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int match_prepare_for_sleep(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *ret_error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int b, r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &b);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to parse PrepareForSleep signal: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (b)
+                return 0;
+
+        log_debug("Coming back from suspend, verifying all RRs...");
+
+        manager_verify_all(m);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_connect_bus(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->bus)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_bus_default_system(&m->bus);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                /* We failed to connect? Yuck, we must be in early
+                 * boot. Let's try in 5s again. As soon as we have
+                 * kdbus we can stop doing this... */
+
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to connect to bus, trying again in 5s: %m");
+
+                r = sd_event_add_time(m->event, &m->bus_retry_event_source, CLOCK_MONOTONIC, now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) + 5*USEC_PER_SEC, 0, on_bus_retry, m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to install bus reconnect time event: %m");
+
+                (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->bus_retry_event_source, "bus-retry");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_add_object_vtable(m->bus, NULL, "/org/freedesktop/resolve1", "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Manager", resolve_vtable, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to register object: %m");
+
+        r = sd_bus_add_fallback_vtable(m->bus, NULL, "/org/freedesktop/resolve1/link", "org.freedesktop.resolve1.Link", link_vtable, link_object_find, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to register link objects: %m");
+
+        r = sd_bus_add_node_enumerator(m->bus, NULL, "/org/freedesktop/resolve1/link", link_node_enumerator, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to register link enumerator: %m");
+
+        r = sd_bus_request_name(m->bus, "org.freedesktop.resolve1", 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to register name: %m");
+
+        r = sd_bus_attach_event(m->bus, m->event, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to attach bus to event loop: %m");
+
+        r = sd_bus_add_match(m->bus, &m->prepare_for_sleep_slot,
+                             "type='signal',"
+                             "sender='org.freedesktop.login1',"
+                             "interface='org.freedesktop.login1.Manager',"
+                             "member='PrepareForSleep',"
+                             "path='/org/freedesktop/login1'",
+                             match_prepare_for_sleep,
+                             m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add match for PrepareForSleep: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-bus.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-bus.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f49e1337d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-bus.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "resolved-manager.h"
+
+int manager_connect_bus(Manager *m);
+int bus_dns_server_append(sd_bus_message *reply, DnsServer *s, bool with_ifindex);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-conf.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-conf.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c6d70b5938
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-conf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Tom Gundersen <teg@jklm.no>
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ***/
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/def.h"
+#include "basic/extract-word.h"
+#include "basic/parse-util.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+#include "shared/conf-parser.h"
+
+#include "resolved-conf.h"
+
+int manager_add_dns_server_by_string(Manager *m, DnsServerType type, const char *word) {
+        union in_addr_union address;
+        int family, r, ifindex = 0;
+        DnsServer *s;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(word);
+
+        r = in_addr_ifindex_from_string_auto(word, &family, &address, &ifindex);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Silently filter out 0.0.0.0 and 127.0.0.53 (our own stub DNS listener) */
+        if (!dns_server_address_valid(family, &address))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Filter out duplicates */
+        s = dns_server_find(manager_get_first_dns_server(m, type), family, &address, ifindex);
+        if (s) {
+                /*
+                 * Drop the marker. This is used to find the servers
+                 * that ceased to exist, see
+                 * manager_mark_dns_servers() and
+                 * manager_flush_marked_dns_servers().
+                 */
+                dns_server_move_back_and_unmark(s);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return dns_server_new(m, NULL, type, NULL, family, &address, ifindex);
+}
+
+int manager_parse_dns_server_string_and_warn(Manager *m, DnsServerType type, const char *string) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(string);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
+
+                r = extract_first_word(&string, &word, NULL, 0);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                r = manager_add_dns_server_by_string(m, type, word);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to add DNS server address '%s', ignoring: %m", word);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_add_search_domain_by_string(Manager *m, const char *domain) {
+        DnsSearchDomain *d;
+        bool route_only;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(domain);
+
+        route_only = *domain == '~';
+        if (route_only)
+                domain++;
+
+        if (dns_name_is_root(domain) || streq(domain, "*")) {
+                route_only = true;
+                domain = ".";
+        }
+
+        r = dns_search_domain_find(m->search_domains, domain, &d);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0)
+                dns_search_domain_move_back_and_unmark(d);
+        else {
+                r = dns_search_domain_new(m, &d, DNS_SEARCH_DOMAIN_SYSTEM, NULL, domain);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        d->route_only = route_only;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_parse_search_domains_and_warn(Manager *m, const char *string) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(string);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
+
+                r = extract_first_word(&string, &word, NULL, EXTRACT_QUOTES);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                r = manager_add_search_domain_by_string(m, word);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to add search domain '%s', ignoring: %m", word);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_dns_servers(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue))
+                /* Empty assignment means clear the list */
+                dns_server_unlink_all(manager_get_first_dns_server(m, ltype));
+        else {
+                /* Otherwise, add to the list */
+                r = manager_parse_dns_server_string_and_warn(m, ltype, rvalue);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse DNS server string '%s'. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* If we have a manual setting, then we stop reading
+         * /etc/resolv.conf */
+        if (ltype == DNS_SERVER_SYSTEM)
+                m->read_resolv_conf = false;
+        if (ltype == DNS_SERVER_FALLBACK)
+                m->need_builtin_fallbacks = false;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_search_domains(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue))
+                /* Empty assignment means clear the list */
+                dns_search_domain_unlink_all(m->search_domains);
+        else {
+                /* Otherwise, add to the list */
+                r = manager_parse_search_domains_and_warn(m, rvalue);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse search domains string '%s'. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* If we have a manual setting, then we stop reading
+         * /etc/resolv.conf */
+        m->read_resolv_conf = false;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_parse_config_file(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = config_parse_many(PKGSYSCONFDIR "/resolved.conf",
+                              CONF_PATHS_NULSTR("systemd/resolved.conf.d"),
+                              "Resolve\0",
+                              config_item_perf_lookup, resolved_gperf_lookup,
+                              false, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (m->need_builtin_fallbacks) {
+                r = manager_parse_dns_server_string_and_warn(m, DNS_SERVER_FALLBACK, DNS_SERVERS);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-conf.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-conf.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e1fd2cceec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-conf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Tom Gundersen <teg@jklm.no>
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "resolved-manager.h"
+
+int manager_parse_config_file(Manager *m);
+
+int manager_add_search_domain_by_string(Manager *m, const char *domain);
+int manager_parse_search_domains_and_warn(Manager *m, const char *string);
+
+int manager_add_dns_server_by_string(Manager *m, DnsServerType type, const char *word);
+int manager_parse_dns_server_string_and_warn(Manager *m, DnsServerType type, const char *string);
+
+const struct ConfigPerfItem* resolved_gperf_lookup(const char *key, unsigned length);
+
+int config_parse_dns_servers(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_search_domains(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_dnssec(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-cache.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-cache.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..690ed6f0c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-cache.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1065 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <net/if.h>
+
+#include "basic/af-list.h"
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-answer.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-packet.h"
+#include "shared/dns-domain.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-cache.h"
+
+/* Never cache more than 4K entries. RFC 1536, Section 5 suggests to
+ * leave DNS caches unbounded, but that's crazy. */
+#define CACHE_MAX 4096
+
+/* We never keep any item longer than 2h in our cache */
+#define CACHE_TTL_MAX_USEC (2 * USEC_PER_HOUR)
+
+typedef enum DnsCacheItemType DnsCacheItemType;
+typedef struct DnsCacheItem DnsCacheItem;
+
+enum DnsCacheItemType {
+        DNS_CACHE_POSITIVE,
+        DNS_CACHE_NODATA,
+        DNS_CACHE_NXDOMAIN,
+};
+
+struct DnsCacheItem {
+        DnsCacheItemType type;
+        DnsResourceKey *key;
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+
+        usec_t until;
+        bool authenticated:1;
+        bool shared_owner:1;
+
+        int ifindex;
+        int owner_family;
+        union in_addr_union owner_address;
+
+        unsigned prioq_idx;
+        LIST_FIELDS(DnsCacheItem, by_key);
+};
+
+static void dns_cache_item_free(DnsCacheItem *i) {
+        if (!i)
+                return;
+
+        dns_resource_record_unref(i->rr);
+        dns_resource_key_unref(i->key);
+        free(i);
+}
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsCacheItem*, dns_cache_item_free);
+
+static void dns_cache_item_unlink_and_free(DnsCache *c, DnsCacheItem *i) {
+        DnsCacheItem *first;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (!i)
+                return;
+
+        first = hashmap_get(c->by_key, i->key);
+        LIST_REMOVE(by_key, first, i);
+
+        if (first)
+                assert_se(hashmap_replace(c->by_key, first->key, first) >= 0);
+        else
+                hashmap_remove(c->by_key, i->key);
+
+        prioq_remove(c->by_expiry, i, &i->prioq_idx);
+
+        dns_cache_item_free(i);
+}
+
+static bool dns_cache_remove_by_rr(DnsCache *c, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        DnsCacheItem *first, *i;
+        int r;
+
+        first = hashmap_get(c->by_key, rr->key);
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_key, i, first) {
+                r = dns_resource_record_equal(i->rr, rr);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        dns_cache_item_unlink_and_free(c, i);
+                        return true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static bool dns_cache_remove_by_key(DnsCache *c, DnsResourceKey *key) {
+        DnsCacheItem *first, *i, *n;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(key);
+
+        first = hashmap_remove(c->by_key, key);
+        if (!first)
+                return false;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(by_key, i, n, first) {
+                prioq_remove(c->by_expiry, i, &i->prioq_idx);
+                dns_cache_item_free(i);
+        }
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+void dns_cache_flush(DnsCache *c) {
+        DnsResourceKey *key;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        while ((key = hashmap_first_key(c->by_key)))
+                dns_cache_remove_by_key(c, key);
+
+        assert(hashmap_size(c->by_key) == 0);
+        assert(prioq_size(c->by_expiry) == 0);
+
+        c->by_key = hashmap_free(c->by_key);
+        c->by_expiry = prioq_free(c->by_expiry);
+}
+
+static void dns_cache_make_space(DnsCache *c, unsigned add) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (add <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        /* Makes space for n new entries. Note that we actually allow
+         * the cache to grow beyond CACHE_MAX, but only when we shall
+         * add more RRs to the cache than CACHE_MAX at once. In that
+         * case the cache will be emptied completely otherwise. */
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *key = NULL;
+                DnsCacheItem *i;
+
+                if (prioq_size(c->by_expiry) <= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (prioq_size(c->by_expiry) + add < CACHE_MAX)
+                        break;
+
+                i = prioq_peek(c->by_expiry);
+                assert(i);
+
+                /* Take an extra reference to the key so that it
+                 * doesn't go away in the middle of the remove call */
+                key = dns_resource_key_ref(i->key);
+                dns_cache_remove_by_key(c, key);
+        }
+}
+
+void dns_cache_prune(DnsCache *c) {
+        usec_t t = 0;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        /* Remove all entries that are past their TTL */
+
+        for (;;) {
+                DnsCacheItem *i;
+                char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
+
+                i = prioq_peek(c->by_expiry);
+                if (!i)
+                        break;
+
+                if (t <= 0)
+                        t = now(clock_boottime_or_monotonic());
+
+                if (i->until > t)
+                        break;
+
+                /* Depending whether this is an mDNS shared entry
+                 * either remove only this one RR or the whole RRset */
+                log_debug("Removing %scache entry for %s (expired "USEC_FMT"s ago)",
+                          i->shared_owner ? "shared " : "",
+                          dns_resource_key_to_string(i->key, key_str, sizeof key_str),
+                          (t - i->until) / USEC_PER_SEC);
+
+                if (i->shared_owner)
+                        dns_cache_item_unlink_and_free(c, i);
+                else {
+                        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *key = NULL;
+
+                        /* Take an extra reference to the key so that it
+                         * doesn't go away in the middle of the remove call */
+                        key = dns_resource_key_ref(i->key);
+                        dns_cache_remove_by_key(c, key);
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+static int dns_cache_item_prioq_compare_func(const void *a, const void *b) {
+        const DnsCacheItem *x = a, *y = b;
+
+        if (x->until < y->until)
+                return -1;
+        if (x->until > y->until)
+                return 1;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_cache_init(DnsCache *c) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        r = prioq_ensure_allocated(&c->by_expiry, dns_cache_item_prioq_compare_func);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&c->by_key, &dns_resource_key_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int dns_cache_link_item(DnsCache *c, DnsCacheItem *i) {
+        DnsCacheItem *first;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(i);
+
+        r = prioq_put(c->by_expiry, i, &i->prioq_idx);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        first = hashmap_get(c->by_key, i->key);
+        if (first) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *k = NULL;
+
+                /* Keep a reference to the original key, while we manipulate the list. */
+                k = dns_resource_key_ref(first->key);
+
+                /* Now, try to reduce the number of keys we keep */
+                dns_resource_key_reduce(&first->key, &i->key);
+
+                if (first->rr)
+                        dns_resource_key_reduce(&first->rr->key, &i->key);
+                if (i->rr)
+                        dns_resource_key_reduce(&i->rr->key, &i->key);
+
+                LIST_PREPEND(by_key, first, i);
+                assert_se(hashmap_replace(c->by_key, first->key, first) >= 0);
+        } else {
+                r = hashmap_put(c->by_key, i->key, i);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        prioq_remove(c->by_expiry, i, &i->prioq_idx);
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static DnsCacheItem* dns_cache_get(DnsCache *c, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        DnsCacheItem *i;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(rr);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_key, i, hashmap_get(c->by_key, rr->key))
+                if (i->rr && dns_resource_record_equal(i->rr, rr) > 0)
+                        return i;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static usec_t calculate_until(DnsResourceRecord *rr, uint32_t nsec_ttl, usec_t timestamp, bool use_soa_minimum) {
+        uint32_t ttl;
+        usec_t u;
+
+        assert(rr);
+
+        ttl = MIN(rr->ttl, nsec_ttl);
+        if (rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_SOA && use_soa_minimum) {
+                /* If this is a SOA RR, and it is requested, clamp to
+                 * the SOA's minimum field. This is used when we do
+                 * negative caching, to determine the TTL for the
+                 * negative caching entry.  See RFC 2308, Section
+                 * 5. */
+
+                if (ttl > rr->soa.minimum)
+                        ttl = rr->soa.minimum;
+        }
+
+        u = ttl * USEC_PER_SEC;
+        if (u > CACHE_TTL_MAX_USEC)
+                u = CACHE_TTL_MAX_USEC;
+
+        if (rr->expiry != USEC_INFINITY) {
+                usec_t left;
+
+                /* Make use of the DNSSEC RRSIG expiry info, if we
+                 * have it */
+
+                left = LESS_BY(rr->expiry, now(CLOCK_REALTIME));
+                if (u > left)
+                        u = left;
+        }
+
+        return timestamp + u;
+}
+
+static void dns_cache_item_update_positive(
+                DnsCache *c,
+                DnsCacheItem *i,
+                DnsResourceRecord *rr,
+                bool authenticated,
+                bool shared_owner,
+                usec_t timestamp,
+                int ifindex,
+                int owner_family,
+                const union in_addr_union *owner_address) {
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(i);
+        assert(rr);
+        assert(owner_address);
+
+        i->type = DNS_CACHE_POSITIVE;
+
+        if (!i->by_key_prev)
+                /* We are the first item in the list, we need to
+                 * update the key used in the hashmap */
+
+                assert_se(hashmap_replace(c->by_key, rr->key, i) >= 0);
+
+        dns_resource_record_ref(rr);
+        dns_resource_record_unref(i->rr);
+        i->rr = rr;
+
+        dns_resource_key_unref(i->key);
+        i->key = dns_resource_key_ref(rr->key);
+
+        i->until = calculate_until(rr, (uint32_t) -1, timestamp, false);
+        i->authenticated = authenticated;
+        i->shared_owner = shared_owner;
+
+        i->ifindex = ifindex;
+
+        i->owner_family = owner_family;
+        i->owner_address = *owner_address;
+
+        prioq_reshuffle(c->by_expiry, i, &i->prioq_idx);
+}
+
+static int dns_cache_put_positive(
+                DnsCache *c,
+                DnsResourceRecord *rr,
+                bool authenticated,
+                bool shared_owner,
+                usec_t timestamp,
+                int ifindex,
+                int owner_family,
+                const union in_addr_union *owner_address) {
+
+        _cleanup_(dns_cache_item_freep) DnsCacheItem *i = NULL;
+        DnsCacheItem *existing;
+        char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX], ifname[IF_NAMESIZE];
+        int r, k;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(rr);
+        assert(owner_address);
+
+        /* Never cache pseudo RRs */
+        if (dns_class_is_pseudo(rr->key->class))
+                return 0;
+        if (dns_type_is_pseudo(rr->key->type))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* New TTL is 0? Delete this specific entry... */
+        if (rr->ttl <= 0) {
+                k = dns_cache_remove_by_rr(c, rr);
+                log_debug("%s: %s",
+                          k > 0 ? "Removed zero TTL entry from cache" : "Not caching zero TTL cache entry",
+                          dns_resource_key_to_string(rr->key, key_str, sizeof key_str));
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Entry exists already? Update TTL, timestamp and owner*/
+        existing = dns_cache_get(c, rr);
+        if (existing) {
+                dns_cache_item_update_positive(
+                                c,
+                                existing,
+                                rr,
+                                authenticated,
+                                shared_owner,
+                                timestamp,
+                                ifindex,
+                                owner_family,
+                                owner_address);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Otherwise, add the new RR */
+        r = dns_cache_init(c);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        dns_cache_make_space(c, 1);
+
+        i = new0(DnsCacheItem, 1);
+        if (!i)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        i->type = DNS_CACHE_POSITIVE;
+        i->key = dns_resource_key_ref(rr->key);
+        i->rr = dns_resource_record_ref(rr);
+        i->until = calculate_until(rr, (uint32_t) -1, timestamp, false);
+        i->authenticated = authenticated;
+        i->shared_owner = shared_owner;
+        i->ifindex = ifindex;
+        i->owner_family = owner_family;
+        i->owner_address = *owner_address;
+        i->prioq_idx = PRIOQ_IDX_NULL;
+
+        r = dns_cache_link_item(c, i);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (log_get_max_level() >= LOG_DEBUG) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+
+                (void) in_addr_to_string(i->owner_family, &i->owner_address, &t);
+
+                log_debug("Added positive %s%s cache entry for %s "USEC_FMT"s on %s/%s/%s",
+                          i->authenticated ? "authenticated" : "unauthenticated",
+                          i->shared_owner ? " shared" : "",
+                          dns_resource_key_to_string(i->key, key_str, sizeof key_str),
+                          (i->until - timestamp) / USEC_PER_SEC,
+                          i->ifindex == 0 ? "*" : strna(if_indextoname(i->ifindex, ifname)),
+                          af_to_name_short(i->owner_family),
+                          strna(t));
+        }
+
+        i = NULL;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_cache_put_negative(
+                DnsCache *c,
+                DnsResourceKey *key,
+                int rcode,
+                bool authenticated,
+                uint32_t nsec_ttl,
+                usec_t timestamp,
+                DnsResourceRecord *soa,
+                int owner_family,
+                const union in_addr_union *owner_address) {
+
+        _cleanup_(dns_cache_item_freep) DnsCacheItem *i = NULL;
+        char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(soa);
+        assert(owner_address);
+
+        /* Never cache pseudo RR keys. DNS_TYPE_ANY is particularly
+         * important to filter out as we use this as a pseudo-type for
+         * NXDOMAIN entries */
+        if (dns_class_is_pseudo(key->class))
+                return 0;
+        if (dns_type_is_pseudo(key->type))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (nsec_ttl <= 0 || soa->soa.minimum <= 0 || soa->ttl <= 0) {
+                log_debug("Not caching negative entry with zero SOA/NSEC/NSEC3 TTL: %s",
+                          dns_resource_key_to_string(key, key_str, sizeof key_str));
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!IN_SET(rcode, DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS, DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = dns_cache_init(c);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        dns_cache_make_space(c, 1);
+
+        i = new0(DnsCacheItem, 1);
+        if (!i)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        i->type = rcode == DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS ? DNS_CACHE_NODATA : DNS_CACHE_NXDOMAIN;
+        i->until = calculate_until(soa, nsec_ttl, timestamp, true);
+        i->authenticated = authenticated;
+        i->owner_family = owner_family;
+        i->owner_address = *owner_address;
+        i->prioq_idx = PRIOQ_IDX_NULL;
+
+        if (i->type == DNS_CACHE_NXDOMAIN) {
+                /* NXDOMAIN entries should apply equally to all types, so we use ANY as
+                 * a pseudo type for this purpose here. */
+                i->key = dns_resource_key_new(key->class, DNS_TYPE_ANY, dns_resource_key_name(key));
+                if (!i->key)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                /* Make sure to remove any previous entry for this
+                 * specific ANY key. (For non-ANY keys the cache data
+                 * is already cleared by the caller.) Note that we
+                 * don't bother removing positive or NODATA cache
+                 * items in this case, because it would either be slow
+                 * or require explicit indexing by name */
+                dns_cache_remove_by_key(c, key);
+        } else
+                i->key = dns_resource_key_ref(key);
+
+        r = dns_cache_link_item(c, i);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        log_debug("Added %s cache entry for %s "USEC_FMT"s",
+                  i->type == DNS_CACHE_NODATA ? "NODATA" : "NXDOMAIN",
+                  dns_resource_key_to_string(i->key, key_str, sizeof key_str),
+                  (i->until - timestamp) / USEC_PER_SEC);
+
+        i = NULL;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void dns_cache_remove_previous(
+                DnsCache *c,
+                DnsResourceKey *key,
+                DnsAnswer *answer) {
+
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        DnsAnswerFlags flags;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        /* First, if we were passed a key (i.e. on LLMNR/DNS, but
+         * not on mDNS), delete all matching old RRs, so that we only
+         * keep complete by_key in place. */
+        if (key)
+                dns_cache_remove_by_key(c, key);
+
+        /* Second, flush all entries matching the answer, unless this
+         * is an RR that is explicitly marked to be "shared" between
+         * peers (i.e. mDNS RRs without the flush-cache bit set). */
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(rr, flags, answer) {
+                if ((flags & DNS_ANSWER_CACHEABLE) == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (flags & DNS_ANSWER_SHARED_OWNER)
+                        continue;
+
+                dns_cache_remove_by_key(c, rr->key);
+        }
+}
+
+static bool rr_eligible(DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        assert(rr);
+
+        /* When we see an NSEC/NSEC3 RR, we'll only cache it if it is from the lower zone, not the upper zone, since
+         * that's where the interesting bits are (with exception of DS RRs). Of course, this way we cannot derive DS
+         * existence from any cached NSEC/NSEC3, but that should be fine. */
+
+        switch (rr->key->type) {
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_NSEC:
+                return !bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_NS) ||
+                        bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_SOA);
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_NSEC3:
+                return !bitmap_isset(rr->nsec3.types, DNS_TYPE_NS) ||
+                        bitmap_isset(rr->nsec3.types, DNS_TYPE_SOA);
+
+        default:
+                return true;
+        }
+}
+
+int dns_cache_put(
+                DnsCache *c,
+                DnsResourceKey *key,
+                int rcode,
+                DnsAnswer *answer,
+                bool authenticated,
+                uint32_t nsec_ttl,
+                usec_t timestamp,
+                int owner_family,
+                const union in_addr_union *owner_address) {
+
+        DnsResourceRecord *soa = NULL, *rr;
+        DnsAnswerFlags flags;
+        unsigned cache_keys;
+        int r, ifindex;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(owner_address);
+
+        dns_cache_remove_previous(c, key, answer);
+
+        /* We only care for positive replies and NXDOMAINs, on all
+         * other replies we will simply flush the respective entries,
+         * and that's it */
+        if (!IN_SET(rcode, DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS, DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (dns_answer_size(answer) <= 0) {
+                char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
+
+                log_debug("Not caching negative entry without a SOA record: %s",
+                          dns_resource_key_to_string(key, key_str, sizeof key_str));
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        cache_keys = dns_answer_size(answer);
+        if (key)
+                cache_keys++;
+
+        /* Make some space for our new entries */
+        dns_cache_make_space(c, cache_keys);
+
+        if (timestamp <= 0)
+                timestamp = now(clock_boottime_or_monotonic());
+
+        /* Second, add in positive entries for all contained RRs */
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FULL(rr, ifindex, flags, answer) {
+                if ((flags & DNS_ANSWER_CACHEABLE) == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = rr_eligible(rr);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_cache_put_positive(
+                                c,
+                                rr,
+                                flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED,
+                                flags & DNS_ANSWER_SHARED_OWNER,
+                                timestamp,
+                                ifindex,
+                                owner_family, owner_address);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (!key) /* mDNS doesn't know negative caching, really */
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Third, add in negative entries if the key has no RR */
+        r = dns_answer_match_key(answer, key, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+        if (r > 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* But not if it has a matching CNAME/DNAME (the negative
+         * caching will be done on the canonical name, not on the
+         * alias) */
+        r = dns_answer_find_cname_or_dname(answer, key, NULL, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+        if (r > 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* See https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2308, which say that a
+         * matching SOA record in the packet is used to enable
+         * negative caching. */
+        r = dns_answer_find_soa(answer, key, &soa, &flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Refuse using the SOA data if it is unsigned, but the key is
+         * signed */
+        if (authenticated && (flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED) == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = dns_cache_put_negative(
+                        c,
+                        key,
+                        rcode,
+                        authenticated,
+                        nsec_ttl,
+                        timestamp,
+                        soa,
+                        owner_family, owner_address);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        /* Adding all RRs failed. Let's clean up what we already
+         * added, just in case */
+
+        if (key)
+                dns_cache_remove_by_key(c, key);
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(rr, flags, answer) {
+                if ((flags & DNS_ANSWER_CACHEABLE) == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                dns_cache_remove_by_key(c, rr->key);
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static DnsCacheItem *dns_cache_get_by_key_follow_cname_dname_nsec(DnsCache *c, DnsResourceKey *k) {
+        DnsCacheItem *i;
+        const char *n;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(k);
+
+        /* If we hit some OOM error, or suchlike, we don't care too
+         * much, after all this is just a cache */
+
+        i = hashmap_get(c->by_key, k);
+        if (i)
+                return i;
+
+        n = dns_resource_key_name(k);
+
+        /* Check if we have an NXDOMAIN cache item for the name, notice that we use
+         * the pseudo-type ANY for NXDOMAIN cache items. */
+        i = hashmap_get(c->by_key, &DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_CONST(k->class, DNS_TYPE_ANY, n));
+        if (i && i->type == DNS_CACHE_NXDOMAIN)
+                return i;
+
+        if (dns_type_may_redirect(k->type)) {
+                /* Check if we have a CNAME record instead */
+                i = hashmap_get(c->by_key, &DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_CONST(k->class, DNS_TYPE_CNAME, n));
+                if (i)
+                        return i;
+
+                /* OK, let's look for cached DNAME records. */
+                for (;;) {
+                        if (isempty(n))
+                                return NULL;
+
+                        i = hashmap_get(c->by_key, &DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_CONST(k->class, DNS_TYPE_DNAME, n));
+                        if (i)
+                                return i;
+
+                        /* Jump one label ahead */
+                        r = dns_name_parent(&n);
+                        if (r <= 0)
+                                return NULL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (k->type != DNS_TYPE_NSEC) {
+                /* Check if we have an NSEC record instead for the name. */
+                i = hashmap_get(c->by_key, &DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_CONST(k->class, DNS_TYPE_NSEC, n));
+                if (i)
+                        return i;
+        }
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+int dns_cache_lookup(DnsCache *c, DnsResourceKey *key, bool clamp_ttl, int *rcode, DnsAnswer **ret, bool *authenticated) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *answer = NULL;
+        char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
+        unsigned n = 0;
+        int r;
+        bool nxdomain = false;
+        DnsCacheItem *j, *first, *nsec = NULL;
+        bool have_authenticated = false, have_non_authenticated = false;
+        usec_t current;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(rcode);
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(authenticated);
+
+        if (key->type == DNS_TYPE_ANY || key->class == DNS_CLASS_ANY) {
+                /* If we have ANY lookups we don't use the cache, so
+                 * that the caller refreshes via the network. */
+
+                log_debug("Ignoring cache for ANY lookup: %s",
+                          dns_resource_key_to_string(key, key_str, sizeof key_str));
+
+                c->n_miss++;
+
+                *ret = NULL;
+                *rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        first = dns_cache_get_by_key_follow_cname_dname_nsec(c, key);
+        if (!first) {
+                /* If one question cannot be answered we need to refresh */
+
+                log_debug("Cache miss for %s",
+                          dns_resource_key_to_string(key, key_str, sizeof key_str));
+
+                c->n_miss++;
+
+                *ret = NULL;
+                *rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_key, j, first) {
+                if (j->rr) {
+                        if (j->rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_NSEC)
+                                nsec = j;
+
+                        n++;
+                } else if (j->type == DNS_CACHE_NXDOMAIN)
+                        nxdomain = true;
+
+                if (j->authenticated)
+                        have_authenticated = true;
+                else
+                        have_non_authenticated = true;
+        }
+
+        if (nsec && !IN_SET(key->type, DNS_TYPE_NSEC, DNS_TYPE_DS)) {
+                /* Note that we won't derive information for DS RRs from an NSEC, because we only cache NSEC RRs from
+                 * the lower-zone of a zone cut, but the DS RRs are on the upper zone. */
+
+                log_debug("NSEC NODATA cache hit for %s",
+                          dns_resource_key_to_string(key, key_str, sizeof key_str));
+
+                /* We only found an NSEC record that matches our name.
+                 * If it says the type doesn't exist report
+                 * NODATA. Otherwise report a cache miss. */
+
+                *ret = NULL;
+                *rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
+                *authenticated = nsec->authenticated;
+
+                if (!bitmap_isset(nsec->rr->nsec.types, key->type) &&
+                    !bitmap_isset(nsec->rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_CNAME) &&
+                    !bitmap_isset(nsec->rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_DNAME)) {
+                        c->n_hit++;
+                        return 1;
+                }
+
+                c->n_miss++;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("%s cache hit for %s",
+                  n > 0    ? "Positive" :
+                  nxdomain ? "NXDOMAIN" : "NODATA",
+                  dns_resource_key_to_string(key, key_str, sizeof key_str));
+
+        if (n <= 0) {
+                c->n_hit++;
+
+                *ret = NULL;
+                *rcode = nxdomain ? DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN : DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
+                *authenticated = have_authenticated && !have_non_authenticated;
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        answer = dns_answer_new(n);
+        if (!answer)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (clamp_ttl)
+                current = now(clock_boottime_or_monotonic());
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_key, j, first) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+
+                if (!j->rr)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (clamp_ttl) {
+                        rr = dns_resource_record_ref(j->rr);
+
+                        r = dns_resource_record_clamp_ttl(&rr, LESS_BY(j->until, current) / USEC_PER_SEC);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = dns_answer_add(answer, rr ?: j->rr, j->ifindex, j->authenticated ? DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED : 0);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        c->n_hit++;
+
+        *ret = answer;
+        *rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
+        *authenticated = have_authenticated && !have_non_authenticated;
+        answer = NULL;
+
+        return n;
+}
+
+int dns_cache_check_conflicts(DnsCache *cache, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int owner_family, const union in_addr_union *owner_address) {
+        DnsCacheItem *i, *first;
+        bool same_owner = true;
+
+        assert(cache);
+        assert(rr);
+
+        dns_cache_prune(cache);
+
+        /* See if there's a cache entry for the same key. If there
+         * isn't there's no conflict */
+        first = hashmap_get(cache->by_key, rr->key);
+        if (!first)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* See if the RR key is owned by the same owner, if so, there
+         * isn't a conflict either */
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_key, i, first) {
+                if (i->owner_family != owner_family ||
+                    !in_addr_equal(owner_family, &i->owner_address, owner_address)) {
+                        same_owner = false;
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+        if (same_owner)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* See if there's the exact same RR in the cache. If yes, then
+         * there's no conflict. */
+        if (dns_cache_get(cache, rr))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* There's a conflict */
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int dns_cache_export_shared_to_packet(DnsCache *cache, DnsPacket *p) {
+        unsigned ancount = 0;
+        Iterator iterator;
+        DnsCacheItem *i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(cache);
+        assert(p);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(i, cache->by_key, iterator) {
+                DnsCacheItem *j;
+
+                LIST_FOREACH(by_key, j, i) {
+                        if (!j->rr)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (!j->shared_owner)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = dns_packet_append_rr(p, j->rr, NULL, NULL);
+                        if (r == -EMSGSIZE && p->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS) {
+                                /* For mDNS, if we're unable to stuff all known answers into the given packet,
+                                 * allocate a new one, push the RR into that one and link it to the current one.
+                                 */
+
+                                DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->ancount = htobe16(ancount);
+                                ancount = 0;
+
+                                r = dns_packet_new_query(&p->more, p->protocol, 0, true);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                /* continue with new packet */
+                                p = p->more;
+                                r = dns_packet_append_rr(p, j->rr, NULL, NULL);
+                        }
+
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        ancount++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->ancount = htobe16(ancount);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void dns_cache_dump(DnsCache *cache, FILE *f) {
+        Iterator iterator;
+        DnsCacheItem *i;
+
+        if (!cache)
+                return;
+
+        if (!f)
+                f = stdout;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(i, cache->by_key, iterator) {
+                DnsCacheItem *j;
+
+                LIST_FOREACH(by_key, j, i) {
+
+                        fputc('\t', f);
+
+                        if (j->rr) {
+                                const char *t;
+                                t = dns_resource_record_to_string(j->rr);
+                                if (!t) {
+                                        log_oom();
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+
+                                fputs(t, f);
+                                fputc('\n', f);
+                        } else {
+                                char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
+
+                                fputs(dns_resource_key_to_string(j->key, key_str, sizeof key_str), f);
+                                fputs(" -- ", f);
+                                fputs(j->type == DNS_CACHE_NODATA ? "NODATA" : "NXDOMAIN", f);
+                                fputc('\n', f);
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+bool dns_cache_is_empty(DnsCache *cache) {
+        if (!cache)
+                return true;
+
+        return hashmap_isempty(cache->by_key);
+}
+
+unsigned dns_cache_size(DnsCache *cache) {
+        if (!cache)
+                return 0;
+
+        return hashmap_size(cache->by_key);
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-cache.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-cache.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c1581c99b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-cache.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/hashmap.h"
+#include "basic/list.h"
+#include "basic/prioq.h"
+#include "basic/time-util.h"
+
+typedef struct DnsCache {
+        Hashmap *by_key;
+        Prioq *by_expiry;
+        unsigned n_hit;
+        unsigned n_miss;
+} DnsCache;
+
+#include "resolved-dns-answer.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-packet.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-question.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-rr.h"
+
+void dns_cache_flush(DnsCache *c);
+void dns_cache_prune(DnsCache *c);
+
+int dns_cache_put(DnsCache *c, DnsResourceKey *key, int rcode, DnsAnswer *answer, bool authenticated, uint32_t nsec_ttl, usec_t timestamp, int owner_family, const union in_addr_union *owner_address);
+int dns_cache_lookup(DnsCache *c, DnsResourceKey *key, bool clamp_ttl, int *rcode, DnsAnswer **answer, bool *authenticated);
+
+int dns_cache_check_conflicts(DnsCache *cache, DnsResourceRecord *rr, int owner_family, const union in_addr_union *owner_address);
+
+void dns_cache_dump(DnsCache *cache, FILE *f);
+bool dns_cache_is_empty(DnsCache *cache);
+
+unsigned dns_cache_size(DnsCache *cache);
+
+int dns_cache_export_shared_to_packet(DnsCache *cache, DnsPacket *p);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-query.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-query.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a187ee349
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-query.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1122 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/hostname-util.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+#include "dns-type.h"
+#include "sd-netlink/local-addresses.h"
+#include "shared/dns-domain.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-query.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-synthesize.h"
+#include "resolved-etc-hosts.h"
+
+/* How long to wait for the query in total */
+#define QUERY_TIMEOUT_USEC (30 * USEC_PER_SEC)
+
+#define CNAME_MAX 8
+#define QUERIES_MAX 2048
+#define AUXILIARY_QUERIES_MAX 64
+
+static int dns_query_candidate_new(DnsQueryCandidate **ret, DnsQuery *q, DnsScope *s) {
+        DnsQueryCandidate *c;
+
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(q);
+        assert(s);
+
+        c = new0(DnsQueryCandidate, 1);
+        if (!c)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        c->query = q;
+        c->scope = s;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(candidates_by_query, q->candidates, c);
+        LIST_PREPEND(candidates_by_scope, s->query_candidates, c);
+
+        *ret = c;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void dns_query_candidate_stop(DnsQueryCandidate *c) {
+        DnsTransaction *t;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        while ((t = set_steal_first(c->transactions))) {
+                set_remove(t->notify_query_candidates, c);
+                set_remove(t->notify_query_candidates_done, c);
+                dns_transaction_gc(t);
+        }
+}
+
+DnsQueryCandidate* dns_query_candidate_free(DnsQueryCandidate *c) {
+
+        if (!c)
+                return NULL;
+
+        dns_query_candidate_stop(c);
+
+        set_free(c->transactions);
+        dns_search_domain_unref(c->search_domain);
+
+        if (c->query)
+                LIST_REMOVE(candidates_by_query, c->query->candidates, c);
+
+        if (c->scope)
+                LIST_REMOVE(candidates_by_scope, c->scope->query_candidates, c);
+
+        free(c);
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static int dns_query_candidate_next_search_domain(DnsQueryCandidate *c) {
+        DnsSearchDomain *next = NULL;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->search_domain && c->search_domain->linked)
+                next = c->search_domain->domains_next;
+        else
+                next = dns_scope_get_search_domains(c->scope);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                if (!next) /* We hit the end of the list */
+                        return 0;
+
+                if (!next->route_only)
+                        break;
+
+                /* Skip over route-only domains */
+                next = next->domains_next;
+        }
+
+        dns_search_domain_unref(c->search_domain);
+        c->search_domain = dns_search_domain_ref(next);
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int dns_query_candidate_add_transaction(DnsQueryCandidate *c, DnsResourceKey *key) {
+        DnsTransaction *t;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(key);
+
+        t = dns_scope_find_transaction(c->scope, key, true);
+        if (!t) {
+                r = dns_transaction_new(&t, c->scope, key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else {
+                if (set_contains(c->transactions, t))
+                        return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(&c->transactions, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto gc;
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(&t->notify_query_candidates, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto gc;
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(&t->notify_query_candidates_done, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto gc;
+
+        r = set_put(t->notify_query_candidates, c);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto gc;
+
+        r = set_put(c->transactions, t);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                (void) set_remove(t->notify_query_candidates, c);
+                goto gc;
+        }
+
+        t->clamp_ttl = c->query->clamp_ttl;
+        return 1;
+
+gc:
+        dns_transaction_gc(t);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int dns_query_candidate_go(DnsQueryCandidate *c) {
+        DnsTransaction *t;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+        unsigned n = 0;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        /* Start the transactions that are not started yet */
+        SET_FOREACH(t, c->transactions, i) {
+                if (t->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_transaction_go(t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                n++;
+        }
+
+        /* If there was nothing to start, then let's proceed immediately */
+        if (n == 0)
+                dns_query_candidate_notify(c);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static DnsTransactionState dns_query_candidate_state(DnsQueryCandidate *c) {
+        DnsTransactionState state = DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_SERVERS;
+        DnsTransaction *t;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->error_code != 0)
+                return DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(t, c->transactions, i) {
+
+                switch (t->state) {
+
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL:
+                        /* If there's a NULL transaction pending, then
+                         * this means not all transactions where
+                         * started yet, and we were called from within
+                         * the stackframe that is supposed to start
+                         * remaining transactions. In this case,
+                         * simply claim the candidate is pending. */
+
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING:
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_VALIDATING:
+                        /* If there's one transaction currently in
+                         * VALIDATING state, then this means there's
+                         * also one in PENDING state, hence we can
+                         * return PENDING immediately. */
+                        return DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING;
+
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS:
+                        state = t->state;
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        if (state != DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS)
+                                state = t->state;
+
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return state;
+}
+
+static bool dns_query_candidate_is_routable(DnsQueryCandidate *c, uint16_t type) {
+        int family;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        /* Checks whether the specified RR type matches an address family that is routable on the link(s) the scope of
+         * this candidate belongs to. Specifically, whether there's a routable IPv4 address on it if we query an A RR,
+         * or a routable IPv6 address if we query an AAAA RR. */
+
+        if (!c->query->suppress_unroutable_family)
+                return true;
+
+        if (c->scope->protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS)
+                return true;
+
+        family = dns_type_to_af(type);
+        if (family < 0)
+                return true;
+
+        if (c->scope->link)
+                return link_relevant(c->scope->link, family, false);
+        else
+                return manager_routable(c->scope->manager, family);
+}
+
+static int dns_query_candidate_setup_transactions(DnsQueryCandidate *c) {
+        DnsQuestion *question;
+        DnsResourceKey *key;
+        int n = 0, r;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        dns_query_candidate_stop(c);
+
+        question = dns_query_question_for_protocol(c->query, c->scope->protocol);
+
+        /* Create one transaction per question key */
+        DNS_QUESTION_FOREACH(key, question) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *new_key = NULL;
+                DnsResourceKey *qkey;
+
+                if (!dns_query_candidate_is_routable(c, key->type))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (c->search_domain) {
+                        r = dns_resource_key_new_append_suffix(&new_key, key, c->search_domain->name);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        qkey = new_key;
+                } else
+                        qkey = key;
+
+                if (!dns_scope_good_key(c->scope, qkey))
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_query_candidate_add_transaction(c, qkey);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                n++;
+        }
+
+        return n;
+
+fail:
+        dns_query_candidate_stop(c);
+        return r;
+}
+
+void dns_query_candidate_notify(DnsQueryCandidate *c) {
+        DnsTransactionState state;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        state = dns_query_candidate_state(c);
+
+        if (DNS_TRANSACTION_IS_LIVE(state))
+                return;
+
+        if (state != DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS && c->search_domain) {
+
+                r = dns_query_candidate_next_search_domain(c);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        /* OK, there's another search domain to try, let's do so. */
+
+                        r = dns_query_candidate_setup_transactions(c);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        if (r > 0) {
+                                /* New transactions where queued. Start them and wait */
+
+                                r = dns_query_candidate_go(c);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        goto fail;
+
+                                return;
+                        }
+                }
+
+        }
+
+        dns_query_ready(c->query);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to follow search domains: %m");
+        c->error_code = r;
+        dns_query_ready(c->query);
+}
+
+static void dns_query_stop(DnsQuery *q) {
+        DnsQueryCandidate *c;
+
+        assert(q);
+
+        q->timeout_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(q->timeout_event_source);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(candidates_by_query, c, q->candidates)
+                dns_query_candidate_stop(c);
+}
+
+static void dns_query_free_candidates(DnsQuery *q) {
+        assert(q);
+
+        while (q->candidates)
+                dns_query_candidate_free(q->candidates);
+}
+
+static void dns_query_reset_answer(DnsQuery *q) {
+        assert(q);
+
+        q->answer = dns_answer_unref(q->answer);
+        q->answer_rcode = 0;
+        q->answer_dnssec_result = _DNSSEC_RESULT_INVALID;
+        q->answer_errno = 0;
+        q->answer_authenticated = false;
+        q->answer_protocol = _DNS_PROTOCOL_INVALID;
+        q->answer_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+        q->answer_search_domain = dns_search_domain_unref(q->answer_search_domain);
+}
+
+DnsQuery *dns_query_free(DnsQuery *q) {
+        if (!q)
+                return NULL;
+
+        while (q->auxiliary_queries)
+                dns_query_free(q->auxiliary_queries);
+
+        if (q->auxiliary_for) {
+                assert(q->auxiliary_for->n_auxiliary_queries > 0);
+                q->auxiliary_for->n_auxiliary_queries--;
+                LIST_REMOVE(auxiliary_queries, q->auxiliary_for->auxiliary_queries, q);
+        }
+
+        dns_query_free_candidates(q);
+
+        dns_question_unref(q->question_idna);
+        dns_question_unref(q->question_utf8);
+
+        dns_query_reset_answer(q);
+
+        sd_bus_message_unref(q->request);
+        sd_bus_track_unref(q->bus_track);
+
+        dns_packet_unref(q->request_dns_packet);
+
+        if (q->request_dns_stream) {
+                /* Detach the stream from our query, in case something else keeps a reference to it. */
+                q->request_dns_stream->complete = NULL;
+                q->request_dns_stream->on_packet = NULL;
+                q->request_dns_stream->query = NULL;
+                dns_stream_unref(q->request_dns_stream);
+        }
+
+        free(q->request_address_string);
+
+        if (q->manager) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(queries, q->manager->dns_queries, q);
+                q->manager->n_dns_queries--;
+        }
+
+        free(q);
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+int dns_query_new(
+                Manager *m,
+                DnsQuery **ret,
+                DnsQuestion *question_utf8,
+                DnsQuestion *question_idna,
+                int ifindex,
+                uint64_t flags) {
+
+        _cleanup_(dns_query_freep) DnsQuery *q = NULL;
+        DnsResourceKey *key;
+        bool good = false;
+        int r;
+        char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (dns_question_size(question_utf8) > 0) {
+                r = dns_question_is_valid_for_query(question_utf8);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                good = true;
+        }
+
+        /* If the IDNA and UTF8 questions are the same, merge their references */
+        r = dns_question_is_equal(question_idna, question_utf8);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0)
+                question_idna = question_utf8;
+        else {
+                if (dns_question_size(question_idna) > 0) {
+                        r = dns_question_is_valid_for_query(question_idna);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                return -EINVAL;
+
+                        good = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!good) /* don't allow empty queries */
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (m->n_dns_queries >= QUERIES_MAX)
+                return -EBUSY;
+
+        q = new0(DnsQuery, 1);
+        if (!q)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        q->question_utf8 = dns_question_ref(question_utf8);
+        q->question_idna = dns_question_ref(question_idna);
+        q->ifindex = ifindex;
+        q->flags = flags;
+        q->answer_dnssec_result = _DNSSEC_RESULT_INVALID;
+        q->answer_protocol = _DNS_PROTOCOL_INVALID;
+        q->answer_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+
+        /* First dump UTF8  question */
+        DNS_QUESTION_FOREACH(key, question_utf8)
+                log_debug("Looking up RR for %s.",
+                          dns_resource_key_to_string(key, key_str, sizeof key_str));
+
+        /* And then dump the IDNA question, but only what hasn't been dumped already through the UTF8 question. */
+        DNS_QUESTION_FOREACH(key, question_idna) {
+                r = dns_question_contains(question_utf8, key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                log_debug("Looking up IDNA RR for %s.",
+                          dns_resource_key_to_string(key, key_str, sizeof key_str));
+        }
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(queries, m->dns_queries, q);
+        m->n_dns_queries++;
+        q->manager = m;
+
+        if (ret)
+                *ret = q;
+        q = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_query_make_auxiliary(DnsQuery *q, DnsQuery *auxiliary_for) {
+        assert(q);
+        assert(auxiliary_for);
+
+        /* Ensure that the query is not auxiliary yet, and
+         * nothing else is auxiliary to it either */
+        assert(!q->auxiliary_for);
+        assert(!q->auxiliary_queries);
+
+        /* Ensure that the unit we shall be made auxiliary for isn't
+         * auxiliary itself */
+        assert(!auxiliary_for->auxiliary_for);
+
+        if (auxiliary_for->n_auxiliary_queries >= AUXILIARY_QUERIES_MAX)
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(auxiliary_queries, auxiliary_for->auxiliary_queries, q);
+        q->auxiliary_for = auxiliary_for;
+
+        auxiliary_for->n_auxiliary_queries++;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void dns_query_complete(DnsQuery *q, DnsTransactionState state) {
+        assert(q);
+        assert(!DNS_TRANSACTION_IS_LIVE(state));
+        assert(DNS_TRANSACTION_IS_LIVE(q->state));
+
+        /* Note that this call might invalidate the query. Callers
+         * should hence not attempt to access the query or transaction
+         * after calling this function. */
+
+        q->state = state;
+
+        dns_query_stop(q);
+        if (q->complete)
+                q->complete(q);
+}
+
+static int on_query_timeout(sd_event_source *s, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        DnsQuery *q = userdata;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(q);
+
+        dns_query_complete(q, DNS_TRANSACTION_TIMEOUT);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_query_add_candidate(DnsQuery *q, DnsScope *s) {
+        DnsQueryCandidate *c;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(q);
+        assert(s);
+
+        r = dns_query_candidate_new(&c, q, s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* If this a single-label domain on DNS, we might append a suitable search domain first. */
+        if ((q->flags & SD_RESOLVED_NO_SEARCH) == 0)  {
+                r = dns_scope_name_needs_search_domain(s, dns_question_first_name(q->question_idna));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        /* OK, we need a search domain now. Let's find one for this scope */
+
+                        r = dns_query_candidate_next_search_domain(c);
+                        if (r <= 0) /* if there's no search domain, then we won't add any transaction. */
+                                goto fail;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = dns_query_candidate_setup_transactions(c);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        dns_query_candidate_free(c);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int dns_query_synthesize_reply(DnsQuery *q, DnsTransactionState *state) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *answer = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(q);
+        assert(state);
+
+        /* Tries to synthesize localhost RR replies (and others) where appropriate. Note that this is done *after* the
+         * the normal lookup finished. The data from the network hence takes precedence over the data we
+         * synthesize. (But note that many scopes refuse to resolve certain domain names) */
+
+        if (!IN_SET(*state,
+                    DNS_TRANSACTION_RCODE_FAILURE,
+                    DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_SERVERS,
+                    DNS_TRANSACTION_TIMEOUT,
+                    DNS_TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX_REACHED,
+                    DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK_DOWN,
+                    DNS_TRANSACTION_NOT_FOUND))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = dns_synthesize_answer(
+                        q->manager,
+                        q->question_utf8,
+                        q->ifindex,
+                        &answer);
+
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        dns_query_reset_answer(q);
+
+        q->answer = answer;
+        answer = NULL;
+        q->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
+        q->answer_protocol = dns_synthesize_protocol(q->flags);
+        q->answer_family = dns_synthesize_family(q->flags);
+        q->answer_authenticated = true;
+
+        *state = DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int dns_query_try_etc_hosts(DnsQuery *q) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *answer = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(q);
+
+        /* Looks in /etc/hosts for matching entries. Note that this is done *before* the normal lookup is done. The
+         * data from /etc/hosts hence takes precedence over the network. */
+
+        r = manager_etc_hosts_lookup(
+                        q->manager,
+                        q->question_utf8,
+                        &answer);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        dns_query_reset_answer(q);
+
+        q->answer = answer;
+        answer = NULL;
+        q->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
+        q->answer_protocol = dns_synthesize_protocol(q->flags);
+        q->answer_family = dns_synthesize_family(q->flags);
+        q->answer_authenticated = true;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int dns_query_go(DnsQuery *q) {
+        DnsScopeMatch found = DNS_SCOPE_NO;
+        DnsScope *s, *first = NULL;
+        DnsQueryCandidate *c;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(q);
+
+        if (q->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = dns_query_try_etc_hosts(q);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0) {
+                dns_query_complete(q, DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS);
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(scopes, s, q->manager->dns_scopes) {
+                DnsScopeMatch match;
+                const char *name;
+
+                name = dns_question_first_name(dns_query_question_for_protocol(q, s->protocol));
+                if (!name)
+                        continue;
+
+                match = dns_scope_good_domain(s, q->ifindex, q->flags, name);
+                if (match < 0)
+                        return match;
+
+                if (match == DNS_SCOPE_NO)
+                        continue;
+
+                found = match;
+
+                if (match == DNS_SCOPE_YES) {
+                        first = s;
+                        break;
+                } else {
+                        assert(match == DNS_SCOPE_MAYBE);
+
+                        if (!first)
+                                first = s;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (found == DNS_SCOPE_NO) {
+                DnsTransactionState state = DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_SERVERS;
+
+                r = dns_query_synthesize_reply(q, &state);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                dns_query_complete(q, state);
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_query_add_candidate(q, first);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(scopes, s, first->scopes_next) {
+                DnsScopeMatch match;
+                const char *name;
+
+                name = dns_question_first_name(dns_query_question_for_protocol(q, s->protocol));
+                if (!name)
+                        continue;
+
+                match = dns_scope_good_domain(s, q->ifindex, q->flags, name);
+                if (match < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                if (match != found)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_query_add_candidate(q, s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        dns_query_reset_answer(q);
+
+        r = sd_event_add_time(
+                        q->manager->event,
+                        &q->timeout_event_source,
+                        clock_boottime_or_monotonic(),
+                        now(clock_boottime_or_monotonic()) + QUERY_TIMEOUT_USEC, 0,
+                        on_query_timeout, q);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(q->timeout_event_source, "query-timeout");
+
+        q->state = DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING;
+        q->block_ready++;
+
+        /* Start the transactions */
+        LIST_FOREACH(candidates_by_query, c, q->candidates) {
+                r = dns_query_candidate_go(c);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        q->block_ready--;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+        }
+
+        q->block_ready--;
+        dns_query_ready(q);
+
+        return 1;
+
+fail:
+        dns_query_stop(q);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void dns_query_accept(DnsQuery *q, DnsQueryCandidate *c) {
+        DnsTransactionState state = DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_SERVERS;
+        bool has_authenticated = false, has_non_authenticated = false;
+        DnssecResult dnssec_result_authenticated = _DNSSEC_RESULT_INVALID, dnssec_result_non_authenticated = _DNSSEC_RESULT_INVALID;
+        DnsTransaction *t;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(q);
+
+        if (!c) {
+                r = dns_query_synthesize_reply(q, &state);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                dns_query_complete(q, state);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (c->error_code != 0) {
+                /* If the candidate had an error condition of its own, start with that. */
+                state = DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO;
+                q->answer = dns_answer_unref(q->answer);
+                q->answer_rcode = 0;
+                q->answer_dnssec_result = _DNSSEC_RESULT_INVALID;
+                q->answer_errno = c->error_code;
+        }
+
+        SET_FOREACH(t, c->transactions, i) {
+
+                switch (t->state) {
+
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS: {
+                        /* We found a successfully reply, merge it into the answer */
+                        r = dns_answer_extend(&q->answer, t->answer);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        q->answer_rcode = t->answer_rcode;
+                        q->answer_errno = 0;
+
+                        if (t->answer_authenticated) {
+                                has_authenticated = true;
+                                dnssec_result_authenticated = t->answer_dnssec_result;
+                        } else {
+                                has_non_authenticated = true;
+                                dnssec_result_non_authenticated = t->answer_dnssec_result;
+                        }
+
+                        state = DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL:
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING:
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_VALIDATING:
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_ABORTED:
+                        /* Ignore transactions that didn't complete */
+                        continue;
+
+                default:
+                        /* Any kind of failure? Store the data away,
+                         * if there's nothing stored yet. */
+
+                        if (state == DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS)
+                                continue;
+
+                        q->answer = dns_answer_unref(q->answer);
+                        q->answer_rcode = t->answer_rcode;
+                        q->answer_dnssec_result = t->answer_dnssec_result;
+                        q->answer_errno = t->answer_errno;
+
+                        state = t->state;
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (state == DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS) {
+                q->answer_authenticated = has_authenticated && !has_non_authenticated;
+                q->answer_dnssec_result = q->answer_authenticated ? dnssec_result_authenticated : dnssec_result_non_authenticated;
+        }
+
+        q->answer_protocol = c->scope->protocol;
+        q->answer_family = c->scope->family;
+
+        dns_search_domain_unref(q->answer_search_domain);
+        q->answer_search_domain = dns_search_domain_ref(c->search_domain);
+
+        r = dns_query_synthesize_reply(q, &state);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        dns_query_complete(q, state);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        q->answer_errno = -r;
+        dns_query_complete(q, DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO);
+}
+
+void dns_query_ready(DnsQuery *q) {
+
+        DnsQueryCandidate *bad = NULL, *c;
+        bool pending = false;
+
+        assert(q);
+        assert(DNS_TRANSACTION_IS_LIVE(q->state));
+
+        /* Note that this call might invalidate the query. Callers
+         * should hence not attempt to access the query or transaction
+         * after calling this function, unless the block_ready
+         * counter was explicitly bumped before doing so. */
+
+        if (q->block_ready > 0)
+                return;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(candidates_by_query, c, q->candidates) {
+                DnsTransactionState state;
+
+                state = dns_query_candidate_state(c);
+                switch (state) {
+
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS:
+                        /* One of the candidates is successful,
+                         * let's use it, and copy its data out */
+                        dns_query_accept(q, c);
+                        return;
+
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL:
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING:
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_VALIDATING:
+                        /* One of the candidates is still going on,
+                         * let's maybe wait for it */
+                        pending = true;
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        /* Any kind of failure */
+                        bad = c;
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (pending)
+                return;
+
+        dns_query_accept(q, bad);
+}
+
+static int dns_query_cname_redirect(DnsQuery *q, const DnsResourceRecord *cname) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_question_unrefp) DnsQuestion *nq_idna = NULL, *nq_utf8 = NULL;
+        int r, k;
+
+        assert(q);
+
+        q->n_cname_redirects++;
+        if (q->n_cname_redirects > CNAME_MAX)
+                return -ELOOP;
+
+        r = dns_question_cname_redirect(q->question_idna, cname, &nq_idna);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        else if (r > 0)
+                log_debug("Following CNAME/DNAME %s → %s.", dns_question_first_name(q->question_idna), dns_question_first_name(nq_idna));
+
+        k = dns_question_is_equal(q->question_idna, q->question_utf8);
+        if (k < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (k > 0) {
+                /* Same question? Shortcut new question generation */
+                nq_utf8 = dns_question_ref(nq_idna);
+                k = r;
+        } else {
+                k = dns_question_cname_redirect(q->question_utf8, cname, &nq_utf8);
+                if (k < 0)
+                        return k;
+                else if (k > 0)
+                        log_debug("Following UTF8 CNAME/DNAME %s → %s.", dns_question_first_name(q->question_utf8), dns_question_first_name(nq_utf8));
+        }
+
+        if (r == 0 && k == 0) /* No actual cname happened? */
+                return -ELOOP;
+
+        if (q->answer_protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS) {
+                /* Don't permit CNAME redirects from unicast DNS to LLMNR or MulticastDNS, so that global resources
+                 * cannot invade the local namespace. The opposite way we permit: local names may redirect to global
+                 * ones. */
+
+                q->flags &= ~(SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR|SD_RESOLVED_MDNS); /* mask away the local protocols */
+        }
+
+        /* Turn off searching for the new name */
+        q->flags |= SD_RESOLVED_NO_SEARCH;
+
+        dns_question_unref(q->question_idna);
+        q->question_idna = nq_idna;
+        nq_idna = NULL;
+
+        dns_question_unref(q->question_utf8);
+        q->question_utf8 = nq_utf8;
+        nq_utf8 = NULL;
+
+        dns_query_free_candidates(q);
+        dns_query_reset_answer(q);
+
+        q->state = DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_query_process_cname(DnsQuery *q) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *cname = NULL;
+        DnsQuestion *question;
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(q);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(q->state, DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS, DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL))
+                return DNS_QUERY_NOMATCH;
+
+        question = dns_query_question_for_protocol(q, q->answer_protocol);
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, q->answer) {
+                r = dns_question_matches_rr(question, rr, DNS_SEARCH_DOMAIN_NAME(q->answer_search_domain));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        return DNS_QUERY_MATCH; /* The answer matches directly, no need to follow cnames */
+
+                r = dns_question_matches_cname_or_dname(question, rr, DNS_SEARCH_DOMAIN_NAME(q->answer_search_domain));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0 && !cname)
+                        cname = dns_resource_record_ref(rr);
+        }
+
+        if (!cname)
+                return DNS_QUERY_NOMATCH; /* No match and no cname to follow */
+
+        if (q->flags & SD_RESOLVED_NO_CNAME)
+                return -ELOOP;
+
+        /* OK, let's actually follow the CNAME */
+        r = dns_query_cname_redirect(q, cname);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Let's see if the answer can already answer the new
+         * redirected question */
+        r = dns_query_process_cname(q);
+        if (r != DNS_QUERY_NOMATCH)
+                return r;
+
+        /* OK, it cannot, let's begin with the new query */
+        r = dns_query_go(q);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return DNS_QUERY_RESTARTED; /* We restarted the query for a new cname */
+}
+
+static int on_bus_track(sd_bus_track *t, void *userdata) {
+        DnsQuery *q = userdata;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(q);
+
+        log_debug("Client of active query vanished, aborting query.");
+        dns_query_complete(q, DNS_TRANSACTION_ABORTED);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_query_bus_track(DnsQuery *q, sd_bus_message *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(q);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (!q->bus_track) {
+                r = sd_bus_track_new(sd_bus_message_get_bus(m), &q->bus_track, on_bus_track, q);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_track_add_sender(q->bus_track, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DnsQuestion* dns_query_question_for_protocol(DnsQuery *q, DnsProtocol protocol) {
+        assert(q);
+
+        switch (protocol) {
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS:
+                return q->question_idna;
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
+                return q->question_utf8;
+
+        default:
+                return NULL;
+        }
+}
+
+const char *dns_query_string(DnsQuery *q) {
+        const char *name;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Returns a somewhat useful human-readable lookup key string for this query */
+
+        if (q->request_address_string)
+                return q->request_address_string;
+
+        if (q->request_address_valid) {
+                r = in_addr_to_string(q->request_family, &q->request_address, &q->request_address_string);
+                if (r >= 0)
+                        return q->request_address_string;
+        }
+
+        name = dns_question_first_name(q->question_utf8);
+        if (name)
+                return name;
+
+        return dns_question_first_name(q->question_idna);
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-query.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-query.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a501cb1203
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-query.h
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "basic/set.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-answer.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-question.h"
+
+typedef struct DnsQuery DnsQuery;
+typedef struct DnsQueryCandidate DnsQueryCandidate;
+
+#include "resolved-dns-search-domain.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-stream.h"
+
+struct DnsQueryCandidate {
+        DnsQuery *query;
+        DnsScope *scope;
+
+        DnsSearchDomain *search_domain;
+
+        int error_code;
+        Set *transactions;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(DnsQueryCandidate, candidates_by_query);
+        LIST_FIELDS(DnsQueryCandidate, candidates_by_scope);
+};
+
+struct DnsQuery {
+        Manager *manager;
+
+        /* When resolving a service, we first create a TXT+SRV query,
+         * and then for the hostnames we discover auxiliary A+AAAA
+         * queries. This pointer always points from the auxiliary
+         * queries back to the TXT+SRV query. */
+        DnsQuery *auxiliary_for;
+        LIST_HEAD(DnsQuery, auxiliary_queries);
+        unsigned n_auxiliary_queries;
+        int auxiliary_result;
+
+        /* The question, formatted in IDNA for use on classic DNS, and as UTF8 for use in LLMNR or mDNS. Note that even
+         * on classic DNS some labels might use UTF8 encoding. Specifically, DNS-SD service names (in contrast to their
+         * domain suffixes) use UTF-8 encoding even on DNS. Thus, the difference between these two fields is mostly
+         * relevant only for explicit *hostname* lookups as well as the domain suffixes of service lookups. */
+        DnsQuestion *question_idna;
+        DnsQuestion *question_utf8;
+
+        uint64_t flags;
+        int ifindex;
+
+        /* If true, A or AAAA RR lookups will be suppressed on links with no routable address of the matching address
+         * family */
+        bool suppress_unroutable_family;
+
+
+        /* If true, the RR TTLs of the answer will be clamped by their current left validity in the cache */
+        bool clamp_ttl;
+
+        DnsTransactionState state;
+        unsigned n_cname_redirects;
+
+        LIST_HEAD(DnsQueryCandidate, candidates);
+        sd_event_source *timeout_event_source;
+
+        /* Discovered data */
+        DnsAnswer *answer;
+        int answer_rcode;
+        DnssecResult answer_dnssec_result;
+        bool answer_authenticated;
+        DnsProtocol answer_protocol;
+        int answer_family;
+        DnsSearchDomain *answer_search_domain;
+        int answer_errno; /* if state is DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO */
+
+        /* Bus client information */
+        sd_bus_message *request;
+        int request_family;
+        bool request_address_valid;
+        union in_addr_union request_address;
+        unsigned block_all_complete;
+        char *request_address_string;
+
+        /* DNS stub information */
+        DnsPacket *request_dns_packet;
+        DnsStream *request_dns_stream;
+
+        /* Completion callback */
+        void (*complete)(DnsQuery* q);
+        unsigned block_ready;
+
+        sd_bus_track *bus_track;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(DnsQuery, queries);
+        LIST_FIELDS(DnsQuery, auxiliary_queries);
+};
+
+enum {
+        DNS_QUERY_MATCH,
+        DNS_QUERY_NOMATCH,
+        DNS_QUERY_RESTARTED,
+};
+
+DnsQueryCandidate* dns_query_candidate_free(DnsQueryCandidate *c);
+void dns_query_candidate_notify(DnsQueryCandidate *c);
+
+int dns_query_new(Manager *m, DnsQuery **q, DnsQuestion *question_utf8, DnsQuestion *question_idna, int family, uint64_t flags);
+DnsQuery *dns_query_free(DnsQuery *q);
+
+int dns_query_make_auxiliary(DnsQuery *q, DnsQuery *auxiliary_for);
+
+int dns_query_go(DnsQuery *q);
+void dns_query_ready(DnsQuery *q);
+
+int dns_query_process_cname(DnsQuery *q);
+
+int dns_query_bus_track(DnsQuery *q, sd_bus_message *m);
+
+DnsQuestion* dns_query_question_for_protocol(DnsQuery *q, DnsProtocol protocol);
+
+const char *dns_query_string(DnsQuery *q);
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsQuery*, dns_query_free);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-scope.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-scope.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9da091b5e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-scope.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1038 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <netinet/tcp.h>
+
+#include "basic/af-list.h"
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/fd-util.h"
+#include "basic/hostname-util.h"
+#include "basic/missing.h"
+#include "basic/random-util.h"
+#include "basic/socket-util.h"
+#include "basic/strv.h"
+#include "shared/dns-domain.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-scope.h"
+#include "resolved-llmnr.h"
+#include "resolved-mdns.h"
+
+#define MULTICAST_RATELIMIT_INTERVAL_USEC (1*USEC_PER_SEC)
+#define MULTICAST_RATELIMIT_BURST 1000
+
+/* After how much time to repeat LLMNR requests, see RFC 4795 Section 7 */
+#define MULTICAST_RESEND_TIMEOUT_MIN_USEC (100 * USEC_PER_MSEC)
+#define MULTICAST_RESEND_TIMEOUT_MAX_USEC (1 * USEC_PER_SEC)
+
+int dns_scope_new(Manager *m, DnsScope **ret, Link *l, DnsProtocol protocol, int family) {
+        DnsScope *s;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        s = new0(DnsScope, 1);
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        s->manager = m;
+        s->link = l;
+        s->protocol = protocol;
+        s->family = family;
+        s->resend_timeout = MULTICAST_RESEND_TIMEOUT_MIN_USEC;
+
+        if (protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS) {
+                /* Copy DNSSEC mode from the link if it is set there,
+                 * otherwise take the manager's DNSSEC mode. Note that
+                 * we copy this only at scope creation time, and do
+                 * not update it from the on, even if the setting
+                 * changes. */
+
+                if (l)
+                        s->dnssec_mode = link_get_dnssec_mode(l);
+                else
+                        s->dnssec_mode = manager_get_dnssec_mode(m);
+        } else
+                s->dnssec_mode = DNSSEC_NO;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(scopes, m->dns_scopes, s);
+
+        dns_scope_llmnr_membership(s, true);
+        dns_scope_mdns_membership(s, true);
+
+        log_debug("New scope on link %s, protocol %s, family %s", l ? l->name : "*", dns_protocol_to_string(protocol), family == AF_UNSPEC ? "*" : af_to_name(family));
+
+        /* Enforce ratelimiting for the multicast protocols */
+        RATELIMIT_INIT(s->ratelimit, MULTICAST_RATELIMIT_INTERVAL_USEC, MULTICAST_RATELIMIT_BURST);
+
+        *ret = s;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void dns_scope_abort_transactions(DnsScope *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        while (s->transactions) {
+                DnsTransaction *t = s->transactions;
+
+                /* Abort the transaction, but make sure it is not
+                 * freed while we still look at it */
+
+                t->block_gc++;
+                if (DNS_TRANSACTION_IS_LIVE(t->state))
+                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_ABORTED);
+                t->block_gc--;
+
+                dns_transaction_free(t);
+        }
+}
+
+DnsScope* dns_scope_free(DnsScope *s) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+
+        if (!s)
+                return NULL;
+
+        log_debug("Removing scope on link %s, protocol %s, family %s", s->link ? s->link->name : "*", dns_protocol_to_string(s->protocol), s->family == AF_UNSPEC ? "*" : af_to_name(s->family));
+
+        dns_scope_llmnr_membership(s, false);
+        dns_scope_mdns_membership(s, false);
+        dns_scope_abort_transactions(s);
+
+        while (s->query_candidates)
+                dns_query_candidate_free(s->query_candidates);
+
+        hashmap_free(s->transactions_by_key);
+
+        while ((rr = ordered_hashmap_steal_first(s->conflict_queue)))
+                dns_resource_record_unref(rr);
+
+        ordered_hashmap_free(s->conflict_queue);
+        sd_event_source_unref(s->conflict_event_source);
+
+        dns_cache_flush(&s->cache);
+        dns_zone_flush(&s->zone);
+
+        LIST_REMOVE(scopes, s->manager->dns_scopes, s);
+        free(s);
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+DnsServer *dns_scope_get_dns_server(DnsScope *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (s->link)
+                return link_get_dns_server(s->link);
+        else
+                return manager_get_dns_server(s->manager);
+}
+
+void dns_scope_next_dns_server(DnsScope *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS)
+                return;
+
+        if (s->link)
+                link_next_dns_server(s->link);
+        else
+                manager_next_dns_server(s->manager);
+}
+
+void dns_scope_packet_received(DnsScope *s, usec_t rtt) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (rtt <= s->max_rtt)
+                return;
+
+        s->max_rtt = rtt;
+        s->resend_timeout = MIN(MAX(MULTICAST_RESEND_TIMEOUT_MIN_USEC, s->max_rtt * 2), MULTICAST_RESEND_TIMEOUT_MAX_USEC);
+}
+
+void dns_scope_packet_lost(DnsScope *s, usec_t usec) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->resend_timeout <= usec)
+                s->resend_timeout = MIN(s->resend_timeout * 2, MULTICAST_RESEND_TIMEOUT_MAX_USEC);
+}
+
+static int dns_scope_emit_one(DnsScope *s, int fd, DnsPacket *p) {
+        union in_addr_union addr;
+        int ifindex = 0, r;
+        int family;
+        uint32_t mtu;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(p);
+        assert(p->protocol == s->protocol);
+
+        if (s->link) {
+                mtu = s->link->mtu;
+                ifindex = s->link->ifindex;
+        } else
+                mtu = manager_find_mtu(s->manager);
+
+        switch (s->protocol) {
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS:
+                assert(fd >= 0);
+
+                if (DNS_PACKET_QDCOUNT(p) > 1)
+                        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+
+                if (p->size > DNS_PACKET_UNICAST_SIZE_MAX)
+                        return -EMSGSIZE;
+
+                if (p->size + UDP_PACKET_HEADER_SIZE > mtu)
+                        return -EMSGSIZE;
+
+                r = manager_write(s->manager, fd, p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
+                assert(fd < 0);
+
+                if (DNS_PACKET_QDCOUNT(p) > 1)
+                        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+
+                if (!ratelimit_test(&s->ratelimit))
+                        return -EBUSY;
+
+                family = s->family;
+
+                if (family == AF_INET) {
+                        addr.in = LLMNR_MULTICAST_IPV4_ADDRESS;
+                        fd = manager_llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd(s->manager);
+                } else if (family == AF_INET6) {
+                        addr.in6 = LLMNR_MULTICAST_IPV6_ADDRESS;
+                        fd = manager_llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd(s->manager);
+                } else
+                        return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+                if (fd < 0)
+                        return fd;
+
+                r = manager_send(s->manager, fd, ifindex, family, &addr, LLMNR_PORT, NULL, p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
+                assert(fd < 0);
+
+                if (!ratelimit_test(&s->ratelimit))
+                        return -EBUSY;
+
+                family = s->family;
+
+                if (family == AF_INET) {
+                        addr.in = MDNS_MULTICAST_IPV4_ADDRESS;
+                        fd = manager_mdns_ipv4_fd(s->manager);
+                } else if (family == AF_INET6) {
+                        addr.in6 = MDNS_MULTICAST_IPV6_ADDRESS;
+                        fd = manager_mdns_ipv6_fd(s->manager);
+                } else
+                        return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+                if (fd < 0)
+                        return fd;
+
+                r = manager_send(s->manager, fd, ifindex, family, &addr, MDNS_PORT, NULL, p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int dns_scope_emit_udp(DnsScope *s, int fd, DnsPacket *p) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(p);
+        assert(p->protocol == s->protocol);
+        assert((s->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS) == (fd >= 0));
+
+        do {
+                /* If there are multiple linked packets, set the TC bit in all but the last of them */
+                if (p->more) {
+                        assert(p->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS);
+                        dns_packet_set_flags(p, true, true);
+                }
+
+                r = dns_scope_emit_one(s, fd, p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                p = p->more;
+        } while (p);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_scope_socket(
+                DnsScope *s,
+                int type,
+                int family,
+                const union in_addr_union *address,
+                DnsServer *server,
+                uint16_t port) {
+
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        union sockaddr_union sa = {};
+        socklen_t salen;
+        static const int one = 1;
+        int ret, r, ifindex;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (server) {
+                assert(family == AF_UNSPEC);
+                assert(!address);
+
+                ifindex = dns_server_ifindex(server);
+
+                sa.sa.sa_family = server->family;
+                if (server->family == AF_INET) {
+                        sa.in.sin_port = htobe16(port);
+                        sa.in.sin_addr = server->address.in;
+                        salen = sizeof(sa.in);
+                } else if (server->family == AF_INET6) {
+                        sa.in6.sin6_port = htobe16(port);
+                        sa.in6.sin6_addr = server->address.in6;
+                        sa.in6.sin6_scope_id = ifindex;
+                        salen = sizeof(sa.in6);
+                } else
+                        return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+        } else {
+                assert(family != AF_UNSPEC);
+                assert(address);
+
+                sa.sa.sa_family = family;
+                ifindex = s->link ? s->link->ifindex : 0;
+
+                if (family == AF_INET) {
+                        sa.in.sin_port = htobe16(port);
+                        sa.in.sin_addr = address->in;
+                        salen = sizeof(sa.in);
+                } else if (family == AF_INET6) {
+                        sa.in6.sin6_port = htobe16(port);
+                        sa.in6.sin6_addr = address->in6;
+                        sa.in6.sin6_scope_id = ifindex;
+                        salen = sizeof(sa.in6);
+                } else
+                        return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+        }
+
+        fd = socket(sa.sa.sa_family, type|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (type == SOCK_STREAM) {
+                r = setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &one, sizeof(one));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (s->link) {
+                be32_t ifindex_be = htobe32(ifindex);
+
+                if (sa.sa.sa_family == AF_INET) {
+                        r = setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_UNICAST_IF, &ifindex_be, sizeof(ifindex_be));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return -errno;
+                } else if (sa.sa.sa_family == AF_INET6) {
+                        r = setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_UNICAST_IF, &ifindex_be, sizeof(ifindex_be));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return -errno;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (s->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR) {
+                /* RFC 4795, section 2.5 requires the TTL to be set to 1 */
+
+                if (sa.sa.sa_family == AF_INET) {
+                        r = setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, &one, sizeof(one));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return -errno;
+                } else if (sa.sa.sa_family == AF_INET6) {
+                        r = setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS, &one, sizeof(one));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return -errno;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = connect(fd, &sa.sa, salen);
+        if (r < 0 && errno != EINPROGRESS)
+                return -errno;
+
+        ret = fd;
+        fd = -1;
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+int dns_scope_socket_udp(DnsScope *s, DnsServer *server, uint16_t port) {
+        return dns_scope_socket(s, SOCK_DGRAM, AF_UNSPEC, NULL, server, port);
+}
+
+int dns_scope_socket_tcp(DnsScope *s, int family, const union in_addr_union *address, DnsServer *server, uint16_t port) {
+        return dns_scope_socket(s, SOCK_STREAM, family, address, server, port);
+}
+
+DnsScopeMatch dns_scope_good_domain(DnsScope *s, int ifindex, uint64_t flags, const char *domain) {
+        DnsSearchDomain *d;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(domain);
+
+        /* Checks if the specified domain is something to look up on
+         * this scope. Note that this accepts non-qualified hostnames,
+         * i.e. those without any search path prefixed yet. */
+
+        if (ifindex != 0 && (!s->link || s->link->ifindex != ifindex))
+                return DNS_SCOPE_NO;
+
+        if ((SD_RESOLVED_FLAGS_MAKE(s->protocol, s->family, 0) & flags) == 0)
+                return DNS_SCOPE_NO;
+
+        /* Never resolve any loopback hostname or IP address via DNS,
+         * LLMNR or mDNS. Instead, always rely on synthesized RRs for
+         * these. */
+        if (is_localhost(domain) ||
+            dns_name_endswith(domain, "127.in-addr.arpa") > 0 ||
+            dns_name_equal(domain, "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa") > 0)
+                return DNS_SCOPE_NO;
+
+        /* Never respond to some of the domains listed in RFC6303 */
+        if (dns_name_endswith(domain, "0.in-addr.arpa") > 0 ||
+            dns_name_equal(domain, "255.255.255.255.in-addr.arpa") > 0 ||
+            dns_name_equal(domain, "0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa") > 0)
+                return DNS_SCOPE_NO;
+
+        /* Never respond to some of the domains listed in RFC6761 */
+        if (dns_name_endswith(domain, "invalid") > 0)
+                return DNS_SCOPE_NO;
+
+        /* Always honour search domains for routing queries. Note that
+         * we return DNS_SCOPE_YES here, rather than just
+         * DNS_SCOPE_MAYBE, which means wildcard scopes won't be
+         * considered anymore. */
+        LIST_FOREACH(domains, d, dns_scope_get_search_domains(s))
+                if (dns_name_endswith(domain, d->name) > 0)
+                        return DNS_SCOPE_YES;
+
+        switch (s->protocol) {
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS:
+
+                /* Exclude link-local IP ranges */
+                if (dns_name_endswith(domain, "254.169.in-addr.arpa") == 0 &&
+                    dns_name_endswith(domain, "8.e.f.ip6.arpa") == 0 &&
+                    dns_name_endswith(domain, "9.e.f.ip6.arpa") == 0 &&
+                    dns_name_endswith(domain, "a.e.f.ip6.arpa") == 0 &&
+                    dns_name_endswith(domain, "b.e.f.ip6.arpa") == 0 &&
+                    /* If networks use .local in their private setups, they are supposed to also add .local to their search
+                     * domains, which we already checked above. Otherwise, we consider .local specific to mDNS and won't
+                     * send such queries ordinary DNS servers. */
+                    dns_name_endswith(domain, "local") == 0)
+                        return DNS_SCOPE_MAYBE;
+
+                return DNS_SCOPE_NO;
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
+                if ((s->family == AF_INET && dns_name_endswith(domain, "in-addr.arpa") > 0) ||
+                    (s->family == AF_INET6 && dns_name_endswith(domain, "ip6.arpa") > 0) ||
+                    (dns_name_endswith(domain, "local") > 0 && /* only resolve names ending in .local via mDNS */
+                     dns_name_equal(domain, "local") == 0 &&   /* but not the single-label "local" name itself */
+                     manager_is_own_hostname(s->manager, domain) <= 0)) /* never resolve the local hostname via mDNS */
+                        return DNS_SCOPE_MAYBE;
+
+                return DNS_SCOPE_NO;
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
+                if ((s->family == AF_INET && dns_name_endswith(domain, "in-addr.arpa") > 0) ||
+                    (s->family == AF_INET6 && dns_name_endswith(domain, "ip6.arpa") > 0) ||
+                    (dns_name_is_single_label(domain) && /* only resolve single label names via LLMNR */
+                     !is_gateway_hostname(domain) && /* don't resolve "gateway" with LLMNR, let nss-myhostname handle this */
+                     manager_is_own_hostname(s->manager, domain) <= 0))  /* never resolve the local hostname via LLMNR */
+                        return DNS_SCOPE_MAYBE;
+
+                return DNS_SCOPE_NO;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown scope protocol");
+        }
+}
+
+bool dns_scope_good_key(DnsScope *s, const DnsResourceKey *key) {
+        int key_family;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(key);
+
+        /* Check if it makes sense to resolve the specified key on
+         * this scope. Note that this call assumes as fully qualified
+         * name, i.e. the search suffixes already appended. */
+
+        if (key->class != DNS_CLASS_IN)
+                return false;
+
+        if (s->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS) {
+
+                /* On classic DNS, looking up non-address RRs is always
+                 * fine. (Specifically, we want to permit looking up
+                 * DNSKEY and DS records on the root and top-level
+                 * domains.) */
+                if (!dns_resource_key_is_address(key))
+                        return true;
+
+                /* However, we refuse to look up A and AAAA RRs on the
+                 * root and single-label domains, under the assumption
+                 * that those should be resolved via LLMNR or search
+                 * path only, and should not be leaked onto the
+                 * internet. */
+                return !(dns_name_is_single_label(dns_resource_key_name(key)) ||
+                         dns_name_is_root(dns_resource_key_name(key)));
+        }
+
+        /* On mDNS and LLMNR, send A and AAAA queries only on the
+         * respective scopes */
+
+        key_family = dns_type_to_af(key->type);
+        if (key_family < 0)
+                return true;
+
+        return key_family == s->family;
+}
+
+static int dns_scope_multicast_membership(DnsScope *s, bool b, struct in_addr in, struct in6_addr in6) {
+        int fd;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->link);
+
+        if (s->family == AF_INET) {
+                struct ip_mreqn mreqn = {
+                        .imr_multiaddr = in,
+                        .imr_ifindex = s->link->ifindex,
+                };
+
+                fd = manager_llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd(s->manager);
+                if (fd < 0)
+                        return fd;
+
+                /* Always first try to drop membership before we add
+                 * one. This is necessary on some devices, such as
+                 * veth. */
+                if (b)
+                        (void) setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP, &mreqn, sizeof(mreqn));
+
+                if (setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, b ? IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP : IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP, &mreqn, sizeof(mreqn)) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+        } else if (s->family == AF_INET6) {
+                struct ipv6_mreq mreq = {
+                        .ipv6mr_multiaddr = in6,
+                        .ipv6mr_interface = s->link->ifindex,
+                };
+
+                fd = manager_llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd(s->manager);
+                if (fd < 0)
+                        return fd;
+
+                if (b)
+                        (void) setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_DROP_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq, sizeof(mreq));
+
+                if (setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, b ? IPV6_ADD_MEMBERSHIP : IPV6_DROP_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq, sizeof(mreq)) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        } else
+                return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_scope_llmnr_membership(DnsScope *s, bool b) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR)
+                return 0;
+
+        return dns_scope_multicast_membership(s, b, LLMNR_MULTICAST_IPV4_ADDRESS, LLMNR_MULTICAST_IPV6_ADDRESS);
+}
+
+int dns_scope_mdns_membership(DnsScope *s, bool b) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS)
+                return 0;
+
+        return dns_scope_multicast_membership(s, b, MDNS_MULTICAST_IPV4_ADDRESS, MDNS_MULTICAST_IPV6_ADDRESS);
+}
+
+static int dns_scope_make_reply_packet(
+                DnsScope *s,
+                uint16_t id,
+                int rcode,
+                DnsQuestion *q,
+                DnsAnswer *answer,
+                DnsAnswer *soa,
+                bool tentative,
+                DnsPacket **ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (dns_question_isempty(q) &&
+            dns_answer_isempty(answer) &&
+            dns_answer_isempty(soa))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = dns_packet_new(&p, s->protocol, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->id = id;
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->flags = htobe16(DNS_PACKET_MAKE_FLAGS(
+                                                              1 /* qr */,
+                                                              0 /* opcode */,
+                                                              0 /* c */,
+                                                              0 /* tc */,
+                                                              tentative,
+                                                              0 /* (ra) */,
+                                                              0 /* (ad) */,
+                                                              0 /* (cd) */,
+                                                              rcode));
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_question(p, q);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->qdcount = htobe16(dns_question_size(q));
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_answer(p, answer);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->ancount = htobe16(dns_answer_size(answer));
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_answer(p, soa);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->arcount = htobe16(dns_answer_size(soa));
+
+        *ret = p;
+        p = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void dns_scope_verify_conflicts(DnsScope *s, DnsPacket *p) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        DnsResourceKey *key;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(p);
+
+        DNS_QUESTION_FOREACH(key, p->question)
+                dns_zone_verify_conflicts(&s->zone, key);
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, p->answer)
+                dns_zone_verify_conflicts(&s->zone, rr->key);
+}
+
+void dns_scope_process_query(DnsScope *s, DnsStream *stream, DnsPacket *p) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *answer = NULL, *soa = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *reply = NULL;
+        DnsResourceKey *key = NULL;
+        bool tentative = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (p->protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR)
+                return;
+
+        if (p->ipproto == IPPROTO_UDP) {
+                /* Don't accept UDP queries directed to anything but
+                 * the LLMNR multicast addresses. See RFC 4795,
+                 * section 2.5. */
+
+                if (p->family == AF_INET && !in_addr_equal(AF_INET, &p->destination, (union in_addr_union*) &LLMNR_MULTICAST_IPV4_ADDRESS))
+                        return;
+
+                if (p->family == AF_INET6 && !in_addr_equal(AF_INET6, &p->destination, (union in_addr_union*) &LLMNR_MULTICAST_IPV6_ADDRESS))
+                        return;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_packet_extract(p);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to extract resource records from incoming packet: %m");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (DNS_PACKET_LLMNR_C(p)) {
+                /* Somebody notified us about a possible conflict */
+                dns_scope_verify_conflicts(s, p);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        assert(dns_question_size(p->question) == 1);
+        key = p->question->keys[0];
+
+        r = dns_zone_lookup(&s->zone, key, 0, &answer, &soa, &tentative);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to lookup key: %m");
+                return;
+        }
+        if (r == 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (answer)
+                dns_answer_order_by_scope(answer, in_addr_is_link_local(p->family, &p->sender) > 0);
+
+        r = dns_scope_make_reply_packet(s, DNS_PACKET_ID(p), DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS, p->question, answer, soa, tentative, &reply);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to build reply packet: %m");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (stream) {
+                r = dns_stream_write_packet(stream, reply);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to enqueue reply packet: %m");
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                /* Let's take an extra reference on this stream, so that it stays around after returning. The reference
+                 * will be dangling until the stream is disconnected, and the default completion handler of the stream
+                 * will then unref the stream and destroy it */
+                if (DNS_STREAM_QUEUED(stream))
+                        dns_stream_ref(stream);
+        } else {
+                int fd;
+
+                if (!ratelimit_test(&s->ratelimit))
+                        return;
+
+                if (p->family == AF_INET)
+                        fd = manager_llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd(s->manager);
+                else if (p->family == AF_INET6)
+                        fd = manager_llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd(s->manager);
+                else {
+                        log_debug("Unknown protocol");
+                        return;
+                }
+                if (fd < 0) {
+                        log_debug_errno(fd, "Failed to get reply socket: %m");
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                /* Note that we always immediately reply to all LLMNR
+                 * requests, and do not wait any time, since we
+                 * verified uniqueness for all records. Also see RFC
+                 * 4795, Section 2.7 */
+
+                r = manager_send(s->manager, fd, p->ifindex, p->family, &p->sender, p->sender_port, NULL, reply);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to send reply packet: %m");
+                        return;
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+DnsTransaction *dns_scope_find_transaction(DnsScope *scope, DnsResourceKey *key, bool cache_ok) {
+        DnsTransaction *t;
+
+        assert(scope);
+        assert(key);
+
+        /* Try to find an ongoing transaction that is a equal to the
+         * specified question */
+        t = hashmap_get(scope->transactions_by_key, key);
+        if (!t)
+                return NULL;
+
+        /* Refuse reusing transactions that completed based on cached
+         * data instead of a real packet, if that's requested. */
+        if (!cache_ok &&
+            IN_SET(t->state, DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS, DNS_TRANSACTION_RCODE_FAILURE) &&
+            t->answer_source != DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return t;
+}
+
+static int dns_scope_make_conflict_packet(
+                DnsScope *s,
+                DnsResourceRecord *rr,
+                DnsPacket **ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(rr);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        r = dns_packet_new(&p, s->protocol, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->flags = htobe16(DNS_PACKET_MAKE_FLAGS(
+                                                              0 /* qr */,
+                                                              0 /* opcode */,
+                                                              1 /* conflict */,
+                                                              0 /* tc */,
+                                                              0 /* t */,
+                                                              0 /* (ra) */,
+                                                              0 /* (ad) */,
+                                                              0 /* (cd) */,
+                                                              0));
+
+        /* For mDNS, the transaction ID should always be 0 */
+        if (s->protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS)
+                random_bytes(&DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->id, sizeof(uint16_t));
+
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->qdcount = htobe16(1);
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->arcount = htobe16(1);
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_key(p, rr->key, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_rr(p, rr, NULL, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret = p;
+        p = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int on_conflict_dispatch(sd_event_source *es, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        DnsScope *scope = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(es);
+        assert(scope);
+
+        scope->conflict_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(scope->conflict_event_source);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+                _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
+
+                rr = ordered_hashmap_steal_first(scope->conflict_queue);
+                if (!rr)
+                        break;
+
+                r = dns_scope_make_conflict_packet(scope, rr, &p);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to make conflict packet: %m");
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                r = dns_scope_emit_udp(scope, -1, p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to send conflict packet: %m");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_scope_notify_conflict(DnsScope *scope, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        usec_t jitter;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope);
+        assert(rr);
+
+        /* We don't send these queries immediately. Instead, we queue
+         * them, and send them after some jitter delay. */
+        r = ordered_hashmap_ensure_allocated(&scope->conflict_queue, &dns_resource_key_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_oom();
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        /* We only place one RR per key in the conflict
+         * messages, not all of them. That should be enough to
+         * indicate where there might be a conflict */
+        r = ordered_hashmap_put(scope->conflict_queue, rr->key, rr);
+        if (r == -EEXIST || r == 0)
+                return 0;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to queue conflicting RR: %m");
+
+        dns_resource_record_ref(rr);
+
+        if (scope->conflict_event_source)
+                return 0;
+
+        random_bytes(&jitter, sizeof(jitter));
+        jitter %= LLMNR_JITTER_INTERVAL_USEC;
+
+        r = sd_event_add_time(scope->manager->event,
+                              &scope->conflict_event_source,
+                              clock_boottime_or_monotonic(),
+                              now(clock_boottime_or_monotonic()) + jitter,
+                              LLMNR_JITTER_INTERVAL_USEC,
+                              on_conflict_dispatch, scope);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to add conflict dispatch event: %m");
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(scope->conflict_event_source, "scope-conflict");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void dns_scope_check_conflicts(DnsScope *scope, DnsPacket *p) {
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope);
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (p->protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR)
+                return;
+
+        if (DNS_PACKET_RRCOUNT(p) <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (DNS_PACKET_LLMNR_C(p) != 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (DNS_PACKET_LLMNR_T(p) != 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (manager_our_packet(scope->manager, p))
+                return;
+
+        r = dns_packet_extract(p);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to extract packet: %m");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Checking for conflicts...");
+
+        for (i = 0; i < p->answer->n_rrs; i++) {
+
+                /* Check for conflicts against the local zone. If we
+                 * found one, we won't check any further */
+                r = dns_zone_check_conflicts(&scope->zone, p->answer->items[i].rr);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Check for conflicts against the local cache. If so,
+                 * send out an advisory query, to inform everybody */
+                r = dns_cache_check_conflicts(&scope->cache, p->answer->items[i].rr, p->family, &p->sender);
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                dns_scope_notify_conflict(scope, p->answer->items[i].rr);
+        }
+}
+
+void dns_scope_dump(DnsScope *s, FILE *f) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!f)
+                f = stdout;
+
+        fputs("[Scope protocol=", f);
+        fputs(dns_protocol_to_string(s->protocol), f);
+
+        if (s->link) {
+                fputs(" interface=", f);
+                fputs(s->link->name, f);
+        }
+
+        if (s->family != AF_UNSPEC) {
+                fputs(" family=", f);
+                fputs(af_to_name(s->family), f);
+        }
+
+        fputs("]\n", f);
+
+        if (!dns_zone_is_empty(&s->zone)) {
+                fputs("ZONE:\n", f);
+                dns_zone_dump(&s->zone, f);
+        }
+
+        if (!dns_cache_is_empty(&s->cache)) {
+                fputs("CACHE:\n", f);
+                dns_cache_dump(&s->cache, f);
+        }
+}
+
+DnsSearchDomain *dns_scope_get_search_domains(DnsScope *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (s->link)
+                return s->link->search_domains;
+
+        return s->manager->search_domains;
+}
+
+bool dns_scope_name_needs_search_domain(DnsScope *s, const char *name) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS)
+                return false;
+
+        return dns_name_is_single_label(name);
+}
+
+bool dns_scope_network_good(DnsScope *s) {
+        /* Checks whether the network is in good state for lookups on this scope. For mDNS/LLMNR/Classic DNS scopes
+         * bound to links this is easy, as they don't even exist if the link isn't in a suitable state. For the global
+         * DNS scope we check whether there are any links that are up and have an address. */
+
+        if (s->link)
+                return true;
+
+        return manager_routable(s->manager, AF_UNSPEC);
+}
+
+int dns_scope_ifindex(DnsScope *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->link)
+                return s->link->ifindex;
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-scope.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-scope.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a6842013a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-scope.h
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/list.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-dnssec.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-packet.h"
+
+typedef struct DnsScope DnsScope;
+
+#include "resolved-dns-cache.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-server.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-zone.h"
+#include "resolved-link.h"
+
+typedef enum DnsScopeMatch {
+        DNS_SCOPE_NO,
+        DNS_SCOPE_MAYBE,
+        DNS_SCOPE_YES,
+        _DNS_SCOPE_MATCH_MAX,
+        _DNS_SCOPE_INVALID = -1
+} DnsScopeMatch;
+
+struct DnsScope {
+        Manager *manager;
+
+        DnsProtocol protocol;
+        int family;
+        DnssecMode dnssec_mode;
+
+        Link *link;
+
+        DnsCache cache;
+        DnsZone zone;
+
+        OrderedHashmap *conflict_queue;
+        sd_event_source *conflict_event_source;
+
+        RateLimit ratelimit;
+
+        usec_t resend_timeout;
+        usec_t max_rtt;
+
+        LIST_HEAD(DnsQueryCandidate, query_candidates);
+
+        /* Note that we keep track of ongoing transactions in two
+         * ways: once in a hashmap, indexed by the rr key, and once in
+         * a linked list. We use the hashmap to quickly find
+         * transactions we can reuse for a key. But note that there
+         * might be multiple transactions for the same key (because
+         * the zone probing can't reuse a transaction answered from
+         * the zone or the cache), and the hashmap only tracks the
+         * most recent entry. */
+        Hashmap *transactions_by_key;
+        LIST_HEAD(DnsTransaction, transactions);
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(DnsScope, scopes);
+};
+
+int dns_scope_new(Manager *m, DnsScope **ret, Link *l, DnsProtocol p, int family);
+DnsScope* dns_scope_free(DnsScope *s);
+
+void dns_scope_packet_received(DnsScope *s, usec_t rtt);
+void dns_scope_packet_lost(DnsScope *s, usec_t usec);
+
+int dns_scope_emit_udp(DnsScope *s, int fd, DnsPacket *p);
+int dns_scope_socket_tcp(DnsScope *s, int family, const union in_addr_union *address, DnsServer *server, uint16_t port);
+int dns_scope_socket_udp(DnsScope *s, DnsServer *server, uint16_t port);
+
+DnsScopeMatch dns_scope_good_domain(DnsScope *s, int ifindex, uint64_t flags, const char *domain);
+bool dns_scope_good_key(DnsScope *s, const DnsResourceKey *key);
+
+DnsServer *dns_scope_get_dns_server(DnsScope *s);
+void dns_scope_next_dns_server(DnsScope *s);
+
+int dns_scope_llmnr_membership(DnsScope *s, bool b);
+int dns_scope_mdns_membership(DnsScope *s, bool b);
+
+void dns_scope_process_query(DnsScope *s, DnsStream *stream, DnsPacket *p);
+
+DnsTransaction *dns_scope_find_transaction(DnsScope *scope, DnsResourceKey *key, bool cache_ok);
+
+int dns_scope_notify_conflict(DnsScope *scope, DnsResourceRecord *rr);
+void dns_scope_check_conflicts(DnsScope *scope, DnsPacket *p);
+
+void dns_scope_dump(DnsScope *s, FILE *f);
+
+DnsSearchDomain *dns_scope_get_search_domains(DnsScope *s);
+
+bool dns_scope_name_needs_search_domain(DnsScope *s, const char *name);
+
+bool dns_scope_network_good(DnsScope *s);
+
+int dns_scope_ifindex(DnsScope *s);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-search-domain.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-search-domain.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7798c498a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-search-domain.c
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2015 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "shared/dns-domain.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-search-domain.h"
+
+int dns_search_domain_new(
+                Manager *m,
+                DnsSearchDomain **ret,
+                DnsSearchDomainType type,
+                Link *l,
+                const char *name) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *normalized = NULL;
+        DnsSearchDomain *d;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert((type == DNS_SEARCH_DOMAIN_LINK) == !!l);
+        assert(name);
+
+        r = dns_name_normalize(name, &normalized);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (l) {
+                if (l->n_search_domains >= LINK_SEARCH_DOMAINS_MAX)
+                        return -E2BIG;
+        } else {
+                if (m->n_search_domains >= MANAGER_SEARCH_DOMAINS_MAX)
+                        return -E2BIG;
+        }
+
+        d = new0(DnsSearchDomain, 1);
+        if (!d)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        d->n_ref = 1;
+        d->manager = m;
+        d->type = type;
+        d->name = normalized;
+        normalized = NULL;
+
+        switch (type) {
+
+        case DNS_SEARCH_DOMAIN_LINK:
+                d->link = l;
+                LIST_APPEND(domains, l->search_domains, d);
+                l->n_search_domains++;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_SERVER_SYSTEM:
+                LIST_APPEND(domains, m->search_domains, d);
+                m->n_search_domains++;
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown search domain type");
+        }
+
+        d->linked = true;
+
+        if (ret)
+                *ret = d;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DnsSearchDomain* dns_search_domain_ref(DnsSearchDomain *d) {
+        if (!d)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(d->n_ref > 0);
+        d->n_ref++;
+
+        return d;
+}
+
+DnsSearchDomain* dns_search_domain_unref(DnsSearchDomain *d) {
+        if (!d)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(d->n_ref > 0);
+        d->n_ref--;
+
+        if (d->n_ref > 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        free(d->name);
+        free(d);
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+void dns_search_domain_unlink(DnsSearchDomain *d) {
+        assert(d);
+        assert(d->manager);
+
+        if (!d->linked)
+                return;
+
+        switch (d->type) {
+
+        case DNS_SEARCH_DOMAIN_LINK:
+                assert(d->link);
+                assert(d->link->n_search_domains > 0);
+                LIST_REMOVE(domains, d->link->search_domains, d);
+                d->link->n_search_domains--;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_SEARCH_DOMAIN_SYSTEM:
+                assert(d->manager->n_search_domains > 0);
+                LIST_REMOVE(domains, d->manager->search_domains, d);
+                d->manager->n_search_domains--;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        d->linked = false;
+
+        dns_search_domain_unref(d);
+}
+
+void dns_search_domain_move_back_and_unmark(DnsSearchDomain *d) {
+        DnsSearchDomain *tail;
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        if (!d->marked)
+                return;
+
+        d->marked = false;
+
+        if (!d->linked || !d->domains_next)
+                return;
+
+        switch (d->type) {
+
+        case DNS_SEARCH_DOMAIN_LINK:
+                assert(d->link);
+                LIST_FIND_TAIL(domains, d, tail);
+                LIST_REMOVE(domains, d->link->search_domains, d);
+                LIST_INSERT_AFTER(domains, d->link->search_domains, tail, d);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_SEARCH_DOMAIN_SYSTEM:
+                LIST_FIND_TAIL(domains, d, tail);
+                LIST_REMOVE(domains, d->manager->search_domains, d);
+                LIST_INSERT_AFTER(domains, d->manager->search_domains, tail, d);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown search domain type");
+        }
+}
+
+void dns_search_domain_unlink_all(DnsSearchDomain *first) {
+        DnsSearchDomain *next;
+
+        if (!first)
+                return;
+
+        next = first->domains_next;
+        dns_search_domain_unlink(first);
+
+        dns_search_domain_unlink_all(next);
+}
+
+void dns_search_domain_unlink_marked(DnsSearchDomain *first) {
+        DnsSearchDomain *next;
+
+        if (!first)
+                return;
+
+        next = first->domains_next;
+
+        if (first->marked)
+                dns_search_domain_unlink(first);
+
+        dns_search_domain_unlink_marked(next);
+}
+
+void dns_search_domain_mark_all(DnsSearchDomain *first) {
+        if (!first)
+                return;
+
+        first->marked = true;
+        dns_search_domain_mark_all(first->domains_next);
+}
+
+int dns_search_domain_find(DnsSearchDomain *first, const char *name, DnsSearchDomain **ret) {
+        DnsSearchDomain *d;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(domains, d, first) {
+
+                r = dns_name_equal(name, d->name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        *ret = d;
+                        return 1;
+                }
+        }
+
+        *ret = NULL;
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-search-domain.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-search-domain.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f047941db2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-search-domain.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2015 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/macro.h"
+
+typedef struct DnsSearchDomain DnsSearchDomain;
+
+typedef enum DnsSearchDomainType {
+        DNS_SEARCH_DOMAIN_SYSTEM,
+        DNS_SEARCH_DOMAIN_LINK,
+} DnsSearchDomainType;
+
+#include "resolved-link.h"
+#include "resolved-manager.h"
+
+struct DnsSearchDomain {
+        Manager *manager;
+
+        unsigned n_ref;
+
+        DnsSearchDomainType type;
+        Link *link;
+
+        char *name;
+
+        bool marked:1;
+        bool route_only:1;
+
+        bool linked:1;
+        LIST_FIELDS(DnsSearchDomain, domains);
+};
+
+int dns_search_domain_new(
+                Manager *m,
+                DnsSearchDomain **ret,
+                DnsSearchDomainType type,
+                Link *link,
+                const char *name);
+
+DnsSearchDomain* dns_search_domain_ref(DnsSearchDomain *d);
+DnsSearchDomain* dns_search_domain_unref(DnsSearchDomain *d);
+
+void dns_search_domain_unlink(DnsSearchDomain *d);
+void dns_search_domain_move_back_and_unmark(DnsSearchDomain *d);
+
+void dns_search_domain_unlink_all(DnsSearchDomain *first);
+void dns_search_domain_unlink_marked(DnsSearchDomain *first);
+void dns_search_domain_mark_all(DnsSearchDomain *first);
+
+int dns_search_domain_find(DnsSearchDomain *first, const char *name, DnsSearchDomain **ret);
+
+static inline const char* DNS_SEARCH_DOMAIN_NAME(DnsSearchDomain *d) {
+        return d ? d->name : NULL;
+}
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsSearchDomain*, dns_search_domain_unref);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-server.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-server.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc97d89219
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-server.c
@@ -0,0 +1,778 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-messages.h>
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/siphash24.h"
+#include "basic/string-table.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-server.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-stub.h"
+#include "resolved-resolv-conf.h"
+
+/* After how much time to repeat classic DNS requests */
+#define DNS_TIMEOUT_MIN_USEC (500 * USEC_PER_MSEC)
+#define DNS_TIMEOUT_MAX_USEC (5 * USEC_PER_SEC)
+
+/* The amount of time to wait before retrying with a full feature set */
+#define DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_GRACE_PERIOD_MAX_USEC (6 * USEC_PER_HOUR)
+#define DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_GRACE_PERIOD_MIN_USEC (5 * USEC_PER_MINUTE)
+
+/* The number of times we will attempt a certain feature set before degrading */
+#define DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_RETRY_ATTEMPTS 3
+
+int dns_server_new(
+                Manager *m,
+                DnsServer **ret,
+                DnsServerType type,
+                Link *l,
+                int family,
+                const union in_addr_union *in_addr,
+                int ifindex) {
+
+        DnsServer *s;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert((type == DNS_SERVER_LINK) == !!l);
+        assert(in_addr);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(family, AF_INET, AF_INET6))
+                return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+
+        if (l) {
+                if (l->n_dns_servers >= LINK_DNS_SERVERS_MAX)
+                        return -E2BIG;
+        } else {
+                if (m->n_dns_servers >= MANAGER_DNS_SERVERS_MAX)
+                        return -E2BIG;
+        }
+
+        s = new0(DnsServer, 1);
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        s->n_ref = 1;
+        s->manager = m;
+        s->verified_feature_level = _DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_INVALID;
+        s->possible_feature_level = DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_BEST;
+        s->features_grace_period_usec = DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_GRACE_PERIOD_MIN_USEC;
+        s->received_udp_packet_max = DNS_PACKET_UNICAST_SIZE_MAX;
+        s->type = type;
+        s->family = family;
+        s->address = *in_addr;
+        s->ifindex = ifindex;
+        s->resend_timeout = DNS_TIMEOUT_MIN_USEC;
+
+        switch (type) {
+
+        case DNS_SERVER_LINK:
+                s->link = l;
+                LIST_APPEND(servers, l->dns_servers, s);
+                l->n_dns_servers++;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_SERVER_SYSTEM:
+                LIST_APPEND(servers, m->dns_servers, s);
+                m->n_dns_servers++;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_SERVER_FALLBACK:
+                LIST_APPEND(servers, m->fallback_dns_servers, s);
+                m->n_dns_servers++;
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown server type");
+        }
+
+        s->linked = true;
+
+        /* A new DNS server that isn't fallback is added and the one
+         * we used so far was a fallback one? Then let's try to pick
+         * the new one */
+        if (type != DNS_SERVER_FALLBACK &&
+            m->current_dns_server &&
+            m->current_dns_server->type == DNS_SERVER_FALLBACK)
+                manager_set_dns_server(m, NULL);
+
+        if (ret)
+                *ret = s;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DnsServer* dns_server_ref(DnsServer *s)  {
+        if (!s)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(s->n_ref > 0);
+        s->n_ref++;
+
+        return s;
+}
+
+DnsServer* dns_server_unref(DnsServer *s)  {
+        if (!s)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(s->n_ref > 0);
+        s->n_ref--;
+
+        if (s->n_ref > 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        free(s->server_string);
+        free(s);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+void dns_server_unlink(DnsServer *s) {
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->manager);
+
+        /* This removes the specified server from the linked list of
+         * servers, but any server might still stay around if it has
+         * refs, for example from an ongoing transaction. */
+
+        if (!s->linked)
+                return;
+
+        switch (s->type) {
+
+        case DNS_SERVER_LINK:
+                assert(s->link);
+                assert(s->link->n_dns_servers > 0);
+                LIST_REMOVE(servers, s->link->dns_servers, s);
+                s->link->n_dns_servers--;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_SERVER_SYSTEM:
+                assert(s->manager->n_dns_servers > 0);
+                LIST_REMOVE(servers, s->manager->dns_servers, s);
+                s->manager->n_dns_servers--;
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_SERVER_FALLBACK:
+                assert(s->manager->n_dns_servers > 0);
+                LIST_REMOVE(servers, s->manager->fallback_dns_servers, s);
+                s->manager->n_dns_servers--;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        s->linked = false;
+
+        if (s->link && s->link->current_dns_server == s)
+                link_set_dns_server(s->link, NULL);
+
+        if (s->manager->current_dns_server == s)
+                manager_set_dns_server(s->manager, NULL);
+
+        dns_server_unref(s);
+}
+
+void dns_server_move_back_and_unmark(DnsServer *s) {
+        DnsServer *tail;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!s->marked)
+                return;
+
+        s->marked = false;
+
+        if (!s->linked || !s->servers_next)
+                return;
+
+        /* Move us to the end of the list, so that the order is
+         * strictly kept, if we are not at the end anyway. */
+
+        switch (s->type) {
+
+        case DNS_SERVER_LINK:
+                assert(s->link);
+                LIST_FIND_TAIL(servers, s, tail);
+                LIST_REMOVE(servers, s->link->dns_servers, s);
+                LIST_INSERT_AFTER(servers, s->link->dns_servers, tail, s);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_SERVER_SYSTEM:
+                LIST_FIND_TAIL(servers, s, tail);
+                LIST_REMOVE(servers, s->manager->dns_servers, s);
+                LIST_INSERT_AFTER(servers, s->manager->dns_servers, tail, s);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_SERVER_FALLBACK:
+                LIST_FIND_TAIL(servers, s, tail);
+                LIST_REMOVE(servers, s->manager->fallback_dns_servers, s);
+                LIST_INSERT_AFTER(servers, s->manager->fallback_dns_servers, tail, s);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown server type");
+        }
+}
+
+static void dns_server_verified(DnsServer *s, DnsServerFeatureLevel level) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->verified_feature_level > level)
+                return;
+
+        if (s->verified_feature_level != level) {
+                log_debug("Verified we get a response at feature level %s from DNS server %s.",
+                          dns_server_feature_level_to_string(level),
+                          dns_server_string(s));
+                s->verified_feature_level = level;
+        }
+
+        assert_se(sd_event_now(s->manager->event, clock_boottime_or_monotonic(), &s->verified_usec) >= 0);
+}
+
+static void dns_server_reset_counters(DnsServer *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        s->n_failed_udp = 0;
+        s->n_failed_tcp = 0;
+        s->packet_truncated = false;
+        s->verified_usec = 0;
+
+        /* Note that we do not reset s->packet_bad_opt and s->packet_rrsig_missing here. We reset them only when the
+         * grace period ends, but not when lowering the possible feature level, as a lower level feature level should
+         * not make RRSIGs appear or OPT appear, but rather make them disappear. If the reappear anyway, then that's
+         * indication for a differently broken OPT/RRSIG implementation, and we really don't want to support that
+         * either.
+         *
+         * This is particularly important to deal with certain Belkin routers which break OPT for certain lookups (A),
+         * but pass traffic through for others (AAAA). If we detect the broken behaviour on one lookup we should not
+         * reenable it for another, because we cannot validate things anyway, given that the RRSIG/OPT data will be
+         * incomplete. */
+}
+
+void dns_server_packet_received(DnsServer *s, int protocol, DnsServerFeatureLevel level, usec_t rtt, size_t size) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (protocol == IPPROTO_UDP) {
+                if (s->possible_feature_level == level)
+                        s->n_failed_udp = 0;
+
+                /* If the RRSIG data is missing, then we can only validate EDNS0 at max */
+                if (s->packet_rrsig_missing && level >= DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_DO)
+                        level = DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_DO - 1;
+
+                /* If the OPT RR got lost, then we can only validate UDP at max */
+                if (s->packet_bad_opt && level >= DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_EDNS0)
+                        level = DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_EDNS0 - 1;
+
+                /* Even if we successfully receive a reply to a request announcing support for large packets,
+                   that does not mean we can necessarily receive large packets. */
+                if (level == DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_LARGE)
+                        level = DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_LARGE - 1;
+
+        } else if (protocol == IPPROTO_TCP) {
+
+                if (s->possible_feature_level == level)
+                        s->n_failed_tcp = 0;
+
+                /* Successful TCP connections are only useful to verify the TCP feature level. */
+                level = DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_TCP;
+        }
+
+        dns_server_verified(s, level);
+
+        /* Remember the size of the largest UDP packet we received from a server,
+           we know that we can always announce support for packets with at least
+           this size. */
+        if (protocol == IPPROTO_UDP && s->received_udp_packet_max < size)
+                s->received_udp_packet_max = size;
+
+        if (s->max_rtt < rtt) {
+                s->max_rtt = rtt;
+                s->resend_timeout = CLAMP(s->max_rtt * 2, DNS_TIMEOUT_MIN_USEC, DNS_TIMEOUT_MAX_USEC);
+        }
+}
+
+void dns_server_packet_lost(DnsServer *s, int protocol, DnsServerFeatureLevel level, usec_t usec) {
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->manager);
+
+        if (s->possible_feature_level == level) {
+                if (protocol == IPPROTO_UDP)
+                        s->n_failed_udp++;
+                else if (protocol == IPPROTO_TCP)
+                        s->n_failed_tcp++;
+        }
+
+        if (s->resend_timeout > usec)
+                return;
+
+        s->resend_timeout = MIN(s->resend_timeout * 2, DNS_TIMEOUT_MAX_USEC);
+}
+
+void dns_server_packet_truncated(DnsServer *s, DnsServerFeatureLevel level) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Invoked whenever we get a packet with TC bit set. */
+
+        if (s->possible_feature_level != level)
+                return;
+
+        s->packet_truncated = true;
+}
+
+void dns_server_packet_rrsig_missing(DnsServer *s, DnsServerFeatureLevel level) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (level < DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_DO)
+                return;
+
+        /* If the RRSIG RRs are missing, we have to downgrade what we previously verified */
+        if (s->verified_feature_level >= DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_DO)
+                s->verified_feature_level = DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_DO-1;
+
+        s->packet_rrsig_missing = true;
+}
+
+void dns_server_packet_bad_opt(DnsServer *s, DnsServerFeatureLevel level) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (level < DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_EDNS0)
+                return;
+
+        /* If the OPT RR got lost, we have to downgrade what we previously verified */
+        if (s->verified_feature_level >= DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_EDNS0)
+                s->verified_feature_level = DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_EDNS0-1;
+
+        s->packet_bad_opt = true;
+}
+
+void dns_server_packet_rcode_downgrade(DnsServer *s, DnsServerFeatureLevel level) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Invoked whenever we got a FORMERR, SERVFAIL or NOTIMP rcode from a server and downgrading the feature level
+         * for the transaction made it go away. In this case we immediately downgrade to the feature level that made
+         * things work. */
+
+        if (s->verified_feature_level > level)
+                s->verified_feature_level = level;
+
+        if (s->possible_feature_level > level) {
+                s->possible_feature_level = level;
+                dns_server_reset_counters(s);
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Downgrading transaction feature level fixed an RCODE error, downgrading server %s too.", dns_server_string(s));
+}
+
+static bool dns_server_grace_period_expired(DnsServer *s) {
+        usec_t ts;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->manager);
+
+        if (s->verified_usec == 0)
+                return false;
+
+        assert_se(sd_event_now(s->manager->event, clock_boottime_or_monotonic(), &ts) >= 0);
+
+        if (s->verified_usec + s->features_grace_period_usec > ts)
+                return false;
+
+        s->features_grace_period_usec = MIN(s->features_grace_period_usec * 2, DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_GRACE_PERIOD_MAX_USEC);
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+DnsServerFeatureLevel dns_server_possible_feature_level(DnsServer *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->possible_feature_level != DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_BEST &&
+            dns_server_grace_period_expired(s)) {
+
+                s->possible_feature_level = DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_BEST;
+
+                dns_server_reset_counters(s);
+
+                s->packet_bad_opt = false;
+                s->packet_rrsig_missing = false;
+
+                log_info("Grace period over, resuming full feature set (%s) for DNS server %s.",
+                         dns_server_feature_level_to_string(s->possible_feature_level),
+                         dns_server_string(s));
+
+        } else if (s->possible_feature_level <= s->verified_feature_level)
+                s->possible_feature_level = s->verified_feature_level;
+        else {
+                DnsServerFeatureLevel p = s->possible_feature_level;
+
+                if (s->n_failed_tcp >= DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_RETRY_ATTEMPTS &&
+                    s->possible_feature_level == DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_TCP) {
+
+                        /* We are at the TCP (lowest) level, and we tried a couple of TCP connections, and it didn't
+                         * work. Upgrade back to UDP again. */
+                        log_debug("Reached maximum number of failed TCP connection attempts, trying UDP again...");
+                        s->possible_feature_level = DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_UDP;
+
+                } else if (s->packet_bad_opt &&
+                           s->possible_feature_level >= DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_EDNS0) {
+
+                        /* A reply to one of our EDNS0 queries didn't carry a valid OPT RR, then downgrade to below
+                         * EDNS0 levels. After all, some records generate different responses with and without OPT RR
+                         * in the request. Example:
+                         * https://open.nlnetlabs.nl/pipermail/dnssec-trigger/2014-November/000376.html */
+
+                        log_debug("Server doesn't support EDNS(0) properly, downgrading feature level...");
+                        s->possible_feature_level = DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_UDP;
+
+                } else if (s->packet_rrsig_missing &&
+                           s->possible_feature_level >= DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_DO) {
+
+                        /* RRSIG data was missing on a EDNS0 packet with DO bit set. This means the server doesn't
+                         * augment responses with DNSSEC RRs. If so, let's better not ask the server for it anymore,
+                         * after all some servers generate different replies depending if an OPT RR is in the query or
+                         * not. */
+
+                        log_debug("Detected server responses lack RRSIG records, downgrading feature level...");
+                        s->possible_feature_level = DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_EDNS0;
+
+                } else if (s->n_failed_udp >= DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_RETRY_ATTEMPTS &&
+                            s->possible_feature_level >= DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_UDP) {
+
+                        /* We lost too many UDP packets in a row, and are on a feature level of UDP or higher. If the
+                         * packets are lost, maybe the server cannot parse them, hence downgrading sounds like a good
+                         * idea. We might downgrade all the way down to TCP this way. */
+
+                        log_debug("Lost too many UDP packets, downgrading feature level...");
+                        s->possible_feature_level--;
+
+                } else if (s->n_failed_tcp >= DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_RETRY_ATTEMPTS &&
+                           s->packet_truncated &&
+                           s->possible_feature_level > DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_UDP) {
+
+                         /* We got too many TCP connection failures in a row, we had at least one truncated packet, and
+                          * are on a feature level above UDP. By downgrading things and getting rid of DNSSEC or EDNS0
+                          * data we hope to make the packet smaller, so that it still works via UDP given that TCP
+                          * appears not to be a fallback. Note that if we are already at the lowest UDP level, we don't
+                          * go further down, since that's TCP, and TCP failed too often after all. */
+
+                        log_debug("Got too many failed TCP connection failures and truncated UDP packets, downgrading feature level...");
+                        s->possible_feature_level--;
+                }
+
+                if (p != s->possible_feature_level) {
+
+                        /* We changed the feature level, reset the counting */
+                        dns_server_reset_counters(s);
+
+                        log_warning("Using degraded feature set (%s) for DNS server %s.",
+                                    dns_server_feature_level_to_string(s->possible_feature_level),
+                                    dns_server_string(s));
+                }
+        }
+
+        return s->possible_feature_level;
+}
+
+int dns_server_adjust_opt(DnsServer *server, DnsPacket *packet, DnsServerFeatureLevel level) {
+        size_t packet_size;
+        bool edns_do;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(server);
+        assert(packet);
+        assert(packet->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS);
+
+        /* Fix the OPT field in the packet to match our current feature level. */
+
+        r = dns_packet_truncate_opt(packet);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (level < DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_EDNS0)
+                return 0;
+
+        edns_do = level >= DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_DO;
+
+        if (level >= DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_LARGE)
+                packet_size = DNS_PACKET_UNICAST_SIZE_LARGE_MAX;
+        else
+                packet_size = server->received_udp_packet_max;
+
+        return dns_packet_append_opt(packet, packet_size, edns_do, 0, NULL);
+}
+
+int dns_server_ifindex(const DnsServer *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* The link ifindex always takes precedence */
+        if (s->link)
+                return s->link->ifindex;
+
+        if (s->ifindex > 0)
+                return s->ifindex;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+const char *dns_server_string(DnsServer *server) {
+        assert(server);
+
+        if (!server->server_string)
+                (void) in_addr_ifindex_to_string(server->family, &server->address, dns_server_ifindex(server), &server->server_string);
+
+        return strna(server->server_string);
+}
+
+bool dns_server_dnssec_supported(DnsServer *server) {
+        assert(server);
+
+        /* Returns whether the server supports DNSSEC according to what we know about it */
+
+        if (server->possible_feature_level < DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_DO)
+                return false;
+
+        if (server->packet_bad_opt)
+                return false;
+
+        if (server->packet_rrsig_missing)
+                return false;
+
+        /* DNSSEC servers need to support TCP properly (see RFC5966), if they don't, we assume DNSSEC is borked too */
+        if (server->n_failed_tcp >= DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_RETRY_ATTEMPTS)
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+void dns_server_warn_downgrade(DnsServer *server) {
+        assert(server);
+
+        if (server->warned_downgrade)
+                return;
+
+        log_struct(LOG_NOTICE,
+                   LOG_MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_DNSSEC_DOWNGRADE),
+                   LOG_MESSAGE("Server %s does not support DNSSEC, downgrading to non-DNSSEC mode.", dns_server_string(server)),
+                   "DNS_SERVER=%s", dns_server_string(server),
+                   "DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL=%s", dns_server_feature_level_to_string(server->possible_feature_level),
+                   NULL);
+
+        server->warned_downgrade = true;
+}
+
+static void dns_server_hash_func(const void *p, struct siphash *state) {
+        const DnsServer *s = p;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        siphash24_compress(&s->family, sizeof(s->family), state);
+        siphash24_compress(&s->address, FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(s->family), state);
+        siphash24_compress(&s->ifindex, sizeof(s->ifindex), state);
+}
+
+static int dns_server_compare_func(const void *a, const void *b) {
+        const DnsServer *x = a, *y = b;
+        int r;
+
+        if (x->family < y->family)
+                return -1;
+        if (x->family > y->family)
+                return 1;
+
+        r = memcmp(&x->address, &y->address, FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(x->family));
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (x->ifindex < y->ifindex)
+                return -1;
+        if (x->ifindex > y->ifindex)
+                return 1;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+const struct hash_ops dns_server_hash_ops = {
+        .hash = dns_server_hash_func,
+        .compare = dns_server_compare_func
+};
+
+void dns_server_unlink_all(DnsServer *first) {
+        DnsServer *next;
+
+        if (!first)
+                return;
+
+        next = first->servers_next;
+        dns_server_unlink(first);
+
+        dns_server_unlink_all(next);
+}
+
+void dns_server_unlink_marked(DnsServer *first) {
+        DnsServer *next;
+
+        if (!first)
+                return;
+
+        next = first->servers_next;
+
+        if (first->marked)
+                dns_server_unlink(first);
+
+        dns_server_unlink_marked(next);
+}
+
+void dns_server_mark_all(DnsServer *first) {
+        if (!first)
+                return;
+
+        first->marked = true;
+        dns_server_mark_all(first->servers_next);
+}
+
+DnsServer *dns_server_find(DnsServer *first, int family, const union in_addr_union *in_addr, int ifindex) {
+        DnsServer *s;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(servers, s, first)
+                if (s->family == family && in_addr_equal(family, &s->address, in_addr) > 0 && s->ifindex == ifindex)
+                        return s;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+DnsServer *manager_get_first_dns_server(Manager *m, DnsServerType t) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        switch (t) {
+
+        case DNS_SERVER_SYSTEM:
+                return m->dns_servers;
+
+        case DNS_SERVER_FALLBACK:
+                return m->fallback_dns_servers;
+
+        default:
+                return NULL;
+        }
+}
+
+DnsServer *manager_set_dns_server(Manager *m, DnsServer *s) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->current_dns_server == s)
+                return s;
+
+        if (s)
+                log_info("Switching to %s DNS server %s.",
+                         dns_server_type_to_string(s->type),
+                         dns_server_string(s));
+
+        dns_server_unref(m->current_dns_server);
+        m->current_dns_server = dns_server_ref(s);
+
+        if (m->unicast_scope)
+                dns_cache_flush(&m->unicast_scope->cache);
+
+        return s;
+}
+
+DnsServer *manager_get_dns_server(Manager *m) {
+        Link *l;
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Try to read updates resolv.conf */
+        manager_read_resolv_conf(m);
+
+        /* If no DNS server was chosen so far, pick the first one */
+        if (!m->current_dns_server)
+                manager_set_dns_server(m, m->dns_servers);
+
+        if (!m->current_dns_server) {
+                bool found = false;
+                Iterator i;
+
+                /* No DNS servers configured, let's see if there are
+                 * any on any links. If not, we use the fallback
+                 * servers */
+
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH(l, m->links, i)
+                        if (l->dns_servers) {
+                                found = true;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                if (!found)
+                        manager_set_dns_server(m, m->fallback_dns_servers);
+        }
+
+        return m->current_dns_server;
+}
+
+void manager_next_dns_server(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* If there's currently no DNS server set, then the next
+         * manager_get_dns_server() will find one */
+        if (!m->current_dns_server)
+                return;
+
+        /* Change to the next one, but make sure to follow the linked
+         * list only if the server is still linked. */
+        if (m->current_dns_server->linked && m->current_dns_server->servers_next) {
+                manager_set_dns_server(m, m->current_dns_server->servers_next);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        /* If there was no next one, then start from the beginning of
+         * the list */
+        if (m->current_dns_server->type == DNS_SERVER_FALLBACK)
+                manager_set_dns_server(m, m->fallback_dns_servers);
+        else
+                manager_set_dns_server(m, m->dns_servers);
+}
+
+bool dns_server_address_valid(int family, const union in_addr_union *sa) {
+
+        /* Refuses the 0 IP addresses as well as 127.0.0.53 (which is our own DNS stub) */
+
+        if (in_addr_is_null(family, sa))
+                return false;
+
+        if (family == AF_INET && sa->in.s_addr == htobe32(INADDR_DNS_STUB))
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static const char* const dns_server_type_table[_DNS_SERVER_TYPE_MAX] = {
+        [DNS_SERVER_SYSTEM] = "system",
+        [DNS_SERVER_FALLBACK] = "fallback",
+        [DNS_SERVER_LINK] = "link",
+};
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(dns_server_type, DnsServerType);
+
+static const char* const dns_server_feature_level_table[_DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_MAX] = {
+        [DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_TCP] = "TCP",
+        [DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_UDP] = "UDP",
+        [DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_EDNS0] = "UDP+EDNS0",
+        [DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_DO] = "UDP+EDNS0+DO",
+        [DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_LARGE] = "UDP+EDNS0+DO+LARGE",
+};
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(dns_server_feature_level, DnsServerFeatureLevel);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-server.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-server.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e216fb991
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-server.h
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/in-addr-util.h"
+
+typedef struct DnsServer DnsServer;
+
+typedef enum DnsServerType {
+        DNS_SERVER_SYSTEM,
+        DNS_SERVER_FALLBACK,
+        DNS_SERVER_LINK,
+} DnsServerType;
+#define _DNS_SERVER_TYPE_MAX (DNS_SERVER_LINK + 1)
+
+const char* dns_server_type_to_string(DnsServerType i) _const_;
+DnsServerType dns_server_type_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+typedef enum DnsServerFeatureLevel {
+        DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_TCP,
+        DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_UDP,
+        DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_EDNS0,
+        DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_DO,
+        DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_LARGE,
+        _DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_MAX,
+        _DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_INVALID = -1
+} DnsServerFeatureLevel;
+
+#define DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_WORST 0
+#define DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_BEST (_DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_MAX - 1)
+
+const char* dns_server_feature_level_to_string(int i) _const_;
+int dns_server_feature_level_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+#include "resolved-link.h"
+#include "resolved-manager.h"
+
+struct DnsServer {
+        Manager *manager;
+
+        unsigned n_ref;
+
+        DnsServerType type;
+        Link *link;
+
+        int family;
+        union in_addr_union address;
+        int ifindex; /* for IPv6 link-local DNS servers */
+
+        char *server_string;
+
+        usec_t resend_timeout;
+        usec_t max_rtt;
+
+        DnsServerFeatureLevel verified_feature_level;
+        DnsServerFeatureLevel possible_feature_level;
+
+        size_t received_udp_packet_max;
+
+        unsigned n_failed_udp;
+        unsigned n_failed_tcp;
+
+        bool packet_truncated:1;
+        bool packet_bad_opt:1;
+        bool packet_rrsig_missing:1;
+
+        usec_t verified_usec;
+        usec_t features_grace_period_usec;
+
+        /* Whether we already warned about downgrading to non-DNSSEC mode for this server */
+        bool warned_downgrade:1;
+
+        /* Used when GC'ing old DNS servers when configuration changes. */
+        bool marked:1;
+
+        /* If linked is set, then this server appears in the servers linked list */
+        bool linked:1;
+        LIST_FIELDS(DnsServer, servers);
+};
+
+int dns_server_new(
+                Manager *m,
+                DnsServer **ret,
+                DnsServerType type,
+                Link *link,
+                int family,
+                const union in_addr_union *address,
+                int ifindex);
+
+DnsServer* dns_server_ref(DnsServer *s);
+DnsServer* dns_server_unref(DnsServer *s);
+
+void dns_server_unlink(DnsServer *s);
+void dns_server_move_back_and_unmark(DnsServer *s);
+
+void dns_server_packet_received(DnsServer *s, int protocol, DnsServerFeatureLevel level, usec_t rtt, size_t size);
+void dns_server_packet_lost(DnsServer *s, int protocol, DnsServerFeatureLevel level, usec_t usec);
+void dns_server_packet_truncated(DnsServer *s, DnsServerFeatureLevel level);
+void dns_server_packet_rrsig_missing(DnsServer *s, DnsServerFeatureLevel level);
+void dns_server_packet_bad_opt(DnsServer *s, DnsServerFeatureLevel level);
+void dns_server_packet_rcode_downgrade(DnsServer *s, DnsServerFeatureLevel level);
+
+DnsServerFeatureLevel dns_server_possible_feature_level(DnsServer *s);
+
+int dns_server_adjust_opt(DnsServer *server, DnsPacket *packet, DnsServerFeatureLevel level);
+
+const char *dns_server_string(DnsServer *server);
+int dns_server_ifindex(const DnsServer *s);
+
+bool dns_server_dnssec_supported(DnsServer *server);
+
+void dns_server_warn_downgrade(DnsServer *server);
+
+DnsServer *dns_server_find(DnsServer *first, int family, const union in_addr_union *in_addr, int ifindex);
+
+void dns_server_unlink_all(DnsServer *first);
+void dns_server_unlink_marked(DnsServer *first);
+void dns_server_mark_all(DnsServer *first);
+
+DnsServer *manager_get_first_dns_server(Manager *m, DnsServerType t);
+
+DnsServer *manager_set_dns_server(Manager *m, DnsServer *s);
+DnsServer *manager_get_dns_server(Manager *m);
+void manager_next_dns_server(Manager *m);
+
+bool dns_server_address_valid(int family, const union in_addr_union *sa);
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsServer*, dns_server_unref);
+
+extern const struct hash_ops dns_server_hash_ops;
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-stream.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-stream.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ba5b797b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-stream.c
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <netinet/tcp.h>
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/fd-util.h"
+#include "basic/io-util.h"
+#include "basic/missing.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-stream.h"
+
+#define DNS_STREAM_TIMEOUT_USEC (10 * USEC_PER_SEC)
+#define DNS_STREAMS_MAX 128
+
+static void dns_stream_stop(DnsStream *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        s->io_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->io_event_source);
+        s->timeout_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->timeout_event_source);
+        s->fd = safe_close(s->fd);
+}
+
+static int dns_stream_update_io(DnsStream *s) {
+        int f = 0;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->write_packet && s->n_written < sizeof(s->write_size) + s->write_packet->size)
+                f |= EPOLLOUT;
+        if (!s->read_packet || s->n_read < sizeof(s->read_size) + s->read_packet->size)
+                f |= EPOLLIN;
+
+        return sd_event_source_set_io_events(s->io_event_source, f);
+}
+
+static int dns_stream_complete(DnsStream *s, int error) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        dns_stream_stop(s);
+
+        if (s->complete)
+                s->complete(s, error);
+        else /* the default action if no completion function is set is to close the stream */
+                dns_stream_unref(s);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_stream_identify(DnsStream *s) {
+        union {
+                struct cmsghdr header; /* For alignment */
+                uint8_t buffer[CMSG_SPACE(MAXSIZE(struct in_pktinfo, struct in6_pktinfo))
+                               + EXTRA_CMSG_SPACE /* kernel appears to require extra space */];
+        } control;
+        struct msghdr mh = {};
+        struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
+        socklen_t sl;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->identified)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Query the local side */
+        s->local_salen = sizeof(s->local);
+        r = getsockname(s->fd, &s->local.sa, &s->local_salen);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+        if (s->local.sa.sa_family == AF_INET6 && s->ifindex <= 0)
+                s->ifindex = s->local.in6.sin6_scope_id;
+
+        /* Query the remote side */
+        s->peer_salen = sizeof(s->peer);
+        r = getpeername(s->fd, &s->peer.sa, &s->peer_salen);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+        if (s->peer.sa.sa_family == AF_INET6 && s->ifindex <= 0)
+                s->ifindex = s->peer.in6.sin6_scope_id;
+
+        /* Check consistency */
+        assert(s->peer.sa.sa_family == s->local.sa.sa_family);
+        assert(IN_SET(s->peer.sa.sa_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6));
+
+        /* Query connection meta information */
+        sl = sizeof(control);
+        if (s->peer.sa.sa_family == AF_INET) {
+                r = getsockopt(s->fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_PKTOPTIONS, &control, &sl);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        } else if (s->peer.sa.sa_family == AF_INET6) {
+
+                r = getsockopt(s->fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_2292PKTOPTIONS, &control, &sl);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        } else
+                return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+
+        mh.msg_control = &control;
+        mh.msg_controllen = sl;
+
+        CMSG_FOREACH(cmsg, &mh) {
+
+                if (cmsg->cmsg_level == IPPROTO_IPV6) {
+                        assert(s->peer.sa.sa_family == AF_INET6);
+
+                        switch (cmsg->cmsg_type) {
+
+                        case IPV6_PKTINFO: {
+                                struct in6_pktinfo *i = (struct in6_pktinfo*) CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
+
+                                if (s->ifindex <= 0)
+                                        s->ifindex = i->ipi6_ifindex;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        case IPV6_HOPLIMIT:
+                                s->ttl = *(int *) CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                } else if (cmsg->cmsg_level == IPPROTO_IP) {
+                        assert(s->peer.sa.sa_family == AF_INET);
+
+                        switch (cmsg->cmsg_type) {
+
+                        case IP_PKTINFO: {
+                                struct in_pktinfo *i = (struct in_pktinfo*) CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
+
+                                if (s->ifindex <= 0)
+                                        s->ifindex = i->ipi_ifindex;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        case IP_TTL:
+                                s->ttl = *(int *) CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* The Linux kernel sets the interface index to the loopback
+         * device if the connection came from the local host since it
+         * avoids the routing table in such a case. Let's unset the
+         * interface index in such a case. */
+        if (s->ifindex == LOOPBACK_IFINDEX)
+                s->ifindex = 0;
+
+        /* If we don't know the interface index still, we look for the
+         * first local interface with a matching address. Yuck! */
+        if (s->ifindex <= 0)
+                s->ifindex = manager_find_ifindex(s->manager, s->local.sa.sa_family, s->local.sa.sa_family == AF_INET ? (union in_addr_union*) &s->local.in.sin_addr : (union in_addr_union*)  &s->local.in6.sin6_addr);
+
+        if (s->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR && s->ifindex > 0) {
+                uint32_t ifindex = htobe32(s->ifindex);
+
+                /* Make sure all packets for this connection are sent on the same interface */
+                if (s->local.sa.sa_family == AF_INET) {
+                        r = setsockopt(s->fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_UNICAST_IF, &ifindex, sizeof(ifindex));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to invoke IP_UNICAST_IF: %m");
+                } else if (s->local.sa.sa_family == AF_INET6) {
+                        r = setsockopt(s->fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_UNICAST_IF, &ifindex, sizeof(ifindex));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to invoke IPV6_UNICAST_IF: %m");
+                }
+        }
+
+        s->identified = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int on_stream_timeout(sd_event_source *es, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        DnsStream *s = userdata;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        return dns_stream_complete(s, ETIMEDOUT);
+}
+
+static int on_stream_io(sd_event_source *es, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        DnsStream *s = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        r = dns_stream_identify(s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return dns_stream_complete(s, -r);
+
+        if ((revents & EPOLLOUT) &&
+            s->write_packet &&
+            s->n_written < sizeof(s->write_size) + s->write_packet->size) {
+
+                struct iovec iov[2];
+                ssize_t ss;
+
+                iov[0].iov_base = &s->write_size;
+                iov[0].iov_len = sizeof(s->write_size);
+                iov[1].iov_base = DNS_PACKET_DATA(s->write_packet);
+                iov[1].iov_len = s->write_packet->size;
+
+                IOVEC_INCREMENT(iov, 2, s->n_written);
+
+                ss = writev(fd, iov, 2);
+                if (ss < 0) {
+                        if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGAIN)
+                                return dns_stream_complete(s, errno);
+                } else
+                        s->n_written += ss;
+
+                /* Are we done? If so, disable the event source for EPOLLOUT */
+                if (s->n_written >= sizeof(s->write_size) + s->write_packet->size) {
+                        r = dns_stream_update_io(s);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return dns_stream_complete(s, -r);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if ((revents & (EPOLLIN|EPOLLHUP|EPOLLRDHUP)) &&
+            (!s->read_packet ||
+             s->n_read < sizeof(s->read_size) + s->read_packet->size)) {
+
+                if (s->n_read < sizeof(s->read_size)) {
+                        ssize_t ss;
+
+                        ss = read(fd, (uint8_t*) &s->read_size + s->n_read, sizeof(s->read_size) - s->n_read);
+                        if (ss < 0) {
+                                if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGAIN)
+                                        return dns_stream_complete(s, errno);
+                        } else if (ss == 0)
+                                return dns_stream_complete(s, ECONNRESET);
+                        else
+                                s->n_read += ss;
+                }
+
+                if (s->n_read >= sizeof(s->read_size)) {
+
+                        if (be16toh(s->read_size) < DNS_PACKET_HEADER_SIZE)
+                                return dns_stream_complete(s, EBADMSG);
+
+                        if (s->n_read < sizeof(s->read_size) + be16toh(s->read_size)) {
+                                ssize_t ss;
+
+                                if (!s->read_packet) {
+                                        r = dns_packet_new(&s->read_packet, s->protocol, be16toh(s->read_size));
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                return dns_stream_complete(s, -r);
+
+                                        s->read_packet->size = be16toh(s->read_size);
+                                        s->read_packet->ipproto = IPPROTO_TCP;
+                                        s->read_packet->family = s->peer.sa.sa_family;
+                                        s->read_packet->ttl = s->ttl;
+                                        s->read_packet->ifindex = s->ifindex;
+
+                                        if (s->read_packet->family == AF_INET) {
+                                                s->read_packet->sender.in = s->peer.in.sin_addr;
+                                                s->read_packet->sender_port = be16toh(s->peer.in.sin_port);
+                                                s->read_packet->destination.in = s->local.in.sin_addr;
+                                                s->read_packet->destination_port = be16toh(s->local.in.sin_port);
+                                        } else {
+                                                assert(s->read_packet->family == AF_INET6);
+                                                s->read_packet->sender.in6 = s->peer.in6.sin6_addr;
+                                                s->read_packet->sender_port = be16toh(s->peer.in6.sin6_port);
+                                                s->read_packet->destination.in6 = s->local.in6.sin6_addr;
+                                                s->read_packet->destination_port = be16toh(s->local.in6.sin6_port);
+
+                                                if (s->read_packet->ifindex == 0)
+                                                        s->read_packet->ifindex = s->peer.in6.sin6_scope_id;
+                                                if (s->read_packet->ifindex == 0)
+                                                        s->read_packet->ifindex = s->local.in6.sin6_scope_id;
+                                        }
+                                }
+
+                                ss = read(fd,
+                                          (uint8_t*) DNS_PACKET_DATA(s->read_packet) + s->n_read - sizeof(s->read_size),
+                                          sizeof(s->read_size) + be16toh(s->read_size) - s->n_read);
+                                if (ss < 0) {
+                                        if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGAIN)
+                                                return dns_stream_complete(s, errno);
+                                } else if (ss == 0)
+                                        return dns_stream_complete(s, ECONNRESET);
+                                else
+                                        s->n_read += ss;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Are we done? If so, disable the event source for EPOLLIN */
+                        if (s->n_read >= sizeof(s->read_size) + be16toh(s->read_size)) {
+                                r = dns_stream_update_io(s);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return dns_stream_complete(s, -r);
+
+                                /* If there's a packet handler
+                                 * installed, call that. Note that
+                                 * this is optional... */
+                                if (s->on_packet)
+                                        return s->on_packet(s);
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        if ((s->write_packet && s->n_written >= sizeof(s->write_size) + s->write_packet->size) &&
+            (s->read_packet && s->n_read >= sizeof(s->read_size) + s->read_packet->size))
+                return dns_stream_complete(s, 0);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DnsStream *dns_stream_unref(DnsStream *s) {
+        if (!s)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(s->n_ref > 0);
+        s->n_ref--;
+
+        if (s->n_ref > 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        dns_stream_stop(s);
+
+        if (s->manager) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(streams, s->manager->dns_streams, s);
+                s->manager->n_dns_streams--;
+        }
+
+        dns_packet_unref(s->write_packet);
+        dns_packet_unref(s->read_packet);
+
+        free(s);
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsStream*, dns_stream_unref);
+
+DnsStream *dns_stream_ref(DnsStream *s) {
+        if (!s)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(s->n_ref > 0);
+        s->n_ref++;
+
+        return s;
+}
+
+int dns_stream_new(Manager *m, DnsStream **ret, DnsProtocol protocol, int fd) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_stream_unrefp) DnsStream *s = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        if (m->n_dns_streams > DNS_STREAMS_MAX)
+                return -EBUSY;
+
+        s = new0(DnsStream, 1);
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        s->n_ref = 1;
+        s->fd = -1;
+        s->protocol = protocol;
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &s->io_event_source, fd, EPOLLIN, on_stream_io, s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(s->io_event_source, "dns-stream-io");
+
+        r = sd_event_add_time(
+                        m->event,
+                        &s->timeout_event_source,
+                        clock_boottime_or_monotonic(),
+                        now(clock_boottime_or_monotonic()) + DNS_STREAM_TIMEOUT_USEC, 0,
+                        on_stream_timeout, s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(s->timeout_event_source, "dns-stream-timeout");
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(streams, m->dns_streams, s);
+        s->manager = m;
+        s->fd = fd;
+        m->n_dns_streams++;
+
+        *ret = s;
+        s = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_stream_write_packet(DnsStream *s, DnsPacket *p) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->write_packet)
+                return -EBUSY;
+
+        s->write_packet = dns_packet_ref(p);
+        s->write_size = htobe16(p->size);
+        s->n_written = 0;
+
+        return dns_stream_update_io(s);
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-stream.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-stream.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..92b2579fc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-stream.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/socket-util.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-packet.h"
+
+typedef struct DnsStream DnsStream;
+
+#include "resolved-dns-transaction.h"
+
+/* Streams are used by three subsystems:
+ *
+ *   1. The normal transaction logic when doing a DNS or LLMNR lookup via TCP
+ *   2. The LLMNR logic when accepting a TCP-based lookup
+ *   3. The DNS stub logic when accepting a TCP-based lookup
+ */
+
+struct DnsStream {
+        Manager *manager;
+        int n_ref;
+
+        DnsProtocol protocol;
+
+        int fd;
+        union sockaddr_union peer;
+        socklen_t peer_salen;
+        union sockaddr_union local;
+        socklen_t local_salen;
+        int ifindex;
+        uint32_t ttl;
+        bool identified;
+
+        sd_event_source *io_event_source;
+        sd_event_source *timeout_event_source;
+
+        be16_t write_size, read_size;
+        DnsPacket *write_packet, *read_packet;
+        size_t n_written, n_read;
+
+        int (*on_packet)(DnsStream *s);
+        int (*complete)(DnsStream *s, int error);
+
+        DnsTransaction *transaction; /* when used by the transaction logic */
+        DnsQuery *query;             /* when used by the DNS stub logic */
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(DnsStream, streams);
+};
+
+int dns_stream_new(Manager *m, DnsStream **s, DnsProtocol protocol, int fd);
+DnsStream *dns_stream_unref(DnsStream *s);
+DnsStream *dns_stream_ref(DnsStream *s);
+
+int dns_stream_write_packet(DnsStream *s, DnsPacket *p);
+
+static inline bool DNS_STREAM_QUEUED(DnsStream *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->fd < 0) /* already stopped? */
+                return false;
+
+        return !!s->write_packet;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-stub.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-stub.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..520a67a7b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-stub.c
@@ -0,0 +1,573 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2016 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/fd-util.h"
+#include "basic/socket-util.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-stub.h"
+
+/* The MTU of the loopback device is 64K on Linux, advertise that as maximum datagram size, but subtract the Ethernet,
+ * IP and UDP header sizes */
+#define ADVERTISE_DATAGRAM_SIZE_MAX (65536U-14U-20U-8U)
+
+static int dns_stub_make_reply_packet(
+                uint16_t id,
+                int rcode,
+                DnsQuestion *q,
+                DnsAnswer *answer,
+                bool add_opt,   /* add an OPT RR to this packet */
+                bool edns0_do,  /* set the EDNS0 DNSSEC OK bit */
+                bool ad,        /* set the DNSSEC authenticated data bit */
+                DnsPacket **ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        unsigned c = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Note that we don't bother with any additional RRs, as this is stub is for local lookups only, and hence
+         * roundtrips aren't expensive. */
+
+        r = dns_packet_new(&p, DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* If the client didn't do EDNS, clamp the rcode to 4 bit */
+        if (!add_opt && rcode > 0xF)
+                rcode = DNS_RCODE_SERVFAIL;
+
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->id = id;
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->flags = htobe16(DNS_PACKET_MAKE_FLAGS(
+                                                              1 /* qr */,
+                                                              0 /* opcode */,
+                                                              0 /* aa */,
+                                                              0 /* tc */,
+                                                              1 /* rd */,
+                                                              1 /* ra */,
+                                                              ad /* ad */,
+                                                              0 /* cd */,
+                                                              rcode));
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_question(p, q);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->qdcount = htobe16(dns_question_size(q));
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, answer) {
+                r = dns_question_matches_rr(q, rr, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        goto add;
+
+                r = dns_question_matches_cname_or_dname(q, rr, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        goto add;
+
+                continue;
+        add:
+                r = dns_packet_append_rr(p, rr, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                c++;
+        }
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->ancount = htobe16(c);
+
+        if (add_opt) {
+                r = dns_packet_append_opt(p, ADVERTISE_DATAGRAM_SIZE_MAX, edns0_do, rcode, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        *ret = p;
+        p = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void dns_stub_detach_stream(DnsStream *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        s->complete = NULL;
+        s->on_packet = NULL;
+        s->query = NULL;
+}
+
+static int dns_stub_send(Manager *m, DnsStream *s, DnsPacket *p, DnsPacket *reply) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(p);
+        assert(reply);
+
+        if (s)
+                r = dns_stream_write_packet(s, reply);
+        else {
+                int fd;
+
+                /* Truncate the message to the right size */
+                if (reply->size > DNS_PACKET_PAYLOAD_SIZE_MAX(p)) {
+                        dns_packet_truncate(reply, DNS_PACKET_UNICAST_SIZE_MAX);
+                        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(reply)->flags = htobe16(be16toh(DNS_PACKET_HEADER(reply)->flags) | DNS_PACKET_FLAG_TC);
+                }
+
+                fd = manager_dns_stub_udp_fd(m);
+                if (fd < 0)
+                        return log_debug_errno(fd, "Failed to get reply socket: %m");
+
+                /* Note that it is essential here that we explicitly choose the source IP address for this packet. This
+                 * is because otherwise the kernel will choose it automatically based on the routing table and will
+                 * thus pick 127.0.0.1 rather than 127.0.0.53. */
+
+                r = manager_send(m, fd, LOOPBACK_IFINDEX, p->family, &p->sender, p->sender_port, &p->destination, reply);
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to send reply packet: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_stub_send_failure(Manager *m, DnsStream *s, DnsPacket *p, int rcode) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *reply = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(p);
+
+        r = dns_stub_make_reply_packet(DNS_PACKET_ID(p), rcode, p->question, NULL, !!p->opt, DNS_PACKET_DO(p), false, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to build failure packet: %m");
+
+        return dns_stub_send(m, s, p, reply);
+}
+
+static void dns_stub_query_complete(DnsQuery *q) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(q);
+        assert(q->request_dns_packet);
+
+        switch (q->state) {
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS: {
+                _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *reply = NULL;
+
+                r = dns_stub_make_reply_packet(
+                                DNS_PACKET_ID(q->request_dns_packet),
+                                q->answer_rcode,
+                                q->question_idna,
+                                q->answer,
+                                !!q->request_dns_packet->opt,
+                                DNS_PACKET_DO(q->request_dns_packet),
+                                DNS_PACKET_DO(q->request_dns_packet) && q->answer_authenticated,
+                                &reply);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to build reply packet: %m");
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                (void) dns_stub_send(q->manager, q->request_dns_stream, q->request_dns_packet, reply);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_RCODE_FAILURE:
+                (void) dns_stub_send_failure(q->manager, q->request_dns_stream, q->request_dns_packet, q->answer_rcode);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_NOT_FOUND:
+                (void) dns_stub_send_failure(q->manager, q->request_dns_stream, q->request_dns_packet, DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_TIMEOUT:
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX_REACHED:
+                /* Propagate a timeout as a no packet, i.e. that the client also gets a timeout */
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_SERVERS:
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY:
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO:
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_ABORTED:
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED:
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_TRUST_ANCHOR:
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_RR_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED:
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK_DOWN:
+                (void) dns_stub_send_failure(q->manager, q->request_dns_stream, q->request_dns_packet, DNS_RCODE_SERVFAIL);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL:
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING:
+        case DNS_TRANSACTION_VALIDATING:
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Impossible state");
+        }
+
+        /* If there's a packet to write set, let's leave the stream around */
+        if (q->request_dns_stream && DNS_STREAM_QUEUED(q->request_dns_stream)) {
+
+                /* Detach the stream from our query (make it an orphan), but do not drop the reference to it. The
+                 * default completion action of the stream will drop the reference. */
+
+                dns_stub_detach_stream(q->request_dns_stream);
+                q->request_dns_stream = NULL;
+        }
+
+        dns_query_free(q);
+}
+
+static int dns_stub_stream_complete(DnsStream *s, int error) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        log_debug_errno(error, "DNS TCP connection terminated, destroying query: %m");
+
+        assert(s->query);
+        dns_query_free(s->query);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void dns_stub_process_query(Manager *m, DnsStream *s, DnsPacket *p) {
+        DnsQuery *q = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(p);
+        assert(p->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS);
+
+        /* Takes ownership of the *s stream object */
+
+        if (in_addr_is_localhost(p->family, &p->sender) <= 0 ||
+            in_addr_is_localhost(p->family, &p->destination) <= 0) {
+                log_error("Got packet on unexpected IP range, refusing.");
+                dns_stub_send_failure(m, s, p, DNS_RCODE_SERVFAIL);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_packet_extract(p);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to extract resources from incoming packet, ignoring packet: %m");
+                dns_stub_send_failure(m, s, p, DNS_RCODE_FORMERR);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (!DNS_PACKET_VERSION_SUPPORTED(p)) {
+                log_debug("Got EDNS OPT field with unsupported version number.");
+                dns_stub_send_failure(m, s, p, DNS_RCODE_BADVERS);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (dns_type_is_obsolete(p->question->keys[0]->type)) {
+                log_debug("Got message with obsolete key type, refusing.");
+                dns_stub_send_failure(m, s, p, DNS_RCODE_NOTIMP);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (dns_type_is_zone_transer(p->question->keys[0]->type)) {
+                log_debug("Got request for zone transfer, refusing.");
+                dns_stub_send_failure(m, s, p, DNS_RCODE_NOTIMP);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (!DNS_PACKET_RD(p))  {
+                /* If the "rd" bit is off (i.e. recursion was not requested), then refuse operation */
+                log_debug("Got request with recursion disabled, refusing.");
+                dns_stub_send_failure(m, s, p, DNS_RCODE_REFUSED);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (DNS_PACKET_DO(p) && DNS_PACKET_CD(p)) {
+                log_debug("Got request with DNSSEC CD bit set, refusing.");
+                dns_stub_send_failure(m, s, p, DNS_RCODE_NOTIMP);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_query_new(m, &q, p->question, p->question, 0, SD_RESOLVED_PROTOCOLS_ALL|SD_RESOLVED_NO_SEARCH|SD_RESOLVED_NO_CNAME);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to generate query object: %m");
+                dns_stub_send_failure(m, s, p, DNS_RCODE_SERVFAIL);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* Request that the TTL is corrected by the cached time for this lookup, so that we return vaguely useful TTLs */
+        q->clamp_ttl = true;
+
+        q->request_dns_packet = dns_packet_ref(p);
+        q->request_dns_stream = dns_stream_ref(s); /* make sure the stream stays around until we can send a reply through it */
+        q->complete = dns_stub_query_complete;
+
+        if (s) {
+                s->on_packet = NULL;
+                s->complete = dns_stub_stream_complete;
+                s->query = q;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_query_go(q);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to start query: %m");
+                dns_stub_send_failure(m, s, p, DNS_RCODE_SERVFAIL);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        log_info("Processing query...");
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        if (s && DNS_STREAM_QUEUED(s))
+                dns_stub_detach_stream(s);
+
+        dns_query_free(q);
+}
+
+static int on_dns_stub_packet(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        r = manager_recv(m, fd, DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS, &p);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (dns_packet_validate_query(p) > 0) {
+                log_debug("Got DNS stub UDP query packet for id %u", DNS_PACKET_ID(p));
+
+                dns_stub_process_query(m, NULL, p);
+        } else
+                log_debug("Invalid DNS stub UDP packet, ignoring.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_dns_stub_udp_fd(Manager *m) {
+        static const int one = 1;
+
+        union sockaddr_union sa = {
+                .in.sin_family = AF_INET,
+                .in.sin_port = htobe16(53),
+                .in.sin_addr.s_addr = htobe32(INADDR_DNS_STUB),
+        };
+
+        int r;
+
+        if (m->dns_stub_udp_fd >= 0)
+                return m->dns_stub_udp_fd;
+
+        m->dns_stub_udp_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+        if (m->dns_stub_udp_fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->dns_stub_udp_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->dns_stub_udp_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_PKTINFO, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->dns_stub_udp_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_RECVTTL, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* Make sure no traffic from outside the local host can leak to onto this socket */
+        r = setsockopt(m->dns_stub_udp_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BINDTODEVICE, "lo", 3);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = bind(m->dns_stub_udp_fd, &sa.sa, sizeof(sa.in));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->dns_stub_udp_event_source, m->dns_stub_udp_fd, EPOLLIN, on_dns_stub_packet, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->dns_stub_udp_event_source, "dns-stub-udp");
+
+        return m->dns_stub_udp_fd;
+
+fail:
+        m->dns_stub_udp_fd = safe_close(m->dns_stub_udp_fd);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int on_dns_stub_stream_packet(DnsStream *s) {
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->read_packet);
+
+        if (dns_packet_validate_query(s->read_packet) > 0) {
+                log_debug("Got DNS stub TCP query packet for id %u", DNS_PACKET_ID(s->read_packet));
+
+                dns_stub_process_query(s->manager, s, s->read_packet);
+        } else
+                log_debug("Invalid DNS stub TCP packet, ignoring.");
+
+        /* Drop the reference to the stream. Either a query was created and added its own reference to the stream now,
+         * or that didn't happen in which case we want to free the stream */
+        dns_stream_unref(s);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int on_dns_stub_stream(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        DnsStream *stream;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int cfd, r;
+
+        cfd = accept4(fd, NULL, NULL, SOCK_NONBLOCK|SOCK_CLOEXEC);
+        if (cfd < 0) {
+                if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_stream_new(m, &stream, DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS, cfd);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                safe_close(cfd);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        stream->on_packet = on_dns_stub_stream_packet;
+
+        /* We let the reference to the stream dangling here, it will either be dropped by the default "complete" action
+         * of the stream, or by our packet callback, or when the manager is shut down. */
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_dns_stub_tcp_fd(Manager *m) {
+        static const int one = 1;
+
+        union sockaddr_union sa = {
+                .in.sin_family = AF_INET,
+                .in.sin_addr.s_addr = htobe32(INADDR_DNS_STUB),
+                .in.sin_port = htobe16(53),
+        };
+
+        int r;
+
+        if (m->dns_stub_tcp_fd >= 0)
+                return m->dns_stub_tcp_fd;
+
+        m->dns_stub_tcp_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+        if (m->dns_stub_tcp_fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->dns_stub_tcp_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->dns_stub_tcp_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->dns_stub_tcp_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_PKTINFO, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->dns_stub_tcp_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_RECVTTL, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* Make sure no traffic from outside the local host can leak to onto this socket */
+        r = setsockopt(m->dns_stub_tcp_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BINDTODEVICE, "lo", 3);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = bind(m->dns_stub_tcp_fd, &sa.sa, sizeof(sa.in));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = listen(m->dns_stub_tcp_fd, SOMAXCONN);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->dns_stub_tcp_event_source, m->dns_stub_tcp_fd, EPOLLIN, on_dns_stub_stream, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->dns_stub_tcp_event_source, "dns-stub-tcp");
+
+        return m->dns_stub_tcp_fd;
+
+fail:
+        m->dns_stub_tcp_fd = safe_close(m->dns_stub_tcp_fd);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int manager_dns_stub_start(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = manager_dns_stub_udp_fd(m);
+        if (r == -EADDRINUSE)
+                goto eaddrinuse;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = manager_dns_stub_tcp_fd(m);
+        if (r == -EADDRINUSE)
+                goto eaddrinuse;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+
+eaddrinuse:
+        log_warning("Another process is already listening on 127.0.0.53:53. Turning off local DNS stub support.");
+        manager_dns_stub_stop(m);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void manager_dns_stub_stop(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->dns_stub_udp_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->dns_stub_udp_event_source);
+        m->dns_stub_tcp_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->dns_stub_tcp_event_source);
+
+        m->dns_stub_udp_fd = safe_close(m->dns_stub_udp_fd);
+        m->dns_stub_tcp_fd = safe_close(m->dns_stub_tcp_fd);
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-stub.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-stub.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fce4d25ede
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-stub.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2016 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "resolved-manager.h"
+
+/* 127.0.0.53 in native endian */
+#define INADDR_DNS_STUB ((in_addr_t) 0x7f000035U)
+
+int manager_dns_stub_udp_fd(Manager *m);
+int manager_dns_stub_tcp_fd(Manager *m);
+
+void manager_dns_stub_stop(Manager *m);
+int manager_dns_stub_start(Manager *m);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-synthesize.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-synthesize.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16e0410f98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-synthesize.c
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/hostname-util.h"
+#include "sd-netlink/local-addresses.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-synthesize.h"
+
+int dns_synthesize_ifindex(int ifindex) {
+
+        /* When the caller asked for resolving on a specific
+         * interface, we synthesize the answer for that
+         * interface. However, if nothing specific was claimed and we
+         * only return localhost RRs, we synthesize the answer for
+         * localhost. */
+
+        if (ifindex > 0)
+                return ifindex;
+
+        return LOOPBACK_IFINDEX;
+}
+
+int dns_synthesize_family(uint64_t flags) {
+
+        /* Picks an address family depending on set flags. This is
+         * purely for synthesized answers, where the family we return
+         * for the reply should match what was requested in the
+         * question, even though we are synthesizing the answer
+         * here. */
+
+        if (!(flags & SD_RESOLVED_DNS)) {
+                if (flags & (SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV4|SD_RESOLVED_MDNS_IPV4))
+                        return AF_INET;
+                if (flags & (SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV6|SD_RESOLVED_MDNS_IPV6))
+                        return AF_INET6;
+        }
+
+        return AF_UNSPEC;
+}
+
+DnsProtocol dns_synthesize_protocol(uint64_t flags) {
+
+        /* Similar as dns_synthesize_family() but does this for the
+         * protocol. If resolving via DNS was requested, we claim it
+         * was DNS. Similar, if nothing specific was
+         * requested. However, if only resolving via LLMNR was
+         * requested we return that. */
+
+        if (flags & SD_RESOLVED_DNS)
+                return DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS;
+        if (flags & SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR)
+                return DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR;
+        if (flags & SD_RESOLVED_MDNS)
+                return DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS;
+
+        return DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS;
+}
+
+static int synthesize_localhost_rr(Manager *m, const DnsResourceKey *key, int ifindex, DnsAnswer **answer) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(answer);
+
+        r = dns_answer_reserve(answer, 2);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (IN_SET(key->type, DNS_TYPE_A, DNS_TYPE_ANY)) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+
+                rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_A, dns_resource_key_name(key));
+                if (!rr)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                rr->a.in_addr.s_addr = htobe32(INADDR_LOOPBACK);
+
+                r = dns_answer_add(*answer, rr, dns_synthesize_ifindex(ifindex), DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (IN_SET(key->type, DNS_TYPE_AAAA, DNS_TYPE_ANY)) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+
+                rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_AAAA, dns_resource_key_name(key));
+                if (!rr)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                rr->aaaa.in6_addr = in6addr_loopback;
+
+                r = dns_answer_add(*answer, rr, dns_synthesize_ifindex(ifindex), DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int answer_add_ptr(DnsAnswer **answer, const char *from, const char *to, int ifindex, DnsAnswerFlags flags) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+
+        rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_PTR, from);
+        if (!rr)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        rr->ptr.name = strdup(to);
+        if (!rr->ptr.name)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return dns_answer_add(*answer, rr, ifindex, flags);
+}
+
+static int synthesize_localhost_ptr(Manager *m, const DnsResourceKey *key, int ifindex, DnsAnswer **answer) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(answer);
+
+        if (IN_SET(key->type, DNS_TYPE_PTR, DNS_TYPE_ANY)) {
+                r = dns_answer_reserve(answer, 1);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = answer_add_ptr(answer, dns_resource_key_name(key), "localhost", dns_synthesize_ifindex(ifindex), DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int answer_add_addresses_rr(
+                DnsAnswer **answer,
+                const char *name,
+                struct local_address *addresses,
+                unsigned n_addresses) {
+
+        unsigned j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(answer);
+        assert(name);
+
+        r = dns_answer_reserve(answer, n_addresses);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (j = 0; j < n_addresses; j++) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+
+                r = dns_resource_record_new_address(&rr, addresses[j].family, &addresses[j].address, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_answer_add(*answer, rr, addresses[j].ifindex, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int answer_add_addresses_ptr(
+                DnsAnswer **answer,
+                const char *name,
+                struct local_address *addresses,
+                unsigned n_addresses,
+                int af, const union in_addr_union *match) {
+
+        unsigned j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(answer);
+        assert(name);
+
+        for (j = 0; j < n_addresses; j++) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+
+                if (af != AF_UNSPEC) {
+
+                        if (addresses[j].family != af)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (match && !in_addr_equal(af, match, &addresses[j].address))
+                                continue;
+                }
+
+                r = dns_answer_reserve(answer, 1);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_resource_record_new_reverse(&rr, addresses[j].family, &addresses[j].address, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_answer_add(*answer, rr, addresses[j].ifindex, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int synthesize_system_hostname_rr(Manager *m, const DnsResourceKey *key, int ifindex, DnsAnswer **answer) {
+        _cleanup_free_ struct local_address *addresses = NULL;
+        int n = 0, af;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(answer);
+
+        af = dns_type_to_af(key->type);
+        if (af >= 0) {
+                n = local_addresses(m->rtnl, ifindex, af, &addresses);
+                if (n < 0)
+                        return n;
+
+                if (n == 0) {
+                        struct local_address buffer[2];
+
+                        /* If we have no local addresses then use ::1
+                         * and 127.0.0.2 as local ones. */
+
+                        if (af == AF_INET || af == AF_UNSPEC)
+                                buffer[n++] = (struct local_address) {
+                                        .family = AF_INET,
+                                        .ifindex = dns_synthesize_ifindex(ifindex),
+                                        .address.in.s_addr = htobe32(0x7F000002),
+                                };
+
+                        if (af == AF_INET6 || af == AF_UNSPEC)
+                                buffer[n++] = (struct local_address) {
+                                        .family = AF_INET6,
+                                        .ifindex = dns_synthesize_ifindex(ifindex),
+                                        .address.in6 = in6addr_loopback,
+                                };
+
+                        return answer_add_addresses_rr(answer, dns_resource_key_name(key), buffer, n);
+                }
+        }
+
+        return answer_add_addresses_rr(answer, dns_resource_key_name(key), addresses, n);
+}
+
+static int synthesize_system_hostname_ptr(Manager *m, int af, const union in_addr_union *address, int ifindex, DnsAnswer **answer) {
+        _cleanup_free_ struct local_address *addresses = NULL;
+        int n, r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(address);
+        assert(answer);
+
+        if (af == AF_INET && address->in.s_addr == htobe32(0x7F000002)) {
+
+                /* Always map the IPv4 address 127.0.0.2 to the local
+                 * hostname, in addition to "localhost": */
+
+                r = dns_answer_reserve(answer, 3);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = answer_add_ptr(answer, "2.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa", m->llmnr_hostname, dns_synthesize_ifindex(ifindex), DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = answer_add_ptr(answer, "2.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa", m->mdns_hostname, dns_synthesize_ifindex(ifindex), DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = answer_add_ptr(answer, "2.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa", "localhost", dns_synthesize_ifindex(ifindex), DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        n = local_addresses(m->rtnl, ifindex, af, &addresses);
+        if (n < 0)
+                return n;
+
+        r = answer_add_addresses_ptr(answer, m->llmnr_hostname, addresses, n, af, address);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return answer_add_addresses_ptr(answer, m->mdns_hostname, addresses, n, af, address);
+}
+
+static int synthesize_gateway_rr(Manager *m, const DnsResourceKey *key, int ifindex, DnsAnswer **answer) {
+        _cleanup_free_ struct local_address *addresses = NULL;
+        int n = 0, af;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(answer);
+
+        af = dns_type_to_af(key->type);
+        if (af >= 0) {
+                n = local_gateways(m->rtnl, ifindex, af, &addresses);
+                if (n < 0)
+                        return n;
+        }
+
+        return answer_add_addresses_rr(answer, dns_resource_key_name(key), addresses, n);
+}
+
+static int synthesize_gateway_ptr(Manager *m, int af, const union in_addr_union *address, int ifindex, DnsAnswer **answer) {
+        _cleanup_free_ struct local_address *addresses = NULL;
+        int n;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(address);
+        assert(answer);
+
+        n = local_gateways(m->rtnl, ifindex, af, &addresses);
+        if (n < 0)
+                return n;
+
+        return answer_add_addresses_ptr(answer, "gateway", addresses, n, af, address);
+}
+
+int dns_synthesize_answer(
+                Manager *m,
+                DnsQuestion *q,
+                int ifindex,
+                DnsAnswer **ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *answer = NULL;
+        DnsResourceKey *key;
+        bool found = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(q);
+
+        DNS_QUESTION_FOREACH(key, q) {
+                union in_addr_union address;
+                const char *name;
+                int af;
+
+                if (key->class != DNS_CLASS_IN &&
+                    key->class != DNS_CLASS_ANY)
+                        continue;
+
+                name = dns_resource_key_name(key);
+
+                if (is_localhost(name)) {
+
+                        r = synthesize_localhost_rr(m, key, ifindex, &answer);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to synthesize localhost RRs: %m");
+
+                } else if (manager_is_own_hostname(m, name)) {
+
+                        r = synthesize_system_hostname_rr(m, key, ifindex, &answer);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to synthesize system hostname RRs: %m");
+
+                } else if (is_gateway_hostname(name)) {
+
+                        r = synthesize_gateway_rr(m, key, ifindex, &answer);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to synthesize gateway RRs: %m");
+
+                } else if ((dns_name_endswith(name, "127.in-addr.arpa") > 0 && dns_name_equal(name, "2.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa") == 0) ||
+                           dns_name_equal(name, "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa") > 0) {
+
+                        r = synthesize_localhost_ptr(m, key, ifindex, &answer);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to synthesize localhost PTR RRs: %m");
+
+                } else if (dns_name_address(name, &af, &address) > 0) {
+
+                        r = synthesize_system_hostname_ptr(m, af, &address, ifindex, &answer);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to synthesize system hostname PTR RR: %m");
+
+                        r = synthesize_gateway_ptr(m, af, &address, ifindex, &answer);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to synthesize gateway hostname PTR RR: %m");
+                } else
+                        continue;
+
+                found = true;
+        }
+
+        r = found;
+
+        if (ret) {
+                *ret = answer;
+                answer = NULL;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-synthesize.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-synthesize.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2309105068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-synthesize.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2016 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "resolved-dns-answer.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-question.h"
+
+#include "resolved-manager.h"
+
+int dns_synthesize_ifindex(int ifindex);
+int dns_synthesize_family(uint64_t flags);
+DnsProtocol dns_synthesize_protocol(uint64_t flags);
+
+int dns_synthesize_answer(Manager *m, DnsQuestion *q, int ifindex, DnsAnswer **ret);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-transaction.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-transaction.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3cf72e0ff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-transaction.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3108 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-messages.h>
+
+#include "basic/af-list.h"
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/errno-list.h"
+#include "basic/fd-util.h"
+#include "basic/random-util.h"
+#include "basic/string-table.h"
+#include "shared/dns-domain.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-cache.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-transaction.h"
+#include "resolved-llmnr.h"
+
+#define TRANSACTIONS_MAX 4096
+
+static void dns_transaction_reset_answer(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        assert(t);
+
+        t->received = dns_packet_unref(t->received);
+        t->answer = dns_answer_unref(t->answer);
+        t->answer_rcode = 0;
+        t->answer_dnssec_result = _DNSSEC_RESULT_INVALID;
+        t->answer_source = _DNS_TRANSACTION_SOURCE_INVALID;
+        t->answer_authenticated = false;
+        t->answer_nsec_ttl = (uint32_t) -1;
+        t->answer_errno = 0;
+}
+
+static void dns_transaction_flush_dnssec_transactions(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        DnsTransaction *z;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        while ((z = set_steal_first(t->dnssec_transactions))) {
+                set_remove(z->notify_transactions, t);
+                set_remove(z->notify_transactions_done, t);
+                dns_transaction_gc(z);
+        }
+}
+
+static void dns_transaction_close_connection(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (t->stream) {
+                /* Let's detach the stream from our transaction, in case something else keeps a reference to it. */
+                t->stream->complete = NULL;
+                t->stream->on_packet = NULL;
+                t->stream->transaction = NULL;
+                t->stream = dns_stream_unref(t->stream);
+        }
+
+        t->dns_udp_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(t->dns_udp_event_source);
+        t->dns_udp_fd = safe_close(t->dns_udp_fd);
+}
+
+static void dns_transaction_stop_timeout(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        assert(t);
+
+        t->timeout_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(t->timeout_event_source);
+}
+
+DnsTransaction* dns_transaction_free(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        DnsQueryCandidate *c;
+        DnsZoneItem *i;
+        DnsTransaction *z;
+
+        if (!t)
+                return NULL;
+
+        log_debug("Freeing transaction %" PRIu16 ".", t->id);
+
+        dns_transaction_close_connection(t);
+        dns_transaction_stop_timeout(t);
+
+        dns_packet_unref(t->sent);
+        dns_transaction_reset_answer(t);
+
+        dns_server_unref(t->server);
+
+        if (t->scope) {
+                hashmap_remove_value(t->scope->transactions_by_key, t->key, t);
+                LIST_REMOVE(transactions_by_scope, t->scope->transactions, t);
+
+                if (t->id != 0)
+                        hashmap_remove(t->scope->manager->dns_transactions, UINT_TO_PTR(t->id));
+        }
+
+        while ((c = set_steal_first(t->notify_query_candidates)))
+                set_remove(c->transactions, t);
+        set_free(t->notify_query_candidates);
+
+        while ((c = set_steal_first(t->notify_query_candidates_done)))
+                set_remove(c->transactions, t);
+        set_free(t->notify_query_candidates_done);
+
+        while ((i = set_steal_first(t->notify_zone_items)))
+                i->probe_transaction = NULL;
+        set_free(t->notify_zone_items);
+
+        while ((i = set_steal_first(t->notify_zone_items_done)))
+                i->probe_transaction = NULL;
+        set_free(t->notify_zone_items_done);
+
+        while ((z = set_steal_first(t->notify_transactions)))
+                set_remove(z->dnssec_transactions, t);
+        set_free(t->notify_transactions);
+
+        while ((z = set_steal_first(t->notify_transactions_done)))
+                set_remove(z->dnssec_transactions, t);
+        set_free(t->notify_transactions_done);
+
+        dns_transaction_flush_dnssec_transactions(t);
+        set_free(t->dnssec_transactions);
+
+        dns_answer_unref(t->validated_keys);
+        dns_resource_key_unref(t->key);
+
+        free(t);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsTransaction*, dns_transaction_free);
+
+bool dns_transaction_gc(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (t->block_gc > 0)
+                return true;
+
+        if (set_isempty(t->notify_query_candidates) &&
+            set_isempty(t->notify_query_candidates_done) &&
+            set_isempty(t->notify_zone_items) &&
+            set_isempty(t->notify_zone_items_done) &&
+            set_isempty(t->notify_transactions) &&
+            set_isempty(t->notify_transactions_done)) {
+                dns_transaction_free(t);
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static uint16_t pick_new_id(Manager *m) {
+        uint16_t new_id;
+
+        /* Find a fresh, unused transaction id. Note that this loop is bounded because there's a limit on the number of
+         * transactions, and it's much lower than the space of IDs. */
+
+        assert_cc(TRANSACTIONS_MAX < 0xFFFF);
+
+        do
+                random_bytes(&new_id, sizeof(new_id));
+        while (new_id == 0 ||
+               hashmap_get(m->dns_transactions, UINT_TO_PTR(new_id)));
+
+        return new_id;
+}
+
+int dns_transaction_new(DnsTransaction **ret, DnsScope *s, DnsResourceKey *key) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_transaction_freep) DnsTransaction *t = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(s);
+        assert(key);
+
+        /* Don't allow looking up invalid or pseudo RRs */
+        if (!dns_type_is_valid_query(key->type))
+                return -EINVAL;
+        if (dns_type_is_obsolete(key->type))
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+
+        /* We only support the IN class */
+        if (key->class != DNS_CLASS_IN && key->class != DNS_CLASS_ANY)
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+
+        if (hashmap_size(s->manager->dns_transactions) >= TRANSACTIONS_MAX)
+                return -EBUSY;
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&s->manager->dns_transactions, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&s->transactions_by_key, &dns_resource_key_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        t = new0(DnsTransaction, 1);
+        if (!t)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        t->dns_udp_fd = -1;
+        t->answer_source = _DNS_TRANSACTION_SOURCE_INVALID;
+        t->answer_dnssec_result = _DNSSEC_RESULT_INVALID;
+        t->answer_nsec_ttl = (uint32_t) -1;
+        t->key = dns_resource_key_ref(key);
+        t->current_feature_level = _DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_INVALID;
+        t->clamp_feature_level = _DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_INVALID;
+
+        t->id = pick_new_id(s->manager);
+
+        r = hashmap_put(s->manager->dns_transactions, UINT_TO_PTR(t->id), t);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                t->id = 0;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        r = hashmap_replace(s->transactions_by_key, t->key, t);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                hashmap_remove(s->manager->dns_transactions, UINT_TO_PTR(t->id));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(transactions_by_scope, s->transactions, t);
+        t->scope = s;
+
+        s->manager->n_transactions_total++;
+
+        if (ret)
+                *ret = t;
+
+        t = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void dns_transaction_shuffle_id(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        uint16_t new_id;
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Pick a new ID for this transaction. */
+
+        new_id = pick_new_id(t->scope->manager);
+        assert_se(hashmap_remove_and_put(t->scope->manager->dns_transactions, UINT_TO_PTR(t->id), UINT_TO_PTR(new_id), t) >= 0);
+
+        log_debug("Transaction %" PRIu16 " is now %" PRIu16 ".", t->id, new_id);
+        t->id = new_id;
+
+        /* Make sure we generate a new packet with the new ID */
+        t->sent = dns_packet_unref(t->sent);
+}
+
+static void dns_transaction_tentative(DnsTransaction *t, DnsPacket *p) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *pretty = NULL;
+        char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
+        DnsZoneItem *z;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (manager_our_packet(t->scope->manager, p) != 0)
+                return;
+
+        (void) in_addr_to_string(p->family, &p->sender, &pretty);
+
+        log_debug("Transaction %" PRIu16 " for <%s> on scope %s on %s/%s got tentative packet from %s.",
+                  t->id,
+                  dns_resource_key_to_string(t->key, key_str, sizeof key_str),
+                  dns_protocol_to_string(t->scope->protocol),
+                  t->scope->link ? t->scope->link->name : "*",
+                  af_to_name_short(t->scope->family),
+                  strnull(pretty));
+
+        /* RFC 4795, Section 4.1 says that the peer with the
+         * lexicographically smaller IP address loses */
+        if (memcmp(&p->sender, &p->destination, FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(p->family)) >= 0) {
+                log_debug("Peer has lexicographically larger IP address and thus lost in the conflict.");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("We have the lexicographically larger IP address and thus lost in the conflict.");
+
+        t->block_gc++;
+
+        while ((z = set_first(t->notify_zone_items))) {
+                /* First, make sure the zone item drops the reference
+                 * to us */
+                dns_zone_item_probe_stop(z);
+
+                /* Secondly, report this as conflict, so that we might
+                 * look for a different hostname */
+                dns_zone_item_conflict(z);
+        }
+        t->block_gc--;
+
+        dns_transaction_gc(t);
+}
+
+void dns_transaction_complete(DnsTransaction *t, DnsTransactionState state) {
+        DnsQueryCandidate *c;
+        DnsZoneItem *z;
+        DnsTransaction *d;
+        const char *st;
+        char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(!DNS_TRANSACTION_IS_LIVE(state));
+
+        if (state == DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED) {
+                dns_resource_key_to_string(t->key, key_str, sizeof key_str);
+
+                log_struct(LOG_NOTICE,
+                           LOG_MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_DNSSEC_FAILURE),
+                           LOG_MESSAGE("DNSSEC validation failed for question %s: %s", key_str, dnssec_result_to_string(t->answer_dnssec_result)),
+                           "DNS_TRANSACTION=%" PRIu16, t->id,
+                           "DNS_QUESTION=%s", key_str,
+                           "DNSSEC_RESULT=%s", dnssec_result_to_string(t->answer_dnssec_result),
+                           "DNS_SERVER=%s", dns_server_string(t->server),
+                           "DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL=%s", dns_server_feature_level_to_string(t->server->possible_feature_level),
+                           NULL);
+        }
+
+        /* Note that this call might invalidate the query. Callers
+         * should hence not attempt to access the query or transaction
+         * after calling this function. */
+
+        if (state == DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO)
+                st = errno_to_name(t->answer_errno);
+        else
+                st = dns_transaction_state_to_string(state);
+
+        log_debug("Transaction %" PRIu16 " for <%s> on scope %s on %s/%s now complete with <%s> from %s (%s).",
+                  t->id,
+                  dns_resource_key_to_string(t->key, key_str, sizeof key_str),
+                  dns_protocol_to_string(t->scope->protocol),
+                  t->scope->link ? t->scope->link->name : "*",
+                  af_to_name_short(t->scope->family),
+                  st,
+                  t->answer_source < 0 ? "none" : dns_transaction_source_to_string(t->answer_source),
+                  t->answer_authenticated ? "authenticated" : "unsigned");
+
+        t->state = state;
+
+        dns_transaction_close_connection(t);
+        dns_transaction_stop_timeout(t);
+
+        /* Notify all queries that are interested, but make sure the
+         * transaction isn't freed while we are still looking at it */
+        t->block_gc++;
+
+        SET_FOREACH_MOVE(c, t->notify_query_candidates_done, t->notify_query_candidates)
+                dns_query_candidate_notify(c);
+        SWAP_TWO(t->notify_query_candidates, t->notify_query_candidates_done);
+
+        SET_FOREACH_MOVE(z, t->notify_zone_items_done, t->notify_zone_items)
+                dns_zone_item_notify(z);
+        SWAP_TWO(t->notify_zone_items, t->notify_zone_items_done);
+
+        SET_FOREACH_MOVE(d, t->notify_transactions_done, t->notify_transactions)
+                dns_transaction_notify(d, t);
+        SWAP_TWO(t->notify_transactions, t->notify_transactions_done);
+
+        t->block_gc--;
+        dns_transaction_gc(t);
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_pick_server(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        DnsServer *server;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS);
+
+        /* Pick a DNS server and a feature level for it. */
+
+        server = dns_scope_get_dns_server(t->scope);
+        if (!server)
+                return -ESRCH;
+
+        /* If we changed the server invalidate the feature level clamping, as the new server might have completely
+         * different properties. */
+        if (server != t->server)
+                t->clamp_feature_level = _DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_INVALID;
+
+        t->current_feature_level = dns_server_possible_feature_level(server);
+
+        /* Clamp the feature level if that is requested. */
+        if (t->clamp_feature_level != _DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_INVALID &&
+            t->current_feature_level > t->clamp_feature_level)
+                t->current_feature_level = t->clamp_feature_level;
+
+        log_debug("Using feature level %s for transaction %u.", dns_server_feature_level_to_string(t->current_feature_level), t->id);
+
+        if (server == t->server)
+                return 0;
+
+        dns_server_unref(t->server);
+        t->server = dns_server_ref(server);
+
+        log_debug("Using DNS server %s for transaction %u.", dns_server_string(t->server), t->id);
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static void dns_transaction_retry(DnsTransaction *t, bool next_server) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        log_debug("Retrying transaction %" PRIu16 ".", t->id);
+
+        /* Before we try again, switch to a new server. */
+        if (next_server)
+                dns_scope_next_dns_server(t->scope);
+
+        r = dns_transaction_go(t);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                t->answer_errno = -r;
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO);
+        }
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_maybe_restart(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Returns > 0 if the transaction was restarted, 0 if not */
+
+        if (!t->server)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (t->current_feature_level <= dns_server_possible_feature_level(t->server))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* The server's current feature level is lower than when we sent the original query. We learnt something from
+           the response or possibly an auxiliary DNSSEC response that we didn't know before.  We take that as reason to
+           restart the whole transaction. This is a good idea to deal with servers that respond rubbish if we include
+           OPT RR or DO bit. One of these cases is documented here, for example:
+           https://open.nlnetlabs.nl/pipermail/dnssec-trigger/2014-November/000376.html */
+
+        log_debug("Server feature level is now lower than when we began our transaction. Restarting with new ID.");
+        dns_transaction_shuffle_id(t);
+
+        r = dns_transaction_go(t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int on_stream_complete(DnsStream *s, int error) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
+        DnsTransaction *t;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->transaction);
+
+        /* Copy the data we care about out of the stream before we
+         * destroy it. */
+        t = s->transaction;
+        p = dns_packet_ref(s->read_packet);
+
+        dns_transaction_close_connection(t);
+
+        if (ERRNO_IS_DISCONNECT(error)) {
+                usec_t usec;
+
+                if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR) {
+                        /* If the LLMNR/TCP connection failed, the host doesn't support LLMNR, and we cannot answer the
+                         * question on this scope. */
+                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_NOT_FOUND);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                log_debug_errno(error, "Connection failure for DNS TCP stream: %m");
+                assert_se(sd_event_now(t->scope->manager->event, clock_boottime_or_monotonic(), &usec) >= 0);
+                dns_server_packet_lost(t->server, IPPROTO_TCP, t->current_feature_level, usec - t->start_usec);
+
+                dns_transaction_retry(t, true);
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (error != 0) {
+                t->answer_errno = error;
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (dns_packet_validate_reply(p) <= 0) {
+                log_debug("Invalid TCP reply packet.");
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        dns_scope_check_conflicts(t->scope, p);
+
+        t->block_gc++;
+        dns_transaction_process_reply(t, p);
+        t->block_gc--;
+
+        /* If the response wasn't useful, then complete the transition
+         * now. After all, we are the worst feature set now with TCP
+         * sockets, and there's really no point in retrying. */
+        if (t->state == DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING)
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY);
+        else
+                dns_transaction_gc(t);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_open_tcp(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        dns_transaction_close_connection(t);
+
+        switch (t->scope->protocol) {
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS:
+                r = dns_transaction_pick_server(t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!dns_server_dnssec_supported(t->server) && dns_type_is_dnssec(t->key->type))
+                        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+
+                r = dns_server_adjust_opt(t->server, t->sent, t->current_feature_level);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                fd = dns_scope_socket_tcp(t->scope, AF_UNSPEC, NULL, t->server, 53);
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
+                /* When we already received a reply to this (but it was truncated), send to its sender address */
+                if (t->received)
+                        fd = dns_scope_socket_tcp(t->scope, t->received->family, &t->received->sender, NULL, t->received->sender_port);
+                else {
+                        union in_addr_union address;
+                        int family = AF_UNSPEC;
+
+                        /* Otherwise, try to talk to the owner of a
+                         * the IP address, in case this is a reverse
+                         * PTR lookup */
+
+                        r = dns_name_address(dns_resource_key_name(t->key), &family, &address);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        if (family != t->scope->family)
+                                return -ESRCH;
+
+                        fd = dns_scope_socket_tcp(t->scope, family, &address, NULL, LLMNR_PORT);
+                }
+
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+        }
+
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        r = dns_stream_new(t->scope->manager, &t->stream, t->scope->protocol, fd);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        fd = -1;
+
+        r = dns_stream_write_packet(t->stream, t->sent);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                t->stream = dns_stream_unref(t->stream);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        t->stream->complete = on_stream_complete;
+        t->stream->transaction = t;
+
+        /* The interface index is difficult to determine if we are
+         * connecting to the local host, hence fill this in right away
+         * instead of determining it from the socket */
+        t->stream->ifindex = dns_scope_ifindex(t->scope);
+
+        dns_transaction_reset_answer(t);
+
+        t->tried_stream = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void dns_transaction_cache_answer(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* For mDNS we cache whenever we get the packet, rather than
+         * in each transaction. */
+        if (!IN_SET(t->scope->protocol, DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS, DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR))
+                return;
+
+        /* Caching disabled? */
+        if (!t->scope->manager->enable_cache)
+                return;
+
+        /* We never cache if this packet is from the local host, under
+         * the assumption that a locally running DNS server would
+         * cache this anyway, and probably knows better when to flush
+         * the cache then we could. */
+        if (!DNS_PACKET_SHALL_CACHE(t->received))
+                return;
+
+        dns_cache_put(&t->scope->cache,
+                      t->key,
+                      t->answer_rcode,
+                      t->answer,
+                      t->answer_authenticated,
+                      t->answer_nsec_ttl,
+                      0,
+                      t->received->family,
+                      &t->received->sender);
+}
+
+static bool dns_transaction_dnssec_is_live(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        DnsTransaction *dt;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i)
+                if (DNS_TRANSACTION_IS_LIVE(dt->state))
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_dnssec_ready(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        DnsTransaction *dt;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Checks whether the auxiliary DNSSEC transactions of our transaction have completed, or are still
+         * ongoing. Returns 0, if we aren't ready for the DNSSEC validation, positive if we are. */
+
+        SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i) {
+
+                switch (dt->state) {
+
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL:
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING:
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_VALIDATING:
+                        /* Still ongoing */
+                        return 0;
+
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_RCODE_FAILURE:
+                        if (!IN_SET(dt->answer_rcode, DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN, DNS_RCODE_SERVFAIL)) {
+                                log_debug("Auxiliary DNSSEC RR query failed with rcode=%s.", dns_rcode_to_string(dt->answer_rcode));
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Fall-through: NXDOMAIN/SERVFAIL is good enough for us. This is because some DNS servers
+                         * erronously return NXDOMAIN/SERVFAIL for empty non-terminals (Akamai...) or missing DS
+                         * records (Facebook), and we need to handle that nicely, when asking for parent SOA or similar
+                         * RRs to make unsigned proofs. */
+
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS:
+                        /* All good. */
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED:
+                        /* We handle DNSSEC failures different from other errors, as we care about the DNSSEC
+                         * validationr result */
+
+                        log_debug("Auxiliary DNSSEC RR query failed validation: %s", dnssec_result_to_string(dt->answer_dnssec_result));
+                        t->answer_dnssec_result = dt->answer_dnssec_result; /* Copy error code over */
+                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED);
+                        return 0;
+
+
+                default:
+                        log_debug("Auxiliary DNSSEC RR query failed with %s", dns_transaction_state_to_string(dt->state));
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* All is ready, we can go and validate */
+        return 1;
+
+fail:
+        t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_FAILED_AUXILIARY;
+        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void dns_transaction_process_dnssec(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Are there ongoing DNSSEC transactions? If so, let's wait for them. */
+        r = dns_transaction_dnssec_ready(t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+        if (r == 0) /* We aren't ready yet (or one of our auxiliary transactions failed, and we shouldn't validate now */
+                return;
+
+        /* See if we learnt things from the additional DNSSEC transactions, that we didn't know before, and better
+         * restart the lookup immediately. */
+        r = dns_transaction_maybe_restart(t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+        if (r > 0) /* Transaction got restarted... */
+                return;
+
+        /* All our auxiliary DNSSEC transactions are complete now. Try
+         * to validate our RRset now. */
+        r = dns_transaction_validate_dnssec(t);
+        if (r == -EBADMSG) {
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY);
+                return;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (t->answer_dnssec_result == DNSSEC_INCOMPATIBLE_SERVER &&
+            t->scope->dnssec_mode == DNSSEC_YES) {
+                /*  We are not in automatic downgrade mode, and the
+                 *  server is bad, refuse operation. */
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (!IN_SET(t->answer_dnssec_result,
+                    _DNSSEC_RESULT_INVALID,        /* No DNSSEC validation enabled */
+                    DNSSEC_VALIDATED,              /* Answer is signed and validated successfully */
+                    DNSSEC_UNSIGNED,               /* Answer is right-fully unsigned */
+                    DNSSEC_INCOMPATIBLE_SERVER)) { /* Server does not do DNSSEC (Yay, we are downgrade attack vulnerable!) */
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (t->answer_dnssec_result == DNSSEC_INCOMPATIBLE_SERVER)
+                dns_server_warn_downgrade(t->server);
+
+        dns_transaction_cache_answer(t);
+
+        if (t->answer_rcode == DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS)
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS);
+        else
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_RCODE_FAILURE);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        t->answer_errno = -r;
+        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO);
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_has_positive_answer(DnsTransaction *t, DnsAnswerFlags *flags) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Checks whether the answer is positive, i.e. either a direct
+         * answer to the question, or a CNAME/DNAME for it */
+
+        r = dns_answer_match_key(t->answer, t->key, flags);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_answer_find_cname_or_dname(t->answer, t->key, NULL, flags);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_fix_rcode(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Fix up the RCODE to SUCCESS if we get at least one matching RR in a response. Note that this contradicts the
+         * DNS RFCs a bit. Specifically, RFC 6604 Section 3 clarifies that the RCODE shall say something about a
+         * CNAME/DNAME chain element coming after the last chain element contained in the message, and not the first
+         * one included. However, it also indicates that not all DNS servers implement this correctly. Moreover, when
+         * using DNSSEC we usually only can prove the first element of a CNAME/DNAME chain anyway, hence let's settle
+         * on always processing the RCODE as referring to the immediate look-up we do, i.e. the first element of a
+         * CNAME/DNAME chain. This way, we uniformly handle CNAME/DNAME chains, regardless if the DNS server
+         * incorrectly implements RCODE, whether DNSSEC is in use, or whether the DNS server only supplied us with an
+         * incomplete CNAME/DNAME chain.
+         *
+         * Or in other words: if we get at least one positive reply in a message we patch NXDOMAIN to become SUCCESS,
+         * and then rely on the CNAME chasing logic to figure out that there's actually a CNAME error with a new
+         * lookup. */
+
+        if (t->answer_rcode != DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = dns_transaction_has_positive_answer(t, NULL);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        t->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void dns_transaction_process_reply(DnsTransaction *t, DnsPacket *p) {
+        usec_t ts;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(p);
+        assert(t->scope);
+        assert(t->scope->manager);
+
+        if (t->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING)
+                return;
+
+        /* Note that this call might invalidate the query. Callers
+         * should hence not attempt to access the query or transaction
+         * after calling this function. */
+
+        log_debug("Processing incoming packet on transaction %" PRIu16".", t->id);
+
+        switch (t->scope->protocol) {
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
+                /* For LLMNR we will not accept any packets from other interfaces */
+
+                if (p->ifindex != dns_scope_ifindex(t->scope))
+                        return;
+
+                if (p->family != t->scope->family)
+                        return;
+
+                /* Tentative packets are not full responses but still
+                 * useful for identifying uniqueness conflicts during
+                 * probing. */
+                if (DNS_PACKET_LLMNR_T(p)) {
+                        dns_transaction_tentative(t, p);
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
+                /* For mDNS we will not accept any packets from other interfaces */
+
+                if (p->ifindex != dns_scope_ifindex(t->scope))
+                        return;
+
+                if (p->family != t->scope->family)
+                        return;
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS:
+                /* Note that we do not need to verify the
+                 * addresses/port numbers of incoming traffic, as we
+                 * invoked connect() on our UDP socket in which case
+                 * the kernel already does the needed verification for
+                 * us. */
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Invalid DNS protocol.");
+        }
+
+        if (t->received != p) {
+                dns_packet_unref(t->received);
+                t->received = dns_packet_ref(p);
+        }
+
+        t->answer_source = DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK;
+
+        if (p->ipproto == IPPROTO_TCP) {
+                if (DNS_PACKET_TC(p)) {
+                        /* Truncated via TCP? Somebody must be fucking with us */
+                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY);
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                if (DNS_PACKET_ID(p) != t->id) {
+                        /* Not the reply to our query? Somebody must be fucking with us */
+                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY);
+                        return;
+                }
+        }
+
+        assert_se(sd_event_now(t->scope->manager->event, clock_boottime_or_monotonic(), &ts) >= 0);
+
+        switch (t->scope->protocol) {
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS:
+                assert(t->server);
+
+                if (IN_SET(DNS_PACKET_RCODE(p), DNS_RCODE_FORMERR, DNS_RCODE_SERVFAIL, DNS_RCODE_NOTIMP)) {
+
+                        /* Request failed, immediately try again with reduced features */
+
+                        if (t->current_feature_level <= DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_WORST) {
+                                /* This was already at the lowest possible feature level? If so, we can't downgrade
+                                 * this transaction anymore, hence let's process the response, and accept the rcode. */
+                                log_debug("Server returned error: %s", dns_rcode_to_string(DNS_PACKET_RCODE(p)));
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Reduce this feature level by one and try again. */
+                        t->clamp_feature_level = t->current_feature_level - 1;
+
+                        log_debug("Server returned error %s, retrying transaction with reduced feature level %s.",
+                                  dns_rcode_to_string(DNS_PACKET_RCODE(p)),
+                                  dns_server_feature_level_to_string(t->clamp_feature_level));
+
+                        dns_transaction_retry(t, false /* use the same server */);
+                        return;
+                } else if (DNS_PACKET_TC(p))
+                        dns_server_packet_truncated(t->server, t->current_feature_level);
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
+                dns_scope_packet_received(t->scope, ts - t->start_usec);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Invalid DNS protocol.");
+        }
+
+        if (DNS_PACKET_TC(p)) {
+
+                /* Truncated packets for mDNS are not allowed. Give up immediately. */
+                if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS) {
+                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY);
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                log_debug("Reply truncated, retrying via TCP.");
+
+                /* Response was truncated, let's try again with good old TCP */
+                r = dns_transaction_open_tcp(t);
+                if (r == -ESRCH) {
+                        /* No servers found? Damn! */
+                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_SERVERS);
+                        return;
+                }
+                if (r == -EOPNOTSUPP) {
+                        /* Tried to ask for DNSSEC RRs, on a server that doesn't do DNSSEC  */
+                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_RR_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED);
+                        return;
+                }
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        /* On LLMNR, if we cannot connect to the host,
+                         * we immediately give up */
+                        if (t->scope->protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        /* On DNS, couldn't send? Try immediately again, with a new server */
+                        dns_transaction_retry(t, true);
+                }
+
+                return;
+        }
+
+        /* After the superficial checks, actually parse the message. */
+        r = dns_packet_extract(p);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (t->server) {
+                /* Report that we successfully received a valid packet with a good rcode after we initially got a bad
+                 * rcode and subsequently downgraded the protocol */
+
+                if (IN_SET(DNS_PACKET_RCODE(p), DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS, DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN) &&
+                    t->clamp_feature_level != _DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_INVALID)
+                        dns_server_packet_rcode_downgrade(t->server, t->clamp_feature_level);
+
+                /* Report that the OPT RR was missing */
+                if (!p->opt)
+                        dns_server_packet_bad_opt(t->server, t->current_feature_level);
+
+                /* Report that we successfully received a packet */
+                dns_server_packet_received(t->server, p->ipproto, t->current_feature_level, ts - t->start_usec, p->size);
+        }
+
+        /* See if we know things we didn't know before that indicate we better restart the lookup immediately. */
+        r = dns_transaction_maybe_restart(t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+        if (r > 0) /* Transaction got restarted... */
+                return;
+
+        if (IN_SET(t->scope->protocol, DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS, DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR)) {
+
+                /* Only consider responses with equivalent query section to the request */
+                r = dns_packet_is_reply_for(p, t->key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+                if (r == 0) {
+                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY);
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                /* Install the answer as answer to the transaction */
+                dns_answer_unref(t->answer);
+                t->answer = dns_answer_ref(p->answer);
+                t->answer_rcode = DNS_PACKET_RCODE(p);
+                t->answer_dnssec_result = _DNSSEC_RESULT_INVALID;
+                t->answer_authenticated = false;
+
+                r = dns_transaction_fix_rcode(t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                /* Block GC while starting requests for additional DNSSEC RRs */
+                t->block_gc++;
+                r = dns_transaction_request_dnssec_keys(t);
+                t->block_gc--;
+
+                /* Maybe the transaction is ready for GC'ing now? If so, free it and return. */
+                if (!dns_transaction_gc(t))
+                        return;
+
+                /* Requesting additional keys might have resulted in
+                 * this transaction to fail, since the auxiliary
+                 * request failed for some reason. If so, we are not
+                 * in pending state anymore, and we should exit
+                 * quickly. */
+                if (t->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING)
+                        return;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        /* There are DNSSEC transactions pending now. Update the state accordingly. */
+                        t->state = DNS_TRANSACTION_VALIDATING;
+                        dns_transaction_close_connection(t);
+                        dns_transaction_stop_timeout(t);
+                        return;
+                }
+        }
+
+        dns_transaction_process_dnssec(t);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        t->answer_errno = -r;
+        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO);
+}
+
+static int on_dns_packet(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
+        DnsTransaction *t = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->scope);
+
+        r = manager_recv(t->scope->manager, fd, DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS, &p);
+        if (ERRNO_IS_DISCONNECT(-r)) {
+                usec_t usec;
+
+                /* UDP connection failure get reported via ICMP and then are possible delivered to us on the next
+                 * recvmsg(). Treat this like a lost packet. */
+
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Connection failure for DNS UDP packet: %m");
+                assert_se(sd_event_now(t->scope->manager->event, clock_boottime_or_monotonic(), &usec) >= 0);
+                dns_server_packet_lost(t->server, IPPROTO_UDP, t->current_feature_level, usec - t->start_usec);
+
+                dns_transaction_retry(t, true);
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (r < 0) {
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO);
+                t->answer_errno = -r;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_packet_validate_reply(p);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Received invalid DNS packet as response, ignoring: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (r == 0) {
+                log_debug("Received inappropriate DNS packet as response, ignoring.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (DNS_PACKET_ID(p) != t->id) {
+                log_debug("Received packet with incorrect transaction ID, ignoring.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        dns_transaction_process_reply(t, p);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_emit_udp(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS) {
+
+                r = dns_transaction_pick_server(t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (t->current_feature_level < DNS_SERVER_FEATURE_LEVEL_UDP)
+                        return -EAGAIN;
+
+                if (!dns_server_dnssec_supported(t->server) && dns_type_is_dnssec(t->key->type))
+                        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+
+                if (r > 0 || t->dns_udp_fd < 0) { /* Server changed, or no connection yet. */
+                        int fd;
+
+                        dns_transaction_close_connection(t);
+
+                        fd = dns_scope_socket_udp(t->scope, t->server, 53);
+                        if (fd < 0)
+                                return fd;
+
+                        r = sd_event_add_io(t->scope->manager->event, &t->dns_udp_event_source, fd, EPOLLIN, on_dns_packet, t);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                safe_close(fd);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+
+                        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(t->dns_udp_event_source, "dns-transaction-udp");
+                        t->dns_udp_fd = fd;
+                }
+
+                r = dns_server_adjust_opt(t->server, t->sent, t->current_feature_level);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else
+                dns_transaction_close_connection(t);
+
+        r = dns_scope_emit_udp(t->scope, t->dns_udp_fd, t->sent);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        dns_transaction_reset_answer(t);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int on_transaction_timeout(sd_event_source *s, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        DnsTransaction *t = userdata;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (!t->initial_jitter_scheduled || t->initial_jitter_elapsed) {
+                /* Timeout reached? Increase the timeout for the server used */
+                switch (t->scope->protocol) {
+
+                case DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS:
+                        assert(t->server);
+                        dns_server_packet_lost(t->server, t->stream ? IPPROTO_TCP : IPPROTO_UDP, t->current_feature_level, usec - t->start_usec);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
+                case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
+                        dns_scope_packet_lost(t->scope, usec - t->start_usec);
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Invalid DNS protocol.");
+                }
+
+                if (t->initial_jitter_scheduled)
+                        t->initial_jitter_elapsed = true;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Timeout reached on transaction %" PRIu16 ".", t->id);
+
+        dns_transaction_retry(t, true);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static usec_t transaction_get_resend_timeout(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->scope);
+
+        switch (t->scope->protocol) {
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS:
+                assert(t->server);
+                return t->server->resend_timeout;
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
+                assert(t->n_attempts > 0);
+                return (1 << (t->n_attempts - 1)) * USEC_PER_SEC;
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
+                return t->scope->resend_timeout;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Invalid DNS protocol.");
+        }
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_prepare(DnsTransaction *t, usec_t ts) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        dns_transaction_stop_timeout(t);
+
+        r = dns_scope_network_good(t->scope);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0) {
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK_DOWN);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (t->n_attempts >= TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX(t->scope->protocol)) {
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX_REACHED);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR && t->tried_stream) {
+                /* If we already tried via a stream, then we don't
+                 * retry on LLMNR. See RFC 4795, Section 2.7. */
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX_REACHED);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        t->n_attempts++;
+        t->start_usec = ts;
+
+        dns_transaction_reset_answer(t);
+        dns_transaction_flush_dnssec_transactions(t);
+
+        /* Check the trust anchor. Do so only on classic DNS, since DNSSEC does not apply otherwise. */
+        if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS) {
+                r = dns_trust_anchor_lookup_positive(&t->scope->manager->trust_anchor, t->key, &t->answer);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        t->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
+                        t->answer_source = DNS_TRANSACTION_TRUST_ANCHOR;
+                        t->answer_authenticated = true;
+                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                if (dns_name_is_root(dns_resource_key_name(t->key)) &&
+                    t->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DS) {
+
+                        /* Hmm, this is a request for the root DS? A
+                         * DS RR doesn't exist in the root zone, and
+                         * if our trust anchor didn't know it either,
+                         * this means we cannot do any DNSSEC logic
+                         * anymore. */
+
+                        if (t->scope->dnssec_mode == DNSSEC_ALLOW_DOWNGRADE) {
+                                /* We are in downgrade mode. In this
+                                 * case, synthesize an unsigned empty
+                                 * response, so that the any lookup
+                                 * depending on this one can continue
+                                 * assuming there was no DS, and hence
+                                 * the root zone was unsigned. */
+
+                                t->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
+                                t->answer_source = DNS_TRANSACTION_TRUST_ANCHOR;
+                                t->answer_authenticated = false;
+                                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS);
+                        } else
+                                /* If we are not in downgrade mode,
+                                 * then fail the lookup, because we
+                                 * cannot reasonably answer it. There
+                                 * might be DS RRs, but we don't know
+                                 * them, and the DNS server won't tell
+                                 * them to us (and even if it would,
+                                 * we couldn't validate and trust them. */
+                                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_TRUST_ANCHOR);
+
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Check the zone, but only if this transaction is not used
+         * for probing or verifying a zone item. */
+        if (set_isempty(t->notify_zone_items)) {
+
+                r = dns_zone_lookup(&t->scope->zone, t->key, dns_scope_ifindex(t->scope), &t->answer, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        t->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
+                        t->answer_source = DNS_TRANSACTION_ZONE;
+                        t->answer_authenticated = true;
+                        dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Check the cache, but only if this transaction is not used
+         * for probing or verifying a zone item. */
+        if (set_isempty(t->notify_zone_items)) {
+
+                /* Before trying the cache, let's make sure we figured out a
+                 * server to use. Should this cause a change of server this
+                 * might flush the cache. */
+                dns_scope_get_dns_server(t->scope);
+
+                /* Let's then prune all outdated entries */
+                dns_cache_prune(&t->scope->cache);
+
+                r = dns_cache_lookup(&t->scope->cache, t->key, t->clamp_ttl, &t->answer_rcode, &t->answer, &t->answer_authenticated);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        t->answer_source = DNS_TRANSACTION_CACHE;
+                        if (t->answer_rcode == DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS)
+                                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS);
+                        else
+                                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_RCODE_FAILURE);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_make_packet_mdns(DnsTransaction *t) {
+
+        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
+        bool add_known_answers = false;
+        DnsTransaction *other;
+        unsigned qdcount;
+        usec_t ts;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS);
+
+        /* Discard any previously prepared packet, so we can start over and coalesce again */
+        t->sent = dns_packet_unref(t->sent);
+
+        r = dns_packet_new_query(&p, t->scope->protocol, 0, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_key(p, t->key, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        qdcount = 1;
+
+        if (dns_key_is_shared(t->key))
+                add_known_answers = true;
+
+        /*
+         * For mDNS, we want to coalesce as many open queries in pending transactions into one single
+         * query packet on the wire as possible. To achieve that, we iterate through all pending transactions
+         * in our current scope, and see whether their timing contraints allow them to be sent.
+         */
+
+        assert_se(sd_event_now(t->scope->manager->event, clock_boottime_or_monotonic(), &ts) >= 0);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(transactions_by_scope, other, t->scope->transactions) {
+
+                /* Skip ourselves */
+                if (other == t)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (other->state != DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (other->next_attempt_after > ts)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (qdcount >= UINT16_MAX)
+                        break;
+
+                r = dns_packet_append_key(p, other->key, NULL);
+
+                /*
+                 * If we can't stuff more questions into the packet, just give up.
+                 * One of the 'other' transactions will fire later and take care of the rest.
+                 */
+                if (r == -EMSGSIZE)
+                        break;
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_transaction_prepare(other, ts);
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                ts += transaction_get_resend_timeout(other);
+
+                r = sd_event_add_time(
+                                other->scope->manager->event,
+                                &other->timeout_event_source,
+                                clock_boottime_or_monotonic(),
+                                ts, 0,
+                                on_transaction_timeout, other);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                (void) sd_event_source_set_description(t->timeout_event_source, "dns-transaction-timeout");
+
+                other->state = DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING;
+                other->next_attempt_after = ts;
+
+                qdcount++;
+
+                if (dns_key_is_shared(other->key))
+                        add_known_answers = true;
+        }
+
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->qdcount = htobe16(qdcount);
+
+        /* Append known answer section if we're asking for any shared record */
+        if (add_known_answers) {
+                r = dns_cache_export_shared_to_packet(&t->scope->cache, p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        t->sent = p;
+        p = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_make_packet(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS)
+                return dns_transaction_make_packet_mdns(t);
+
+        if (t->sent)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = dns_packet_new_query(&p, t->scope->protocol, 0, t->scope->dnssec_mode != DNSSEC_NO);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_packet_append_key(p, t->key, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->qdcount = htobe16(1);
+        DNS_PACKET_HEADER(p)->id = t->id;
+
+        t->sent = p;
+        p = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_transaction_go(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        usec_t ts;
+        int r;
+        char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Returns > 0 if the transaction is now pending, returns 0 if could be processed immediately and has finished
+         * now. */
+
+        assert_se(sd_event_now(t->scope->manager->event, clock_boottime_or_monotonic(), &ts) >= 0);
+
+        r = dns_transaction_prepare(t, ts);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        log_debug("Transaction %" PRIu16 " for <%s> scope %s on %s/%s.",
+                  t->id,
+                  dns_resource_key_to_string(t->key, key_str, sizeof key_str),
+                  dns_protocol_to_string(t->scope->protocol),
+                  t->scope->link ? t->scope->link->name : "*",
+                  af_to_name_short(t->scope->family));
+
+        if (!t->initial_jitter_scheduled &&
+            (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR ||
+             t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS)) {
+                usec_t jitter, accuracy;
+
+                /* RFC 4795 Section 2.7 suggests all queries should be
+                 * delayed by a random time from 0 to JITTER_INTERVAL. */
+
+                t->initial_jitter_scheduled = true;
+
+                random_bytes(&jitter, sizeof(jitter));
+
+                switch (t->scope->protocol) {
+
+                case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
+                        jitter %= LLMNR_JITTER_INTERVAL_USEC;
+                        accuracy = LLMNR_JITTER_INTERVAL_USEC;
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
+                        jitter %= MDNS_JITTER_RANGE_USEC;
+                        jitter += MDNS_JITTER_MIN_USEC;
+                        accuracy = MDNS_JITTER_RANGE_USEC;
+                        break;
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("bad protocol");
+                }
+
+                r = sd_event_add_time(
+                                t->scope->manager->event,
+                                &t->timeout_event_source,
+                                clock_boottime_or_monotonic(),
+                                ts + jitter, accuracy,
+                                on_transaction_timeout, t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                (void) sd_event_source_set_description(t->timeout_event_source, "dns-transaction-timeout");
+
+                t->n_attempts = 0;
+                t->next_attempt_after = ts;
+                t->state = DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING;
+
+                log_debug("Delaying %s transaction for " USEC_FMT "us.", dns_protocol_to_string(t->scope->protocol), jitter);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Otherwise, we need to ask the network */
+        r = dns_transaction_make_packet(t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR &&
+            (dns_name_endswith(dns_resource_key_name(t->key), "in-addr.arpa") > 0 ||
+             dns_name_endswith(dns_resource_key_name(t->key), "ip6.arpa") > 0)) {
+
+                /* RFC 4795, Section 2.4. says reverse lookups shall
+                 * always be made via TCP on LLMNR */
+                r = dns_transaction_open_tcp(t);
+        } else {
+                /* Try via UDP, and if that fails due to large size or lack of
+                 * support try via TCP */
+                r = dns_transaction_emit_udp(t);
+                if (r == -EMSGSIZE)
+                        log_debug("Sending query via TCP since it is too large.");
+                if (r == -EAGAIN)
+                        log_debug("Sending query via TCP since server doesn't support UDP.");
+                if (r == -EMSGSIZE || r == -EAGAIN)
+                        r = dns_transaction_open_tcp(t);
+        }
+
+        if (r == -ESRCH) {
+                /* No servers to send this to? */
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_SERVERS);
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (r == -EOPNOTSUPP) {
+                /* Tried to ask for DNSSEC RRs, on a server that doesn't do DNSSEC  */
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_RR_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED);
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (t->scope->protocol == DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR && ERRNO_IS_DISCONNECT(-r)) {
+                /* On LLMNR, if we cannot connect to a host via TCP when doing reverse lookups. This means we cannot
+                 * answer this request with this protocol. */
+                dns_transaction_complete(t, DNS_TRANSACTION_NOT_FOUND);
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (t->scope->protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* Couldn't send? Try immediately again, with a new server */
+                dns_scope_next_dns_server(t->scope);
+
+                return dns_transaction_go(t);
+        }
+
+        ts += transaction_get_resend_timeout(t);
+
+        r = sd_event_add_time(
+                        t->scope->manager->event,
+                        &t->timeout_event_source,
+                        clock_boottime_or_monotonic(),
+                        ts, 0,
+                        on_transaction_timeout, t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(t->timeout_event_source, "dns-transaction-timeout");
+
+        t->state = DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING;
+        t->next_attempt_after = ts;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_find_cyclic(DnsTransaction *t, DnsTransaction *aux) {
+        DnsTransaction *n;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(aux);
+
+        /* Try to find cyclic dependencies between transaction objects */
+
+        if (t == aux)
+                return 1;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(n, aux->dnssec_transactions, i) {
+                r = dns_transaction_find_cyclic(t, n);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_add_dnssec_transaction(DnsTransaction *t, DnsResourceKey *key, DnsTransaction **ret) {
+        DnsTransaction *aux;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(key);
+
+        aux = dns_scope_find_transaction(t->scope, key, true);
+        if (!aux) {
+                r = dns_transaction_new(&aux, t->scope, key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else {
+                if (set_contains(t->dnssec_transactions, aux)) {
+                        *ret = aux;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                r = dns_transaction_find_cyclic(t, aux);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        char s[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX], saux[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
+
+                        log_debug("Potential cyclic dependency, refusing to add transaction %" PRIu16 " (%s) as dependency for %" PRIu16 " (%s).",
+                                  aux->id,
+                                  dns_resource_key_to_string(t->key, s, sizeof s),
+                                  t->id,
+                                  dns_resource_key_to_string(aux->key, saux, sizeof saux));
+
+                        return -ELOOP;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(&t->dnssec_transactions, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto gc;
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(&aux->notify_transactions, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto gc;
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(&aux->notify_transactions_done, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto gc;
+
+        r = set_put(t->dnssec_transactions, aux);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto gc;
+
+        r = set_put(aux->notify_transactions, t);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                (void) set_remove(t->dnssec_transactions, aux);
+                goto gc;
+        }
+
+        *ret = aux;
+        return 1;
+
+gc:
+        dns_transaction_gc(aux);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_request_dnssec_rr(DnsTransaction *t, DnsResourceKey *key) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *a = NULL;
+        DnsTransaction *aux;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(key);
+
+        /* Try to get the data from the trust anchor */
+        r = dns_trust_anchor_lookup_positive(&t->scope->manager->trust_anchor, key, &a);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0) {
+                r = dns_answer_extend(&t->validated_keys, a);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* This didn't work, ask for it via the network/cache then. */
+        r = dns_transaction_add_dnssec_transaction(t, key, &aux);
+        if (r == -ELOOP) /* This would result in a cyclic dependency */
+                return 0;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (aux->state == DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL) {
+                r = dns_transaction_go(aux);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_negative_trust_anchor_lookup(DnsTransaction *t, const char *name) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Check whether the specified name is in the NTA
+         * database, either in the global one, or the link-local
+         * one. */
+
+        r = dns_trust_anchor_lookup_negative(&t->scope->manager->trust_anchor, name);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!t->scope->link)
+                return 0;
+
+        return set_contains(t->scope->link->dnssec_negative_trust_anchors, name);
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_has_unsigned_negative_answer(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Checks whether the answer is negative, and lacks NSEC/NSEC3
+         * RRs to prove it */
+
+        r = dns_transaction_has_positive_answer(t, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0)
+                return false;
+
+        /* Is this key explicitly listed as a negative trust anchor?
+         * If so, it's nothing we need to care about */
+        r = dns_transaction_negative_trust_anchor_lookup(t, dns_resource_key_name(t->key));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0)
+                return false;
+
+        /* The answer does not contain any RRs that match to the
+         * question. If so, let's see if there are any NSEC/NSEC3 RRs
+         * included. If not, the answer is unsigned. */
+
+        r = dns_answer_contains_nsec_or_nsec3(t->answer);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0)
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_is_primary_response(DnsTransaction *t, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(rr);
+
+        /* Check if the specified RR is the "primary" response,
+         * i.e. either matches the question precisely or is a
+         * CNAME/DNAME for it. */
+
+        r = dns_resource_key_match_rr(t->key, rr, NULL);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return dns_resource_key_match_cname_or_dname(t->key, rr->key, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool dns_transaction_dnssec_supported(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Checks whether our transaction's DNS server is assumed to be compatible with DNSSEC. Returns false as soon
+         * as we changed our mind about a server, and now believe it is incompatible with DNSSEC. */
+
+        if (t->scope->protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS)
+                return false;
+
+        /* If we have picked no server, then we are working from the cache or some other source, and DNSSEC might well
+         * be supported, hence return true. */
+        if (!t->server)
+                return true;
+
+        /* Note that we do not check the feature level actually used for the transaction but instead the feature level
+         * the server is known to support currently, as the transaction feature level might be lower than what the
+         * server actually supports, since we might have downgraded this transaction's feature level because we got a
+         * SERVFAIL earlier and wanted to check whether downgrading fixes it. */
+
+        return dns_server_dnssec_supported(t->server);
+}
+
+static bool dns_transaction_dnssec_supported_full(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        DnsTransaction *dt;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Checks whether our transaction our any of the auxiliary transactions couldn't do DNSSEC. */
+
+        if (!dns_transaction_dnssec_supported(t))
+                return false;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i)
+                if (!dns_transaction_dnssec_supported(dt))
+                        return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+int dns_transaction_request_dnssec_keys(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /*
+         * Retrieve all auxiliary RRs for the answer we got, so that
+         * we can verify signatures or prove that RRs are rightfully
+         * unsigned. Specifically:
+         *
+         * - For RRSIG we get the matching DNSKEY
+         * - For DNSKEY we get the matching DS
+         * - For unsigned SOA/NS we get the matching DS
+         * - For unsigned CNAME/DNAME/DS we get the parent SOA RR
+         * - For other unsigned RRs we get the matching SOA RR
+         * - For SOA/NS queries with no matching response RR, and no NSEC/NSEC3, the DS RR
+         * - For DS queries with no matching response RRs, and no NSEC/NSEC3, the parent's SOA RR
+         * - For other queries with no matching response RRs, and no NSEC/NSEC3, the SOA RR
+         */
+
+        if (t->scope->dnssec_mode == DNSSEC_NO)
+                return 0;
+        if (t->answer_source != DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK)
+                return 0; /* We only need to validate stuff from the network */
+        if (!dns_transaction_dnssec_supported(t))
+                return 0; /* If we can't do DNSSEC anyway there's no point in geting the auxiliary RRs */
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, t->answer) {
+
+                if (dns_type_is_pseudo(rr->key->type))
+                        continue;
+
+                /* If this RR is in the negative trust anchor, we don't need to validate it. */
+                r = dns_transaction_negative_trust_anchor_lookup(t, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                switch (rr->key->type) {
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_RRSIG: {
+                        /* For each RRSIG we request the matching DNSKEY */
+                        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *dnskey = NULL;
+
+                        /* If this RRSIG is about a DNSKEY RR and the
+                         * signer is the same as the owner, then we
+                         * already have the DNSKEY, and we don't have
+                         * to look for more. */
+                        if (rr->rrsig.type_covered == DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY) {
+                                r = dns_name_equal(rr->rrsig.signer, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                                if (r > 0)
+                                        continue;
+                        }
+
+                        /* If the signer is not a parent of our
+                         * original query, then this is about an
+                         * auxiliary RRset, but not anything we asked
+                         * for. In this case we aren't interested,
+                         * because we don't want to request additional
+                         * RRs for stuff we didn't really ask for, and
+                         * also to avoid request loops, where
+                         * additional RRs from one transaction result
+                         * in another transaction whose additonal RRs
+                         * point back to the original transaction, and
+                         * we deadlock. */
+                        r = dns_name_endswith(dns_resource_key_name(t->key), rr->rrsig.signer);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        dnskey = dns_resource_key_new(rr->key->class, DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY, rr->rrsig.signer);
+                        if (!dnskey)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        log_debug("Requesting DNSKEY to validate transaction %" PRIu16" (%s, RRSIG with key tag: %" PRIu16 ").",
+                                  t->id, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), rr->rrsig.key_tag);
+                        r = dns_transaction_request_dnssec_rr(t, dnskey);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY: {
+                        /* For each DNSKEY we request the matching DS */
+                        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *ds = NULL;
+
+                        /* If the DNSKEY we are looking at is not for
+                         * zone we are interested in, nor any of its
+                         * parents, we aren't interested, and don't
+                         * request it. After all, we don't want to end
+                         * up in request loops, and want to keep
+                         * additional traffic down. */
+
+                        r = dns_name_endswith(dns_resource_key_name(t->key), dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        ds = dns_resource_key_new(rr->key->class, DNS_TYPE_DS, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
+                        if (!ds)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        log_debug("Requesting DS to validate transaction %" PRIu16" (%s, DNSKEY with key tag: %" PRIu16 ").",
+                                  t->id, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), dnssec_keytag(rr, false));
+                        r = dns_transaction_request_dnssec_rr(t, ds);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_SOA:
+                case DNS_TYPE_NS: {
+                        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *ds = NULL;
+
+                        /* For an unsigned SOA or NS, try to acquire
+                         * the matching DS RR, as we are at a zone cut
+                         * then, and whether a DS exists tells us
+                         * whether the zone is signed. Do so only if
+                         * this RR matches our original question,
+                         * however. */
+
+                        r = dns_resource_key_match_rr(t->key, rr, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = dnssec_has_rrsig(t->answer, rr->key);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r > 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        ds = dns_resource_key_new(rr->key->class, DNS_TYPE_DS, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
+                        if (!ds)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        log_debug("Requesting DS to validate transaction %" PRIu16 " (%s, unsigned SOA/NS RRset).",
+                                  t->id, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
+                        r = dns_transaction_request_dnssec_rr(t, ds);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_DS:
+                case DNS_TYPE_CNAME:
+                case DNS_TYPE_DNAME: {
+                        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *soa = NULL;
+                        const char *name;
+
+                        /* CNAMEs and DNAMEs cannot be located at a
+                         * zone apex, hence ask for the parent SOA for
+                         * unsigned CNAME/DNAME RRs, maybe that's the
+                         * apex. But do all that only if this is
+                         * actually a response to our original
+                         * question.
+                         *
+                         * Similar for DS RRs, which are signed when
+                         * the parent SOA is signed. */
+
+                        r = dns_transaction_is_primary_response(t, rr);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = dnssec_has_rrsig(t->answer, rr->key);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r > 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = dns_answer_has_dname_for_cname(t->answer, rr);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r > 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        name = dns_resource_key_name(rr->key);
+                        r = dns_name_parent(&name);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        soa = dns_resource_key_new(rr->key->class, DNS_TYPE_SOA, name);
+                        if (!soa)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        log_debug("Requesting parent SOA to validate transaction %" PRIu16 " (%s, unsigned CNAME/DNAME/DS RRset).",
+                                  t->id, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
+                        r = dns_transaction_request_dnssec_rr(t, soa);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                default: {
+                        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *soa = NULL;
+
+                        /* For other unsigned RRsets (including
+                         * NSEC/NSEC3!), look for proof the zone is
+                         * unsigned, by requesting the SOA RR of the
+                         * zone. However, do so only if they are
+                         * directly relevant to our original
+                         * question. */
+
+                        r = dns_transaction_is_primary_response(t, rr);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = dnssec_has_rrsig(t->answer, rr->key);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r > 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        soa = dns_resource_key_new(rr->key->class, DNS_TYPE_SOA, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
+                        if (!soa)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        log_debug("Requesting SOA to validate transaction %" PRIu16 " (%s, unsigned non-SOA/NS RRset <%s>).",
+                                  t->id, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key), dns_resource_record_to_string(rr));
+                        r = dns_transaction_request_dnssec_rr(t, soa);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        break;
+                }}
+        }
+
+        /* Above, we requested everything necessary to validate what
+         * we got. Now, let's request what we need to validate what we
+         * didn't get... */
+
+        r = dns_transaction_has_unsigned_negative_answer(t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0) {
+                const char *name;
+                uint16_t type = 0;
+
+                name = dns_resource_key_name(t->key);
+
+                /* If this was a SOA or NS request, then check if there's a DS RR for the same domain. Note that this
+                 * could also be used as indication that we are not at a zone apex, but in real world setups there are
+                 * too many broken DNS servers (Hello, incapdns.net!) where non-terminal zones return NXDOMAIN even
+                 * though they have further children. If this was a DS request, then it's signed when the parent zone
+                 * is signed, hence ask the parent SOA in that case. If this was any other RR then ask for the SOA RR,
+                 * to see if that is signed. */
+
+                if (t->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DS) {
+                        r = dns_name_parent(&name);
+                        if (r > 0) {
+                                type = DNS_TYPE_SOA;
+                                log_debug("Requesting parent SOA to validate transaction %" PRIu16 " (%s, unsigned empty DS response).",
+                                          t->id, dns_resource_key_name(t->key));
+                        } else
+                                name = NULL;
+
+                } else if (IN_SET(t->key->type, DNS_TYPE_SOA, DNS_TYPE_NS)) {
+
+                        type = DNS_TYPE_DS;
+                        log_debug("Requesting DS to validate transaction %" PRIu16 " (%s, unsigned empty SOA/NS response).",
+                                  t->id, dns_resource_key_name(t->key));
+
+                } else {
+                        type = DNS_TYPE_SOA;
+                        log_debug("Requesting SOA to validate transaction %" PRIu16 " (%s, unsigned empty non-SOA/NS/DS response).",
+                                  t->id, dns_resource_key_name(t->key));
+                }
+
+                if (name) {
+                        _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *soa = NULL;
+
+                        soa = dns_resource_key_new(t->key->class, type, name);
+                        if (!soa)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        r = dns_transaction_request_dnssec_rr(t, soa);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return dns_transaction_dnssec_is_live(t);
+}
+
+void dns_transaction_notify(DnsTransaction *t, DnsTransaction *source) {
+        assert(t);
+        assert(source);
+
+        /* Invoked whenever any of our auxiliary DNSSEC transactions completed its work. If the state is still PENDING,
+           we are still in the loop that adds further DNSSEC transactions, hence don't check if we are ready yet. If
+           the state is VALIDATING however, we should check if we are complete now. */
+
+        if (t->state == DNS_TRANSACTION_VALIDATING)
+                dns_transaction_process_dnssec(t);
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_validate_dnskey_by_ds(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        int ifindex, r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Add all DNSKEY RRs from the answer that are validated by DS
+         * RRs from the list of validated keys to the list of
+         * validated keys. */
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_IFINDEX(rr, ifindex, t->answer) {
+
+                r = dnssec_verify_dnskey_by_ds_search(rr, t->validated_keys);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* If so, the DNSKEY is validated too. */
+                r = dns_answer_add_extend(&t->validated_keys, rr, ifindex, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_requires_rrsig(DnsTransaction *t, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(rr);
+
+        /* Checks if the RR we are looking for must be signed with an
+         * RRSIG. This is used for positive responses. */
+
+        if (t->scope->dnssec_mode == DNSSEC_NO)
+                return false;
+
+        if (dns_type_is_pseudo(rr->key->type))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = dns_transaction_negative_trust_anchor_lookup(t, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0)
+                return false;
+
+        switch (rr->key->type) {
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_RRSIG:
+                /* RRSIGs are the signatures themselves, they need no signing. */
+                return false;
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_SOA:
+        case DNS_TYPE_NS: {
+                DnsTransaction *dt;
+                Iterator i;
+
+                /* For SOA or NS RRs we look for a matching DS transaction */
+
+                SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i) {
+
+                        if (dt->key->class != rr->key->class)
+                                continue;
+                        if (dt->key->type != DNS_TYPE_DS)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(dt->key), dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* We found a DS transactions for the SOA/NS
+                         * RRs we are looking at. If it discovered signed DS
+                         * RRs, then we need to be signed, too. */
+
+                        if (!dt->answer_authenticated)
+                                return false;
+
+                        return dns_answer_match_key(dt->answer, dt->key, NULL);
+                }
+
+                /* We found nothing that proves this is safe to leave
+                 * this unauthenticated, hence ask inist on
+                 * authentication. */
+                return true;
+        }
+
+        case DNS_TYPE_DS:
+        case DNS_TYPE_CNAME:
+        case DNS_TYPE_DNAME: {
+                const char *parent = NULL;
+                DnsTransaction *dt;
+                Iterator i;
+
+                /*
+                 * CNAME/DNAME RRs cannot be located at a zone apex, hence look directly for the parent SOA.
+                 *
+                 * DS RRs are signed if the parent is signed, hence also look at the parent SOA
+                 */
+
+                SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i) {
+
+                        if (dt->key->class != rr->key->class)
+                                continue;
+                        if (dt->key->type != DNS_TYPE_SOA)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (!parent) {
+                                parent = dns_resource_key_name(rr->key);
+                                r = dns_name_parent(&parent);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                                if (r == 0) {
+                                        if (rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DS)
+                                                return true;
+
+                                        /* A CNAME/DNAME without a parent? That's sooo weird. */
+                                        log_debug("Transaction %" PRIu16 " claims CNAME/DNAME at root. Refusing.", t->id);
+                                        return -EBADMSG;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(dt->key), parent);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        return t->answer_authenticated;
+                }
+
+                return true;
+        }
+
+        default: {
+                DnsTransaction *dt;
+                Iterator i;
+
+                /* Any other kind of RR (including DNSKEY/NSEC/NSEC3). Let's see if our SOA lookup was authenticated */
+
+                SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i) {
+
+                        if (dt->key->class != rr->key->class)
+                                continue;
+                        if (dt->key->type != DNS_TYPE_SOA)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(dt->key), dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* We found the transaction that was supposed to find
+                         * the SOA RR for us. It was successful, but found no
+                         * RR for us. This means we are not at a zone cut. In
+                         * this case, we require authentication if the SOA
+                         * lookup was authenticated too. */
+                        return t->answer_authenticated;
+                }
+
+                return true;
+        }}
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_in_private_tld(DnsTransaction *t, const DnsResourceKey *key) {
+        DnsTransaction *dt;
+        const char *tld;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        /* If DNSSEC downgrade mode is on, checks whether the
+         * specified RR is one level below a TLD we have proven not to
+         * exist. In such a case we assume that this is a private
+         * domain, and permit it.
+         *
+         * This detects cases like the Fritz!Box router networks. Each
+         * Fritz!Box router serves a private "fritz.box" zone, in the
+         * non-existing TLD "box". Requests for the "fritz.box" domain
+         * are served by the router itself, while requests for the
+         * "box" domain will result in NXDOMAIN.
+         *
+         * Note that this logic is unable to detect cases where a
+         * router serves a private DNS zone directly under
+         * non-existing TLD. In such a case we cannot detect whether
+         * the TLD is supposed to exist or not, as all requests we
+         * make for it will be answered by the router's zone, and not
+         * by the root zone. */
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (t->scope->dnssec_mode != DNSSEC_ALLOW_DOWNGRADE)
+                return false; /* In strict DNSSEC mode what doesn't exist, doesn't exist */
+
+        tld = dns_resource_key_name(key);
+        r = dns_name_parent(&tld);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return false; /* Already the root domain */
+
+        if (!dns_name_is_single_label(tld))
+                return false;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i) {
+
+                if (dt->key->class != key->class)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(dt->key), tld);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* We found an auxiliary lookup we did for the TLD. If
+                 * that returned with NXDOMAIN, we know the TLD didn't
+                 * exist, and hence this might be a private zone. */
+
+                return dt->answer_rcode == DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_requires_nsec(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
+        DnsTransaction *dt;
+        const char *name;
+        uint16_t type = 0;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Checks if we need to insist on NSEC/NSEC3 RRs for proving
+         * this negative reply */
+
+        if (t->scope->dnssec_mode == DNSSEC_NO)
+                return false;
+
+        if (dns_type_is_pseudo(t->key->type))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = dns_transaction_negative_trust_anchor_lookup(t, dns_resource_key_name(t->key));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0)
+                return false;
+
+        r = dns_transaction_in_private_tld(t, t->key);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0) {
+                /* The lookup is from a TLD that is proven not to
+                 * exist, and we are in downgrade mode, hence ignore
+                 * that fact that we didn't get any NSEC RRs.*/
+
+                log_info("Detected a negative query %s in a private DNS zone, permitting unsigned response.",
+                         dns_resource_key_to_string(t->key, key_str, sizeof key_str));
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        name = dns_resource_key_name(t->key);
+
+        if (t->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DS) {
+
+                /* We got a negative reply for this DS lookup? DS RRs are signed when their parent zone is signed,
+                 * hence check the parent SOA in this case. */
+
+                r = dns_name_parent(&name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return true;
+
+                type = DNS_TYPE_SOA;
+
+        } else if (IN_SET(t->key->type, DNS_TYPE_SOA, DNS_TYPE_NS))
+                /* We got a negative reply for this SOA/NS lookup? If so, check if there's a DS RR for this */
+                type = DNS_TYPE_DS;
+        else
+                /* For all other negative replies, check for the SOA lookup */
+                type = DNS_TYPE_SOA;
+
+        /* For all other RRs we check the SOA on the same level to see
+         * if it's signed. */
+
+        SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i) {
+
+                if (dt->key->class != t->key->class)
+                        continue;
+                if (dt->key->type != type)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(dt->key), name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                return dt->answer_authenticated;
+        }
+
+        /* If in doubt, require NSEC/NSEC3 */
+        return true;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_dnskey_authenticated(DnsTransaction *t, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rrsig;
+        bool found = false;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Checks whether any of the DNSKEYs used for the RRSIGs for
+         * the specified RRset is authenticated (i.e. has a matching
+         * DS RR). */
+
+        r = dns_transaction_negative_trust_anchor_lookup(t, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0)
+                return false;
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rrsig, t->answer) {
+                DnsTransaction *dt;
+                Iterator i;
+
+                r = dnssec_key_match_rrsig(rr->key, rrsig);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i) {
+
+                        if (dt->key->class != rr->key->class)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (dt->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY) {
+
+                                r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(dt->key), rrsig->rrsig.signer);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                /* OK, we found an auxiliary DNSKEY
+                                 * lookup. If that lookup is
+                                 * authenticated, report this. */
+
+                                if (dt->answer_authenticated)
+                                        return true;
+
+                                found = true;
+
+                        } else if (dt->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DS) {
+
+                                r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(dt->key), rrsig->rrsig.signer);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                /* OK, we found an auxiliary DS
+                                 * lookup. If that lookup is
+                                 * authenticated and non-zero, we
+                                 * won! */
+
+                                if (!dt->answer_authenticated)
+                                        return false;
+
+                                return dns_answer_match_key(dt->answer, dt->key, NULL);
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        return found ? false : -ENXIO;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_known_signed(DnsTransaction *t, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        assert(t);
+        assert(rr);
+
+        /* We know that the root domain is signed, hence if it appears
+         * not to be signed, there's a problem with the DNS server */
+
+        return rr->key->class == DNS_CLASS_IN &&
+                dns_name_is_root(dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_check_revoked_trust_anchors(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Maybe warn the user that we encountered a revoked DNSKEY
+         * for a key from our trust anchor. Note that we don't care
+         * whether the DNSKEY can be authenticated or not. It's
+         * sufficient if it is self-signed. */
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, t->answer) {
+                r = dns_trust_anchor_check_revoked(&t->scope->manager->trust_anchor, rr, t->answer);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_invalidate_revoked_keys(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        bool changed;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Removes all DNSKEY/DS objects from t->validated_keys that
+         * our trust anchors database considers revoked. */
+
+        do {
+                DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+
+                changed = false;
+
+                DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, t->validated_keys) {
+                        r = dns_trust_anchor_is_revoked(&t->scope->manager->trust_anchor, rr);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r > 0) {
+                                r = dns_answer_remove_by_rr(&t->validated_keys, rr);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                assert(r > 0);
+                                changed = true;
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+        } while (changed);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_transaction_copy_validated(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        DnsTransaction *dt;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Copy all validated RRs from the auxiliary DNSSEC transactions into our set of validated RRs */
+
+        SET_FOREACH(dt, t->dnssec_transactions, i) {
+
+                if (DNS_TRANSACTION_IS_LIVE(dt->state))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!dt->answer_authenticated)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_answer_extend(&t->validated_keys, dt->answer);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+typedef enum {
+        DNSSEC_PHASE_DNSKEY,   /* Phase #1, only validate DNSKEYs */
+        DNSSEC_PHASE_NSEC,     /* Phase #2, only validate NSEC+NSEC3 */
+        DNSSEC_PHASE_ALL,      /* Phase #3, validate everything else */
+} Phase;
+
+static int dnssec_validate_records(
+                DnsTransaction *t,
+                Phase phase,
+                bool *have_nsec,
+                DnsAnswer **validated) {
+
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Returns negative on error, 0 if validation failed, 1 to restart validation, 2 when finished. */
+
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, t->answer) {
+                DnsResourceRecord *rrsig = NULL;
+                DnssecResult result;
+
+                switch (rr->key->type) {
+                case DNS_TYPE_RRSIG:
+                        continue;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY:
+                        /* We validate DNSKEYs only in the DNSKEY and ALL phases */
+                        if (phase == DNSSEC_PHASE_NSEC)
+                                continue;
+                        break;
+
+                case DNS_TYPE_NSEC:
+                case DNS_TYPE_NSEC3:
+                        *have_nsec = true;
+
+                        /* We validate NSEC/NSEC3 only in the NSEC and ALL phases */
+                        if (phase == DNSSEC_PHASE_DNSKEY)
+                                continue;
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        /* We validate all other RRs only in the ALL phases */
+                        if (phase != DNSSEC_PHASE_ALL)
+                                continue;
+                }
+
+                r = dnssec_verify_rrset_search(t->answer, rr->key, t->validated_keys, USEC_INFINITY, &result, &rrsig);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                log_debug("Looking at %s: %s", strna(dns_resource_record_to_string(rr)), dnssec_result_to_string(result));
+
+                if (result == DNSSEC_VALIDATED) {
+
+                        if (rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY) {
+                                /* If we just validated a DNSKEY RRset, then let's add these keys to
+                                 * the set of validated keys for this transaction. */
+
+                                r = dns_answer_copy_by_key(&t->validated_keys, t->answer, rr->key, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                /* Some of the DNSKEYs we just added might already have been revoked,
+                                 * remove them again in that case. */
+                                r = dns_transaction_invalidate_revoked_keys(t);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Add the validated RRset to the new list of validated
+                         * RRsets, and remove it from the unvalidated RRsets.
+                         * We mark the RRset as authenticated and cacheable. */
+                        r = dns_answer_move_by_key(validated, &t->answer, rr->key, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED|DNS_ANSWER_CACHEABLE);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_SECURE, rr->key);
+
+                        /* Exit the loop, we dropped something from the answer, start from the beginning */
+                        return 1;
+                }
+
+                /* If we haven't read all DNSKEYs yet a negative result of the validation is irrelevant, as
+                 * there might be more DNSKEYs coming. Similar, if we haven't read all NSEC/NSEC3 RRs yet,
+                 * we cannot do positive wildcard proofs yet, as those require the NSEC/NSEC3 RRs. */
+                if (phase != DNSSEC_PHASE_ALL)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (result == DNSSEC_VALIDATED_WILDCARD) {
+                        bool authenticated = false;
+                        const char *source;
+
+                        /* This RRset validated, but as a wildcard. This means we need
+                         * to prove via NSEC/NSEC3 that no matching non-wildcard RR exists.*/
+
+                        /* First step, determine the source of synthesis */
+                        r = dns_resource_record_source(rrsig, &source);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = dnssec_test_positive_wildcard(*validated,
+                                                          dns_resource_key_name(rr->key),
+                                                          source,
+                                                          rrsig->rrsig.signer,
+                                                          &authenticated);
+
+                        /* Unless the NSEC proof showed that the key really doesn't exist something is off. */
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                result = DNSSEC_INVALID;
+                        else {
+                                r = dns_answer_move_by_key(validated, &t->answer, rr->key,
+                                                           authenticated ? (DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED|DNS_ANSWER_CACHEABLE) : 0);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, authenticated ? DNSSEC_SECURE : DNSSEC_INSECURE, rr->key);
+
+                                /* Exit the loop, we dropped something from the answer, start from the beginning */
+                                return 1;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (result == DNSSEC_NO_SIGNATURE) {
+                        r = dns_transaction_requires_rrsig(t, rr);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0) {
+                                /* Data does not require signing. In that case, just copy it over,
+                                 * but remember that this is by no means authenticated.*/
+                                r = dns_answer_move_by_key(validated, &t->answer, rr->key, 0);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_INSECURE, rr->key);
+                                return 1;
+                        }
+
+                        r = dns_transaction_known_signed(t, rr);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r > 0) {
+                                /* This is an RR we know has to be signed. If it isn't this means
+                                 * the server is not attaching RRSIGs, hence complain. */
+
+                                dns_server_packet_rrsig_missing(t->server, t->current_feature_level);
+
+                                if (t->scope->dnssec_mode == DNSSEC_ALLOW_DOWNGRADE) {
+
+                                        /* Downgrading is OK? If so, just consider the information unsigned */
+
+                                        r = dns_answer_move_by_key(validated, &t->answer, rr->key, 0);
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                return r;
+
+                                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_INSECURE, rr->key);
+                                        return 1;
+                                }
+
+                                /* Otherwise, fail */
+                                t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_INCOMPATIBLE_SERVER;
+                                return 0;
+                        }
+
+                        r = dns_transaction_in_private_tld(t, rr->key);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r > 0) {
+                                char s[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
+
+                                /* The data is from a TLD that is proven not to exist, and we are in downgrade
+                                 * mode, hence ignore the fact that this was not signed. */
+
+                                log_info("Detected RRset %s is in a private DNS zone, permitting unsigned RRs.",
+                                         dns_resource_key_to_string(rr->key, s, sizeof s));
+
+                                r = dns_answer_move_by_key(validated, &t->answer, rr->key, 0);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_INSECURE, rr->key);
+                                return 1;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (IN_SET(result,
+                           DNSSEC_MISSING_KEY,
+                           DNSSEC_SIGNATURE_EXPIRED,
+                           DNSSEC_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM)) {
+
+                        r = dns_transaction_dnskey_authenticated(t, rr);
+                        if (r < 0 && r != -ENXIO)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0) {
+                                /* The DNSKEY transaction was not authenticated, this means there's
+                                 * no DS for this, which means it's OK if no keys are found for this signature. */
+
+                                r = dns_answer_move_by_key(validated, &t->answer, rr->key, 0);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_INSECURE, rr->key);
+                                return 1;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                r = dns_transaction_is_primary_response(t, rr);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        /* Look for a matching DNAME for this CNAME */
+                        r = dns_answer_has_dname_for_cname(t->answer, rr);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0) {
+                                /* Also look among the stuff we already validated */
+                                r = dns_answer_has_dname_for_cname(*validated, rr);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+
+                        if (r == 0) {
+                                if (IN_SET(result,
+                                           DNSSEC_INVALID,
+                                           DNSSEC_SIGNATURE_EXPIRED,
+                                           DNSSEC_NO_SIGNATURE))
+                                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_BOGUS, rr->key);
+                                else /* DNSSEC_MISSING_KEY or DNSSEC_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM */
+                                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_INDETERMINATE, rr->key);
+
+                                /* This is a primary response to our question, and it failed validation.
+                                 * That's fatal. */
+                                t->answer_dnssec_result = result;
+                                return 0;
+                        }
+
+                        /* This is a primary response, but we do have a DNAME RR
+                         * in the RR that can replay this CNAME, hence rely on
+                         * that, and we can remove the CNAME in favour of it. */
+                }
+
+                /* This is just some auxiliary data. Just remove the RRset and continue. */
+                r = dns_answer_remove_by_key(&t->answer, rr->key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* We dropped something from the answer, start from the beginning. */
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 2; /* Finito. */
+}
+
+int dns_transaction_validate_dnssec(DnsTransaction *t) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *validated = NULL;
+        Phase phase;
+        DnsAnswerFlags flags;
+        int r;
+        char key_str[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* We have now collected all DS and DNSKEY RRs in
+         * t->validated_keys, let's see which RRs we can now
+         * authenticate with that. */
+
+        if (t->scope->dnssec_mode == DNSSEC_NO)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Already validated */
+        if (t->answer_dnssec_result != _DNSSEC_RESULT_INVALID)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Our own stuff needs no validation */
+        if (IN_SET(t->answer_source, DNS_TRANSACTION_ZONE, DNS_TRANSACTION_TRUST_ANCHOR)) {
+                t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_VALIDATED;
+                t->answer_authenticated = true;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Cached stuff is not affected by validation. */
+        if (t->answer_source != DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!dns_transaction_dnssec_supported_full(t)) {
+                /* The server does not support DNSSEC, or doesn't augment responses with RRSIGs. */
+                t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_INCOMPATIBLE_SERVER;
+                log_debug("Not validating response for %" PRIu16 ", used server feature level does not support DNSSEC.", t->id);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Validating response from transaction %" PRIu16 " (%s).",
+                  t->id,
+                  dns_resource_key_to_string(t->key, key_str, sizeof key_str));
+
+        /* First, see if this response contains any revoked trust
+         * anchors we care about */
+        r = dns_transaction_check_revoked_trust_anchors(t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Third, copy all RRs we acquired successfully from auxiliary RRs over. */
+        r = dns_transaction_copy_validated(t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Second, see if there are DNSKEYs we already know a
+         * validated DS for. */
+        r = dns_transaction_validate_dnskey_by_ds(t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Fourth, remove all DNSKEY and DS RRs again that our trust
+         * anchor says are revoked. After all we might have marked
+         * some keys revoked above, but they might still be lingering
+         * in our validated_keys list. */
+        r = dns_transaction_invalidate_revoked_keys(t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        phase = DNSSEC_PHASE_DNSKEY;
+        for (;;) {
+                bool have_nsec = false;
+
+                r = dnssec_validate_records(t, phase, &have_nsec, &validated);
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* Try again as long as we managed to achieve something */
+                if (r == 1)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (phase == DNSSEC_PHASE_DNSKEY && have_nsec) {
+                        /* OK, we processed all DNSKEYs, and there are NSEC/NSEC3 RRs, look at those now. */
+                        phase = DNSSEC_PHASE_NSEC;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (phase != DNSSEC_PHASE_ALL) {
+                        /* OK, we processed all DNSKEYs and NSEC/NSEC3 RRs, look at all the rest now.
+                         * Note that in this third phase we start to remove RRs we couldn't validate. */
+                        phase = DNSSEC_PHASE_ALL;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* We're done */
+                break;
+        }
+
+        dns_answer_unref(t->answer);
+        t->answer = validated;
+        validated = NULL;
+
+        /* At this point the answer only contains validated
+         * RRsets. Now, let's see if it actually answers the question
+         * we asked. If so, great! If it doesn't, then see if
+         * NSEC/NSEC3 can prove this. */
+        r = dns_transaction_has_positive_answer(t, &flags);
+        if (r > 0) {
+                /* Yes, it answers the question! */
+
+                if (flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED) {
+                        /* The answer is fully authenticated, yay. */
+                        t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_VALIDATED;
+                        t->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
+                        t->answer_authenticated = true;
+                } else {
+                        /* The answer is not fully authenticated. */
+                        t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_UNSIGNED;
+                        t->answer_authenticated = false;
+                }
+
+        } else if (r == 0) {
+                DnssecNsecResult nr;
+                bool authenticated = false;
+
+                /* Bummer! Let's check NSEC/NSEC3 */
+                r = dnssec_nsec_test(t->answer, t->key, &nr, &authenticated, &t->answer_nsec_ttl);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                switch (nr) {
+
+                case DNSSEC_NSEC_NXDOMAIN:
+                        /* NSEC proves the domain doesn't exist. Very good. */
+                        log_debug("Proved NXDOMAIN via NSEC/NSEC3 for transaction %u (%s)", t->id, key_str);
+                        t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_VALIDATED;
+                        t->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_NXDOMAIN;
+                        t->answer_authenticated = authenticated;
+
+                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, authenticated ? DNSSEC_SECURE : DNSSEC_INSECURE, t->key);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNSSEC_NSEC_NODATA:
+                        /* NSEC proves that there's no data here, very good. */
+                        log_debug("Proved NODATA via NSEC/NSEC3 for transaction %u (%s)", t->id, key_str);
+                        t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_VALIDATED;
+                        t->answer_rcode = DNS_RCODE_SUCCESS;
+                        t->answer_authenticated = authenticated;
+
+                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, authenticated ? DNSSEC_SECURE : DNSSEC_INSECURE, t->key);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNSSEC_NSEC_OPTOUT:
+                        /* NSEC3 says the data might not be signed */
+                        log_debug("Data is NSEC3 opt-out via NSEC/NSEC3 for transaction %u (%s)", t->id, key_str);
+                        t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_UNSIGNED;
+                        t->answer_authenticated = false;
+
+                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_INSECURE, t->key);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNSSEC_NSEC_NO_RR:
+                        /* No NSEC data? Bummer! */
+
+                        r = dns_transaction_requires_nsec(t);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r > 0) {
+                                t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_NO_SIGNATURE;
+                                manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_BOGUS, t->key);
+                        } else {
+                                t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_UNSIGNED;
+                                t->answer_authenticated = false;
+                                manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_INSECURE, t->key);
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case DNSSEC_NSEC_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM:
+                        /* We don't know the NSEC3 algorithm used? */
+                        t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM;
+                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_INDETERMINATE, t->key);
+                        break;
+
+                case DNSSEC_NSEC_FOUND:
+                case DNSSEC_NSEC_CNAME:
+                        /* NSEC says it needs to be there, but we couldn't find it? Bummer! */
+                        t->answer_dnssec_result = DNSSEC_NSEC_MISMATCH;
+                        manager_dnssec_verdict(t->scope->manager, DNSSEC_BOGUS, t->key);
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unexpected NSEC result.");
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static const char* const dns_transaction_state_table[_DNS_TRANSACTION_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL] = "null",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING] = "pending",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_VALIDATING] = "validating",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_RCODE_FAILURE] = "rcode-failure",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_SERVERS] = "no-servers",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_TIMEOUT] = "timeout",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX_REACHED] = "attempts-max-reached",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY] = "invalid-reply",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO] = "errno",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_ABORTED] = "aborted",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED] = "dnssec-failed",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_TRUST_ANCHOR] = "no-trust-anchor",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_RR_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED] = "rr-type-unsupported",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK_DOWN] = "network-down",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_NOT_FOUND] = "not-found",
+};
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(dns_transaction_state, DnsTransactionState);
+
+static const char* const dns_transaction_source_table[_DNS_TRANSACTION_SOURCE_MAX] = {
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK] = "network",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_CACHE] = "cache",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_ZONE] = "zone",
+        [DNS_TRANSACTION_TRUST_ANCHOR] = "trust-anchor",
+};
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(dns_transaction_source, DnsTransactionSource);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-transaction.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-transaction.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26307f84ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-transaction.h
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct DnsTransaction DnsTransaction;
+typedef enum DnsTransactionState DnsTransactionState;
+typedef enum DnsTransactionSource DnsTransactionSource;
+
+enum DnsTransactionState {
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_VALIDATING,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_RCODE_FAILURE,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_SERVERS,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_TIMEOUT,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX_REACHED,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_INVALID_REPLY,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_ABORTED,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_DNSSEC_FAILED,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_NO_TRUST_ANCHOR,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_RR_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK_DOWN,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_NOT_FOUND, /* like NXDOMAIN, but when LLMNR/TCP connections fail */
+        _DNS_TRANSACTION_STATE_MAX,
+        _DNS_TRANSACTION_STATE_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+#define DNS_TRANSACTION_IS_LIVE(state) IN_SET((state), DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL, DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING, DNS_TRANSACTION_VALIDATING)
+
+enum DnsTransactionSource {
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_NETWORK,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_CACHE,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_ZONE,
+        DNS_TRANSACTION_TRUST_ANCHOR,
+        _DNS_TRANSACTION_SOURCE_MAX,
+        _DNS_TRANSACTION_SOURCE_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+#include "resolved-dns-answer.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-packet.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-question.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-scope.h"
+
+struct DnsTransaction {
+        DnsScope *scope;
+
+        DnsResourceKey *key;
+
+        DnsTransactionState state;
+
+        uint16_t id;
+
+        bool tried_stream:1;
+
+        bool initial_jitter_scheduled:1;
+        bool initial_jitter_elapsed:1;
+
+        bool clamp_ttl:1;
+
+        DnsPacket *sent, *received;
+
+        DnsAnswer *answer;
+        int answer_rcode;
+        DnssecResult answer_dnssec_result;
+        DnsTransactionSource answer_source;
+        uint32_t answer_nsec_ttl;
+        int answer_errno; /* if state is DNS_TRANSACTION_ERRNO */
+
+        /* Indicates whether the primary answer is authenticated,
+         * i.e. whether the RRs from answer which directly match the
+         * question are authenticated, or, if there are none, whether
+         * the NODATA or NXDOMAIN case is. It says nothing about
+         * additional RRs listed in the answer, however they have
+         * their own DNS_ANSWER_AUTHORIZED FLAGS. Note that this bit
+         * is defined different than the AD bit in DNS packets, as
+         * that covers more than just the actual primary answer. */
+        bool answer_authenticated;
+
+        /* Contains DNSKEY, DS, SOA RRs we already verified and need
+         * to authenticate this reply */
+        DnsAnswer *validated_keys;
+
+        usec_t start_usec;
+        usec_t next_attempt_after;
+        sd_event_source *timeout_event_source;
+        unsigned n_attempts;
+
+        /* UDP connection logic, if we need it */
+        int dns_udp_fd;
+        sd_event_source *dns_udp_event_source;
+
+        /* TCP connection logic, if we need it */
+        DnsStream *stream;
+
+        /* The active server */
+        DnsServer *server;
+
+        /* The features of the DNS server at time of transaction start */
+        DnsServerFeatureLevel current_feature_level;
+
+        /* If we got SERVFAIL back, we retry the lookup, using a lower feature level than we used before. */
+        DnsServerFeatureLevel clamp_feature_level;
+
+        /* Query candidates this transaction is referenced by and that
+         * shall be notified about this specific transaction
+         * completing. */
+        Set *notify_query_candidates, *notify_query_candidates_done;
+
+        /* Zone items this transaction is referenced by and that shall
+         * be notified about completion. */
+        Set *notify_zone_items, *notify_zone_items_done;
+
+        /* Other transactions that this transactions is referenced by
+         * and that shall be notified about completion. This is used
+         * when transactions want to validate their RRsets, but need
+         * another DNSKEY or DS RR to do so. */
+        Set *notify_transactions, *notify_transactions_done;
+
+        /* The opposite direction: the transactions this transaction
+         * created in order to request DNSKEY or DS RRs. */
+        Set *dnssec_transactions;
+
+        unsigned block_gc;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(DnsTransaction, transactions_by_scope);
+};
+
+int dns_transaction_new(DnsTransaction **ret, DnsScope *s, DnsResourceKey *key);
+DnsTransaction* dns_transaction_free(DnsTransaction *t);
+
+bool dns_transaction_gc(DnsTransaction *t);
+int dns_transaction_go(DnsTransaction *t);
+
+void dns_transaction_process_reply(DnsTransaction *t, DnsPacket *p);
+void dns_transaction_complete(DnsTransaction *t, DnsTransactionState state);
+
+void dns_transaction_notify(DnsTransaction *t, DnsTransaction *source);
+int dns_transaction_validate_dnssec(DnsTransaction *t);
+int dns_transaction_request_dnssec_keys(DnsTransaction *t);
+
+const char* dns_transaction_state_to_string(DnsTransactionState p) _const_;
+DnsTransactionState dns_transaction_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* dns_transaction_source_to_string(DnsTransactionSource p) _const_;
+DnsTransactionSource dns_transaction_source_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+/* LLMNR Jitter interval, see RFC 4795 Section 7 */
+#define LLMNR_JITTER_INTERVAL_USEC (100 * USEC_PER_MSEC)
+
+/* mDNS Jitter interval, see RFC 6762 Section 5.2 */
+#define MDNS_JITTER_MIN_USEC   (20 * USEC_PER_MSEC)
+#define MDNS_JITTER_RANGE_USEC (100 * USEC_PER_MSEC)
+
+/* Maximum attempts to send DNS requests, across all DNS servers */
+#define DNS_TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX 16
+
+/* Maximum attempts to send LLMNR requests, see RFC 4795 Section 2.7 */
+#define LLMNR_TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX 3
+
+#define TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX(p) ((p) == DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR ? LLMNR_TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX : DNS_TRANSACTION_ATTEMPTS_MAX)
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-trust-anchor.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-trust-anchor.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9f221d425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-trust-anchor.c
@@ -0,0 +1,744 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2015 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-messages.h>
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/conf-files.h"
+#include "basic/def.h"
+#include "basic/fd-util.h"
+#include "basic/fileio.h"
+#include "basic/hexdecoct.h"
+#include "basic/parse-util.h"
+#include "basic/set.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+#include "basic/strv.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-dnssec.h"
+#include "shared/dns-domain.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-trust-anchor.h"
+
+static const char trust_anchor_dirs[] = CONF_PATHS_NULSTR("dnssec-trust-anchors.d");
+
+/* The DS RR from https://data.iana.org/root-anchors/root-anchors.xml, retrieved December 2015 */
+static const uint8_t root_digest[] =
+        { 0x49, 0xAA, 0xC1, 0x1D, 0x7B, 0x6F, 0x64, 0x46, 0x70, 0x2E, 0x54, 0xA1, 0x60, 0x73, 0x71, 0x60,
+          0x7A, 0x1A, 0x41, 0x85, 0x52, 0x00, 0xFD, 0x2C, 0xE1, 0xCD, 0xDE, 0x32, 0xF2, 0x4E, 0x8F, 0xB5 };
+
+static bool dns_trust_anchor_knows_domain_positive(DnsTrustAnchor *d, const char *name) {
+        assert(d);
+
+        /* Returns true if there's an entry for the specified domain
+         * name in our trust anchor */
+
+        return
+                hashmap_contains(d->positive_by_key, &DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_CONST(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY, name)) ||
+                hashmap_contains(d->positive_by_key, &DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_CONST(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_DS, name));
+}
+
+static int dns_trust_anchor_add_builtin_positive(DnsTrustAnchor *d) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *answer = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&d->positive_by_key, &dns_resource_key_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Only add the built-in trust anchor if there's neither a DS
+         * nor a DNSKEY defined for the root domain. That way users
+         * have an easy way to override the root domain DS/DNSKEY
+         * data. */
+        if (dns_trust_anchor_knows_domain_positive(d, "."))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Add the RR from https://data.iana.org/root-anchors/root-anchors.xml */
+        rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_DS, "");
+        if (!rr)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        rr->ds.key_tag = 19036;
+        rr->ds.algorithm = DNSSEC_ALGORITHM_RSASHA256;
+        rr->ds.digest_type = DNSSEC_DIGEST_SHA256;
+        rr->ds.digest_size = sizeof(root_digest);
+        rr->ds.digest = memdup(root_digest, rr->ds.digest_size);
+        if (!rr->ds.digest)
+                return  -ENOMEM;
+
+        answer = dns_answer_new(1);
+        if (!answer)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = dns_answer_add(answer, rr, 0, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = hashmap_put(d->positive_by_key, rr->key, answer);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        answer = NULL;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_trust_anchor_add_builtin_negative(DnsTrustAnchor *d) {
+
+        static const char private_domains[] =
+                /* RFC 6761 says that .test is a special domain for
+                 * testing and not to be installed in the root zone */
+                "test\0"
+
+                /* RFC 6761 says that these reverse IP lookup ranges
+                 * are for private addresses, and hence should not
+                 * show up in the root zone */
+                "10.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "16.172.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "17.172.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "18.172.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "19.172.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "20.172.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "21.172.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "22.172.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "23.172.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "24.172.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "25.172.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "26.172.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "27.172.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "28.172.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "29.172.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "30.172.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "31.172.in-addr.arpa\0"
+                "168.192.in-addr.arpa\0"
+
+                /* RFC 6762 reserves the .local domain for Multicast
+                 * DNS, it hence cannot appear in the root zone. (Note
+                 * that we by default do not route .local traffic to
+                 * DNS anyway, except when a configured search domain
+                 * suggests so.) */
+                "local\0"
+
+                /* These two are well known, popular private zone
+                 * TLDs, that are blocked from delegation, according
+                 * to:
+                 * http://icannwiki.com/Name_Collision#NGPC_Resolution
+                 *
+                 * There's also ongoing work on making this official
+                 * in an RRC:
+                 * https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-chapin-additional-reserved-tlds-02.txt */
+                "home\0"
+                "corp\0"
+
+                /* The following four TLDs are suggested for private
+                 * zones in RFC 6762, Appendix G, and are hence very
+                 * unlikely to be made official TLDs any day soon */
+                "lan\0"
+                "intranet\0"
+                "internal\0"
+                "private\0";
+
+        const char *name;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        /* Only add the built-in trust anchor if there's no negative
+         * trust anchor defined at all. This enables easy overriding
+         * of negative trust anchors. */
+
+        if (set_size(d->negative_by_name) > 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(&d->negative_by_name, &dns_name_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* We add a couple of domains as default negative trust
+         * anchors, where it's very unlikely they will be installed in
+         * the root zone. If they exist they must be private, and thus
+         * unsigned. */
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH(name, private_domains) {
+
+                if (dns_trust_anchor_knows_domain_positive(d, name))
+                        continue;
+
+                r = set_put_strdup(d->negative_by_name, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_trust_anchor_load_positive(DnsTrustAnchor *d, const char *path, unsigned line, const char *s) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *domain = NULL, *class = NULL, *type = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *answer = NULL;
+        DnsAnswer *old_answer = NULL;
+        const char *p = s;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(d);
+        assert(line);
+
+        r = extract_first_word(&p, &domain, NULL, EXTRACT_QUOTES);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Unable to parse domain in line %s:%u: %m", path, line);
+
+        if (!dns_name_is_valid(domain)) {
+                log_warning("Domain name %s is invalid, at line %s:%u, ignoring line.", domain, path, line);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        r = extract_many_words(&p, NULL, 0, &class, &type, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Unable to parse class and type in line %s:%u: %m", path, line);
+        if (r != 2) {
+                log_warning("Missing class or type in line %s:%u", path, line);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (!strcaseeq(class, "IN")) {
+                log_warning("RR class %s is not supported, ignoring line %s:%u.", class, path, line);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (strcaseeq(type, "DS")) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *key_tag = NULL, *algorithm = NULL, *digest_type = NULL, *digest = NULL;
+                _cleanup_free_ void *dd = NULL;
+                uint16_t kt;
+                int a, dt;
+                size_t l;
+
+                r = extract_many_words(&p, NULL, 0, &key_tag, &algorithm, &digest_type, &digest, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse DS parameters on line %s:%u: %m", path, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+                if (r != 4) {
+                        log_warning("Missing DS parameters on line %s:%u", path, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                r = safe_atou16(key_tag, &kt);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse DS key tag %s on line %s:%u: %m", key_tag, path, line);
+
+                a = dnssec_algorithm_from_string(algorithm);
+                if (a < 0) {
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse DS algorithm %s on line %s:%u", algorithm, path, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                dt = dnssec_digest_from_string(digest_type);
+                if (dt < 0) {
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse DS digest type %s on line %s:%u", digest_type, path, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                r = unhexmem(digest, strlen(digest), &dd, &l);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse DS digest %s on line %s:%u", digest, path, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_DS, domain);
+                if (!rr)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                rr->ds.key_tag = kt;
+                rr->ds.algorithm = a;
+                rr->ds.digest_type = dt;
+                rr->ds.digest_size = l;
+                rr->ds.digest = dd;
+                dd = NULL;
+
+        } else if (strcaseeq(type, "DNSKEY")) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *flags = NULL, *protocol = NULL, *algorithm = NULL, *key = NULL;
+                _cleanup_free_ void *k = NULL;
+                uint16_t f;
+                size_t l;
+                int a;
+
+                r = extract_many_words(&p, NULL, 0, &flags, &protocol, &algorithm, &key, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse DNSKEY parameters on line %s:%u: %m", path, line);
+                if (r != 4) {
+                        log_warning("Missing DNSKEY parameters on line %s:%u", path, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                if (!streq(protocol, "3")) {
+                        log_warning("DNSKEY Protocol is not 3 on line %s:%u", path, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                r = safe_atou16(flags, &f);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse DNSKEY flags field %s on line %s:%u", flags, path, line);
+                if ((f & DNSKEY_FLAG_ZONE_KEY) == 0) {
+                        log_warning("DNSKEY lacks zone key bit set on line %s:%u", path, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+                if ((f & DNSKEY_FLAG_REVOKE)) {
+                        log_warning("DNSKEY is already revoked on line %s:%u", path, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                a = dnssec_algorithm_from_string(algorithm);
+                if (a < 0) {
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse DNSKEY algorithm %s on line %s:%u", algorithm, path, line);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                r = unbase64mem(key, strlen(key), &k, &l);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse DNSKEY key data %s on line %s:%u", key, path, line);
+
+                rr = dns_resource_record_new_full(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY, domain);
+                if (!rr)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                rr->dnskey.flags = f;
+                rr->dnskey.protocol = 3;
+                rr->dnskey.algorithm = a;
+                rr->dnskey.key_size = l;
+                rr->dnskey.key = k;
+                k = NULL;
+
+        } else {
+                log_warning("RR type %s is not supported, ignoring line %s:%u.", type, path, line);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (!isempty(p)) {
+                log_warning("Trailing garbage on line %s:%u, ignoring line.", path, line);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&d->positive_by_key, &dns_resource_key_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        old_answer = hashmap_get(d->positive_by_key, rr->key);
+        answer = dns_answer_ref(old_answer);
+
+        r = dns_answer_add_extend(&answer, rr, 0, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add trust anchor RR: %m");
+
+        r = hashmap_replace(d->positive_by_key, rr->key, answer);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add answer to trust anchor: %m");
+
+        old_answer = dns_answer_unref(old_answer);
+        answer = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_trust_anchor_load_negative(DnsTrustAnchor *d, const char *path, unsigned line, const char *s) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *domain = NULL;
+        const char *p = s;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(d);
+        assert(line);
+
+        r = extract_first_word(&p, &domain, NULL, EXTRACT_QUOTES);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Unable to parse line %s:%u: %m", path, line);
+
+        if (!dns_name_is_valid(domain)) {
+                log_warning("Domain name %s is invalid, at line %s:%u, ignoring line.", domain, path, line);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (!isempty(p)) {
+                log_warning("Trailing garbage at line %s:%u, ignoring line.", path, line);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(&d->negative_by_name, &dns_name_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = set_put(d->negative_by_name, domain);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+        if (r > 0)
+                domain = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_trust_anchor_load_files(
+                DnsTrustAnchor *d,
+                const char *suffix,
+                int (*loader)(DnsTrustAnchor *d, const char *path, unsigned n, const char *line)) {
+
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **files = NULL;
+        char **f;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(d);
+        assert(suffix);
+        assert(loader);
+
+        r = conf_files_list_nulstr(&files, suffix, NULL, trust_anchor_dirs);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to enumerate %s trust anchor files: %m", suffix);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(f, files) {
+                _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *g = NULL;
+                char line[LINE_MAX];
+                unsigned n = 0;
+
+                g = fopen(*f, "r");
+                if (!g) {
+                        if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                continue;
+
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open %s: %m", *f);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                FOREACH_LINE(line, g, log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to read %s, ignoring: %m", *f)) {
+                        char *l;
+
+                        n++;
+
+                        l = strstrip(line);
+                        if (isempty(l))
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (*l == ';')
+                                continue;
+
+                        (void) loader(d, *f, n, l);
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int domain_name_cmp(const void *a, const void *b) {
+        char **x = (char**) a, **y = (char**) b;
+
+        return dns_name_compare_func(*x, *y);
+}
+
+static int dns_trust_anchor_dump(DnsTrustAnchor *d) {
+        DnsAnswer *a;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        if (hashmap_isempty(d->positive_by_key))
+                log_info("No positive trust anchors defined.");
+        else {
+                log_info("Positive Trust Anchors:");
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH(a, d->positive_by_key, i) {
+                        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+
+                        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, a)
+                                log_info("%s", dns_resource_record_to_string(rr));
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (set_isempty(d->negative_by_name))
+                log_info("No negative trust anchors defined.");
+        else {
+                _cleanup_free_ char **l = NULL, *j = NULL;
+
+                l = set_get_strv(d->negative_by_name);
+                if (!l)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                qsort_safe(l, set_size(d->negative_by_name), sizeof(char*), domain_name_cmp);
+
+                j = strv_join(l, " ");
+                if (!j)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                log_info("Negative trust anchors: %s", j);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_trust_anchor_load(DnsTrustAnchor *d) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        /* If loading things from disk fails, we don't consider this fatal */
+        (void) dns_trust_anchor_load_files(d, ".positive", dns_trust_anchor_load_positive);
+        (void) dns_trust_anchor_load_files(d, ".negative", dns_trust_anchor_load_negative);
+
+        /* However, if the built-in DS fails, then we have a problem. */
+        r = dns_trust_anchor_add_builtin_positive(d);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add built-in positive trust anchor: %m");
+
+        r = dns_trust_anchor_add_builtin_negative(d);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add built-in negative trust anchor: %m");
+
+        dns_trust_anchor_dump(d);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void dns_trust_anchor_flush(DnsTrustAnchor *d) {
+        DnsAnswer *a;
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        while ((a = hashmap_steal_first(d->positive_by_key)))
+                dns_answer_unref(a);
+        d->positive_by_key = hashmap_free(d->positive_by_key);
+
+        while ((rr = set_steal_first(d->revoked_by_rr)))
+                dns_resource_record_unref(rr);
+        d->revoked_by_rr = set_free(d->revoked_by_rr);
+
+        d->negative_by_name = set_free_free(d->negative_by_name);
+}
+
+int dns_trust_anchor_lookup_positive(DnsTrustAnchor *d, const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsAnswer **ret) {
+        DnsAnswer *a;
+
+        assert(d);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        /* We only serve DS and DNSKEY RRs. */
+        if (!IN_SET(key->type, DNS_TYPE_DS, DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY))
+                return 0;
+
+        a = hashmap_get(d->positive_by_key, key);
+        if (!a)
+                return 0;
+
+        *ret = dns_answer_ref(a);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int dns_trust_anchor_lookup_negative(DnsTrustAnchor *d, const char *name) {
+        assert(d);
+        assert(name);
+
+        return set_contains(d->negative_by_name, name);
+}
+
+static int dns_trust_anchor_revoked_put(DnsTrustAnchor *d, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(&d->revoked_by_rr, &dns_resource_record_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = set_put(d->revoked_by_rr, rr);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0)
+                dns_resource_record_ref(rr);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int dns_trust_anchor_remove_revoked(DnsTrustAnchor *d, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *new_answer = NULL;
+        DnsAnswer *old_answer;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Remember that this is a revoked trust anchor RR */
+        r = dns_trust_anchor_revoked_put(d, rr);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Remove this from the positive trust anchor */
+        old_answer = hashmap_get(d->positive_by_key, rr->key);
+        if (!old_answer)
+                return 0;
+
+        new_answer = dns_answer_ref(old_answer);
+
+        r = dns_answer_remove_by_rr(&new_answer, rr);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* We found the key! Warn the user */
+        log_struct(LOG_WARNING,
+                   LOG_MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_DNSSEC_TRUST_ANCHOR_REVOKED),
+                   LOG_MESSAGE("DNSSEC Trust anchor %s has been revoked. Please update the trust anchor, or upgrade your operating system."), strna(dns_resource_record_to_string(rr)),
+                   "TRUST_ANCHOR=%s", dns_resource_record_to_string(rr),
+                   NULL);
+
+        if (dns_answer_size(new_answer) <= 0) {
+                assert_se(hashmap_remove(d->positive_by_key, rr->key) == old_answer);
+                dns_answer_unref(old_answer);
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        r = hashmap_replace(d->positive_by_key, new_answer->items[0].rr->key, new_answer);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        new_answer = NULL;
+        dns_answer_unref(old_answer);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int dns_trust_anchor_check_revoked_one(DnsTrustAnchor *d, DnsResourceRecord *revoked_dnskey) {
+        DnsAnswer *a;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(d);
+        assert(revoked_dnskey);
+        assert(revoked_dnskey->key->type == DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY);
+        assert(revoked_dnskey->dnskey.flags & DNSKEY_FLAG_REVOKE);
+
+        a = hashmap_get(d->positive_by_key, revoked_dnskey->key);
+        if (a) {
+                DnsResourceRecord *anchor;
+
+                /* First, look for the precise DNSKEY in our trust anchor database */
+
+                DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(anchor, a) {
+
+                        if (anchor->dnskey.protocol != revoked_dnskey->dnskey.protocol)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (anchor->dnskey.algorithm != revoked_dnskey->dnskey.algorithm)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (anchor->dnskey.key_size != revoked_dnskey->dnskey.key_size)
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* Note that we allow the REVOKE bit to be
+                         * different! It will be set in the revoked
+                         * key, but unset in our version of it */
+                        if (((anchor->dnskey.flags ^ revoked_dnskey->dnskey.flags) | DNSKEY_FLAG_REVOKE) != DNSKEY_FLAG_REVOKE)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (memcmp(anchor->dnskey.key, revoked_dnskey->dnskey.key, anchor->dnskey.key_size) != 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        dns_trust_anchor_remove_revoked(d, anchor);
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        a = hashmap_get(d->positive_by_key, &DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_CONST(revoked_dnskey->key->class, DNS_TYPE_DS, dns_resource_key_name(revoked_dnskey->key)));
+        if (a) {
+                DnsResourceRecord *anchor;
+
+                /* Second, look for DS RRs matching this DNSKEY in our trust anchor database */
+
+                DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(anchor, a) {
+
+                        /* We set mask_revoke to true here, since our
+                         * DS fingerprint will be the one of the
+                         * unrevoked DNSKEY, but the one we got passed
+                         * here has the bit set. */
+                        r = dnssec_verify_dnskey_by_ds(revoked_dnskey, anchor, true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        dns_trust_anchor_remove_revoked(d, anchor);
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_trust_anchor_check_revoked(DnsTrustAnchor *d, DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, DnsAnswer *rrs) {
+        DnsResourceRecord *rrsig;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(d);
+        assert(dnskey);
+
+        /* Looks if "dnskey" is a self-signed RR that has been revoked
+         * and matches one of our trust anchor entries. If so, removes
+         * it from the trust anchor and returns > 0. */
+
+        if (dnskey->key->type != DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Is this DNSKEY revoked? */
+        if ((dnskey->dnskey.flags & DNSKEY_FLAG_REVOKE) == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Could this be interesting to us at all? If not,
+         * there's no point in looking for and verifying a
+         * self-signed RRSIG. */
+        if (!dns_trust_anchor_knows_domain_positive(d, dns_resource_key_name(dnskey->key)))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Look for a self-signed RRSIG in the other rrs belonging to this DNSKEY */
+        DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rrsig, rrs) {
+                DnssecResult result;
+
+                if (rrsig->key->type != DNS_TYPE_RRSIG)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dnssec_rrsig_match_dnskey(rrsig, dnskey, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dnssec_verify_rrset(rrs, dnskey->key, rrsig, dnskey, USEC_INFINITY, &result);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (result != DNSSEC_VALIDATED)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Bingo! This is a revoked self-signed DNSKEY. Let's
+                 * see if this precise one exists in our trust anchor
+                 * database, too. */
+                r = dns_trust_anchor_check_revoked_one(d, dnskey);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_trust_anchor_is_revoked(DnsTrustAnchor *d, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        assert(d);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(rr->key->type, DNS_TYPE_DS, DNS_TYPE_DNSKEY))
+                return 0;
+
+        return set_contains(d->revoked_by_rr, rr);
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-trust-anchor.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-trust-anchor.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ee5cda0748
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-trust-anchor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2015 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/hashmap.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-answer.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-rr.h"
+
+typedef struct DnsTrustAnchor DnsTrustAnchor;
+
+/* This contains a fixed database mapping domain names to DS or DNSKEY records. */
+
+struct DnsTrustAnchor {
+        Hashmap *positive_by_key;
+        Set *negative_by_name;
+        Set *revoked_by_rr;
+};
+
+int dns_trust_anchor_load(DnsTrustAnchor *d);
+void dns_trust_anchor_flush(DnsTrustAnchor *d);
+
+int dns_trust_anchor_lookup_positive(DnsTrustAnchor *d, const DnsResourceKey* key, DnsAnswer **answer);
+int dns_trust_anchor_lookup_negative(DnsTrustAnchor *d, const char *name);
+
+int dns_trust_anchor_check_revoked(DnsTrustAnchor *d, DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, DnsAnswer *rrs);
+int dns_trust_anchor_is_revoked(DnsTrustAnchor *d, DnsResourceRecord *rr);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-zone.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-zone.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d3ef27fefd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-zone.c
@@ -0,0 +1,665 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/list.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-packet.h"
+#include "shared/dns-domain.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-zone.h"
+
+/* Never allow more than 1K entries */
+#define ZONE_MAX 1024
+
+void dns_zone_item_probe_stop(DnsZoneItem *i) {
+        DnsTransaction *t;
+        assert(i);
+
+        if (!i->probe_transaction)
+                return;
+
+        t = i->probe_transaction;
+        i->probe_transaction = NULL;
+
+        set_remove(t->notify_zone_items, i);
+        set_remove(t->notify_zone_items_done, i);
+        dns_transaction_gc(t);
+}
+
+static void dns_zone_item_free(DnsZoneItem *i) {
+        if (!i)
+                return;
+
+        dns_zone_item_probe_stop(i);
+        dns_resource_record_unref(i->rr);
+
+        free(i);
+}
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(DnsZoneItem*, dns_zone_item_free);
+
+static void dns_zone_item_remove_and_free(DnsZone *z, DnsZoneItem *i) {
+        DnsZoneItem *first;
+
+        assert(z);
+
+        if (!i)
+                return;
+
+        first = hashmap_get(z->by_key, i->rr->key);
+        LIST_REMOVE(by_key, first, i);
+        if (first)
+                assert_se(hashmap_replace(z->by_key, first->rr->key, first) >= 0);
+        else
+                hashmap_remove(z->by_key, i->rr->key);
+
+        first = hashmap_get(z->by_name, dns_resource_key_name(i->rr->key));
+        LIST_REMOVE(by_name, first, i);
+        if (first)
+                assert_se(hashmap_replace(z->by_name, dns_resource_key_name(first->rr->key), first) >= 0);
+        else
+                hashmap_remove(z->by_name, dns_resource_key_name(i->rr->key));
+
+        dns_zone_item_free(i);
+}
+
+void dns_zone_flush(DnsZone *z) {
+        DnsZoneItem *i;
+
+        assert(z);
+
+        while ((i = hashmap_first(z->by_key)))
+                dns_zone_item_remove_and_free(z, i);
+
+        assert(hashmap_size(z->by_key) == 0);
+        assert(hashmap_size(z->by_name) == 0);
+
+        z->by_key = hashmap_free(z->by_key);
+        z->by_name = hashmap_free(z->by_name);
+}
+
+static DnsZoneItem* dns_zone_get(DnsZone *z, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        DnsZoneItem *i;
+
+        assert(z);
+        assert(rr);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_key, i, hashmap_get(z->by_key, rr->key))
+                if (dns_resource_record_equal(i->rr, rr) > 0)
+                        return i;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+void dns_zone_remove_rr(DnsZone *z, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        DnsZoneItem *i;
+
+        assert(z);
+        assert(rr);
+
+        i = dns_zone_get(z, rr);
+        if (i)
+                dns_zone_item_remove_and_free(z, i);
+}
+
+static int dns_zone_init(DnsZone *z) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(z);
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&z->by_key, &dns_resource_key_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&z->by_name, &dns_name_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_zone_link_item(DnsZone *z, DnsZoneItem *i) {
+        DnsZoneItem *first;
+        int r;
+
+        first = hashmap_get(z->by_key, i->rr->key);
+        if (first) {
+                LIST_PREPEND(by_key, first, i);
+                assert_se(hashmap_replace(z->by_key, first->rr->key, first) >= 0);
+        } else {
+                r = hashmap_put(z->by_key, i->rr->key, i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        first = hashmap_get(z->by_name, dns_resource_key_name(i->rr->key));
+        if (first) {
+                LIST_PREPEND(by_name, first, i);
+                assert_se(hashmap_replace(z->by_name, dns_resource_key_name(first->rr->key), first) >= 0);
+        } else {
+                r = hashmap_put(z->by_name, dns_resource_key_name(i->rr->key), i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_zone_item_probe_start(DnsZoneItem *i)  {
+        DnsTransaction *t;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        if (i->probe_transaction)
+                return 0;
+
+        t = dns_scope_find_transaction(i->scope, &DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_CONST(i->rr->key->class, DNS_TYPE_ANY, dns_resource_key_name(i->rr->key)), false);
+        if (!t) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_key_unrefp) DnsResourceKey *key = NULL;
+
+                key = dns_resource_key_new(i->rr->key->class, DNS_TYPE_ANY, dns_resource_key_name(i->rr->key));
+                if (!key)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = dns_transaction_new(&t, i->scope, key);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(&t->notify_zone_items, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto gc;
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(&t->notify_zone_items_done, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto gc;
+
+        r = set_put(t->notify_zone_items, i);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto gc;
+
+        i->probe_transaction = t;
+
+        if (t->state == DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL) {
+
+                i->block_ready++;
+                r = dns_transaction_go(t);
+                i->block_ready--;
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        dns_zone_item_probe_stop(i);
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        dns_zone_item_notify(i);
+        return 0;
+
+gc:
+        dns_transaction_gc(t);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int dns_zone_put(DnsZone *z, DnsScope *s, DnsResourceRecord *rr, bool probe) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_zone_item_freep) DnsZoneItem *i = NULL;
+        DnsZoneItem *existing;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(z);
+        assert(s);
+        assert(rr);
+
+        if (dns_class_is_pseudo(rr->key->class))
+                return -EINVAL;
+        if (dns_type_is_pseudo(rr->key->type))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        existing = dns_zone_get(z, rr);
+        if (existing)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = dns_zone_init(z);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        i = new0(DnsZoneItem, 1);
+        if (!i)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        i->scope = s;
+        i->rr = dns_resource_record_ref(rr);
+        i->probing_enabled = probe;
+
+        r = dns_zone_link_item(z, i);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (probe) {
+                DnsZoneItem *first, *j;
+                bool established = false;
+
+                /* Check if there's already an RR with the same name
+                 * established. If so, it has been probed already, and
+                 * we don't ned to probe again. */
+
+                LIST_FIND_HEAD(by_name, i, first);
+                LIST_FOREACH(by_name, j, first) {
+                        if (i == j)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (j->state == DNS_ZONE_ITEM_ESTABLISHED)
+                                established = true;
+                }
+
+                if (established)
+                        i->state = DNS_ZONE_ITEM_ESTABLISHED;
+                else {
+                        i->state = DNS_ZONE_ITEM_PROBING;
+
+                        r = dns_zone_item_probe_start(i);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                dns_zone_item_remove_and_free(z, i);
+                                i = NULL;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                }
+        } else
+                i->state = DNS_ZONE_ITEM_ESTABLISHED;
+
+        i = NULL;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_zone_lookup(DnsZone *z, DnsResourceKey *key, int ifindex, DnsAnswer **ret_answer, DnsAnswer **ret_soa, bool *ret_tentative) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_answer_unrefp) DnsAnswer *answer = NULL, *soa = NULL;
+        unsigned n_answer = 0;
+        DnsZoneItem *j, *first;
+        bool tentative = true, need_soa = false;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Note that we don't actually need the ifindex for anything. However when it is passed we'll initialize the
+         * ifindex field in the answer with it */
+
+        assert(z);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(ret_answer);
+
+        /* First iteration, count what we have */
+
+        if (key->type == DNS_TYPE_ANY || key->class == DNS_CLASS_ANY) {
+                bool found = false, added = false;
+                int k;
+
+                /* If this is a generic match, then we have to
+                 * go through the list by the name and look
+                 * for everything manually */
+
+                first = hashmap_get(z->by_name, dns_resource_key_name(key));
+                LIST_FOREACH(by_name, j, first) {
+                        if (!IN_SET(j->state, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_PROBING, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_ESTABLISHED, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_VERIFYING))
+                                continue;
+
+                        found = true;
+
+                        k = dns_resource_key_match_rr(key, j->rr, NULL);
+                        if (k < 0)
+                                return k;
+                        if (k > 0) {
+                                n_answer++;
+                                added = true;
+                        }
+
+                }
+
+                if (found && !added)
+                        need_soa = true;
+
+        } else {
+                bool found = false;
+
+                /* If this is a specific match, then look for
+                 * the right key immediately */
+
+                first = hashmap_get(z->by_key, key);
+                LIST_FOREACH(by_key, j, first) {
+                        if (!IN_SET(j->state, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_PROBING, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_ESTABLISHED, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_VERIFYING))
+                                continue;
+
+                        found = true;
+                        n_answer++;
+                }
+
+                if (!found) {
+                        first = hashmap_get(z->by_name, dns_resource_key_name(key));
+                        LIST_FOREACH(by_name, j, first) {
+                                if (!IN_SET(j->state, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_PROBING, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_ESTABLISHED, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_VERIFYING))
+                                        continue;
+
+                                need_soa = true;
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (n_answer <= 0 && !need_soa)
+                goto return_empty;
+
+        if (n_answer > 0) {
+                answer = dns_answer_new(n_answer);
+                if (!answer)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (need_soa) {
+                soa = dns_answer_new(1);
+                if (!soa)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        /* Second iteration, actually add the RRs to the answers */
+        if (key->type == DNS_TYPE_ANY || key->class == DNS_CLASS_ANY) {
+                bool found = false, added = false;
+                int k;
+
+                first = hashmap_get(z->by_name, dns_resource_key_name(key));
+                LIST_FOREACH(by_name, j, first) {
+                        if (!IN_SET(j->state, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_PROBING, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_ESTABLISHED, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_VERIFYING))
+                                continue;
+
+                        found = true;
+
+                        if (j->state != DNS_ZONE_ITEM_PROBING)
+                                tentative = false;
+
+                        k = dns_resource_key_match_rr(key, j->rr, NULL);
+                        if (k < 0)
+                                return k;
+                        if (k > 0) {
+                                r = dns_answer_add(answer, j->rr, ifindex, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                added = true;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (found && !added) {
+                        r = dns_answer_add_soa(soa, dns_resource_key_name(key), LLMNR_DEFAULT_TTL, ifindex);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        } else {
+                bool found = false;
+
+                first = hashmap_get(z->by_key, key);
+                LIST_FOREACH(by_key, j, first) {
+                        if (!IN_SET(j->state, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_PROBING, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_ESTABLISHED, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_VERIFYING))
+                                continue;
+
+                        found = true;
+
+                        if (j->state != DNS_ZONE_ITEM_PROBING)
+                                tentative = false;
+
+                        r = dns_answer_add(answer, j->rr, ifindex, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                if (!found) {
+                        bool add_soa = false;
+
+                        first = hashmap_get(z->by_name, dns_resource_key_name(key));
+                        LIST_FOREACH(by_name, j, first) {
+                                if (!IN_SET(j->state, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_PROBING, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_ESTABLISHED, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_VERIFYING))
+                                        continue;
+
+                                if (j->state != DNS_ZONE_ITEM_PROBING)
+                                        tentative = false;
+
+                                add_soa = true;
+                        }
+
+                        if (add_soa) {
+                                r = dns_answer_add_soa(soa, dns_resource_key_name(key), LLMNR_DEFAULT_TTL, ifindex);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* If the caller sets ret_tentative to NULL, then use this as
+         * indication to not return tentative entries */
+
+        if (!ret_tentative && tentative)
+                goto return_empty;
+
+        *ret_answer = answer;
+        answer = NULL;
+
+        if (ret_soa) {
+                *ret_soa = soa;
+                soa = NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (ret_tentative)
+                *ret_tentative = tentative;
+
+        return 1;
+
+return_empty:
+        *ret_answer = NULL;
+
+        if (ret_soa)
+                *ret_soa = NULL;
+
+        if (ret_tentative)
+                *ret_tentative = false;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void dns_zone_item_conflict(DnsZoneItem *i) {
+        assert(i);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(i->state, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_PROBING, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_VERIFYING, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_ESTABLISHED))
+                return;
+
+        log_info("Detected conflict on %s", strna(dns_resource_record_to_string(i->rr)));
+
+        dns_zone_item_probe_stop(i);
+
+        /* Withdraw the conflict item */
+        i->state = DNS_ZONE_ITEM_WITHDRAWN;
+
+        /* Maybe change the hostname */
+        if (manager_is_own_hostname(i->scope->manager, dns_resource_key_name(i->rr->key)) > 0)
+                manager_next_hostname(i->scope->manager);
+}
+
+void dns_zone_item_notify(DnsZoneItem *i) {
+        assert(i);
+        assert(i->probe_transaction);
+
+        if (i->block_ready > 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (IN_SET(i->probe_transaction->state, DNS_TRANSACTION_NULL, DNS_TRANSACTION_PENDING, DNS_TRANSACTION_VALIDATING))
+                return;
+
+        if (i->probe_transaction->state == DNS_TRANSACTION_SUCCESS) {
+                bool we_lost = false;
+
+                /* The probe got a successful reply. If we so far
+                 * weren't established we just give up. If we already
+                 * were established, and the peer has the
+                 * lexicographically larger IP address we continue
+                 * and defend it. */
+
+                if (!IN_SET(i->state, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_ESTABLISHED, DNS_ZONE_ITEM_VERIFYING)) {
+                        log_debug("Got a successful probe for not yet established RR, we lost.");
+                        we_lost = true;
+                } else {
+                        assert(i->probe_transaction->received);
+                        we_lost = memcmp(&i->probe_transaction->received->sender, &i->probe_transaction->received->destination, FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(i->probe_transaction->received->family)) < 0;
+                        if (we_lost)
+                                log_debug("Got a successful probe reply for an established RR, and we have a lexicographically larger IP address and thus lost.");
+                }
+
+                if (we_lost) {
+                        dns_zone_item_conflict(i);
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                log_debug("Got a successful probe reply, but peer has lexicographically lower IP address and thus lost.");
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Record %s successfully probed.", strna(dns_resource_record_to_string(i->rr)));
+
+        dns_zone_item_probe_stop(i);
+        i->state = DNS_ZONE_ITEM_ESTABLISHED;
+}
+
+static int dns_zone_item_verify(DnsZoneItem *i) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        if (i->state != DNS_ZONE_ITEM_ESTABLISHED)
+                return 0;
+
+        log_debug("Verifying RR %s", strna(dns_resource_record_to_string(i->rr)));
+
+        i->state = DNS_ZONE_ITEM_VERIFYING;
+        r = dns_zone_item_probe_start(i);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to start probing for verifying RR: %m");
+                i->state = DNS_ZONE_ITEM_ESTABLISHED;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_zone_check_conflicts(DnsZone *zone, DnsResourceRecord *rr) {
+        DnsZoneItem *i, *first;
+        int c = 0;
+
+        assert(zone);
+        assert(rr);
+
+        /* This checks whether a response RR we received from somebody
+         * else is one that we actually thought was uniquely ours. If
+         * so, we'll verify our RRs. */
+
+        /* No conflict if we don't have the name at all. */
+        first = hashmap_get(zone->by_name, dns_resource_key_name(rr->key));
+        if (!first)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* No conflict if we have the exact same RR */
+        if (dns_zone_get(zone, rr))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* OK, somebody else has RRs for the same name. Yuck! Let's
+         * start probing again */
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_name, i, first) {
+                if (dns_resource_record_equal(i->rr, rr))
+                        continue;
+
+                dns_zone_item_verify(i);
+                c++;
+        }
+
+        return c;
+}
+
+int dns_zone_verify_conflicts(DnsZone *zone, DnsResourceKey *key) {
+        DnsZoneItem *i, *first;
+        int c = 0;
+
+        assert(zone);
+
+        /* Somebody else notified us about a possible conflict. Let's
+         * verify if that's true. */
+
+        first = hashmap_get(zone->by_name, dns_resource_key_name(key));
+        if (!first)
+                return 0;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_name, i, first) {
+                dns_zone_item_verify(i);
+                c++;
+        }
+
+        return c;
+}
+
+void dns_zone_verify_all(DnsZone *zone) {
+        DnsZoneItem *i;
+        Iterator iterator;
+
+        assert(zone);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(i, zone->by_key, iterator) {
+                DnsZoneItem *j;
+
+                LIST_FOREACH(by_key, j, i)
+                        dns_zone_item_verify(j);
+        }
+}
+
+void dns_zone_dump(DnsZone *zone, FILE *f) {
+        Iterator iterator;
+        DnsZoneItem *i;
+
+        if (!zone)
+                return;
+
+        if (!f)
+                f = stdout;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(i, zone->by_key, iterator) {
+                DnsZoneItem *j;
+
+                LIST_FOREACH(by_key, j, i) {
+                        const char *t;
+
+                        t = dns_resource_record_to_string(j->rr);
+                        if (!t) {
+                                log_oom();
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        fputc('\t', f);
+                        fputs(t, f);
+                        fputc('\n', f);
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+bool dns_zone_is_empty(DnsZone *zone) {
+        if (!zone)
+                return true;
+
+        return hashmap_isempty(zone->by_key);
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-zone.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-zone.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..789fe24cde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-dns-zone.h
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/hashmap.h"
+
+typedef struct DnsZone {
+        Hashmap *by_key;
+        Hashmap *by_name;
+} DnsZone;
+
+#include "resolved-dns-answer.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-question.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-rr.h"
+
+typedef enum DnsZoneItemState DnsZoneItemState;
+typedef struct DnsZoneItem DnsZoneItem;
+
+#include "resolved-dns-transaction.h"
+
+/* RFC 4795 Section 2.8. suggests a TTL of 30s by default */
+#define LLMNR_DEFAULT_TTL (30)
+
+enum DnsZoneItemState {
+        DNS_ZONE_ITEM_PROBING,
+        DNS_ZONE_ITEM_ESTABLISHED,
+        DNS_ZONE_ITEM_VERIFYING,
+        DNS_ZONE_ITEM_WITHDRAWN,
+};
+
+struct DnsZoneItem {
+        DnsScope *scope;
+        DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+
+        DnsZoneItemState state;
+
+        unsigned block_ready;
+
+        bool probing_enabled;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(DnsZoneItem, by_key);
+        LIST_FIELDS(DnsZoneItem, by_name);
+
+        DnsTransaction *probe_transaction;
+};
+
+void dns_zone_flush(DnsZone *z);
+
+int dns_zone_put(DnsZone *z, DnsScope *s, DnsResourceRecord *rr, bool probe);
+void dns_zone_remove_rr(DnsZone *z, DnsResourceRecord *rr);
+
+int dns_zone_lookup(DnsZone *z, DnsResourceKey *key, int ifindex, DnsAnswer **answer, DnsAnswer **soa, bool *tentative);
+
+void dns_zone_item_conflict(DnsZoneItem *i);
+void dns_zone_item_notify(DnsZoneItem *i);
+
+int dns_zone_check_conflicts(DnsZone *zone, DnsResourceRecord *rr);
+int dns_zone_verify_conflicts(DnsZone *zone, DnsResourceKey *key);
+
+void dns_zone_verify_all(DnsZone *zone);
+
+void dns_zone_item_probe_stop(DnsZoneItem *i);
+
+void dns_zone_dump(DnsZone *zone, FILE *f);
+bool dns_zone_is_empty(DnsZone *zone);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-etc-hosts.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-etc-hosts.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2bab6fdc35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-etc-hosts.c
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2016 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/fd-util.h"
+#include "basic/fileio.h"
+#include "basic/hostname-util.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+#include "basic/strv.h"
+#include "basic/time-util.h"
+
+#include "resolved-dns-synthesize.h"
+#include "resolved-etc-hosts.h"
+
+/* Recheck /etc/hosts at most once every 2s */
+#define ETC_HOSTS_RECHECK_USEC (2*USEC_PER_SEC)
+
+typedef struct EtcHostsItem {
+        int family;
+        union in_addr_union address;
+
+        char **names;
+} EtcHostsItem;
+
+typedef struct EtcHostsItemByName {
+        char *name;
+
+        EtcHostsItem **items;
+        size_t n_items, n_allocated;
+} EtcHostsItemByName;
+
+void manager_etc_hosts_flush(Manager *m) {
+        EtcHostsItem *item;
+        EtcHostsItemByName *bn;
+
+        while ((item = set_steal_first(m->etc_hosts_by_address))) {
+                strv_free(item->names);
+                free(item);
+        }
+
+        while ((bn = hashmap_steal_first(m->etc_hosts_by_name))) {
+                free(bn->name);
+                free(bn->items);
+                free(bn);
+        }
+
+        m->etc_hosts_by_address = set_free(m->etc_hosts_by_address);
+        m->etc_hosts_by_name = hashmap_free(m->etc_hosts_by_name);
+
+        m->etc_hosts_mtime = USEC_INFINITY;
+}
+
+static void etc_hosts_item_hash_func(const void *p, struct siphash *state) {
+        const EtcHostsItem *item = p;
+
+        siphash24_compress(&item->family, sizeof(item->family), state);
+
+        if (item->family == AF_INET)
+                siphash24_compress(&item->address.in, sizeof(item->address.in), state);
+        else if (item->family == AF_INET6)
+                siphash24_compress(&item->address.in6, sizeof(item->address.in6), state);
+}
+
+static int etc_hosts_item_compare_func(const void *a, const void *b) {
+        const EtcHostsItem *x = a, *y = b;
+
+        if (x->family != y->family)
+                return x->family - y->family;
+
+        if (x->family == AF_INET)
+                return memcmp(&x->address.in.s_addr, &y->address.in.s_addr, sizeof(struct in_addr));
+
+        if (x->family == AF_INET6)
+                return memcmp(&x->address.in6.s6_addr, &y->address.in6.s6_addr, sizeof(struct in6_addr));
+
+        return trivial_compare_func(a, b);
+}
+
+static const struct hash_ops etc_hosts_item_ops = {
+        .hash = etc_hosts_item_hash_func,
+        .compare = etc_hosts_item_compare_func,
+};
+
+static int add_item(Manager *m, int family, const union in_addr_union *address, char **names) {
+
+        EtcHostsItem key = {
+                .family = family,
+                .address = *address,
+        };
+        EtcHostsItem *item;
+        char **n;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(address);
+
+        r = in_addr_is_null(family, address);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0)
+                /* This is an 0.0.0.0 or :: item, which we assume means that we shall map the specified hostname to
+                 * nothing. */
+                item = NULL;
+        else {
+                /* If this is a normal address, then, simply add entry mapping it to the specified names */
+
+                item = set_get(m->etc_hosts_by_address, &key);
+                if (item) {
+                        r = strv_extend_strv(&item->names, names, true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+                } else {
+
+                        r = set_ensure_allocated(&m->etc_hosts_by_address, &etc_hosts_item_ops);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        item = new0(EtcHostsItem, 1);
+                        if (!item)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        item->family = family;
+                        item->address = *address;
+                        item->names = names;
+
+                        r = set_put(m->etc_hosts_by_address, item);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                free(item);
+                                return log_oom();
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(n, names) {
+                EtcHostsItemByName *bn;
+
+                bn = hashmap_get(m->etc_hosts_by_name, *n);
+                if (!bn) {
+                        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&m->etc_hosts_by_name, &dns_name_hash_ops);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        bn = new0(EtcHostsItemByName, 1);
+                        if (!bn)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        bn->name = strdup(*n);
+                        if (!bn->name) {
+                                free(bn);
+                                return log_oom();
+                        }
+
+                        r = hashmap_put(m->etc_hosts_by_name, bn->name, bn);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                free(bn->name);
+                                free(bn);
+                                return log_oom();
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (item) {
+                        if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(bn->items, bn->n_allocated, bn->n_items+1))
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        bn->items[bn->n_items++] = item;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_line(Manager *m, unsigned nr, const char *line) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *address = NULL;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
+        union in_addr_union in;
+        bool suppressed = false;
+        int family, r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(line);
+
+        r = extract_first_word(&line, &address, NULL, EXTRACT_RELAX);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Couldn't extract address, in line /etc/hosts:%u.", nr);
+        if (r == 0) {
+                log_error("Premature end of line, in line /etc/hosts:%u.", nr);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        r = in_addr_from_string_auto(address, &family, &in);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Address '%s' is invalid, in line /etc/hosts:%u.", address, nr);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL;
+
+                r = extract_first_word(&line, &name, NULL, EXTRACT_RELAX);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Couldn't extract host name, in line /etc/hosts:%u.", nr);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                r = dns_name_is_valid(name);
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Hostname %s is not valid, ignoring, in line /etc/hosts:%u.", name, nr);
+
+                if (is_localhost(name)) {
+                        /* Suppress the "localhost" line that is often seen */
+                        suppressed = true;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = strv_push(&names, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                name = NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (strv_isempty(names)) {
+
+                if (suppressed)
+                        return 0;
+
+                log_error("Line is missing any host names, in line /etc/hosts:%u.", nr);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        /* Takes possession of the names strv */
+        r = add_item(m, family, &in, names);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        names = NULL;
+        return r;
+}
+
+int manager_etc_hosts_read(Manager *m) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        char line[LINE_MAX];
+        struct stat st;
+        usec_t ts;
+        unsigned nr = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        assert_se(sd_event_now(m->event, clock_boottime_or_monotonic(), &ts) >= 0);
+
+        /* See if we checked /etc/hosts recently already */
+        if (m->etc_hosts_last != USEC_INFINITY && m->etc_hosts_last + ETC_HOSTS_RECHECK_USEC > ts)
+                return 0;
+
+        m->etc_hosts_last = ts;
+
+        if (m->etc_hosts_mtime != USEC_INFINITY) {
+                if (stat("/etc/hosts", &st) < 0) {
+                        if (errno == ENOENT) {
+                                r = 0;
+                                goto clear;
+                        }
+
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to stat /etc/hosts: %m");
+                }
+
+                /* Did the mtime change? If not, there's no point in re-reading the file. */
+                if (timespec_load(&st.st_mtim) == m->etc_hosts_mtime)
+                        return 0;
+        }
+
+        f = fopen("/etc/hosts", "re");
+        if (!f) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT) {
+                        r = 0;
+                        goto clear;
+                }
+
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open /etc/hosts: %m");
+        }
+
+        /* Take the timestamp at the beginning of processing, so that any changes made later are read on the next
+         * invocation */
+        r = fstat(fileno(f), &st);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fstat() /etc/hosts: %m");
+
+        manager_etc_hosts_flush(m);
+
+        FOREACH_LINE(line, f, return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read /etc/hosts: %m")) {
+                char *l;
+
+                nr++;
+
+                l = strstrip(line);
+                if (isempty(l))
+                        continue;
+                if (l[0] == '#')
+                        continue;
+
+                r = parse_line(m, nr, l);
+                if (r == -ENOMEM) /* On OOM we abandon the half-built-up structure. All other errors we ignore and proceed */
+                        goto clear;
+        }
+
+        m->etc_hosts_mtime = timespec_load(&st.st_mtim);
+        m->etc_hosts_last = ts;
+
+        return 1;
+
+clear:
+        manager_etc_hosts_flush(m);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int manager_etc_hosts_lookup(Manager *m, DnsQuestion* q, DnsAnswer **answer) {
+        bool found_a = false, found_aaaa = false;
+        EtcHostsItemByName *bn;
+        EtcHostsItem k = {};
+        DnsResourceKey *t;
+        const char *name;
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(q);
+        assert(answer);
+
+        r = manager_etc_hosts_read(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        name = dns_question_first_name(q);
+        if (!name)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = dns_name_address(name, &k.family, &k.address);
+        if (r > 0) {
+                EtcHostsItem *item;
+                DnsResourceKey *found_ptr = NULL;
+
+                item = set_get(m->etc_hosts_by_address, &k);
+                if (!item)
+                        return 0;
+
+                /* We have an address in /etc/hosts that matches the queried name. Let's return successful. Actual data
+                 * we'll only return if the request was for PTR. */
+
+                DNS_QUESTION_FOREACH(t, q) {
+                        if (!IN_SET(t->type, DNS_TYPE_PTR, DNS_TYPE_ANY))
+                                continue;
+                        if (!IN_SET(t->class, DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_CLASS_ANY))
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(t), name);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r > 0) {
+                                found_ptr = t;
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (found_ptr) {
+                        char **n;
+
+                        r = dns_answer_reserve(answer, strv_length(item->names));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        STRV_FOREACH(n, item->names) {
+                                _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+
+                                rr = dns_resource_record_new(found_ptr);
+                                if (!rr)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                rr->ptr.name = strdup(*n);
+                                if (!rr->ptr.name)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                r = dns_answer_add(*answer, rr, 0, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        bn = hashmap_get(m->etc_hosts_by_name, name);
+        if (!bn)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = dns_answer_reserve(answer, bn->n_items);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        DNS_QUESTION_FOREACH(t, q) {
+                if (!IN_SET(t->type, DNS_TYPE_A, DNS_TYPE_AAAA, DNS_TYPE_ANY))
+                        continue;
+                if (!IN_SET(t->class, DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_CLASS_ANY))
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_name_equal(dns_resource_key_name(t), name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (IN_SET(t->type, DNS_TYPE_A, DNS_TYPE_ANY))
+                        found_a = true;
+                if (IN_SET(t->type, DNS_TYPE_AAAA, DNS_TYPE_ANY))
+                        found_aaaa = true;
+
+                if (found_a && found_aaaa)
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        for (i = 0; i < bn->n_items; i++) {
+                _cleanup_(dns_resource_record_unrefp) DnsResourceRecord *rr = NULL;
+
+                if ((found_a && bn->items[i]->family != AF_INET) &&
+                    (found_aaaa && bn->items[i]->family != AF_INET6))
+                        continue;
+
+                r = dns_resource_record_new_address(&rr, bn->items[i]->family, &bn->items[i]->address, bn->name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = dns_answer_add(*answer, rr, 0, DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-etc-hosts.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-etc-hosts.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e68d87417e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-etc-hosts.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2016 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "resolved-dns-answer.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-question.h"
+
+#include "resolved-manager.h"
+
+void manager_etc_hosts_flush(Manager *m);
+int manager_etc_hosts_read(Manager *m);
+int manager_etc_hosts_lookup(Manager *m, DnsQuestion* q, DnsAnswer **answer);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-gperf.gperf b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-gperf.gperf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f3a7c48abc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-gperf.gperf
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+%{
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#include "shared/conf-parser.h"
+
+#include "resolved-conf.h"
+%}
+struct ConfigPerfItem;
+%null_strings
+%language=ANSI-C
+%define slot-name section_and_lvalue
+%define hash-function-name resolved_gperf_hash
+%define lookup-function-name resolved_gperf_lookup
+%readonly-tables
+%omit-struct-type
+%struct-type
+%includes
+%%
+Resolve.DNS,          config_parse_dns_servers,     DNS_SERVER_SYSTEM,   0
+Resolve.FallbackDNS,  config_parse_dns_servers,     DNS_SERVER_FALLBACK, 0
+Resolve.Domains,      config_parse_search_domains,  0,                   0
+Resolve.LLMNR,        config_parse_resolve_support, 0,                   offsetof(Manager, llmnr_support)
+Resolve.DNSSEC,       config_parse_dnssec_mode,     0,                   offsetof(Manager, dnssec_mode)
+Resolve.Cache,        config_parse_bool,            0,                   offsetof(Manager, enable_cache)
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-link-bus.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-link-bus.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9cbadece42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-link-bus.c
@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2016 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/parse-util.h"
+#include "basic/strv.h"
+#include "sd-bus/bus-common-errors.h"
+#include "shared/bus-util.h"
+#include "shared/resolve-util.h"
+
+#include "resolved-bus.h"
+#include "resolved-link-bus.h"
+#include "resolved-resolv-conf.h"
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_resolve_support, resolve_support, ResolveSupport);
+
+static int property_get_dnssec_mode(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Link *l = userdata;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(l);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", dnssec_mode_to_string(link_get_dnssec_mode(l)));
+}
+
+static int property_get_dns(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Link *l = userdata;
+        DnsServer *s;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(iay)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(servers, s, l->dns_servers) {
+                r = bus_dns_server_append(reply, s, false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int property_get_domains(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Link *l = userdata;
+        DnsSearchDomain *d;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(sb)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(domains, d, l->search_domains) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(sb)", d->name, d->route_only);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int property_get_scopes_mask(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Link *l = userdata;
+        uint64_t mask;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(l);
+
+        mask =  (l->unicast_scope ? SD_RESOLVED_DNS : 0) |
+                (l->llmnr_ipv4_scope ? SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV4 : 0) |
+                (l->llmnr_ipv6_scope ? SD_RESOLVED_LLMNR_IPV6 : 0) |
+                (l->mdns_ipv4_scope ? SD_RESOLVED_MDNS_IPV4 : 0) |
+                (l->mdns_ipv6_scope ? SD_RESOLVED_MDNS_IPV6 : 0);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "t", mask);
+}
+
+static int property_get_ntas(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Link *l = userdata;
+        const char *name;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "s");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(name, l->dnssec_negative_trust_anchors, i) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int property_get_dnssec_supported(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Link *l = userdata;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(l);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "b", link_dnssec_supported(l));
+}
+
+static int verify_unmanaged_link(Link *l, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        assert(l);
+
+        if (l->flags & IFF_LOOPBACK)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_LINK_BUSY, "Link %s is loopback device.", l->name);
+        if (l->is_managed)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_LINK_BUSY, "Link %s is managed.", l->name);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_link_method_set_dns_servers(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_free_ struct in_addr_data *dns = NULL;
+        size_t allocated = 0, n = 0;
+        Link *l = userdata;
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = verify_unmanaged_link(l, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'a', "(iay)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                int family;
+                size_t sz;
+                const void *d;
+
+                assert_cc(sizeof(int) == sizeof(int32_t));
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'r', "iay");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "i", &family);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!IN_SET(family, AF_INET, AF_INET6))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Unknown address family %i", family);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_array(message, 'y', &d, &sz);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (sz != FAMILY_ADDRESS_SIZE(family))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid address size");
+
+                if (!dns_server_address_valid(family, d))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid DNS server address");
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(dns, allocated, n+1))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                dns[n].family = family;
+                memcpy(&dns[n].address, d, sz);
+                n++;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        dns_server_mark_all(l->dns_servers);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                DnsServer *s;
+
+                s = dns_server_find(l->dns_servers, dns[i].family, &dns[i].address, 0);
+                if (s)
+                        dns_server_move_back_and_unmark(s);
+                else {
+                        r = dns_server_new(l->manager, NULL, DNS_SERVER_LINK, l, dns[i].family, &dns[i].address, 0);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto clear;
+                }
+
+        }
+
+        dns_server_unlink_marked(l->dns_servers);
+        link_allocate_scopes(l);
+
+        (void) link_save_user(l);
+        (void) manager_write_resolv_conf(l->manager);
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+
+clear:
+        dns_server_unlink_all(l->dns_servers);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int bus_link_method_set_domains(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Link *l = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = verify_unmanaged_link(l, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'a', "(sb)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                const char *name;
+                int route_only;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "(sb)", &name, &route_only);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                r = dns_name_is_valid(name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid search domain %s", name);
+                if (!route_only && dns_name_is_root(name))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Root domain is not suitable as search domain");
+        }
+
+        dns_search_domain_mark_all(l->search_domains);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_rewind(message, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                DnsSearchDomain *d;
+                const char *name;
+                int route_only;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "(sb)", &name, &route_only);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto clear;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                r = dns_search_domain_find(l->search_domains, name, &d);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto clear;
+
+                if (r > 0)
+                        dns_search_domain_move_back_and_unmark(d);
+                else {
+                        r = dns_search_domain_new(l->manager, &d, DNS_SEARCH_DOMAIN_LINK, l, name);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto clear;
+                }
+
+                d->route_only = route_only;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto clear;
+
+        dns_search_domain_unlink_marked(l->search_domains);
+
+        (void) link_save_user(l);
+        (void) manager_write_resolv_conf(l->manager);
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+
+clear:
+        dns_search_domain_unlink_all(l->search_domains);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int bus_link_method_set_llmnr(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Link *l = userdata;
+        ResolveSupport mode;
+        const char *llmnr;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = verify_unmanaged_link(l, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &llmnr);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (isempty(llmnr))
+                mode = RESOLVE_SUPPORT_YES;
+        else {
+                mode = resolve_support_from_string(llmnr);
+                if (mode < 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid LLMNR setting: %s", llmnr);
+        }
+
+        l->llmnr_support = mode;
+        link_allocate_scopes(l);
+        link_add_rrs(l, false);
+
+        (void) link_save_user(l);
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+int bus_link_method_set_mdns(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Link *l = userdata;
+        ResolveSupport mode;
+        const char *mdns;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = verify_unmanaged_link(l, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &mdns);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (isempty(mdns))
+                mode = RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO;
+        else {
+                mode = resolve_support_from_string(mdns);
+                if (mode < 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid MulticastDNS setting: %s", mdns);
+        }
+
+        l->mdns_support = mode;
+        link_allocate_scopes(l);
+        link_add_rrs(l, false);
+
+        (void) link_save_user(l);
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+int bus_link_method_set_dnssec(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Link *l = userdata;
+        const char *dnssec;
+        DnssecMode mode;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = verify_unmanaged_link(l, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &dnssec);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (isempty(dnssec))
+                mode = _DNSSEC_MODE_INVALID;
+        else {
+                mode = dnssec_mode_from_string(dnssec);
+                if (mode < 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid DNSSEC setting: %s", dnssec);
+        }
+
+        link_set_dnssec_mode(l, mode);
+
+        (void) link_save_user(l);
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+int bus_link_method_set_dnssec_negative_trust_anchors(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_set_free_free_ Set *ns = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char **ntas = NULL;
+        Link *l = userdata;
+        int r;
+        char **i;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = verify_unmanaged_link(l, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &ntas);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, ntas) {
+                r = dns_name_is_valid(*i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid negative trust anchor domain: %s", *i);
+        }
+
+        ns = set_new(&dns_name_hash_ops);
+        if (!ns)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, ntas) {
+                r = set_put_strdup(ns, *i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        set_free_free(l->dnssec_negative_trust_anchors);
+        l->dnssec_negative_trust_anchors = ns;
+        ns = NULL;
+
+        (void) link_save_user(l);
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+int bus_link_method_revert(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Link *l = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = verify_unmanaged_link(l, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        link_flush_settings(l);
+        link_allocate_scopes(l);
+        link_add_rrs(l, false);
+
+        (void) link_save_user(l);
+        (void) manager_write_resolv_conf(l->manager);
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+const sd_bus_vtable link_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ScopesMask", "t", property_get_scopes_mask, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DNS", "a(iay)", property_get_dns, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Domains", "a(sb)", property_get_domains, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LLMNR", "s", property_get_resolve_support, offsetof(Link, llmnr_support), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MulticastDNS", "s", property_get_resolve_support, offsetof(Link, mdns_support), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DNSSEC", "s", property_get_dnssec_mode, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DNSSECNegativeTrustAnchors", "as", property_get_ntas, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DNSSECSupported", "b", property_get_dnssec_supported, 0, 0),
+
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetDNS", "a(iay)", NULL, bus_link_method_set_dns_servers, 0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetDomains", "a(sb)", NULL, bus_link_method_set_domains, 0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetLLMNR", "s", NULL, bus_link_method_set_llmnr, 0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetMulticastDNS", "s", NULL, bus_link_method_set_mdns, 0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetDNSSEC", "s", NULL, bus_link_method_set_dnssec, 0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetDNSSECNegativeTrustAnchors", "as", NULL, bus_link_method_set_dnssec_negative_trust_anchors, 0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("Revert", NULL, NULL, bus_link_method_revert, 0),
+
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
+
+int link_object_find(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, void *userdata, void **found, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int ifindex;
+        Link *link;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(path);
+        assert(interface);
+        assert(found);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_bus_path_decode(path, "/org/freedesktop/resolve1/link", &e);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = parse_ifindex(e, &ifindex);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        link = hashmap_get(m->links, INT_TO_PTR(ifindex));
+        if (!link)
+                return 0;
+
+        *found = link;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+char *link_bus_path(Link *link) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *ifindex = NULL;
+        char *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(link);
+
+        if (asprintf(&ifindex, "%i", link->ifindex) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        r = sd_bus_path_encode("/org/freedesktop/resolve1/link", ifindex, &p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return p;
+}
+
+int link_node_enumerator(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, void *userdata, char ***nodes, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        Link *link;
+        Iterator i;
+        unsigned c = 0;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(path);
+        assert(m);
+        assert(nodes);
+
+        l = new0(char*, hashmap_size(m->links) + 1);
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(link, m->links, i) {
+                char *p;
+
+                p = link_bus_path(link);
+                if (!p)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                l[c++] = p;
+        }
+
+        l[c] = NULL;
+        *nodes = l;
+        l = NULL;
+
+        return 1;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-link-bus.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-link-bus.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b1ac57961d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-link-bus.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2016 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "resolved-link.h"
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable link_vtable[];
+
+int link_object_find(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, void *userdata, void **found, sd_bus_error *error);
+char *link_bus_path(Link *link);
+int link_node_enumerator(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, void *userdata, char ***nodes, sd_bus_error *error);
+
+int bus_link_method_set_dns_servers(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_link_method_set_domains(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_link_method_set_llmnr(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_link_method_set_mdns(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_link_method_set_dnssec(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_link_method_set_dnssec_negative_trust_anchors(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_link_method_revert(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-link.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-link.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d37ebbc419
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-link.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1115 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <net/if.h>
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/fd-util.h"
+#include "basic/fileio.h"
+#include "basic/missing.h"
+#include "basic/mkdir.h"
+#include "basic/parse-util.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+#include "basic/strv.h"
+#include "sd-network/sd-network.h"
+
+#include "resolved-link.h"
+
+int link_new(Manager *m, Link **ret, int ifindex) {
+        _cleanup_(link_freep) Link *l = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(ifindex > 0);
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&m->links, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        l = new0(Link, 1);
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        l->ifindex = ifindex;
+        l->llmnr_support = RESOLVE_SUPPORT_YES;
+        l->mdns_support = RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO;
+        l->dnssec_mode = _DNSSEC_MODE_INVALID;
+        l->operstate = IF_OPER_UNKNOWN;
+
+        if (asprintf(&l->state_file, "/run/systemd/resolve/netif/%i", ifindex) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = hashmap_put(m->links, INT_TO_PTR(ifindex), l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        l->manager = m;
+
+        if (ret)
+                *ret = l;
+        l = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void link_flush_settings(Link *l) {
+        assert(l);
+
+        l->llmnr_support = RESOLVE_SUPPORT_YES;
+        l->mdns_support = RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO;
+        l->dnssec_mode = _DNSSEC_MODE_INVALID;
+
+        dns_server_unlink_all(l->dns_servers);
+        dns_search_domain_unlink_all(l->search_domains);
+
+        l->dnssec_negative_trust_anchors = set_free_free(l->dnssec_negative_trust_anchors);
+}
+
+Link *link_free(Link *l) {
+        if (!l)
+                return NULL;
+
+        link_flush_settings(l);
+
+        while (l->addresses)
+                (void) link_address_free(l->addresses);
+
+        if (l->manager)
+                hashmap_remove(l->manager->links, INT_TO_PTR(l->ifindex));
+
+        dns_scope_free(l->unicast_scope);
+        dns_scope_free(l->llmnr_ipv4_scope);
+        dns_scope_free(l->llmnr_ipv6_scope);
+        dns_scope_free(l->mdns_ipv4_scope);
+        dns_scope_free(l->mdns_ipv6_scope);
+
+        free(l->state_file);
+
+        free(l);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+void link_allocate_scopes(Link *l) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(l);
+
+        if (link_relevant(l, AF_UNSPEC, false) &&
+            l->dns_servers) {
+                if (!l->unicast_scope) {
+                        r = dns_scope_new(l->manager, &l->unicast_scope, l, DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS, AF_UNSPEC);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to allocate DNS scope: %m");
+                }
+        } else
+                l->unicast_scope = dns_scope_free(l->unicast_scope);
+
+        if (link_relevant(l, AF_INET, true) &&
+            l->llmnr_support != RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO &&
+            l->manager->llmnr_support != RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO) {
+                if (!l->llmnr_ipv4_scope) {
+                        r = dns_scope_new(l->manager, &l->llmnr_ipv4_scope, l, DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR, AF_INET);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to allocate LLMNR IPv4 scope: %m");
+                }
+        } else
+                l->llmnr_ipv4_scope = dns_scope_free(l->llmnr_ipv4_scope);
+
+        if (link_relevant(l, AF_INET6, true) &&
+            l->llmnr_support != RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO &&
+            l->manager->llmnr_support != RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO &&
+            socket_ipv6_is_supported()) {
+                if (!l->llmnr_ipv6_scope) {
+                        r = dns_scope_new(l->manager, &l->llmnr_ipv6_scope, l, DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR, AF_INET6);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to allocate LLMNR IPv6 scope: %m");
+                }
+        } else
+                l->llmnr_ipv6_scope = dns_scope_free(l->llmnr_ipv6_scope);
+
+        if (link_relevant(l, AF_INET, true) &&
+            l->mdns_support != RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO &&
+            l->manager->mdns_support != RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO) {
+                if (!l->mdns_ipv4_scope) {
+                        r = dns_scope_new(l->manager, &l->mdns_ipv4_scope, l, DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS, AF_INET);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to allocate mDNS IPv4 scope: %m");
+                }
+        } else
+                l->mdns_ipv4_scope = dns_scope_free(l->mdns_ipv4_scope);
+
+        if (link_relevant(l, AF_INET6, true) &&
+            l->mdns_support != RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO &&
+            l->manager->mdns_support != RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO) {
+                if (!l->mdns_ipv6_scope) {
+                        r = dns_scope_new(l->manager, &l->mdns_ipv6_scope, l, DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS, AF_INET6);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to allocate mDNS IPv6 scope: %m");
+                }
+        } else
+                l->mdns_ipv6_scope = dns_scope_free(l->mdns_ipv6_scope);
+}
+
+void link_add_rrs(Link *l, bool force_remove) {
+        LinkAddress *a;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(addresses, a, l->addresses)
+                link_address_add_rrs(a, force_remove);
+}
+
+int link_process_rtnl(Link *l, sd_netlink_message *m) {
+        const char *n = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(l);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_rtnl_message_link_get_flags(m, &l->flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) sd_netlink_message_read_u32(m, IFLA_MTU, &l->mtu);
+        (void) sd_netlink_message_read_u8(m, IFLA_OPERSTATE, &l->operstate);
+
+        if (sd_netlink_message_read_string(m, IFLA_IFNAME, &n) >= 0) {
+                strncpy(l->name, n, sizeof(l->name)-1);
+                char_array_0(l->name);
+        }
+
+        link_allocate_scopes(l);
+        link_add_rrs(l, false);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int link_update_dns_server_one(Link *l, const char *name) {
+        union in_addr_union a;
+        DnsServer *s;
+        int family, r;
+
+        assert(l);
+        assert(name);
+
+        r = in_addr_from_string_auto(name, &family, &a);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        s = dns_server_find(l->dns_servers, family, &a, 0);
+        if (s) {
+                dns_server_move_back_and_unmark(s);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return dns_server_new(l->manager, NULL, DNS_SERVER_LINK, l, family, &a, 0);
+}
+
+static int link_update_dns_servers(Link *l) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **nameservers = NULL;
+        char **nameserver;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = sd_network_link_get_dns(l->ifindex, &nameservers);
+        if (r == -ENODATA) {
+                r = 0;
+                goto clear;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto clear;
+
+        dns_server_mark_all(l->dns_servers);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(nameserver, nameservers) {
+                r = link_update_dns_server_one(l, *nameserver);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto clear;
+        }
+
+        dns_server_unlink_marked(l->dns_servers);
+        return 0;
+
+clear:
+        dns_server_unlink_all(l->dns_servers);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int link_update_llmnr_support(Link *l) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *b = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = sd_network_link_get_llmnr(l->ifindex, &b);
+        if (r == -ENODATA) {
+                r = 0;
+                goto clear;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto clear;
+
+        l->llmnr_support = resolve_support_from_string(b);
+        if (l->llmnr_support < 0) {
+                r = -EINVAL;
+                goto clear;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+clear:
+        l->llmnr_support = RESOLVE_SUPPORT_YES;
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int link_update_mdns_support(Link *l) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *b = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = sd_network_link_get_mdns(l->ifindex, &b);
+        if (r == -ENODATA) {
+                r = 0;
+                goto clear;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto clear;
+
+        l->mdns_support = resolve_support_from_string(b);
+        if (l->mdns_support < 0) {
+                r = -EINVAL;
+                goto clear;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+clear:
+        l->mdns_support = RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO;
+        return r;
+}
+
+void link_set_dnssec_mode(Link *l, DnssecMode mode) {
+
+        assert(l);
+
+        if (l->dnssec_mode == mode)
+                return;
+
+        if ((l->dnssec_mode == _DNSSEC_MODE_INVALID) ||
+            (l->dnssec_mode == DNSSEC_NO && mode != DNSSEC_NO) ||
+            (l->dnssec_mode == DNSSEC_ALLOW_DOWNGRADE && mode == DNSSEC_YES)) {
+
+                /* When switching from non-DNSSEC mode to DNSSEC mode, flush the cache. Also when switching from the
+                 * allow-downgrade mode to full DNSSEC mode, flush it too. */
+                if (l->unicast_scope)
+                        dns_cache_flush(&l->unicast_scope->cache);
+        }
+
+        l->dnssec_mode = mode;
+}
+
+static int link_update_dnssec_mode(Link *l) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *m = NULL;
+        DnssecMode mode;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = sd_network_link_get_dnssec(l->ifindex, &m);
+        if (r == -ENODATA) {
+                r = 0;
+                goto clear;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto clear;
+
+        mode = dnssec_mode_from_string(m);
+        if (mode < 0) {
+                r = -EINVAL;
+                goto clear;
+        }
+
+        link_set_dnssec_mode(l, mode);
+
+        return 0;
+
+clear:
+        l->dnssec_mode = _DNSSEC_MODE_INVALID;
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int link_update_dnssec_negative_trust_anchors(Link *l) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **ntas = NULL;
+        _cleanup_set_free_free_ Set *ns = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = sd_network_link_get_dnssec_negative_trust_anchors(l->ifindex, &ntas);
+        if (r == -ENODATA) {
+                r = 0;
+                goto clear;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto clear;
+
+        ns = set_new(&dns_name_hash_ops);
+        if (!ns)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = set_put_strdupv(ns, ntas);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        set_free_free(l->dnssec_negative_trust_anchors);
+        l->dnssec_negative_trust_anchors = ns;
+        ns = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+
+clear:
+        l->dnssec_negative_trust_anchors = set_free_free(l->dnssec_negative_trust_anchors);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int link_update_search_domain_one(Link *l, const char *name, bool route_only) {
+        DnsSearchDomain *d;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(l);
+        assert(name);
+
+        r = dns_search_domain_find(l->search_domains, name, &d);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0)
+                dns_search_domain_move_back_and_unmark(d);
+        else {
+                r = dns_search_domain_new(l->manager, &d, DNS_SEARCH_DOMAIN_LINK, l, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        d->route_only = route_only;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int link_update_search_domains(Link *l) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **sdomains = NULL, **rdomains = NULL;
+        char **i;
+        int r, q;
+
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = sd_network_link_get_search_domains(l->ifindex, &sdomains);
+        if (r < 0 && r != -ENODATA)
+                goto clear;
+
+        q = sd_network_link_get_route_domains(l->ifindex, &rdomains);
+        if (q < 0 && q != -ENODATA) {
+                r = q;
+                goto clear;
+        }
+
+        if (r == -ENODATA && q == -ENODATA) {
+                /* networkd knows nothing about this interface, and that's fine. */
+                r = 0;
+                goto clear;
+        }
+
+        dns_search_domain_mark_all(l->search_domains);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, sdomains) {
+                r = link_update_search_domain_one(l, *i, false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto clear;
+        }
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, rdomains) {
+                r = link_update_search_domain_one(l, *i, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto clear;
+        }
+
+        dns_search_domain_unlink_marked(l->search_domains);
+        return 0;
+
+clear:
+        dns_search_domain_unlink_all(l->search_domains);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int link_is_managed(Link *l) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *state = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(l);
+
+        r = sd_network_link_get_setup_state(l->ifindex, &state);
+        if (r == -ENODATA)
+                return 0;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return !STR_IN_SET(state, "pending", "unmanaged");
+}
+
+static void link_read_settings(Link *l) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(l);
+
+        /* Read settings from networkd, except when networkd is not managing this interface. */
+
+        r = link_is_managed(l);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to determine whether interface %s is managed: %m", l->name);
+                return;
+        }
+        if (r == 0) {
+
+                /* If this link used to be managed, but is now unmanaged, flush all our settings — but only once. */
+                if (l->is_managed)
+                        link_flush_settings(l);
+
+                l->is_managed = false;
+                return;
+        }
+
+        l->is_managed = true;
+
+        r = link_update_dns_servers(l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to read DNS servers for interface %s, ignoring: %m", l->name);
+
+        r = link_update_llmnr_support(l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to read LLMNR support for interface %s, ignoring: %m", l->name);
+
+        r = link_update_mdns_support(l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to read mDNS support for interface %s, ignoring: %m", l->name);
+
+        r = link_update_dnssec_mode(l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to read DNSSEC mode for interface %s, ignoring: %m", l->name);
+
+        r = link_update_dnssec_negative_trust_anchors(l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to read DNSSEC negative trust anchors for interface %s, ignoring: %m", l->name);
+
+        r = link_update_search_domains(l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to read search domains for interface %s, ignoring: %m", l->name);
+}
+
+int link_update(Link *l) {
+        assert(l);
+
+        link_read_settings(l);
+        link_load_user(l);
+        link_allocate_scopes(l);
+        link_add_rrs(l, false);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+bool link_relevant(Link *l, int family, bool local_multicast) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *state = NULL;
+        LinkAddress *a;
+
+        assert(l);
+
+        /* A link is relevant for local multicast traffic if it isn't a loopback or pointopoint device, has a link
+         * beat, can do multicast and has at least one link-local (or better) IP address.
+         *
+         * A link is relevant for non-multicast traffic if it isn't a loopback device, has a link beat, and has at
+         * least one routable address.*/
+
+        if (l->flags & (IFF_LOOPBACK|IFF_DORMANT))
+                return false;
+
+        if ((l->flags & (IFF_UP|IFF_LOWER_UP)) != (IFF_UP|IFF_LOWER_UP))
+                return false;
+
+        if (local_multicast) {
+                if (l->flags & IFF_POINTOPOINT)
+                        return false;
+
+                if ((l->flags & IFF_MULTICAST) != IFF_MULTICAST)
+                        return false;
+        }
+
+        /* Check kernel operstate
+         * https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/operstates.txt */
+        if (!IN_SET(l->operstate, IF_OPER_UNKNOWN, IF_OPER_UP))
+                return false;
+
+        (void) sd_network_link_get_operational_state(l->ifindex, &state);
+        if (state && !STR_IN_SET(state, "unknown", "degraded", "routable"))
+                return false;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(addresses, a, l->addresses)
+                if ((family == AF_UNSPEC || a->family == family) && link_address_relevant(a, local_multicast))
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+LinkAddress *link_find_address(Link *l, int family, const union in_addr_union *in_addr) {
+        LinkAddress *a;
+
+        assert(l);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(addresses, a, l->addresses)
+                if (a->family == family && in_addr_equal(family, &a->in_addr, in_addr))
+                        return a;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+DnsServer* link_set_dns_server(Link *l, DnsServer *s) {
+        assert(l);
+
+        if (l->current_dns_server == s)
+                return s;
+
+        if (s)
+                log_info("Switching to DNS server %s for interface %s.", dns_server_string(s), l->name);
+
+        dns_server_unref(l->current_dns_server);
+        l->current_dns_server = dns_server_ref(s);
+
+        if (l->unicast_scope)
+                dns_cache_flush(&l->unicast_scope->cache);
+
+        return s;
+}
+
+DnsServer *link_get_dns_server(Link *l) {
+        assert(l);
+
+        if (!l->current_dns_server)
+                link_set_dns_server(l, l->dns_servers);
+
+        return l->current_dns_server;
+}
+
+void link_next_dns_server(Link *l) {
+        assert(l);
+
+        if (!l->current_dns_server)
+                return;
+
+        /* Change to the next one, but make sure to follow the linked
+         * list only if this server is actually still linked. */
+        if (l->current_dns_server->linked && l->current_dns_server->servers_next) {
+                link_set_dns_server(l, l->current_dns_server->servers_next);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        link_set_dns_server(l, l->dns_servers);
+}
+
+DnssecMode link_get_dnssec_mode(Link *l) {
+        assert(l);
+
+        if (l->dnssec_mode != _DNSSEC_MODE_INVALID)
+                return l->dnssec_mode;
+
+        return manager_get_dnssec_mode(l->manager);
+}
+
+bool link_dnssec_supported(Link *l) {
+        DnsServer *server;
+
+        assert(l);
+
+        if (link_get_dnssec_mode(l) == DNSSEC_NO)
+                return false;
+
+        server = link_get_dns_server(l);
+        if (server)
+                return dns_server_dnssec_supported(server);
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+int link_address_new(Link *l, LinkAddress **ret, int family, const union in_addr_union *in_addr) {
+        LinkAddress *a;
+
+        assert(l);
+        assert(in_addr);
+
+        a = new0(LinkAddress, 1);
+        if (!a)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        a->family = family;
+        a->in_addr = *in_addr;
+
+        a->link = l;
+        LIST_PREPEND(addresses, l->addresses, a);
+
+        if (ret)
+                *ret = a;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+LinkAddress *link_address_free(LinkAddress *a) {
+        if (!a)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (a->link) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(addresses, a->link->addresses, a);
+
+                if (a->llmnr_address_rr) {
+                        if (a->family == AF_INET && a->link->llmnr_ipv4_scope)
+                                dns_zone_remove_rr(&a->link->llmnr_ipv4_scope->zone, a->llmnr_address_rr);
+                        else if (a->family == AF_INET6 && a->link->llmnr_ipv6_scope)
+                                dns_zone_remove_rr(&a->link->llmnr_ipv6_scope->zone, a->llmnr_address_rr);
+                }
+
+                if (a->llmnr_ptr_rr) {
+                        if (a->family == AF_INET && a->link->llmnr_ipv4_scope)
+                                dns_zone_remove_rr(&a->link->llmnr_ipv4_scope->zone, a->llmnr_ptr_rr);
+                        else if (a->family == AF_INET6 && a->link->llmnr_ipv6_scope)
+                                dns_zone_remove_rr(&a->link->llmnr_ipv6_scope->zone, a->llmnr_ptr_rr);
+                }
+        }
+
+        dns_resource_record_unref(a->llmnr_address_rr);
+        dns_resource_record_unref(a->llmnr_ptr_rr);
+
+        free(a);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+void link_address_add_rrs(LinkAddress *a, bool force_remove) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (a->family == AF_INET) {
+
+                if (!force_remove &&
+                    link_address_relevant(a, true) &&
+                    a->link->llmnr_ipv4_scope &&
+                    a->link->llmnr_support == RESOLVE_SUPPORT_YES &&
+                    a->link->manager->llmnr_support == RESOLVE_SUPPORT_YES) {
+
+                        if (!a->link->manager->llmnr_host_ipv4_key) {
+                                a->link->manager->llmnr_host_ipv4_key = dns_resource_key_new(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_A, a->link->manager->llmnr_hostname);
+                                if (!a->link->manager->llmnr_host_ipv4_key) {
+                                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        if (!a->llmnr_address_rr) {
+                                a->llmnr_address_rr = dns_resource_record_new(a->link->manager->llmnr_host_ipv4_key);
+                                if (!a->llmnr_address_rr) {
+                                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
+
+                                a->llmnr_address_rr->a.in_addr = a->in_addr.in;
+                                a->llmnr_address_rr->ttl = LLMNR_DEFAULT_TTL;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!a->llmnr_ptr_rr) {
+                                r = dns_resource_record_new_reverse(&a->llmnr_ptr_rr, a->family, &a->in_addr, a->link->manager->llmnr_hostname);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        goto fail;
+
+                                a->llmnr_ptr_rr->ttl = LLMNR_DEFAULT_TTL;
+                        }
+
+                        r = dns_zone_put(&a->link->llmnr_ipv4_scope->zone, a->link->llmnr_ipv4_scope, a->llmnr_address_rr, true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to add A record to LLMNR zone: %m");
+
+                        r = dns_zone_put(&a->link->llmnr_ipv4_scope->zone, a->link->llmnr_ipv4_scope, a->llmnr_ptr_rr, false);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to add IPv6 PTR record to LLMNR zone: %m");
+                } else {
+                        if (a->llmnr_address_rr) {
+                                if (a->link->llmnr_ipv4_scope)
+                                        dns_zone_remove_rr(&a->link->llmnr_ipv4_scope->zone, a->llmnr_address_rr);
+                                a->llmnr_address_rr = dns_resource_record_unref(a->llmnr_address_rr);
+                        }
+
+                        if (a->llmnr_ptr_rr) {
+                                if (a->link->llmnr_ipv4_scope)
+                                        dns_zone_remove_rr(&a->link->llmnr_ipv4_scope->zone, a->llmnr_ptr_rr);
+                                a->llmnr_ptr_rr = dns_resource_record_unref(a->llmnr_ptr_rr);
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (a->family == AF_INET6) {
+
+                if (!force_remove &&
+                    link_address_relevant(a, true) &&
+                    a->link->llmnr_ipv6_scope &&
+                    a->link->llmnr_support == RESOLVE_SUPPORT_YES &&
+                    a->link->manager->llmnr_support == RESOLVE_SUPPORT_YES) {
+
+                        if (!a->link->manager->llmnr_host_ipv6_key) {
+                                a->link->manager->llmnr_host_ipv6_key = dns_resource_key_new(DNS_CLASS_IN, DNS_TYPE_AAAA, a->link->manager->llmnr_hostname);
+                                if (!a->link->manager->llmnr_host_ipv6_key) {
+                                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        if (!a->llmnr_address_rr) {
+                                a->llmnr_address_rr = dns_resource_record_new(a->link->manager->llmnr_host_ipv6_key);
+                                if (!a->llmnr_address_rr) {
+                                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
+
+                                a->llmnr_address_rr->aaaa.in6_addr = a->in_addr.in6;
+                                a->llmnr_address_rr->ttl = LLMNR_DEFAULT_TTL;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!a->llmnr_ptr_rr) {
+                                r = dns_resource_record_new_reverse(&a->llmnr_ptr_rr, a->family, &a->in_addr, a->link->manager->llmnr_hostname);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        goto fail;
+
+                                a->llmnr_ptr_rr->ttl = LLMNR_DEFAULT_TTL;
+                        }
+
+                        r = dns_zone_put(&a->link->llmnr_ipv6_scope->zone, a->link->llmnr_ipv6_scope, a->llmnr_address_rr, true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to add AAAA record to LLMNR zone: %m");
+
+                        r = dns_zone_put(&a->link->llmnr_ipv6_scope->zone, a->link->llmnr_ipv6_scope, a->llmnr_ptr_rr, false);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to add IPv6 PTR record to LLMNR zone: %m");
+                } else {
+                        if (a->llmnr_address_rr) {
+                                if (a->link->llmnr_ipv6_scope)
+                                        dns_zone_remove_rr(&a->link->llmnr_ipv6_scope->zone, a->llmnr_address_rr);
+                                a->llmnr_address_rr = dns_resource_record_unref(a->llmnr_address_rr);
+                        }
+
+                        if (a->llmnr_ptr_rr) {
+                                if (a->link->llmnr_ipv6_scope)
+                                        dns_zone_remove_rr(&a->link->llmnr_ipv6_scope->zone, a->llmnr_ptr_rr);
+                                a->llmnr_ptr_rr = dns_resource_record_unref(a->llmnr_ptr_rr);
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to update address RRs: %m");
+}
+
+int link_address_update_rtnl(LinkAddress *a, sd_netlink_message *m) {
+        int r;
+        assert(a);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_rtnl_message_addr_get_flags(m, &a->flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        sd_rtnl_message_addr_get_scope(m, &a->scope);
+
+        link_allocate_scopes(a->link);
+        link_add_rrs(a->link, false);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+bool link_address_relevant(LinkAddress *a, bool local_multicast) {
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (a->flags & (IFA_F_DEPRECATED|IFA_F_TENTATIVE))
+                return false;
+
+        if (a->scope >= (local_multicast ? RT_SCOPE_HOST : RT_SCOPE_LINK))
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static bool link_needs_save(Link *l) {
+        assert(l);
+
+        /* Returns true if any of the settings where set different from the default */
+
+        if (l->is_managed)
+                return false;
+
+        if (l->llmnr_support != RESOLVE_SUPPORT_YES ||
+            l->mdns_support != RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO ||
+            l->dnssec_mode != _DNSSEC_MODE_INVALID)
+                return true;
+
+        if (l->dns_servers ||
+            l->search_domains)
+                return true;
+
+        if (!set_isempty(l->dnssec_negative_trust_anchors))
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+int link_save_user(Link *l) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *temp_path = NULL;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        const char *v;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(l);
+        assert(l->state_file);
+
+        if (!link_needs_save(l)) {
+                (void) unlink(l->state_file);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = mkdir_parents(l->state_file, 0700);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = fopen_temporary(l->state_file, &f, &temp_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        fputs("# This is private data. Do not parse.\n", f);
+
+        v = resolve_support_to_string(l->llmnr_support);
+        if (v)
+                fprintf(f, "LLMNR=%s\n", v);
+
+        v = resolve_support_to_string(l->mdns_support);
+        if (v)
+                fprintf(f, "MDNS=%s\n", v);
+
+        v = dnssec_mode_to_string(l->dnssec_mode);
+        if (v)
+                fprintf(f, "DNSSEC=%s\n", v);
+
+        if (l->dns_servers) {
+                DnsServer *server;
+
+                fputs("SERVERS=", f);
+                LIST_FOREACH(servers, server, l->dns_servers) {
+
+                        if (server != l->dns_servers)
+                                fputc(' ', f);
+
+                        v = dns_server_string(server);
+                        if (!v) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+
+                        fputs(v, f);
+                }
+                fputc('\n', f);
+        }
+
+        if (l->search_domains) {
+                DnsSearchDomain *domain;
+
+                fputs("DOMAINS=", f);
+                LIST_FOREACH(domains, domain, l->search_domains) {
+
+                        if (domain != l->search_domains)
+                                fputc(' ', f);
+
+                        if (domain->route_only)
+                                fputc('~', f);
+
+                        fputs(DNS_SEARCH_DOMAIN_NAME(domain), f);
+                }
+                fputc('\n', f);
+        }
+
+        if (!set_isempty(l->dnssec_negative_trust_anchors)) {
+                bool space = false;
+                Iterator i;
+                char *nta;
+
+                fputs("NTAS=", f);
+                SET_FOREACH(nta, l->dnssec_negative_trust_anchors, i) {
+
+                        if (space)
+                                fputc(' ', f);
+
+                        fputs(nta, f);
+                        space = true;
+                }
+                fputc('\n', f);
+        }
+
+        r = fflush_and_check(f);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (rename(temp_path, l->state_file) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        (void) unlink(l->state_file);
+
+        if (temp_path)
+                (void) unlink(temp_path);
+
+        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to save link data %s: %m", l->state_file);
+}
+
+int link_load_user(Link *l) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char
+                *llmnr = NULL,
+                *mdns = NULL,
+                *dnssec = NULL,
+                *servers = NULL,
+                *domains = NULL,
+                *ntas = NULL;
+
+        ResolveSupport s;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(l);
+        assert(l->state_file);
+
+        /* Try to load only a single time */
+        if (l->loaded)
+                return 0;
+        l->loaded = true;
+
+        if (l->is_managed)
+                return 0; /* if the device is managed, then networkd is our configuration source, not the bus API */
+
+        r = parse_env_file(l->state_file, NEWLINE,
+                           "LLMNR", &llmnr,
+                           "MDNS", &mdns,
+                           "DNSSEC", &dnssec,
+                           "SERVERS", &servers,
+                           "DOMAINS", &domains,
+                           "NTAS", &ntas,
+                           NULL);
+        if (r == -ENOENT)
+                return 0;
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        link_flush_settings(l);
+
+        /* If we can't recognize the LLMNR or MDNS setting we don't override the default */
+        s = resolve_support_from_string(llmnr);
+        if (s >= 0)
+                l->llmnr_support = s;
+
+        s = resolve_support_from_string(mdns);
+        if (s >= 0)
+                l->mdns_support = s;
+
+        /* If we can't recognize the DNSSEC setting, then set it to invalid, so that the daemon default is used. */
+        l->dnssec_mode = dnssec_mode_from_string(dnssec);
+
+        if (servers) {
+                const char *p = servers;
+
+                for (;;) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
+
+                        r = extract_first_word(&p, &word, NULL, 0);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                break;
+
+                        r = link_update_dns_server_one(l, word);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to load DNS server '%s', ignoring: %m", word);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (domains) {
+                const char *p = domains;
+
+                for (;;) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
+                        const char *n;
+                        bool is_route;
+
+                        r = extract_first_word(&p, &word, NULL, 0);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                break;
+
+                        is_route = word[0] == '~';
+                        n = is_route ? word + 1 : word;
+
+                        r = link_update_search_domain_one(l, n, is_route);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to load search domain '%s', ignoring: %m", word);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (ntas) {
+                _cleanup_set_free_free_ Set *ns = NULL;
+
+                ns = set_new(&dns_name_hash_ops);
+                if (!ns) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = set_put_strsplit(ns, ntas, NULL, 0);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                l->dnssec_negative_trust_anchors = ns;
+                ns = NULL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to load link data %s: %m", l->state_file);
+}
+
+void link_remove_user(Link *l) {
+        assert(l);
+        assert(l->state_file);
+
+        (void) unlink(l->state_file);
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-link.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-link.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d7ce15f65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-link.h
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <net/if.h>
+
+#include "basic/in-addr-util.h"
+#include "basic/ratelimit.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-rr.h"
+#include "shared/resolve-util.h"
+
+typedef struct Link Link;
+typedef struct LinkAddress LinkAddress;
+
+#include "resolved-dns-search-domain.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-server.h"
+#include "resolved-manager.h"
+
+#define LINK_SEARCH_DOMAINS_MAX 32
+#define LINK_DNS_SERVERS_MAX 32
+
+struct LinkAddress {
+        Link *link;
+
+        int family;
+        union in_addr_union in_addr;
+
+        unsigned char flags, scope;
+
+        DnsResourceRecord *llmnr_address_rr;
+        DnsResourceRecord *llmnr_ptr_rr;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(LinkAddress, addresses);
+};
+
+struct Link {
+        Manager *manager;
+
+        int ifindex;
+        unsigned flags;
+
+        LIST_HEAD(LinkAddress, addresses);
+
+        LIST_HEAD(DnsServer, dns_servers);
+        DnsServer *current_dns_server;
+        unsigned n_dns_servers;
+
+        LIST_HEAD(DnsSearchDomain, search_domains);
+        unsigned n_search_domains;
+
+        ResolveSupport llmnr_support;
+        ResolveSupport mdns_support;
+        DnssecMode dnssec_mode;
+        Set *dnssec_negative_trust_anchors;
+
+        DnsScope *unicast_scope;
+        DnsScope *llmnr_ipv4_scope;
+        DnsScope *llmnr_ipv6_scope;
+        DnsScope *mdns_ipv4_scope;
+        DnsScope *mdns_ipv6_scope;
+
+        bool is_managed;
+
+        char name[IF_NAMESIZE];
+        uint32_t mtu;
+        uint8_t operstate;
+
+        bool loaded;
+        char *state_file;
+};
+
+int link_new(Manager *m, Link **ret, int ifindex);
+Link *link_free(Link *l);
+int link_process_rtnl(Link *l, sd_netlink_message *m);
+int link_update(Link *l);
+bool link_relevant(Link *l, int family, bool local_multicast);
+LinkAddress* link_find_address(Link *l, int family, const union in_addr_union *in_addr);
+void link_add_rrs(Link *l, bool force_remove);
+
+void link_flush_settings(Link *l);
+void link_set_dnssec_mode(Link *l, DnssecMode mode);
+void link_allocate_scopes(Link *l);
+
+DnsServer* link_set_dns_server(Link *l, DnsServer *s);
+DnsServer* link_get_dns_server(Link *l);
+void link_next_dns_server(Link *l);
+
+DnssecMode link_get_dnssec_mode(Link *l);
+bool link_dnssec_supported(Link *l);
+
+int link_save_user(Link *l);
+int link_load_user(Link *l);
+void link_remove_user(Link *l);
+
+int link_address_new(Link *l, LinkAddress **ret, int family, const union in_addr_union *in_addr);
+LinkAddress *link_address_free(LinkAddress *a);
+int link_address_update_rtnl(LinkAddress *a, sd_netlink_message *m);
+bool link_address_relevant(LinkAddress *l, bool local_multicast);
+void link_address_add_rrs(LinkAddress *a, bool force_remove);
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(Link*, link_free);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-llmnr.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-llmnr.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1092b8b659
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-llmnr.c
@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Tom Gundersen <teg@jklm.no>
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ***/
+
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <resolv.h>
+
+#include "basic/fd-util.h"
+
+#include "resolved-llmnr.h"
+#include "resolved-manager.h"
+
+void manager_llmnr_stop(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_event_source);
+        m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd = safe_close(m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd);
+
+        m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_event_source);
+        m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd = safe_close(m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd);
+
+        m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_event_source);
+        m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd = safe_close(m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd);
+
+        m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_event_source);
+        m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd = safe_close(m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd);
+}
+
+int manager_llmnr_start(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->llmnr_support == RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = manager_llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd(m);
+        if (r == -EADDRINUSE)
+                goto eaddrinuse;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = manager_llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd(m);
+        if (r == -EADDRINUSE)
+                goto eaddrinuse;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (socket_ipv6_is_supported()) {
+                r = manager_llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd(m);
+                if (r == -EADDRINUSE)
+                        goto eaddrinuse;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = manager_llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd(m);
+                if (r == -EADDRINUSE)
+                        goto eaddrinuse;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+eaddrinuse:
+        log_warning("There appears to be another LLMNR responder running. Turning off LLMNR support.");
+        m->llmnr_support = RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO;
+        manager_llmnr_stop(m);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int on_llmnr_packet(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
+        DnsTransaction *t = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        DnsScope *scope;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = manager_recv(m, fd, DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR, &p);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        scope = manager_find_scope(m, p);
+        if (!scope)
+                log_warning("Got LLMNR UDP packet on unknown scope. Ignoring.");
+        else if (dns_packet_validate_reply(p) > 0) {
+                log_debug("Got LLMNR UDP reply packet for id %u", DNS_PACKET_ID(p));
+
+                dns_scope_check_conflicts(scope, p);
+
+                t = hashmap_get(m->dns_transactions, UINT_TO_PTR(DNS_PACKET_ID(p)));
+                if (t)
+                        dns_transaction_process_reply(t, p);
+
+        } else if (dns_packet_validate_query(p) > 0)  {
+                log_debug("Got LLMNR UDP query packet for id %u", DNS_PACKET_ID(p));
+
+                dns_scope_process_query(scope, NULL, p);
+        } else
+                log_debug("Invalid LLMNR UDP packet, ignoring.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd(Manager *m) {
+        union sockaddr_union sa = {
+                .in.sin_family = AF_INET,
+                .in.sin_port = htobe16(LLMNR_PORT),
+        };
+        static const int one = 1, pmtu = IP_PMTUDISC_DONT, ttl = 255;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd >= 0)
+                return m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd;
+
+        m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+        if (m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        /* RFC 4795, section 2.5 recommends setting the TTL of UDP packets to 255. */
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, &ttl, sizeof(ttl));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_TTL, &ttl, sizeof(ttl));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_PKTINFO, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_RECVTTL, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* Disable Don't-Fragment bit in the IP header */
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MTU_DISCOVER, &pmtu, sizeof(pmtu));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = bind(m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd, &sa.sa, sizeof(sa.in));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_event_source, m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd, EPOLLIN, on_llmnr_packet, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_event_source, "llmnr-ipv4-udp");
+
+        return m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd;
+
+fail:
+        m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd = safe_close(m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int manager_llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd(Manager *m) {
+        union sockaddr_union sa = {
+                .in6.sin6_family = AF_INET6,
+                .in6.sin6_port = htobe16(LLMNR_PORT),
+        };
+        static const int one = 1, ttl = 255;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd >= 0)
+                return m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd;
+
+        m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+        if (m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS, &ttl, sizeof(ttl));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* RFC 4795, section 2.5 recommends setting the TTL of UDP packets to 255. */
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS, &ttl, sizeof(ttl));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_V6ONLY, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVPKTINFO, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = bind(m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd, &sa.sa, sizeof(sa.in6));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_event_source, m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd, EPOLLIN, on_llmnr_packet, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_event_source, "llmnr-ipv6-udp");
+
+        return m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd;
+
+fail:
+        m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd = safe_close(m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int on_llmnr_stream_packet(DnsStream *s) {
+        DnsScope *scope;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->read_packet);
+
+        scope = manager_find_scope(s->manager, s->read_packet);
+        if (!scope)
+                log_warning("Got LLMNR TCP packet on unknown scope. Ignoring.");
+        else if (dns_packet_validate_query(s->read_packet) > 0) {
+                log_debug("Got LLMNR TCP query packet for id %u", DNS_PACKET_ID(s->read_packet));
+
+                dns_scope_process_query(scope, s, s->read_packet);
+        } else
+                log_debug("Invalid LLMNR TCP packet, ignoring.");
+
+        dns_stream_unref(s);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int on_llmnr_stream(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        DnsStream *stream;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int cfd, r;
+
+        cfd = accept4(fd, NULL, NULL, SOCK_NONBLOCK|SOCK_CLOEXEC);
+        if (cfd < 0) {
+                if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_stream_new(m, &stream, DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR, cfd);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                safe_close(cfd);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        stream->on_packet = on_llmnr_stream_packet;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd(Manager *m) {
+        union sockaddr_union sa = {
+                .in.sin_family = AF_INET,
+                .in.sin_port = htobe16(LLMNR_PORT),
+        };
+        static const int one = 1, pmtu = IP_PMTUDISC_DONT;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd >= 0)
+                return m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd;
+
+        m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+        if (m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        /* RFC 4795, section 2.5. requires setting the TTL of TCP streams to 1 */
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_PKTINFO, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_RECVTTL, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* Disable Don't-Fragment bit in the IP header */
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MTU_DISCOVER, &pmtu, sizeof(pmtu));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = bind(m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd, &sa.sa, sizeof(sa.in));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = listen(m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd, SOMAXCONN);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_event_source, m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd, EPOLLIN, on_llmnr_stream, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_event_source, "llmnr-ipv4-tcp");
+
+        return m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd;
+
+fail:
+        m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd = safe_close(m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int manager_llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd(Manager *m) {
+        union sockaddr_union sa = {
+                .in6.sin6_family = AF_INET6,
+                .in6.sin6_port = htobe16(LLMNR_PORT),
+        };
+        static const int one = 1;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd >= 0)
+                return m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd;
+
+        m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+        if (m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        /* RFC 4795, section 2.5. requires setting the TTL of TCP streams to 1 */
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_V6ONLY, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVPKTINFO, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = bind(m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd, &sa.sa, sizeof(sa.in6));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = listen(m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd, SOMAXCONN);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_event_source, m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd, EPOLLIN, on_llmnr_stream, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_event_source, "llmnr-ipv6-tcp");
+
+        return m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd;
+
+fail:
+        m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd = safe_close(m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd);
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-llmnr.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-llmnr.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8133582fa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-llmnr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "resolved-manager.h"
+
+#define LLMNR_PORT 5355
+
+int manager_llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd(Manager *m);
+int manager_llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd(Manager *m);
+int manager_llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd(Manager *m);
+int manager_llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd(Manager *m);
+
+void manager_llmnr_stop(Manager *m);
+int manager_llmnr_start(Manager *m);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-manager.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-manager.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..800f06db13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-manager.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1379 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Tom Gundersen <teg@jklm.no>
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ***/
+
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+
+#include "basic/af-list.h"
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/dirent-util.h"
+#include "basic/fd-util.h"
+#include "basic/fileio-label.h"
+#include "basic/hostname-util.h"
+#include "basic/io-util.h"
+#include "basic/ordered-set.h"
+#include "basic/parse-util.h"
+#include "basic/random-util.h"
+#include "basic/socket-util.h"
+#include "basic/string-table.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+#include "basic/utf8.h"
+#include "sd-netlink/netlink-util.h"
+#include "shared/dns-domain.h"
+#include "systemd-network/network-internal.h"
+
+#include "resolved-bus.h"
+#include "resolved-conf.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-stub.h"
+#include "resolved-etc-hosts.h"
+#include "resolved-llmnr.h"
+#include "resolved-manager.h"
+#include "resolved-mdns.h"
+#include "resolved-resolv-conf.h"
+
+#define SEND_TIMEOUT_USEC (200 * USEC_PER_MSEC)
+
+static int manager_process_link(sd_netlink *rtnl, sd_netlink_message *mm, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        uint16_t type;
+        Link *l;
+        int ifindex, r;
+
+        assert(rtnl);
+        assert(m);
+        assert(mm);
+
+        r = sd_netlink_message_get_type(mm, &type);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_rtnl_message_link_get_ifindex(mm, &ifindex);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        l = hashmap_get(m->links, INT_TO_PTR(ifindex));
+
+        switch (type) {
+
+        case RTM_NEWLINK:{
+                bool is_new = !l;
+
+                if (!l) {
+                        r = link_new(m, &l, ifindex);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = link_process_rtnl(l, mm);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = link_update(l);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                if (is_new)
+                        log_debug("Found new link %i/%s", ifindex, l->name);
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case RTM_DELLINK:
+                if (l) {
+                        log_debug("Removing link %i/%s", l->ifindex, l->name);
+                        link_remove_user(l);
+                        link_free(l);
+                }
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to process RTNL link message: %m");
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_process_address(sd_netlink *rtnl, sd_netlink_message *mm, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        union in_addr_union address;
+        uint16_t type;
+        int r, ifindex, family;
+        LinkAddress *a;
+        Link *l;
+
+        assert(rtnl);
+        assert(mm);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_netlink_message_get_type(mm, &type);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_rtnl_message_addr_get_ifindex(mm, &ifindex);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        l = hashmap_get(m->links, INT_TO_PTR(ifindex));
+        if (!l)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_rtnl_message_addr_get_family(mm, &family);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        switch (family) {
+
+        case AF_INET:
+                r = sd_netlink_message_read_in_addr(mm, IFA_LOCAL, &address.in);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        r = sd_netlink_message_read_in_addr(mm, IFA_ADDRESS, &address.in);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                }
+
+                break;
+
+        case AF_INET6:
+                r = sd_netlink_message_read_in6_addr(mm, IFA_LOCAL, &address.in6);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        r = sd_netlink_message_read_in6_addr(mm, IFA_ADDRESS, &address.in6);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                }
+
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        a = link_find_address(l, family, &address);
+
+        switch (type) {
+
+        case RTM_NEWADDR:
+
+                if (!a) {
+                        r = link_address_new(l, &a, family, &address);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = link_address_update_rtnl(a, mm);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                break;
+
+        case RTM_DELADDR:
+                link_address_free(a);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to process RTNL address message: %m");
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_rtnl_listen(Manager *m) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_netlink_message_unrefp) sd_netlink_message *req = NULL, *reply = NULL;
+        sd_netlink_message *i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* First, subscribe to interfaces coming and going */
+        r = sd_netlink_open(&m->rtnl);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_netlink_attach_event(m->rtnl, m->event, SD_EVENT_PRIORITY_IMPORTANT);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_netlink_add_match(m->rtnl, RTM_NEWLINK, manager_process_link, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_netlink_add_match(m->rtnl, RTM_DELLINK, manager_process_link, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_netlink_add_match(m->rtnl, RTM_NEWADDR, manager_process_address, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_netlink_add_match(m->rtnl, RTM_DELADDR, manager_process_address, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Then, enumerate all links */
+        r = sd_rtnl_message_new_link(m->rtnl, &req, RTM_GETLINK, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_netlink_message_request_dump(req, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_netlink_call(m->rtnl, req, 0, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (i = reply; i; i = sd_netlink_message_next(i)) {
+                r = manager_process_link(m->rtnl, i, m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        req = sd_netlink_message_unref(req);
+        reply = sd_netlink_message_unref(reply);
+
+        /* Finally, enumerate all addresses, too */
+        r = sd_rtnl_message_new_addr(m->rtnl, &req, RTM_GETADDR, 0, AF_UNSPEC);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_netlink_message_request_dump(req, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_netlink_call(m->rtnl, req, 0, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (i = reply; i; i = sd_netlink_message_next(i)) {
+                r = manager_process_address(m->rtnl, i, m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int on_network_event(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        Iterator i;
+        Link *l;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        sd_network_monitor_flush(m->network_monitor);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(l, m->links, i) {
+                r = link_update(l);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to update monitor information for %i: %m", l->ifindex);
+        }
+
+        (void) manager_write_resolv_conf(m);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_network_monitor_listen(Manager *m) {
+        int r, fd, events;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_network_monitor_new(&m->network_monitor, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        fd = sd_network_monitor_get_fd(m->network_monitor);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        events = sd_network_monitor_get_events(m->network_monitor);
+        if (events < 0)
+                return events;
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->network_event_source, fd, events, &on_network_event, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_event_source_set_priority(m->network_event_source, SD_EVENT_PRIORITY_IMPORTANT+5);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->network_event_source, "network-monitor");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int determine_hostname(char **llmnr_hostname, char **mdns_hostname) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *h = NULL, *n = NULL;
+        char label[DNS_LABEL_MAX];
+        const char *p;
+        int r, k;
+
+        assert(llmnr_hostname);
+        assert(mdns_hostname);
+
+        /* Extract and normalize the first label of the locally
+         * configured hostname, and check it's not "localhost". */
+
+        h = gethostname_malloc();
+        if (!h)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        p = h;
+        r = dns_label_unescape(&p, label, sizeof(label));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to unescape host name: %m");
+        if (r == 0) {
+                log_error("Couldn't find a single label in hosntame.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        k = dns_label_undo_idna(label, r, label, sizeof(label));
+        if (k < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(k, "Failed to undo IDNA: %m");
+        if (k > 0)
+                r = k;
+
+        if (!utf8_is_valid(label)) {
+                log_error("System hostname is not UTF-8 clean.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_label_escape_new(label, r, &n);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to escape host name: %m");
+
+        if (is_localhost(n)) {
+                log_debug("System hostname is 'localhost', ignoring.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_name_concat(n, "local", mdns_hostname);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine mDNS hostname: %m");
+
+        *llmnr_hostname = n;
+        n = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int on_hostname_change(sd_event_source *es, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *llmnr_hostname = NULL, *mdns_hostname = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = determine_hostname(&llmnr_hostname, &mdns_hostname);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return 0; /* ignore invalid hostnames */
+
+        if (streq(llmnr_hostname, m->llmnr_hostname) && streq(mdns_hostname, m->mdns_hostname))
+                return 0;
+
+        log_info("System hostname changed to '%s'.", llmnr_hostname);
+
+        free(m->llmnr_hostname);
+        free(m->mdns_hostname);
+
+        m->llmnr_hostname = llmnr_hostname;
+        m->mdns_hostname = mdns_hostname;
+
+        llmnr_hostname = mdns_hostname = NULL;
+
+        manager_refresh_rrs(m);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_watch_hostname(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->hostname_fd = open("/proc/sys/kernel/hostname", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NDELAY|O_NOCTTY);
+        if (m->hostname_fd < 0) {
+                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to watch hostname: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->hostname_event_source, m->hostname_fd, 0, on_hostname_change, m);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (r == -EPERM)
+                        /* kernels prior to 3.2 don't support polling this file. Ignore the failure. */
+                        m->hostname_fd = safe_close(m->hostname_fd);
+                else
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add hostname event source: %m");
+        }
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->hostname_event_source, "hostname");
+
+        r = determine_hostname(&m->llmnr_hostname, &m->mdns_hostname);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_info("Defaulting to hostname 'gnu-linux'.");
+                m->llmnr_hostname = strdup("gnu-linux");
+                if (!m->llmnr_hostname)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                m->mdns_hostname = strdup("gnu-linux.local");
+                if (!m->mdns_hostname)
+                        return log_oom();
+        } else
+                log_info("Using system hostname '%s'.", m->llmnr_hostname);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_sigusr1(sd_event_source *s, const struct signalfd_siginfo *si, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *buffer = NULL;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        size_t size = 0;
+        DnsScope *scope;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(si);
+        assert(m);
+
+        f = open_memstream(&buffer, &size);
+        if (!f)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(scopes, scope, m->dns_scopes)
+                dns_scope_dump(scope, f);
+
+        if (fflush_and_check(f) < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        log_dump(LOG_INFO, buffer);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_sigusr2(sd_event_source *s, const struct signalfd_siginfo *si, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(si);
+        assert(m);
+
+        manager_flush_caches(m);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_new(Manager **ret) {
+        _cleanup_(manager_freep) Manager *m = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret);
+
+        m = new0(Manager, 1);
+        if (!m)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        m->llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd = m->llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd = -1;
+        m->llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd = m->llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd = -1;
+        m->mdns_ipv4_fd = m->mdns_ipv6_fd = -1;
+        m->dns_stub_udp_fd = m->dns_stub_tcp_fd = -1;
+        m->hostname_fd = -1;
+
+        m->llmnr_support = RESOLVE_SUPPORT_YES;
+        m->mdns_support = RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO;
+        m->dnssec_mode = DEFAULT_DNSSEC_MODE;
+        m->enable_cache = true;
+        m->read_resolv_conf = true;
+        m->need_builtin_fallbacks = true;
+        m->etc_hosts_last = m->etc_hosts_mtime = USEC_INFINITY;
+
+        r = dns_trust_anchor_load(&m->trust_anchor);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = manager_parse_config_file(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_event_default(&m->event);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        sd_event_add_signal(m->event, NULL, SIGTERM, NULL,  NULL);
+        sd_event_add_signal(m->event, NULL, SIGINT, NULL, NULL);
+
+        sd_event_set_watchdog(m->event, true);
+
+        r = manager_watch_hostname(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_scope_new(m, &m->unicast_scope, NULL, DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS, AF_UNSPEC);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = manager_network_monitor_listen(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = manager_rtnl_listen(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = manager_connect_bus(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) sd_event_add_signal(m->event, &m->sigusr1_event_source, SIGUSR1, manager_sigusr1, m);
+        (void) sd_event_add_signal(m->event, &m->sigusr2_event_source, SIGUSR2, manager_sigusr2, m);
+
+        manager_cleanup_saved_user(m);
+
+        *ret = m;
+        m = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_start(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = manager_dns_stub_start(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = manager_llmnr_start(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = manager_mdns_start(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+Manager *manager_free(Manager *m) {
+        Link *l;
+
+        if (!m)
+                return NULL;
+
+        dns_server_unlink_all(m->dns_servers);
+        dns_server_unlink_all(m->fallback_dns_servers);
+        dns_search_domain_unlink_all(m->search_domains);
+
+        while ((l = hashmap_first(m->links)))
+               link_free(l);
+
+        while (m->dns_queries)
+                dns_query_free(m->dns_queries);
+
+        dns_scope_free(m->unicast_scope);
+
+        /* At this point only orphaned streams should remain. All others should have been freed already by their
+         * owners */
+        while (m->dns_streams)
+                dns_stream_unref(m->dns_streams);
+
+        hashmap_free(m->links);
+        hashmap_free(m->dns_transactions);
+
+        sd_event_source_unref(m->network_event_source);
+        sd_network_monitor_unref(m->network_monitor);
+
+        sd_netlink_unref(m->rtnl);
+        sd_event_source_unref(m->rtnl_event_source);
+
+        manager_llmnr_stop(m);
+        manager_mdns_stop(m);
+        manager_dns_stub_stop(m);
+
+        sd_bus_slot_unref(m->prepare_for_sleep_slot);
+        sd_event_source_unref(m->bus_retry_event_source);
+        sd_bus_unref(m->bus);
+
+        sd_event_source_unref(m->sigusr1_event_source);
+        sd_event_source_unref(m->sigusr2_event_source);
+
+        sd_event_unref(m->event);
+
+        dns_resource_key_unref(m->llmnr_host_ipv4_key);
+        dns_resource_key_unref(m->llmnr_host_ipv6_key);
+
+        sd_event_source_unref(m->hostname_event_source);
+        safe_close(m->hostname_fd);
+        free(m->llmnr_hostname);
+        free(m->mdns_hostname);
+
+        dns_trust_anchor_flush(&m->trust_anchor);
+        manager_etc_hosts_flush(m);
+
+        free(m);
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+int manager_recv(Manager *m, int fd, DnsProtocol protocol, DnsPacket **ret) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
+        union {
+                struct cmsghdr header; /* For alignment */
+                uint8_t buffer[CMSG_SPACE(MAXSIZE(struct in_pktinfo, struct in6_pktinfo))
+                               + CMSG_SPACE(int) /* ttl/hoplimit */
+                               + EXTRA_CMSG_SPACE /* kernel appears to require extra buffer space */];
+        } control;
+        union sockaddr_union sa;
+        struct msghdr mh = {};
+        struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
+        struct iovec iov;
+        ssize_t ms, l;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        ms = next_datagram_size_fd(fd);
+        if (ms < 0)
+                return ms;
+
+        r = dns_packet_new(&p, protocol, ms);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        iov.iov_base = DNS_PACKET_DATA(p);
+        iov.iov_len = p->allocated;
+
+        mh.msg_name = &sa.sa;
+        mh.msg_namelen = sizeof(sa);
+        mh.msg_iov = &iov;
+        mh.msg_iovlen = 1;
+        mh.msg_control = &control;
+        mh.msg_controllen = sizeof(control);
+
+        l = recvmsg(fd, &mh, 0);
+        if (l == 0)
+                return 0;
+        if (l < 0) {
+                if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        assert(!(mh.msg_flags & MSG_CTRUNC));
+        assert(!(mh.msg_flags & MSG_TRUNC));
+
+        p->size = (size_t) l;
+
+        p->family = sa.sa.sa_family;
+        p->ipproto = IPPROTO_UDP;
+        if (p->family == AF_INET) {
+                p->sender.in = sa.in.sin_addr;
+                p->sender_port = be16toh(sa.in.sin_port);
+        } else if (p->family == AF_INET6) {
+                p->sender.in6 = sa.in6.sin6_addr;
+                p->sender_port = be16toh(sa.in6.sin6_port);
+                p->ifindex = sa.in6.sin6_scope_id;
+        } else
+                return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+
+        CMSG_FOREACH(cmsg, &mh) {
+
+                if (cmsg->cmsg_level == IPPROTO_IPV6) {
+                        assert(p->family == AF_INET6);
+
+                        switch (cmsg->cmsg_type) {
+
+                        case IPV6_PKTINFO: {
+                                struct in6_pktinfo *i = (struct in6_pktinfo*) CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
+
+                                if (p->ifindex <= 0)
+                                        p->ifindex = i->ipi6_ifindex;
+
+                                p->destination.in6 = i->ipi6_addr;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        case IPV6_HOPLIMIT:
+                                p->ttl = *(int *) CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
+                                break;
+
+                        }
+                } else if (cmsg->cmsg_level == IPPROTO_IP) {
+                        assert(p->family == AF_INET);
+
+                        switch (cmsg->cmsg_type) {
+
+                        case IP_PKTINFO: {
+                                struct in_pktinfo *i = (struct in_pktinfo*) CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
+
+                                if (p->ifindex <= 0)
+                                        p->ifindex = i->ipi_ifindex;
+
+                                p->destination.in = i->ipi_addr;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        case IP_TTL:
+                                p->ttl = *(int *) CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* The Linux kernel sets the interface index to the loopback
+         * device if the packet came from the local host since it
+         * avoids the routing table in such a case. Let's unset the
+         * interface index in such a case. */
+        if (p->ifindex == LOOPBACK_IFINDEX)
+                p->ifindex = 0;
+
+        if (protocol != DNS_PROTOCOL_DNS) {
+                /* If we don't know the interface index still, we look for the
+                 * first local interface with a matching address. Yuck! */
+                if (p->ifindex <= 0)
+                        p->ifindex = manager_find_ifindex(m, p->family, &p->destination);
+        }
+
+        *ret = p;
+        p = NULL;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int sendmsg_loop(int fd, struct msghdr *mh, int flags) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(mh);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                if (sendmsg(fd, mh, flags) >= 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                if (errno == EINTR)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (errno != EAGAIN)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                r = fd_wait_for_event(fd, POLLOUT, SEND_TIMEOUT_USEC);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return -ETIMEDOUT;
+        }
+}
+
+static int write_loop(int fd, void *message, size_t length) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(message);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                if (write(fd, message, length) >= 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                if (errno == EINTR)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (errno != EAGAIN)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                r = fd_wait_for_event(fd, POLLOUT, SEND_TIMEOUT_USEC);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return -ETIMEDOUT;
+        }
+}
+
+int manager_write(Manager *m, int fd, DnsPacket *p) {
+        int r;
+
+        log_debug("Sending %s packet with id %" PRIu16 ".", DNS_PACKET_QR(p) ? "response" : "query", DNS_PACKET_ID(p));
+
+        r = write_loop(fd, DNS_PACKET_DATA(p), p->size);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_ipv4_send(
+                Manager *m,
+                int fd,
+                int ifindex,
+                const struct in_addr *destination,
+                uint16_t port,
+                const struct in_addr *source,
+                DnsPacket *p) {
+        union sockaddr_union sa = {
+                .in.sin_family = AF_INET,
+        };
+        union {
+                struct cmsghdr header; /* For alignment */
+                uint8_t buffer[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(struct in_pktinfo))];
+        } control;
+        struct msghdr mh = {};
+        struct iovec iov;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(destination);
+        assert(port > 0);
+        assert(p);
+
+        iov.iov_base = DNS_PACKET_DATA(p);
+        iov.iov_len = p->size;
+
+        sa.in.sin_addr = *destination;
+        sa.in.sin_port = htobe16(port),
+
+        mh.msg_iov = &iov;
+        mh.msg_iovlen = 1;
+        mh.msg_name = &sa.sa;
+        mh.msg_namelen = sizeof(sa.in);
+
+        if (ifindex > 0) {
+                struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
+                struct in_pktinfo *pi;
+
+                zero(control);
+
+                mh.msg_control = &control;
+                mh.msg_controllen = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct in_pktinfo));
+
+                cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&mh);
+                cmsg->cmsg_len = mh.msg_controllen;
+                cmsg->cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IP;
+                cmsg->cmsg_type = IP_PKTINFO;
+
+                pi = (struct in_pktinfo*) CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
+                pi->ipi_ifindex = ifindex;
+
+                if (source)
+                        pi->ipi_spec_dst = *source;
+        }
+
+        return sendmsg_loop(fd, &mh, 0);
+}
+
+static int manager_ipv6_send(
+                Manager *m,
+                int fd,
+                int ifindex,
+                const struct in6_addr *destination,
+                uint16_t port,
+                const struct in6_addr *source,
+                DnsPacket *p) {
+
+        union sockaddr_union sa = {
+                .in6.sin6_family = AF_INET6,
+        };
+        union {
+                struct cmsghdr header; /* For alignment */
+                uint8_t buffer[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(struct in6_pktinfo))];
+        } control;
+        struct msghdr mh = {};
+        struct iovec iov;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(destination);
+        assert(port > 0);
+        assert(p);
+
+        iov.iov_base = DNS_PACKET_DATA(p);
+        iov.iov_len = p->size;
+
+        sa.in6.sin6_addr = *destination;
+        sa.in6.sin6_port = htobe16(port),
+        sa.in6.sin6_scope_id = ifindex;
+
+        mh.msg_iov = &iov;
+        mh.msg_iovlen = 1;
+        mh.msg_name = &sa.sa;
+        mh.msg_namelen = sizeof(sa.in6);
+
+        if (ifindex > 0) {
+                struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
+                struct in6_pktinfo *pi;
+
+                zero(control);
+
+                mh.msg_control = &control;
+                mh.msg_controllen = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct in6_pktinfo));
+
+                cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&mh);
+                cmsg->cmsg_len = mh.msg_controllen;
+                cmsg->cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IPV6;
+                cmsg->cmsg_type = IPV6_PKTINFO;
+
+                pi = (struct in6_pktinfo*) CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
+                pi->ipi6_ifindex = ifindex;
+
+                if (source)
+                        pi->ipi6_addr = *source;
+        }
+
+        return sendmsg_loop(fd, &mh, 0);
+}
+
+int manager_send(
+                Manager *m,
+                int fd,
+                int ifindex,
+                int family,
+                const union in_addr_union *destination,
+                uint16_t port,
+                const union in_addr_union *source,
+                DnsPacket *p) {
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(destination);
+        assert(port > 0);
+        assert(p);
+
+        log_debug("Sending %s packet with id %" PRIu16 " on interface %i/%s.", DNS_PACKET_QR(p) ? "response" : "query", DNS_PACKET_ID(p), ifindex, af_to_name(family));
+
+        if (family == AF_INET)
+                return manager_ipv4_send(m, fd, ifindex, &destination->in, port, &source->in, p);
+        if (family == AF_INET6)
+                return manager_ipv6_send(m, fd, ifindex, &destination->in6, port, &source->in6, p);
+
+        return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+}
+
+uint32_t manager_find_mtu(Manager *m) {
+        uint32_t mtu = 0;
+        Link *l;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        /* If we don't know on which link a DNS packet would be
+         * delivered, let's find the largest MTU that works on all
+         * interfaces we know of */
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(l, m->links, i) {
+                if (l->mtu <= 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (mtu <= 0 || l->mtu < mtu)
+                        mtu = l->mtu;
+        }
+
+        return mtu;
+}
+
+int manager_find_ifindex(Manager *m, int family, const union in_addr_union *in_addr) {
+        LinkAddress *a;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        a = manager_find_link_address(m, family, in_addr);
+        if (a)
+                return a->link->ifindex;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void manager_refresh_rrs(Manager *m) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Link *l;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->llmnr_host_ipv4_key = dns_resource_key_unref(m->llmnr_host_ipv4_key);
+        m->llmnr_host_ipv6_key = dns_resource_key_unref(m->llmnr_host_ipv6_key);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(l, m->links, i) {
+                link_add_rrs(l, true);
+                link_add_rrs(l, false);
+        }
+}
+
+int manager_next_hostname(Manager *m) {
+        const char *p;
+        uint64_t u, a;
+        char *h, *k;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        p = strchr(m->llmnr_hostname, 0);
+        assert(p);
+
+        while (p > m->llmnr_hostname) {
+                if (!strchr("0123456789", p[-1]))
+                        break;
+
+                p--;
+        }
+
+        if (*p == 0 || safe_atou64(p, &u) < 0 || u <= 0)
+                u = 1;
+
+        /* Add a random number to the old value. This way we can avoid
+         * that two hosts pick the same hostname, win on IPv4 and lose
+         * on IPv6 (or vice versa), and pick the same hostname
+         * replacement hostname, ad infinitum. We still want the
+         * numbers to go up monotonically, hence we just add a random
+         * value 1..10 */
+
+        random_bytes(&a, sizeof(a));
+        u += 1 + a % 10;
+
+        if (asprintf(&h, "%.*s%" PRIu64, (int) (p - m->llmnr_hostname), m->llmnr_hostname, u) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = dns_name_concat(h, "local", &k);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                free(h);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        log_info("Hostname conflict, changing published hostname from '%s' to '%s'.", m->llmnr_hostname, h);
+
+        free(m->llmnr_hostname);
+        m->llmnr_hostname = h;
+
+        free(m->mdns_hostname);
+        m->mdns_hostname = k;
+
+        manager_refresh_rrs(m);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+LinkAddress* manager_find_link_address(Manager *m, int family, const union in_addr_union *in_addr) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Link *l;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(l, m->links, i) {
+                LinkAddress *a;
+
+                a = link_find_address(l, family, in_addr);
+                if (a)
+                        return a;
+        }
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+bool manager_our_packet(Manager *m, DnsPacket *p) {
+        assert(m);
+        assert(p);
+
+        return !!manager_find_link_address(m, p->family, &p->sender);
+}
+
+DnsScope* manager_find_scope(Manager *m, DnsPacket *p) {
+        Link *l;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(p);
+
+        l = hashmap_get(m->links, INT_TO_PTR(p->ifindex));
+        if (!l)
+                return NULL;
+
+        switch (p->protocol) {
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_LLMNR:
+                if (p->family == AF_INET)
+                        return l->llmnr_ipv4_scope;
+                else if (p->family == AF_INET6)
+                        return l->llmnr_ipv6_scope;
+
+                break;
+
+        case DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS:
+                if (p->family == AF_INET)
+                        return l->mdns_ipv4_scope;
+                else if (p->family == AF_INET6)
+                        return l->mdns_ipv6_scope;
+
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+void manager_verify_all(Manager *m) {
+        DnsScope *s;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(scopes, s, m->dns_scopes)
+                dns_zone_verify_all(&s->zone);
+}
+
+int manager_is_own_hostname(Manager *m, const char *name) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (m->llmnr_hostname) {
+                r = dns_name_equal(name, m->llmnr_hostname);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (m->mdns_hostname)
+                return dns_name_equal(name, m->mdns_hostname);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_compile_dns_servers(Manager *m, OrderedSet **dns) {
+        DnsServer *s;
+        Iterator i;
+        Link *l;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(dns);
+
+        r = ordered_set_ensure_allocated(dns, &dns_server_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* First add the system-wide servers and domains */
+        LIST_FOREACH(servers, s, m->dns_servers) {
+                r = ordered_set_put(*dns, s);
+                if (r == -EEXIST)
+                        continue;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Then, add the per-link servers */
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(l, m->links, i) {
+                LIST_FOREACH(servers, s, l->dns_servers) {
+                        r = ordered_set_put(*dns, s);
+                        if (r == -EEXIST)
+                                continue;
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* If we found nothing, add the fallback servers */
+        if (ordered_set_isempty(*dns)) {
+                LIST_FOREACH(servers, s, m->fallback_dns_servers) {
+                        r = ordered_set_put(*dns, s);
+                        if (r == -EEXIST)
+                                continue;
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/* filter_route is a tri-state:
+ *   < 0: no filtering
+ *   = 0 or false: return only domains which should be used for searching
+ *   > 0 or true: return only domains which are for routing only
+ */
+int manager_compile_search_domains(Manager *m, OrderedSet **domains, int filter_route) {
+        DnsSearchDomain *d;
+        Iterator i;
+        Link *l;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(domains);
+
+        r = ordered_set_ensure_allocated(domains, &dns_name_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(domains, d, m->search_domains) {
+
+                if (filter_route >= 0 &&
+                    d->route_only != !!filter_route)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = ordered_set_put(*domains, d->name);
+                if (r == -EEXIST)
+                        continue;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(l, m->links, i) {
+
+                LIST_FOREACH(domains, d, l->search_domains) {
+
+                        if (filter_route >= 0 &&
+                            d->route_only != !!filter_route)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = ordered_set_put(*domains, d->name);
+                        if (r == -EEXIST)
+                                continue;
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DnssecMode manager_get_dnssec_mode(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->dnssec_mode != _DNSSEC_MODE_INVALID)
+                return m->dnssec_mode;
+
+        return DNSSEC_NO;
+}
+
+bool manager_dnssec_supported(Manager *m) {
+        DnsServer *server;
+        Iterator i;
+        Link *l;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (manager_get_dnssec_mode(m) == DNSSEC_NO)
+                return false;
+
+        server = manager_get_dns_server(m);
+        if (server && !dns_server_dnssec_supported(server))
+                return false;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(l, m->links, i)
+                if (!link_dnssec_supported(l))
+                        return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+void manager_dnssec_verdict(Manager *m, DnssecVerdict verdict, const DnsResourceKey *key) {
+
+        assert(verdict >= 0);
+        assert(verdict < _DNSSEC_VERDICT_MAX);
+
+        if (log_get_max_level() >= LOG_DEBUG) {
+                char s[DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_STRING_MAX];
+
+                log_debug("Found verdict for lookup %s: %s",
+                          dns_resource_key_to_string(key, s, sizeof s),
+                          dnssec_verdict_to_string(verdict));
+        }
+
+        m->n_dnssec_verdict[verdict]++;
+}
+
+bool manager_routable(Manager *m, int family) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Link *l;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Returns true if the host has at least one interface with a routable address of the specified type */
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(l, m->links, i)
+                if (link_relevant(l, family, false))
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+void manager_flush_caches(Manager *m) {
+        DnsScope *scope;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(scopes, scope, m->dns_scopes)
+                dns_cache_flush(&scope->cache);
+
+        log_info("Flushed all caches.");
+}
+
+void manager_cleanup_saved_user(Manager *m) {
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
+        struct dirent *de;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Clean up all saved per-link files in /run/systemd/resolve/netif/ that don't have a matching interface
+         * anymore. These files are created to persist settings pushed in by the user via the bus, so that resolved can
+         * be restarted without losing this data. */
+
+        d = opendir("/run/systemd/resolve/netif/");
+        if (!d) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return;
+
+                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open interface directory: %m");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_DIRENT_ALL(de, d, log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read interface directory: %m")) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+                int ifindex;
+                Link *l;
+
+                if (!IN_SET(de->d_type, DT_UNKNOWN, DT_REG))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (STR_IN_SET(de->d_name, ".", ".."))
+                        continue;
+
+                r = parse_ifindex(de->d_name, &ifindex);
+                if (r < 0) /* Probably some temporary file from a previous run. Delete it */
+                        goto rm;
+
+                l = hashmap_get(m->links, INT_TO_PTR(ifindex));
+                if (!l) /* link vanished */
+                        goto rm;
+
+                if (l->is_managed) /* now managed by networkd, hence the bus settings are useless */
+                        goto rm;
+
+                continue;
+
+        rm:
+                p = strappend("/run/systemd/resolve/netif/", de->d_name);
+                if (!p) {
+                        log_oom();
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                (void) unlink(p);
+        }
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-manager.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-manager.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c5274ce56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-manager.h
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Tom Gundersen <teg@jklm.no>
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-event.h>
+
+#include "basic/hashmap.h"
+#include "basic/list.h"
+#include "basic/ordered-set.h"
+#include "sd-netlink/sd-netlink.h"
+#include "sd-network/sd-network.h"
+#include "shared/resolve-util.h"
+
+typedef struct Manager Manager;
+
+#include "resolved-dns-query.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-search-domain.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-server.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-stream.h"
+#include "resolved-dns-trust-anchor.h"
+#include "resolved-link.h"
+
+#define MANAGER_SEARCH_DOMAINS_MAX 32
+#define MANAGER_DNS_SERVERS_MAX 32
+
+struct Manager {
+        sd_event *event;
+
+        ResolveSupport llmnr_support;
+        ResolveSupport mdns_support;
+        DnssecMode dnssec_mode;
+        bool enable_cache;
+
+        /* Network */
+        Hashmap *links;
+
+        sd_netlink *rtnl;
+        sd_event_source *rtnl_event_source;
+
+        sd_network_monitor *network_monitor;
+        sd_event_source *network_event_source;
+
+        /* DNS query management */
+        Hashmap *dns_transactions;
+        LIST_HEAD(DnsQuery, dns_queries);
+        unsigned n_dns_queries;
+
+        LIST_HEAD(DnsStream, dns_streams);
+        unsigned n_dns_streams;
+
+        /* Unicast dns */
+        LIST_HEAD(DnsServer, dns_servers);
+        LIST_HEAD(DnsServer, fallback_dns_servers);
+        unsigned n_dns_servers; /* counts both main and fallback */
+        DnsServer *current_dns_server;
+
+        LIST_HEAD(DnsSearchDomain, search_domains);
+        unsigned n_search_domains;
+
+        bool need_builtin_fallbacks:1;
+
+        bool read_resolv_conf:1;
+        usec_t resolv_conf_mtime;
+
+        DnsTrustAnchor trust_anchor;
+
+        LIST_HEAD(DnsScope, dns_scopes);
+        DnsScope *unicast_scope;
+
+        /* LLMNR */
+        int llmnr_ipv4_udp_fd;
+        int llmnr_ipv6_udp_fd;
+        int llmnr_ipv4_tcp_fd;
+        int llmnr_ipv6_tcp_fd;
+
+        sd_event_source *llmnr_ipv4_udp_event_source;
+        sd_event_source *llmnr_ipv6_udp_event_source;
+        sd_event_source *llmnr_ipv4_tcp_event_source;
+        sd_event_source *llmnr_ipv6_tcp_event_source;
+
+        /* mDNS */
+        int mdns_ipv4_fd;
+        int mdns_ipv6_fd;
+
+        sd_event_source *mdns_ipv4_event_source;
+        sd_event_source *mdns_ipv6_event_source;
+
+        /* dbus */
+        sd_bus *bus;
+        sd_event_source *bus_retry_event_source;
+
+        /* The hostname we publish on LLMNR and mDNS */
+        char *llmnr_hostname;
+        char *mdns_hostname;
+        DnsResourceKey *llmnr_host_ipv4_key;
+        DnsResourceKey *llmnr_host_ipv6_key;
+
+        /* Watch the system hostname */
+        int hostname_fd;
+        sd_event_source *hostname_event_source;
+
+        /* Watch for system suspends */
+        sd_bus_slot *prepare_for_sleep_slot;
+
+        sd_event_source *sigusr1_event_source;
+        sd_event_source *sigusr2_event_source;
+
+        unsigned n_transactions_total;
+        unsigned n_dnssec_verdict[_DNSSEC_VERDICT_MAX];
+
+        /* Data from /etc/hosts */
+        Set* etc_hosts_by_address;
+        Hashmap* etc_hosts_by_name;
+        usec_t etc_hosts_last, etc_hosts_mtime;
+
+        /* Local DNS stub on 127.0.0.53:53 */
+        int dns_stub_udp_fd;
+        int dns_stub_tcp_fd;
+
+        sd_event_source *dns_stub_udp_event_source;
+        sd_event_source *dns_stub_tcp_event_source;
+};
+
+/* Manager */
+
+int manager_new(Manager **ret);
+Manager* manager_free(Manager *m);
+
+int manager_start(Manager *m);
+
+uint32_t manager_find_mtu(Manager *m);
+
+int manager_write(Manager *m, int fd, DnsPacket *p);
+int manager_send(Manager *m, int fd, int ifindex, int family, const union in_addr_union *destination, uint16_t port, const union in_addr_union *source, DnsPacket *p);
+int manager_recv(Manager *m, int fd, DnsProtocol protocol, DnsPacket **ret);
+
+int manager_find_ifindex(Manager *m, int family, const union in_addr_union *in_addr);
+LinkAddress* manager_find_link_address(Manager *m, int family, const union in_addr_union *in_addr);
+
+void manager_refresh_rrs(Manager *m);
+int manager_next_hostname(Manager *m);
+
+bool manager_our_packet(Manager *m, DnsPacket *p);
+DnsScope* manager_find_scope(Manager *m, DnsPacket *p);
+
+void manager_verify_all(Manager *m);
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(Manager*, manager_free);
+
+#define EXTRA_CMSG_SPACE 1024
+
+int manager_is_own_hostname(Manager *m, const char *name);
+
+int manager_compile_dns_servers(Manager *m, OrderedSet **servers);
+int manager_compile_search_domains(Manager *m, OrderedSet **domains, int filter_route);
+
+DnssecMode manager_get_dnssec_mode(Manager *m);
+bool manager_dnssec_supported(Manager *m);
+
+void manager_dnssec_verdict(Manager *m, DnssecVerdict verdict, const DnsResourceKey *key);
+
+bool manager_routable(Manager *m, int family);
+
+void manager_flush_caches(Manager *m);
+
+void manager_cleanup_saved_user(Manager *m);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-mdns.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-mdns.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c78f7bda5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-mdns.c
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2015 Daniel Mack
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ***/
+
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <resolv.h>
+
+#include "basic/fd-util.h"
+
+#include "resolved-manager.h"
+#include "resolved-mdns.h"
+
+void manager_mdns_stop(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->mdns_ipv4_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->mdns_ipv4_event_source);
+        m->mdns_ipv4_fd = safe_close(m->mdns_ipv4_fd);
+
+        m->mdns_ipv6_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->mdns_ipv6_event_source);
+        m->mdns_ipv6_fd = safe_close(m->mdns_ipv6_fd);
+}
+
+int manager_mdns_start(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->mdns_support == RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = manager_mdns_ipv4_fd(m);
+        if (r == -EADDRINUSE)
+                goto eaddrinuse;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (socket_ipv6_is_supported()) {
+                r = manager_mdns_ipv6_fd(m);
+                if (r == -EADDRINUSE)
+                        goto eaddrinuse;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+eaddrinuse:
+        log_warning("There appears to be another mDNS responder running. Turning off mDNS support.");
+        m->mdns_support = RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO;
+        manager_mdns_stop(m);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int on_mdns_packet(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(dns_packet_unrefp) DnsPacket *p = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        DnsScope *scope;
+        int r;
+
+        r = manager_recv(m, fd, DNS_PROTOCOL_MDNS, &p);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        scope = manager_find_scope(m, p);
+        if (!scope) {
+                log_warning("Got mDNS UDP packet on unknown scope. Ignoring.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (dns_packet_validate_reply(p) > 0) {
+                DnsResourceRecord *rr;
+
+                log_debug("Got mDNS reply packet");
+
+                /*
+                 * mDNS is different from regular DNS and LLMNR with regard to handling responses.
+                 * While on other protocols, we can ignore every answer that doesn't match a question
+                 * we broadcast earlier, RFC6762, section 18.1 recommends looking at and caching all
+                 * incoming information, regardless of the DNS packet ID.
+                 *
+                 * Hence, extract the packet here, and try to find a transaction for answer the we got
+                 * and complete it. Also store the new information in scope's cache.
+                 */
+                r = dns_packet_extract(p);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_debug("mDNS packet extraction failed.");
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                dns_scope_check_conflicts(scope, p);
+
+                DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, p->answer) {
+                        const char *name = dns_resource_key_name(rr->key);
+                        DnsTransaction *t;
+
+                        /* If the received reply packet contains ANY record that is not .local or .in-addr.arpa,
+                         * we assume someone's playing tricks on us and discard the packet completely. */
+                        if (!(dns_name_endswith(name, "in-addr.arpa") > 0 ||
+                              dns_name_endswith(name, "local") > 0))
+                                return 0;
+
+                        t = dns_scope_find_transaction(scope, rr->key, false);
+                        if (t)
+                                dns_transaction_process_reply(t, p);
+                }
+
+                dns_cache_put(&scope->cache, NULL, DNS_PACKET_RCODE(p), p->answer, false, (uint32_t) -1, 0, p->family, &p->sender);
+
+        } else if (dns_packet_validate_query(p) > 0)  {
+                log_debug("Got mDNS query packet for id %u", DNS_PACKET_ID(p));
+
+                dns_scope_process_query(scope, NULL, p);
+        } else
+                log_debug("Invalid mDNS UDP packet.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_mdns_ipv4_fd(Manager *m) {
+        union sockaddr_union sa = {
+                .in.sin_family = AF_INET,
+                .in.sin_port = htobe16(MDNS_PORT),
+        };
+        static const int one = 1, pmtu = IP_PMTUDISC_DONT, ttl = 255;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->mdns_ipv4_fd >= 0)
+                return m->mdns_ipv4_fd;
+
+        m->mdns_ipv4_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+        if (m->mdns_ipv4_fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->mdns_ipv4_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, &ttl, sizeof(ttl));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->mdns_ipv4_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_TTL, &ttl, sizeof(ttl));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->mdns_ipv4_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->mdns_ipv4_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->mdns_ipv4_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_PKTINFO, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->mdns_ipv4_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_RECVTTL, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* Disable Don't-Fragment bit in the IP header */
+        r = setsockopt(m->mdns_ipv4_fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MTU_DISCOVER, &pmtu, sizeof(pmtu));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = bind(m->mdns_ipv4_fd, &sa.sa, sizeof(sa.in));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->mdns_ipv4_event_source, m->mdns_ipv4_fd, EPOLLIN, on_mdns_packet, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return m->mdns_ipv4_fd;
+
+fail:
+        m->mdns_ipv4_fd = safe_close(m->mdns_ipv4_fd);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int manager_mdns_ipv6_fd(Manager *m) {
+        union sockaddr_union sa = {
+                .in6.sin6_family = AF_INET6,
+                .in6.sin6_port = htobe16(MDNS_PORT),
+        };
+        static const int one = 1, ttl = 255;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->mdns_ipv6_fd >= 0)
+                return m->mdns_ipv6_fd;
+
+        m->mdns_ipv6_fd = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+        if (m->mdns_ipv6_fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->mdns_ipv6_fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS, &ttl, sizeof(ttl));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* RFC 4795, section 2.5 recommends setting the TTL of UDP packets to 255. */
+        r = setsockopt(m->mdns_ipv6_fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS, &ttl, sizeof(ttl));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->mdns_ipv6_fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->mdns_ipv6_fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_V6ONLY, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->mdns_ipv6_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->mdns_ipv6_fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVPKTINFO, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->mdns_ipv6_fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = bind(m->mdns_ipv6_fd, &sa.sa, sizeof(sa.in6));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->mdns_ipv6_event_source, m->mdns_ipv6_fd, EPOLLIN, on_mdns_packet, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return m->mdns_ipv6_fd;
+
+fail:
+        m->mdns_ipv6_fd = safe_close(m->mdns_ipv6_fd);
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-mdns.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-mdns.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d274648f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-mdns.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2015 Daniel Mack
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "resolved-manager.h"
+
+#define MDNS_PORT 5353
+
+int manager_mdns_ipv4_fd(Manager *m);
+int manager_mdns_ipv6_fd(Manager *m);
+
+void manager_mdns_stop(Manager *m);
+int manager_mdns_start(Manager *m);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-resolv-conf.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-resolv-conf.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d6b4203bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-resolv-conf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Tom Gundersen <teg@jklm.no>
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ***/
+
+#include <resolv.h>
+
+#include "basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "basic/fd-util.h"
+#include "basic/fileio-label.h"
+#include "basic/fileio.h"
+#include "basic/ordered-set.h"
+#include "basic/string-util.h"
+#include "basic/strv.h"
+#include "shared/dns-domain.h"
+
+#include "resolved-conf.h"
+#include "resolved-resolv-conf.h"
+
+int manager_read_resolv_conf(Manager *m) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        struct stat st, own;
+        char line[LINE_MAX];
+        usec_t t;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Reads the system /etc/resolv.conf, if it exists and is not
+         * symlinked to our own resolv.conf instance */
+
+        if (!m->read_resolv_conf)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = stat("/etc/resolv.conf", &st);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                r = log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to stat /etc/resolv.conf: %m");
+                goto clear;
+        }
+
+        /* Have we already seen the file? */
+        t = timespec_load(&st.st_mtim);
+        if (t == m->resolv_conf_mtime)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Is it symlinked to our own file? */
+        if (stat("/run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf", &own) >= 0 &&
+            st.st_dev == own.st_dev &&
+            st.st_ino == own.st_ino)
+                return 0;
+
+        f = fopen("/etc/resolv.conf", "re");
+        if (!f) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                r = log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open /etc/resolv.conf: %m");
+                goto clear;
+        }
+
+        if (fstat(fileno(f), &st) < 0) {
+                r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to stat open file: %m");
+                goto clear;
+        }
+
+        dns_server_mark_all(m->dns_servers);
+        dns_search_domain_mark_all(m->search_domains);
+
+        FOREACH_LINE(line, f, r = -errno; goto clear) {
+                const char *a;
+                char *l;
+
+                l = strstrip(line);
+                if (*l == '#' || *l == ';')
+                        continue;
+
+                a = first_word(l, "nameserver");
+                if (a) {
+                        r = manager_parse_dns_server_string_and_warn(m, DNS_SERVER_SYSTEM, a);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse DNS server address '%s', ignoring.", a);
+
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                a = first_word(l, "domain");
+                if (!a) /* We treat "domain" lines, and "search" lines as equivalent, and add both to our list. */
+                        a = first_word(l, "search");
+                if (a) {
+                        r = manager_parse_search_domains_and_warn(m, a);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse search domain string '%s', ignoring.", a);
+                }
+        }
+
+        m->resolv_conf_mtime = t;
+
+        /* Flush out all servers and search domains that are still
+         * marked. Those are then ones that didn't appear in the new
+         * /etc/resolv.conf */
+        dns_server_unlink_marked(m->dns_servers);
+        dns_search_domain_unlink_marked(m->search_domains);
+
+        /* Whenever /etc/resolv.conf changes, start using the first
+         * DNS server of it. This is useful to deal with broken
+         * network managing implementations (like NetworkManager),
+         * that when connecting to a VPN place both the VPN DNS
+         * servers and the local ones in /etc/resolv.conf. Without
+         * resetting the DNS server to use back to the first entry we
+         * will continue to use the local one thus being unable to
+         * resolve VPN domains. */
+        manager_set_dns_server(m, m->dns_servers);
+
+        /* Unconditionally flush the cache when /etc/resolv.conf is
+         * modified, even if the data it contained was completely
+         * identical to the previous version we used. We do this
+         * because altering /etc/resolv.conf is typically done when
+         * the network configuration changes, and that should be
+         * enough to flush the global unicast DNS cache. */
+        if (m->unicast_scope)
+                dns_cache_flush(&m->unicast_scope->cache);
+
+        return 0;
+
+clear:
+        dns_server_unlink_all(m->dns_servers);
+        dns_search_domain_unlink_all(m->search_domains);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void write_resolv_conf_server(DnsServer *s, FILE *f, unsigned *count) {
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(count);
+
+        if (!dns_server_string(s)) {
+                log_warning("Our of memory, or invalid DNS address. Ignoring server.");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (*count == MAXNS)
+                fputs("# Too many DNS servers configured, the following entries may be ignored.\n", f);
+        (*count)++;
+
+        fprintf(f, "nameserver %s\n", dns_server_string(s));
+}
+
+static void write_resolv_conf_search(
+                OrderedSet *domains,
+                FILE *f) {
+        unsigned length = 0, count = 0;
+        Iterator i;
+        char *domain;
+
+        assert(domains);
+        assert(f);
+
+        fputs("search", f);
+
+        ORDERED_SET_FOREACH(domain, domains, i) {
+                if (++count > MAXDNSRCH) {
+                        fputs("\n# Too many search domains configured, remaining ones ignored.", f);
+                        break;
+                }
+                length += strlen(domain) + 1;
+                if (length > 256) {
+                        fputs("\n# Total length of all search domains is too long, remaining ones ignored.", f);
+                        break;
+                }
+                fputc(' ', f);
+                fputs(domain, f);
+        }
+
+        fputs("\n", f);
+}
+
+static int write_resolv_conf_contents(FILE *f, OrderedSet *dns, OrderedSet *domains) {
+        Iterator i;
+
+        fputs("# This file is managed by systemd-resolved(8). Do not edit.\n#\n"
+              "# This is a dynamic resolv.conf file for connecting local clients directly to\n"
+              "# all known DNS servers.\n#\n"
+              "# Third party programs must not access this file directly, but only through the\n"
+              "# symlink at /etc/resolv.conf. To manage resolv.conf(5) in a different way,\n"
+              "# replace this symlink by a static file or a different symlink.\n#\n"
+              "# See systemd-resolved.service(8) for details about the supported modes of\n"
+              "# operation for /etc/resolv.conf.\n\n", f);
+
+        if (ordered_set_isempty(dns))
+                fputs("# No DNS servers known.\n", f);
+        else {
+                unsigned count = 0;
+                DnsServer *s;
+
+                ORDERED_SET_FOREACH(s, dns, i)
+                        write_resolv_conf_server(s, f, &count);
+        }
+
+        if (!ordered_set_isempty(domains))
+                write_resolv_conf_search(domains, f);
+
+        return fflush_and_check(f);
+}
+
+int manager_write_resolv_conf(Manager *m) {
+
+        _cleanup_ordered_set_free_ OrderedSet *dns = NULL, *domains = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *temp_path = NULL;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Read the system /etc/resolv.conf first */
+        (void) manager_read_resolv_conf(m);
+
+        /* Add the full list to a set, to filter out duplicates */
+        r = manager_compile_dns_servers(m, &dns);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to compile list of DNS servers: %m");
+
+        r = manager_compile_search_domains(m, &domains, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to compile list of search domains: %m");
+
+        r = fopen_temporary_label(PRIVATE_RESOLV_CONF, PRIVATE_RESOLV_CONF, &f, &temp_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to open private resolv.conf file for writing: %m");
+
+        (void) fchmod(fileno(f), 0644);
+
+        r = write_resolv_conf_contents(f, dns, domains);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write private resolv.conf contents: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (rename(temp_path, PRIVATE_RESOLV_CONF) < 0) {
+                r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to move private resolv.conf file into place: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        (void) unlink(PRIVATE_RESOLV_CONF);
+        (void) unlink(temp_path);
+
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-resolv-conf.h b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-resolv-conf.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75fa080e4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved-resolv-conf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Tom Gundersen <teg@jklm.no>
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "resolved-manager.h"
+
+#define PRIVATE_RESOLV_CONF "/run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf"
+
+int manager_read_resolv_conf(Manager *m);
+int manager_write_resolv_conf(Manager *m);
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved.c b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39fa423eeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved.c
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Tom Gundersen <teg@jklm.no>
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-daemon.h>
+#include <systemd/sd-event.h>
+
+#include "basic/capability-util.h"
+#include "basic/mkdir.h"
+#include "basic/selinux-util.h"
+#include "basic/signal-util.h"
+#include "basic/user-util.h"
+
+#include "resolved-conf.h"
+#include "resolved-manager.h"
+#include "resolved-resolv-conf.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        _cleanup_(manager_freep) Manager *m = NULL;
+        const char *user = "systemd-resolve";
+        uid_t uid;
+        gid_t gid;
+        int r;
+
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        if (argc != 1) {
+                log_error("This program takes no arguments.");
+                r = -EINVAL;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_init();
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "SELinux setup failed: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = get_user_creds(&user, &uid, &gid, NULL, NULL);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Cannot resolve user name %s: %m", user);
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        /* Always create the directory where resolv.conf will live */
+        r = mkdir_safe_label("/run/systemd/resolve", 0755, uid, gid);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Could not create runtime directory: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        /* Drop privileges, but keep three caps. Note that we drop those too, later on (see below) */
+        r = drop_privileges(uid, gid,
+                            (UINT64_C(1) << CAP_NET_RAW)|          /* needed for SO_BINDTODEVICE */
+                            (UINT64_C(1) << CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE)| /* needed to bind on port 53 */
+                            (UINT64_C(1) << CAP_SETPCAP)           /* needed in order to drop the caps later */);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        assert_se(sigprocmask_many(SIG_BLOCK, NULL, SIGTERM, SIGINT, SIGUSR1, SIGUSR2, -1) >= 0);
+
+        r = manager_new(&m);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Could not create manager: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = manager_start(m);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to start manager: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        /* Write finish default resolv.conf to avoid a dangling symlink */
+        (void) manager_write_resolv_conf(m);
+
+        /* Let's drop the remaining caps now */
+        r = capability_bounding_set_drop(0, true);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to drop remaining caps: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        sd_notify(false,
+                  "READY=1\n"
+                  "STATUS=Processing requests...");
+
+        r = sd_event_loop(m->event);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Event loop failed: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        sd_event_get_exit_code(m->event, &r);
+
+finish:
+        sd_notify(false,
+                  "STOPPING=1\n"
+                  "STATUS=Shutting down...");
+
+        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved.conf.in b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved.conf.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3bd8389c88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved.conf.in
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# Entries in this file show the compile time defaults.
+# You can change settings by editing this file.
+# Defaults can be restored by simply deleting this file.
+#
+# See resolved.conf(5) for details
+
+[Resolve]
+#DNS=
+#FallbackDNS=@DNS_SERVERS@
+#Domains=
+#LLMNR=yes
+#DNSSEC=@DEFAULT_DNSSEC_MODE@
+#Cache=yes
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved.conf.xml b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved.conf.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7556c6ff31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/resolved.conf.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*- Mode: nxml; nxml-child-indent: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
+
+<!--
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Tom Gundersen
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+-->
+
+<refentry id="resolved.conf" conditional='ENABLE_RESOLVED'
+    xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <title>resolved.conf</title>
+    <productname>systemd</productname>
+
+    <authorgroup>
+      <author>
+        <contrib>Developer</contrib>
+        <firstname>Tom</firstname>
+        <surname>Gundersen</surname>
+        <email>teg@jklm.no</email>
+      </author>
+    </authorgroup>
+  </refentryinfo>
+
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>resolved.conf</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+  </refmeta>
+
+  <refnamediv>
+    <refname>resolved.conf</refname>
+    <refname>resolved.conf.d</refname>
+    <refpurpose>Network Name Resolution configuration files</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv>
+    <para><filename>/etc/systemd/resolved.conf</filename></para>
+    <para><filename>/etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/*.conf</filename></para>
+    <para><filename>/run/systemd/resolved.conf.d/*.conf</filename></para>
+    <para><filename>/usr/lib/systemd/resolved.conf.d/*.conf</filename></para>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Description</title>
+
+    <para>These configuration files control local DNS and LLMNR
+    name resolution.</para>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <xi:include href="standard-conf.xml" xpointer="main-conf" />
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Options</title>
+
+    <para>The following options are available in the <literal>[Resolve]</literal> section:</para>
+
+    <variablelist class='network-directives'>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>DNS=</varname></term>
+        <listitem><para>A space-separated list of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to use as system DNS servers. DNS requests
+        are sent to one of the listed DNS servers in parallel to suitable per-link DNS servers acquired from
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-networkd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> or
+        set at runtime by external applications.  For compatibility reasons, if this setting is not specified, the DNS
+        servers listed in <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> are used instead, if that file exists and any servers
+        are configured in it. This setting defaults to the empty list.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>FallbackDNS=</varname></term>
+        <listitem><para>A space-separated list of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to use as the fallback DNS servers. Any
+        per-link DNS servers obtained from
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-networkd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+        take precedence over this setting, as do any servers set via <varname>DNS=</varname> above or
+        <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>. This setting is hence only used if no other DNS server information is
+        known. If this option is not given, a compiled-in list of DNS servers is used instead.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>Domains=</varname></term>
+        <listitem><para>A space-separated list of domains. These domains are used as search suffixes when resolving
+        single-label host names (domain names which contain no dot), in order to qualify them into fully-qualified
+        domain names (FQDNs). Search domains are strictly processed in the order they are specified, until the name
+        with the suffix appended is found. For compatibility reasons, if this setting is not specified, the search
+        domains listed in <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> are used instead, if that file exists and any domains
+        are configured in it. This setting defaults to the empty list.</para>
+
+        <para>Specified domain names may optionally be prefixed with <literal>~</literal>. In this case they do not
+        define a search path, but preferably direct DNS queries for the indicated domains to the DNS servers configured
+        with the system <varname>DNS=</varname> setting (see above), in case additional, suitable per-link DNS servers
+        are known. If no per-link DNS servers are known using the <literal>~</literal> syntax has no effect. Use the
+        construct <literal>~.</literal> (which is composed of <literal>~</literal> to indicate a routing domain and
+        <literal>.</literal> to indicate the DNS root domain that is the implied suffix of all DNS domains) to use the
+        system DNS server defined with <varname>DNS=</varname> preferably for all domains.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>LLMNR=</varname></term>
+        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument or
+        <literal>resolve</literal>. Controls Link-Local Multicast Name
+        Resolution support (<ulink
+        url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4795">RFC 4794</ulink>) on
+        the local host. If true, enables full LLMNR responder and
+        resolver support. If false, disables both. If set to
+        <literal>resolve</literal>, only resolution support is enabled,
+        but responding is disabled. Note that
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-networkd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+        also maintains per-link LLMNR settings. LLMNR will be
+        enabled on a link only if the per-link and the
+        global setting is on.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>DNSSEC=</varname></term>
+        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument or
+        <literal>allow-downgrade</literal>. If true all DNS lookups are
+        DNSSEC-validated locally (excluding LLMNR and Multicast
+        DNS). If the response to a lookup request is detected to be invalid
+        a lookup failure is returned to applications. Note that
+        this mode requires a DNS server that supports DNSSEC. If the
+        DNS server does not properly support DNSSEC all validations
+        will fail. If set to <literal>allow-downgrade</literal> DNSSEC
+        validation is attempted, but if the server does not support
+        DNSSEC properly, DNSSEC mode is automatically disabled. Note
+        that this mode makes DNSSEC validation vulnerable to
+        "downgrade" attacks, where an attacker might be able to
+        trigger a downgrade to non-DNSSEC mode by synthesizing a DNS
+        response that suggests DNSSEC was not supported. If set to
+        false, DNS lookups are not DNSSEC validated.</para>
+
+        <para>Note that DNSSEC validation requires retrieval of
+        additional DNS data, and thus results in a small DNS look-up
+        time penalty.</para>
+
+        <para>DNSSEC requires knowledge of "trust anchors" to prove
+        data integrity. The trust anchor for the Internet root domain
+        is built into the resolver, additional trust anchors may be
+        defined with
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dnssec-trust-anchors.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+        Trust anchors may change at regular intervals, and old trust
+        anchors may be revoked. In such a case DNSSEC validation is
+        not possible until new trust anchors are configured locally or
+        the resolver software package is updated with the new root
+        trust anchor. In effect, when the built-in trust anchor is
+        revoked and <varname>DNSSEC=</varname> is true, all further
+        lookups will fail, as it cannot be proved anymore whether
+        lookups are correctly signed, or validly unsigned. If
+        <varname>DNSSEC=</varname> is set to
+        <literal>allow-downgrade</literal> the resolver will
+        automatically turn off DNSSEC validation in such a case.</para>
+
+        <para>Client programs looking up DNS data will be informed
+        whether lookups could be verified using DNSSEC, or whether the
+        returned data could not be verified (either because the data
+        was found unsigned in the DNS, or the DNS server did not
+        support DNSSEC or no appropriate trust anchors were known). In
+        the latter case it is assumed that client programs employ a
+        secondary scheme to validate the returned DNS data, should
+        this be required.</para>
+
+        <para>It is recommended to set <varname>DNSSEC=</varname> to
+        true on systems where it is known that the DNS server supports
+        DNSSEC correctly, and where software or trust anchor updates
+        happen regularly. On other systems it is recommended to set
+        <varname>DNSSEC=</varname> to
+        <literal>allow-downgrade</literal>.</para>
+
+        <para>In addition to this global DNSSEC setting
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-networkd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+        also maintains per-link DNSSEC settings. For system DNS
+        servers (see above), only the global DNSSEC setting is in
+        effect. For per-link DNS servers the per-link
+        setting is in effect, unless it is unset in which case the
+        global setting is used instead.</para>
+
+        <para>Site-private DNS zones generally conflict with DNSSEC
+        operation, unless a negative (if the private zone is not
+        signed) or positive (if the private zone is signed) trust
+        anchor is configured for them. If
+        <literal>allow-downgrade</literal> mode is selected, it is
+        attempted to detect site-private DNS zones using top-level
+        domains (TLDs) that are not known by the DNS root server. This
+        logic does not work in all private zone setups.</para>
+
+        <para>Defaults to off.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><varname>Cache=</varname></term>
+        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If "yes" (the default), resolving a domain name which already got
+        queried earlier will return the previous result as long as it is still valid, and thus does not result in a new
+        network request. Be aware that that turning off caching comes at a performance penalty, which is particularly
+        high when DNSSEC is used.</para>
+
+        <para>Note that caching is turned off implicitly if the configured DNS server is on a host-local IP address
+        (such as 127.0.0.1 or ::1), in order to avoid duplicate local caching.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+      <title>See Also</title>
+      <para>
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-networkd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dnssec-trust-anchors.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>resolv.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+      </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+</refentry>
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/systemd-resolved.service.m4.in b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/systemd-resolved.service.m4.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..15ab56a066
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/systemd-resolved.service.m4.in
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Network Name Resolution
+Documentation=man:systemd-resolved.service(8)
+Documentation=http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/resolved
+Documentation=http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/writing-network-configuration-managers
+Documentation=http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/writing-resolver-clients
+After=systemd-networkd.service network.target
+
+# On kdbus systems we pull in the busname explicitly, because it
+# carries policy that allows the daemon to acquire its name.
+Wants=org.freedesktop.resolve1.busname
+After=org.freedesktop.resolve1.busname
+
+[Service]
+Type=notify
+Restart=always
+RestartSec=0
+ExecStart=@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-resolved
+CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_SETUID CAP_SETGID CAP_SETPCAP CAP_CHOWN CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE CAP_FOWNER CAP_NET_RAW CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE
+ProtectSystem=full
+ProtectHome=yes
+WatchdogSec=3min
+MemoryDenyWriteExecute=yes
+SystemCallFilter=~@clock @cpu-emulation @debug @keyring @module @mount @obsolete @raw-io
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/systemd-resolved.service.xml b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/systemd-resolved.service.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa1c2365e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/systemd-resolved.service.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*- Mode: nxml; nxml-child-indent: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
+
+<!--
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Tom Gundersen
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+-->
+
+<refentry id="systemd-resolved.service" conditional='ENABLE_RESOLVED'>
+
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <title>systemd-resolved.service</title>
+    <productname>systemd</productname>
+
+    <authorgroup>
+      <author>
+        <contrib>Developer</contrib>
+        <firstname>Tom</firstname>
+        <surname>Gundersen</surname>
+        <email>teg@jklm.no</email>
+      </author>
+    </authorgroup>
+  </refentryinfo>
+
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>systemd-resolved.service</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+  </refmeta>
+
+  <refnamediv>
+    <refname>systemd-resolved.service</refname>
+    <refname>systemd-resolved</refname>
+    <refpurpose>Network Name Resolution manager</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv>
+    <para><filename>systemd-resolved.service</filename></para>
+    <para><filename>/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-resolved</filename></para>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Description</title>
+
+    <para><command>systemd-resolved</command> is a system service that provides network name resolution to local
+    applications. It implements a caching and validating DNS/DNSSEC stub resolver, as well as an LLMNR resolver and
+    responder. Local applications may submit network name resolution requests via three interfaces:</para>
+
+    <itemizedlist>
+      <listitem><para>The native, fully-featured API <command>systemd-resolved</command> exposes on the bus. See the
+      <ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/resolved">API Documentation</ulink> for
+      details. Usage of this API is generally recommended to clients as it is asynchronous and fully featured (for
+      example, properly returns DNSSEC validation status and interface scope for addresses as necessary for supporting
+      link-local networking).</para></listitem>
+
+      <listitem><para>The glibc
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getaddrinfo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> API as defined
+      by <ulink url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3493">RFC3493</ulink> and its related resolver functions,
+      including <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gethostbyname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. This
+      API is widely supported, including beyond the Linux platform. In its current form it does not expose DNSSEC
+      validation status information however, and is synchronous only. This API is backed by the glibc Name Service
+      Switch (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nss</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>). Usage of the
+      glibc NSS module <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nss-resolve</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+      is required in order to allow glibc's NSS resolver functions to resolve host names via
+      <command>systemd-resolved</command>.</para></listitem>
+
+      <listitem><para>Additionally, <command>systemd-resolved</command> provides a local DNS stub listener on IP
+      address 127.0.0.53 on the local loopback interface. Programs issuing DNS requests directly, bypassing any local
+      API may be directed to this stub, in order to connect them to <command>systemd-resolved</command>. Note however
+      that it is strongly recommended that local programs use the glibc NSS or bus APIs instead (as described above),
+      as various network resolution concepts (such as link-local addressing, or LLMNR Unicode domains) cannot be mapped
+      to the unicast DNS protocol.</para></listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
+
+    <para>The DNS servers contacted are determined from the global settings in
+    <filename>/etc/systemd/resolved.conf</filename>, the per-link static settings in
+    <filename>/etc/systemd/network/*.network</filename> files, the per-link dynamic settings received over DHCP and any
+    DNS server information made available by other system services. See
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>resolved.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.network</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details
+    about systemd's own configuration files for DNS servers. To improve compatibility,
+    <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> is read in order to discover configured system DNS servers, but only if it is
+    not a symlink to <filename>/run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf</filename> (see below).</para>
+
+    <para><command>systemd-resolved</command> synthesizes DNS resource records (RRs) for the following cases:</para>
+
+    <itemizedlist>
+      <listitem><para>The local, configured hostname is resolved to
+      all locally configured IP addresses ordered by their scope, or
+      — if none are configured — the IPv4 address 127.0.0.2 (which
+      is on the local loopback) and the IPv6 address ::1 (which is the
+      local host).</para></listitem>
+
+      <listitem><para>The hostnames <literal>localhost</literal> and
+      <literal>localhost.localdomain</literal> (as well as any hostname
+      ending in <literal>.localhost</literal> or <literal>.localhost.localdomain</literal>)
+      are resolved to the IP addresses 127.0.0.1 and ::1.</para></listitem>
+
+      <listitem><para>The hostname <literal>gateway</literal> is
+      resolved to all current default routing gateway addresses,
+      ordered by their metric. This assigns a stable hostname to the
+      current gateway, useful for referencing it independently of the
+      current network configuration state.</para></listitem>
+
+      <listitem><para>The mappings defined in <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> are resolved to their configured
+      addresses and back.</para></listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
+
+    <para>Lookup requests are routed to the available DNS servers
+    and LLMNR interfaces according to the following rules:</para>
+
+    <itemizedlist>
+      <listitem><para>Lookups for the special hostname
+      <literal>localhost</literal> are never routed to the
+      network. (A few other, special domains are handled the same way.)</para></listitem>
+
+      <listitem><para>Single-label names are routed to all local
+      interfaces capable of IP multicasting, using the LLMNR
+      protocol. Lookups for IPv4 addresses are only sent via LLMNR on
+      IPv4, and lookups for IPv6 addresses are only sent via LLMNR on
+      IPv6. Lookups for the locally configured host name and the
+      <literal>gateway</literal> host name are never routed to
+      LLMNR.</para></listitem>
+
+      <listitem><para>Multi-label names are routed to all local
+      interfaces that have a DNS sever configured, plus the globally
+      configured DNS server if there is one. Address lookups from the
+      link-local address range are never routed to
+      DNS.</para></listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
+
+    <para>If lookups are routed to multiple interfaces, the first
+    successful response is returned (thus effectively merging the
+    lookup zones on all matching interfaces). If the lookup failed on
+    all interfaces, the last failing response is returned.</para>
+
+    <para>Routing of lookups may be influenced by configuring
+    per-interface domain names. See
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.network</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    for details. Lookups for a hostname ending in one of the
+    per-interface domains are exclusively routed to the matching
+    interfaces.</para>
+
+    <para>See the <ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/resolved"> resolved D-Bus API
+    Documentation</ulink> for information about the APIs <filename>systemd-resolved</filename> provides.</para>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title><filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename></title>
+
+    <para>Three modes of handling <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> (see
+    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>resolv.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) are
+    supported:</para>
+
+    <itemizedlist>
+      <listitem><para>A static file <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/resolv.conf</filename> is provided that lists
+      the 127.0.0.53 DNS stub (see above) as only DNS server. This file may be symlinked from
+      <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> in order to connect all local clients that bypass local DNS APIs to
+      <command>systemd-resolved</command>. This mode of operation is recommended.</para></listitem>
+
+      <listitem><para><command>systemd-resolved</command> maintains the
+      <filename>/run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf</filename> file for compatibility with traditional Linux
+      programs. This file may be symlinked from <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> and is always kept up-to-date,
+      containing information about all known DNS servers. Note the file format's limitations: it does not know a
+      concept of per-interface DNS servers and hence only contains system-wide DNS server definitions. Note that
+      <filename>/run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf</filename> should not be used directly by applications, but only
+      through a symlink from <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>. If this mode of operation is used local clients
+      that bypass any local DNS API will also bypass <command>systemd-resolved</command> and will talk directly to the
+      known DNS servers.</para> </listitem>
+
+      <listitem><para>Alternatively, <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> may be managed by other packages, in which
+      case <command>systemd-resolved</command> will read it for DNS configuration data. In this mode of operation
+      <command>systemd-resolved</command> is consumer rather than provider of this configuration
+      file. </para></listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
+
+    <para>Note that the selected mode of operation for this file is detected fully automatically, depending on whether
+    <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> is a symlink to <filename>/run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf</filename> or
+    lists 127.0.0.53 as DNS server.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Signals</title>
+
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><constant>SIGUSR1</constant></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Upon reception of the SIGUSR1 process signal <command>systemd-resolved</command> will dump the
+        contents of all DNS resource record caches it maintains into the system logs.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><constant>SIGUSR2</constant></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Upon reception of the SIGUSR2 process signal <command>systemd-resolved</command> will flush all
+        caches it maintains. Note that it should normally not be necessary to request this explicitly – except for
+        debugging purposes – as <command>systemd-resolved</command> flushes the caches automatically anyway any time
+        the host's network configuration changes.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>See Also</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>resolved.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dnssec-trust-anchors.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nss-resolve</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-resolve</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>resolv.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>hosts</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.network</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-networkd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+</refentry>
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/systemd-resolved.sysusers b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/systemd-resolved.sysusers
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5872bf2db7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/systemd-resolved.sysusers
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+u systemd-resolve   - "systemd Resolver"
diff --git a/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/systemd-resolved.tmpfiles b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/systemd-resolved.tmpfiles
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..760fe11412
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-resolve/systemd-resolved/systemd-resolved.tmpfiles
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+# See tmpfiles.d(5) for details
+
+L! /etc/resolv.conf - - - - ../usr/lib/systemd/resolv.conf