./move.sh

123 files changed, 52488 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/libcore/.gitignore b/src/libcore/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..465b4fcc20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+/macros.systemd
+/triggers.systemd
+/systemd.pc
diff --git a/src/libcore/Makefile b/src/libcore/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..935c0c968c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+#  -*- Mode: makefile; indent-tabs-mode: t -*-
+#
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  Copyright 2010-2012 Lennart Poettering
+#  Copyright 2010-2012 Kay Sievers
+#  Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+#  Copyright 2013 David Strauss
+#  Copyright 2016 Luke Shumaker
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+#  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+#  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+#  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+include $(dir $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))/../../config.mk
+include $(topsrcdir)/build-aux/Makefile.head.mk
+
+noinst_LTLIBRARIES += \
+	libcore.la
+
+libcore_la_SOURCES = \
+	src/core/unit.c \
+	src/core/unit.h \
+	src/core/unit-printf.c \
+	src/core/unit-printf.h \
+	src/core/job.c \
+	src/core/job.h \
+	src/core/manager.c \
+	src/core/manager.h \
+	src/core/transaction.c \
+	src/core/transaction.h \
+	src/core/load-fragment.c \
+	src/core/load-fragment.h \
+	src/core/service.c \
+	src/core/service.h \
+	src/core/socket.c \
+	src/core/socket.h \
+	src/core/busname.c \
+	src/core/busname.h \
+	src/core/bus-endpoint.c \
+	src/core/bus-endpoint.h \
+	src/core/bus-policy.c \
+	src/core/bus-policy.h \
+	src/core/target.c \
+	src/core/target.h \
+	src/core/device.c \
+	src/core/device.h \
+	src/core/mount.c \
+	src/core/mount.h \
+	src/core/automount.c \
+	src/core/automount.h \
+	src/core/swap.c \
+	src/core/swap.h \
+	src/core/timer.c \
+	src/core/timer.h \
+	src/core/path.c \
+	src/core/path.h \
+	src/core/slice.c \
+	src/core/slice.h \
+	src/core/scope.c \
+	src/core/scope.h \
+	src/core/load-dropin.c \
+	src/core/load-dropin.h \
+	src/core/execute.c \
+	src/core/execute.h \
+	src/core/kill.c \
+	src/core/kill.h \
+	src/core/dbus.c \
+	src/core/dbus.h \
+	src/core/dbus-manager.c \
+	src/core/dbus-manager.h \
+	src/core/dbus-unit.c \
+	src/core/dbus-unit.h \
+	src/core/dbus-job.c \
+	src/core/dbus-job.h \
+	src/core/dbus-service.c \
+	src/core/dbus-service.h \
+	src/core/dbus-socket.c \
+	src/core/dbus-socket.h \
+	src/core/dbus-busname.c \
+	src/core/dbus-busname.h \
+	src/core/dbus-target.c \
+	src/core/dbus-target.h \
+	src/core/dbus-device.c \
+	src/core/dbus-device.h \
+	src/core/dbus-mount.c \
+	src/core/dbus-mount.h \
+	src/core/dbus-automount.c \
+	src/core/dbus-automount.h \
+	src/core/dbus-swap.c \
+	src/core/dbus-swap.h \
+	src/core/dbus-timer.c \
+	src/core/dbus-timer.h \
+	src/core/dbus-path.c \
+	src/core/dbus-path.h \
+	src/core/dbus-slice.c \
+	src/core/dbus-slice.h \
+	src/core/dbus-scope.c \
+	src/core/dbus-scope.h \
+	src/core/dbus-execute.c \
+	src/core/dbus-execute.h \
+	src/core/dbus-kill.c \
+	src/core/dbus-kill.h \
+	src/core/dbus-cgroup.c \
+	src/core/dbus-cgroup.h \
+	src/core/cgroup.c \
+	src/core/cgroup.h \
+	src/core/selinux-access.c \
+	src/core/selinux-access.h \
+	src/core/selinux-setup.c \
+	src/core/selinux-setup.h \
+	src/core/smack-setup.c \
+	src/core/smack-setup.h \
+	src/core/ima-setup.c \
+	src/core/ima-setup.h \
+	src/core/locale-setup.h \
+	src/core/locale-setup.c \
+	src/core/hostname-setup.c \
+	src/core/hostname-setup.h \
+	src/core/machine-id-setup.c \
+	src/core/machine-id-setup.h \
+	src/core/mount-setup.c \
+	src/core/mount-setup.h \
+	src/core/kmod-setup.c \
+	src/core/kmod-setup.h \
+	src/core/loopback-setup.h \
+	src/core/loopback-setup.c \
+	src/core/namespace.c \
+	src/core/namespace.h \
+	src/core/killall.h \
+	src/core/killall.c \
+	src/core/audit-fd.c \
+	src/core/audit-fd.h \
+	src/core/show-status.c \
+	src/core/show-status.h \
+	src/core/failure-action.c \
+	src/core/failure-action.h
+
+nodist_libcore_la_SOURCES = \
+	src/core/load-fragment-gperf.c \
+	src/core/load-fragment-gperf-nulstr.c
+
+libcore_la_CFLAGS = \
+	$(AM_CFLAGS) \
+	$(PAM_CFLAGS) \
+	$(AUDIT_CFLAGS) \
+	$(KMOD_CFLAGS) \
+	$(APPARMOR_CFLAGS) \
+	$(MOUNT_CFLAGS) \
+	$(SECCOMP_CFLAGS)
+
+libcore_la_LIBADD = \
+	libshared.la \
+	$(PAM_LIBS) \
+	$(AUDIT_LIBS) \
+	$(KMOD_LIBS) \
+	$(APPARMOR_LIBS) \
+	$(MOUNT_LIBS)
+
+src/core/load-fragment-gperf-nulstr.c: src/core/load-fragment-gperf.gperf
+	$(AM_V_at)$(MKDIR_P) $(dir $@)
+	$(AM_V_GEN)$(AWK) 'BEGIN{ keywords=0 ; FS="," ; print "extern const char load_fragment_gperf_nulstr[];" ; print "const char load_fragment_gperf_nulstr[] ="} ; keyword==1 { print "\"" $$1 "\\0\"" } ; /%%/ { keyword=1} ; END { print ";" }' < $< > $@
+
+include $(topsrcdir)/build-aux/Makefile.tail.mk
diff --git a/src/libcore/audit-fd.c b/src/libcore/audit-fd.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76afe3fe15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/audit-fd.c
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "audit-fd.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+
+#include <libaudit.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+static bool initialized = false;
+static int audit_fd;
+
+int get_audit_fd(void) {
+
+        if (!initialized) {
+                audit_fd = audit_open();
+
+                if (audit_fd < 0) {
+                        if (errno != EAFNOSUPPORT && errno != EPROTONOSUPPORT)
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to connect to audit log: %m");
+
+                        audit_fd = errno ? -errno : -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                initialized = true;
+        }
+
+        return audit_fd;
+}
+
+void close_audit_fd(void) {
+
+        if (initialized && audit_fd >= 0)
+                safe_close(audit_fd);
+
+        initialized = true;
+        audit_fd = -ECONNRESET;
+}
+
+#else
+
+int get_audit_fd(void) {
+        return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+}
+
+void close_audit_fd(void) {
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/libcore/audit-fd.h b/src/libcore/audit-fd.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0eccb59210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/audit-fd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int get_audit_fd(void);
+void close_audit_fd(void);
diff --git a/src/libcore/automount.c b/src/libcore/automount.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5dc6fd98e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/automount.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1092 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <linux/auto_dev-ioctl.h>
+#include <linux/auto_fs4.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "async.h"
+#include "automount.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "dbus-automount.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "io-util.h"
+#include "label.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "mount-util.h"
+#include "mount.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "stdio-util.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_AUTOMOUNT_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [AUTOMOUNT_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [AUTOMOUNT_WAITING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [AUTOMOUNT_RUNNING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [AUTOMOUNT_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED
+};
+
+struct expire_data {
+        int dev_autofs_fd;
+        int ioctl_fd;
+};
+
+static inline void expire_data_free(struct expire_data *data) {
+        if (!data)
+                return;
+
+        safe_close(data->dev_autofs_fd);
+        safe_close(data->ioctl_fd);
+        free(data);
+}
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(struct expire_data*, expire_data_free);
+
+static int open_dev_autofs(Manager *m);
+static int automount_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t events, void *userdata);
+
+static void automount_init(Unit *u) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        a->pipe_fd = -1;
+        a->directory_mode = 0755;
+        UNIT(a)->ignore_on_isolate = true;
+}
+
+static int automount_send_ready(Automount *a, Set *tokens, int status);
+
+static void unmount_autofs(Automount *a) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (a->pipe_fd < 0)
+                return;
+
+        automount_send_ready(a, a->tokens, -EHOSTDOWN);
+        automount_send_ready(a, a->expire_tokens, -EHOSTDOWN);
+
+        a->pipe_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(a->pipe_event_source);
+        a->pipe_fd = safe_close(a->pipe_fd);
+
+        /* If we reload/reexecute things we keep the mount point
+         * around */
+        if (a->where &&
+            (UNIT(a)->manager->exit_code != MANAGER_RELOAD &&
+             UNIT(a)->manager->exit_code != MANAGER_REEXECUTE)) {
+                r = repeat_unmount(a->where, MNT_DETACH);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to unmount: %m");
+        }
+}
+
+static void automount_done(Unit *u) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        unmount_autofs(a);
+
+        a->where = mfree(a->where);
+
+        a->tokens = set_free(a->tokens);
+        a->expire_tokens = set_free(a->expire_tokens);
+
+        a->expire_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(a->expire_event_source);
+}
+
+static int automount_add_mount_links(Automount *a) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *parent = NULL;
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        parent = dirname_malloc(a->where);
+        if (!parent)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return unit_require_mounts_for(UNIT(a), parent);
+}
+
+static int automount_add_default_dependencies(Automount *a) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (!UNIT(a)->default_dependencies)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (UNIT(a)->manager->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(a), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_UMOUNT_TARGET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int automount_verify(Automount *a) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (UNIT(a)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (path_equal(a->where, "/")) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(a), "Cannot have an automount unit for the root directory. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_name_from_path(a->where, ".automount", &e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_unit_error(UNIT(a), "Failed to generate unit name from path: %m");
+
+        if (!unit_has_name(UNIT(a), e)) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(a), "Where= setting doesn't match unit name. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int automount_load(Unit *u) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        /* Load a .automount file */
+        r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin_optional(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+                Unit *x;
+
+                if (!a->where) {
+                        r = unit_name_to_path(u->id, &a->where);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                path_kill_slashes(a->where);
+
+                r = unit_load_related_unit(u, ".mount", &x);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies(u, UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, x, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = automount_add_mount_links(a);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = automount_add_default_dependencies(a);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return automount_verify(a);
+}
+
+static void automount_set_state(Automount *a, AutomountState state) {
+        AutomountState old_state;
+        assert(a);
+
+        old_state = a->state;
+        a->state = state;
+
+        if (state != AUTOMOUNT_WAITING &&
+            state != AUTOMOUNT_RUNNING)
+                unmount_autofs(a);
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(a), "Changed %s -> %s", automount_state_to_string(old_state), automount_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(a), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static int automount_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(a->state == AUTOMOUNT_DEAD);
+
+        if (a->deserialized_state != a->state) {
+
+                r = open_dev_autofs(u->manager);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (a->deserialized_state == AUTOMOUNT_WAITING ||
+                    a->deserialized_state == AUTOMOUNT_RUNNING) {
+                        assert(a->pipe_fd >= 0);
+
+                        r = sd_event_add_io(u->manager->event, &a->pipe_event_source, a->pipe_fd, EPOLLIN, automount_dispatch_io, u);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(a->pipe_event_source, "automount-io");
+                }
+
+                automount_set_state(a, a->deserialized_state);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void automount_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        char time_string[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sAutomount State: %s\n"
+                "%sResult: %s\n"
+                "%sWhere: %s\n"
+                "%sDirectoryMode: %04o\n"
+                "%sTimeoutIdleUSec: %s\n",
+                prefix, automount_state_to_string(a->state),
+                prefix, automount_result_to_string(a->result),
+                prefix, a->where,
+                prefix, a->directory_mode,
+                prefix, format_timespan(time_string, FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX, a->timeout_idle_usec, USEC_PER_SEC));
+}
+
+static void automount_enter_dead(Automount *a, AutomountResult f) {
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (f != AUTOMOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                a->result = f;
+
+        automount_set_state(a, a->result != AUTOMOUNT_SUCCESS ? AUTOMOUNT_FAILED : AUTOMOUNT_DEAD);
+}
+
+static int open_dev_autofs(Manager *m) {
+        struct autofs_dev_ioctl param;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->dev_autofs_fd >= 0)
+                return m->dev_autofs_fd;
+
+        label_fix("/dev/autofs", false, false);
+
+        m->dev_autofs_fd = open("/dev/autofs", O_CLOEXEC|O_RDONLY);
+        if (m->dev_autofs_fd < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open /dev/autofs: %m");
+
+        init_autofs_dev_ioctl(&param);
+        if (ioctl(m->dev_autofs_fd, AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_VERSION, &param) < 0) {
+                m->dev_autofs_fd = safe_close(m->dev_autofs_fd);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Autofs kernel version %i.%i", param.ver_major, param.ver_minor);
+
+        return m->dev_autofs_fd;
+}
+
+static int open_ioctl_fd(int dev_autofs_fd, const char *where, dev_t devid) {
+        struct autofs_dev_ioctl *param;
+        size_t l;
+
+        assert(dev_autofs_fd >= 0);
+        assert(where);
+
+        l = sizeof(struct autofs_dev_ioctl) + strlen(where) + 1;
+        param = alloca(l);
+
+        init_autofs_dev_ioctl(param);
+        param->size = l;
+        param->ioctlfd = -1;
+        param->openmount.devid = devid;
+        strcpy(param->path, where);
+
+        if (ioctl(dev_autofs_fd, AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_OPENMOUNT, param) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (param->ioctlfd < 0)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        (void) fd_cloexec(param->ioctlfd, true);
+        return param->ioctlfd;
+}
+
+static int autofs_protocol(int dev_autofs_fd, int ioctl_fd) {
+        uint32_t major, minor;
+        struct autofs_dev_ioctl param;
+
+        assert(dev_autofs_fd >= 0);
+        assert(ioctl_fd >= 0);
+
+        init_autofs_dev_ioctl(&param);
+        param.ioctlfd = ioctl_fd;
+
+        if (ioctl(dev_autofs_fd, AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_PROTOVER, &param) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        major = param.protover.version;
+
+        init_autofs_dev_ioctl(&param);
+        param.ioctlfd = ioctl_fd;
+
+        if (ioctl(dev_autofs_fd, AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_PROTOSUBVER, &param) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        minor = param.protosubver.sub_version;
+
+        log_debug("Autofs protocol version %i.%i", major, minor);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int autofs_set_timeout(int dev_autofs_fd, int ioctl_fd, usec_t usec) {
+        struct autofs_dev_ioctl param;
+
+        assert(dev_autofs_fd >= 0);
+        assert(ioctl_fd >= 0);
+
+        init_autofs_dev_ioctl(&param);
+        param.ioctlfd = ioctl_fd;
+
+        /* Convert to seconds, rounding up. */
+        param.timeout.timeout = (usec + USEC_PER_SEC - 1) / USEC_PER_SEC;
+
+        if (ioctl(dev_autofs_fd, AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_TIMEOUT, &param) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int autofs_send_ready(int dev_autofs_fd, int ioctl_fd, uint32_t token, int status) {
+        struct autofs_dev_ioctl param;
+
+        assert(dev_autofs_fd >= 0);
+        assert(ioctl_fd >= 0);
+
+        init_autofs_dev_ioctl(&param);
+        param.ioctlfd = ioctl_fd;
+
+        if (status) {
+                param.fail.token = token;
+                param.fail.status = status;
+        } else
+                param.ready.token = token;
+
+        if (ioctl(dev_autofs_fd, status ? AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_FAIL : AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_READY, &param) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int automount_send_ready(Automount *a, Set *tokens, int status) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int ioctl_fd = -1;
+        unsigned token;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(status <= 0);
+
+        if (set_isempty(tokens))
+                return 0;
+
+        ioctl_fd = open_ioctl_fd(UNIT(a)->manager->dev_autofs_fd, a->where, a->dev_id);
+        if (ioctl_fd < 0)
+                return ioctl_fd;
+
+        if (status)
+                log_unit_debug_errno(UNIT(a), status, "Sending failure: %m");
+        else
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(a), "Sending success.");
+
+        r = 0;
+
+        /* Autofs thankfully does not hand out 0 as a token */
+        while ((token = PTR_TO_UINT(set_steal_first(tokens)))) {
+                int k;
+
+                /* Autofs fun fact II:
+                 *
+                 * if you pass a positive status code here, the kernel will
+                 * freeze! Yay! */
+
+                k = autofs_send_ready(UNIT(a)->manager->dev_autofs_fd,
+                                      ioctl_fd,
+                                      token,
+                                      status);
+                if (k < 0)
+                        r = k;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int automount_start_expire(Automount *a);
+
+int automount_update_mount(Automount *a, MountState old_state, MountState state) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        switch (state) {
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTED:
+        case MOUNT_REMOUNTING:
+                automount_send_ready(a, a->tokens, 0);
+                r = automount_start_expire(a);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(a), r, "Failed to start expiration timer, ignoring: %m");
+                break;
+         case MOUNT_DEAD:
+         case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING:
+         case MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+         case MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+         case MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+         case MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+         case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+         case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+         case MOUNT_FAILED:
+                if (old_state != state)
+                        automount_send_ready(a, a->tokens, -ENODEV);
+                (void) sd_event_source_set_enabled(a->expire_event_source, SD_EVENT_OFF);
+                break;
+        default:
+                break;
+        }
+
+        switch (state) {
+        case MOUNT_DEAD:
+                automount_send_ready(a, a->expire_tokens, 0);
+                break;
+         case MOUNT_MOUNTING:
+         case MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE:
+         case MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+         case MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+         case MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+         case MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+         case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+         case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+         case MOUNT_FAILED:
+                if (old_state != state)
+                        automount_send_ready(a, a->expire_tokens, -ENODEV);
+                break;
+        default:
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void automount_enter_waiting(Automount *a) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int ioctl_fd = -1;
+        int p[2] = { -1, -1 };
+        char name[sizeof("systemd-")-1 + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(pid_t) + 1];
+        char options[sizeof("fd=,pgrp=,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct")-1
+                     + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(int) + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(gid_t) + 1];
+        bool mounted = false;
+        int r, dev_autofs_fd;
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(a->pipe_fd < 0);
+        assert(a->where);
+
+        set_clear(a->tokens);
+
+        r = unit_fail_if_symlink(UNIT(a), a->where);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        (void) mkdir_p_label(a->where, 0555);
+
+        unit_warn_if_dir_nonempty(UNIT(a), a->where);
+
+        dev_autofs_fd = open_dev_autofs(UNIT(a)->manager);
+        if (dev_autofs_fd < 0) {
+                r = dev_autofs_fd;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (pipe2(p, O_NONBLOCK|O_CLOEXEC) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        xsprintf(options, "fd=%i,pgrp="PID_FMT",minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct", p[1], getpgrp());
+        xsprintf(name, "systemd-"PID_FMT, getpid());
+        if (mount(name, a->where, "autofs", 0, options) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        mounted = true;
+
+        p[1] = safe_close(p[1]);
+
+        if (stat(a->where, &st) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        ioctl_fd = open_ioctl_fd(dev_autofs_fd, a->where, st.st_dev);
+        if (ioctl_fd < 0) {
+                r = ioctl_fd;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = autofs_protocol(dev_autofs_fd, ioctl_fd);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = autofs_set_timeout(dev_autofs_fd, ioctl_fd, a->timeout_idle_usec);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* Autofs fun fact:
+         *
+         * Unless we close the ioctl fd here, for some weird reason
+         * the direct mount will not receive events from the
+         * kernel. */
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(UNIT(a)->manager->event, &a->pipe_event_source, p[0], EPOLLIN, automount_dispatch_io, a);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(a->pipe_event_source, "automount-io");
+
+        a->pipe_fd = p[0];
+        a->dev_id = st.st_dev;
+
+        automount_set_state(a, AUTOMOUNT_WAITING);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(a), r, "Failed to initialize automounter: %m");
+
+        safe_close_pair(p);
+
+        if (mounted) {
+                r = repeat_unmount(a->where, MNT_DETACH);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to unmount, ignoring: %m");
+        }
+
+        automount_enter_dead(a, AUTOMOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void *expire_thread(void *p) {
+        struct autofs_dev_ioctl param;
+        _cleanup_(expire_data_freep) struct expire_data *data = (struct expire_data*)p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(data->dev_autofs_fd >= 0);
+        assert(data->ioctl_fd >= 0);
+
+        init_autofs_dev_ioctl(&param);
+        param.ioctlfd = data->ioctl_fd;
+
+        do {
+                r = ioctl(data->dev_autofs_fd, AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_EXPIRE, &param);
+        } while (r >= 0);
+
+        if (errno != EAGAIN)
+                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to expire automount, ignoring: %m");
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static int automount_dispatch_expire(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(userdata);
+        _cleanup_(expire_data_freep) struct expire_data *data = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(source == a->expire_event_source);
+
+        data = new0(struct expire_data, 1);
+        if (!data)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        data->ioctl_fd = -1;
+
+        data->dev_autofs_fd = fcntl(UNIT(a)->manager->dev_autofs_fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 3);
+        if (data->dev_autofs_fd < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(a), errno, "Failed to duplicate autofs fd: %m");
+
+        data->ioctl_fd = open_ioctl_fd(UNIT(a)->manager->dev_autofs_fd, a->where, a->dev_id);
+        if (data->ioctl_fd < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(a), data->ioctl_fd, "Couldn't open autofs ioctl fd: %m");
+
+        r = asynchronous_job(expire_thread, data);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(a), r, "Failed to start expire job: %m");
+
+        data = NULL;
+
+        return automount_start_expire(a);
+}
+
+static int automount_start_expire(Automount *a) {
+        int r;
+        usec_t timeout;
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (a->timeout_idle_usec == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        timeout = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) + MAX(a->timeout_idle_usec/3, USEC_PER_SEC);
+
+        if (a->expire_event_source) {
+                r = sd_event_source_set_time(a->expire_event_source, timeout);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return sd_event_source_set_enabled(a->expire_event_source, SD_EVENT_ONESHOT);
+        }
+
+        r = sd_event_add_time(
+                        UNIT(a)->manager->event,
+                        &a->expire_event_source,
+                        CLOCK_MONOTONIC, timeout, 0,
+                        automount_dispatch_expire, a);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(a->expire_event_source, "automount-expire");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void automount_enter_runnning(Automount *a) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        struct stat st;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        /* We don't take mount requests anymore if we are supposed to
+         * shut down anyway */
+        if (unit_stop_pending(UNIT(a))) {
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(a), "Suppressing automount request since unit stop is scheduled.");
+                automount_send_ready(a, a->tokens, -EHOSTDOWN);
+                automount_send_ready(a, a->expire_tokens, -EHOSTDOWN);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        mkdir_p_label(a->where, a->directory_mode);
+
+        /* Before we do anything, let's see if somebody is playing games with us? */
+        if (lstat(a->where, &st) < 0) {
+                log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(a), errno, "Failed to stat automount point: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) || st.st_dev != a->dev_id)
+                log_unit_info(UNIT(a), "Automount point already active?");
+        else {
+                Unit *trigger;
+
+                trigger = UNIT_TRIGGER(UNIT(a));
+                if (!trigger) {
+                        log_unit_error(UNIT(a), "Unit to trigger vanished.");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = manager_add_job(UNIT(a)->manager, JOB_START, trigger, JOB_REPLACE, &error, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(a), "Failed to queue mount startup job: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+        }
+
+        automount_set_state(a, AUTOMOUNT_RUNNING);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        automount_enter_dead(a, AUTOMOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static int automount_start(Unit *u) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+        Unit *trigger;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(a->state == AUTOMOUNT_DEAD || a->state == AUTOMOUNT_FAILED);
+
+        if (path_is_mount_point(a->where, 0) > 0) {
+                log_unit_error(u, "Path %s is already a mount point, refusing start.", a->where);
+                return -EEXIST;
+        }
+
+        trigger = UNIT_TRIGGER(u);
+        if (!trigger || trigger->load_state != UNIT_LOADED) {
+                log_unit_error(u, "Refusing to start, unit to trigger not loaded.");
+                return -ENOENT;
+        }
+
+        a->result = AUTOMOUNT_SUCCESS;
+        automount_enter_waiting(a);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int automount_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(a->state == AUTOMOUNT_WAITING || a->state == AUTOMOUNT_RUNNING);
+
+        automount_enter_dead(a, AUTOMOUNT_SUCCESS);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int automount_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+        Iterator i;
+        void *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", automount_state_to_string(a->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "result", automount_result_to_string(a->result));
+        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "dev-id", "%u", (unsigned) a->dev_id);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(p, a->tokens, i)
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "token", "%u", PTR_TO_UINT(p));
+        SET_FOREACH(p, a->expire_tokens, i)
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "expire-token", "%u", PTR_TO_UINT(p));
+
+        r = unit_serialize_item_fd(u, f, fds, "pipe-fd", a->pipe_fd);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int automount_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                AutomountState state;
+
+                state = automount_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse state value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        a->deserialized_state = state;
+        } else if (streq(key, "result")) {
+                AutomountResult f;
+
+                f = automount_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse result value: %s", value);
+                else if (f != AUTOMOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                        a->result = f;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "dev-id")) {
+                unsigned d;
+
+                if (safe_atou(value, &d) < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse dev-id value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        a->dev_id = (unsigned) d;
+        } else if (streq(key, "token")) {
+                unsigned token;
+
+                if (safe_atou(value, &token) < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse token value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        r = set_ensure_allocated(&a->tokens, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_oom();
+                                return 0;
+                        }
+
+                        r = set_put(a->tokens, UINT_TO_PTR(token));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed to add token to set: %m");
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "expire-token")) {
+                unsigned token;
+
+                if (safe_atou(value, &token) < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse token value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        r = set_ensure_allocated(&a->expire_tokens, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_oom();
+                                return 0;
+                        }
+
+                        r = set_put(a->expire_tokens, UINT_TO_PTR(token));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed to add expire token to set: %m");
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "pipe-fd")) {
+                int fd;
+
+                if (safe_atoi(value, &fd) < 0 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse pipe-fd value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        safe_close(a->pipe_fd);
+                        a->pipe_fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                }
+        } else
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Unknown serialization key: %s", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static UnitActiveState automount_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[AUTOMOUNT(u)->state];
+}
+
+static const char *automount_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return automount_state_to_string(AUTOMOUNT(u)->state);
+}
+
+static bool automount_check_gc(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!UNIT_TRIGGER(u))
+                return false;
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(UNIT_TRIGGER(u))->check_gc(UNIT_TRIGGER(u));
+}
+
+static int automount_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t events, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        union autofs_v5_packet_union packet;
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(userdata);
+        struct stat st;
+        Unit *trigger;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(fd == a->pipe_fd);
+
+        if (events != EPOLLIN) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(a), "Got invalid poll event %"PRIu32" on pipe (fd=%d)", events, fd);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = loop_read_exact(a->pipe_fd, &packet, sizeof(packet), true);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(a), r, "Invalid read from pipe: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        switch (packet.hdr.type) {
+
+        case autofs_ptype_missing_direct:
+
+                if (packet.v5_packet.pid > 0) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+                        get_process_comm(packet.v5_packet.pid, &p);
+                        log_unit_info(UNIT(a), "Got automount request for %s, triggered by %"PRIu32" (%s)", a->where, packet.v5_packet.pid, strna(p));
+                } else
+                        log_unit_debug(UNIT(a), "Got direct mount request on %s", a->where);
+
+                r = set_ensure_allocated(&a->tokens, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_unit_error(UNIT(a), "Failed to allocate token set.");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = set_put(a->tokens, UINT_TO_PTR(packet.v5_packet.wait_queue_token));
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(a), r, "Failed to remember token: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                automount_enter_runnning(a);
+                break;
+
+        case autofs_ptype_expire_direct:
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(a), "Got direct umount request on %s", a->where);
+
+                (void) sd_event_source_set_enabled(a->expire_event_source, SD_EVENT_OFF);
+
+                r = set_ensure_allocated(&a->expire_tokens, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_unit_error(UNIT(a), "Failed to allocate token set.");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = set_put(a->expire_tokens, UINT_TO_PTR(packet.v5_packet.wait_queue_token));
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(a), r, "Failed to remember token: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                /* Before we do anything, let's see if somebody is playing games with us? */
+                if (lstat(a->where, &st) < 0) {
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(a), errno, "Failed to stat automount point: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) || st.st_dev == a->dev_id) {
+                        log_unit_info(UNIT(a), "Automount point already unmounted?");
+                        automount_send_ready(a, a->expire_tokens, 0);
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                trigger = UNIT_TRIGGER(UNIT(a));
+                if (!trigger) {
+                        log_unit_error(UNIT(a), "Unit to trigger vanished.");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = manager_add_job(UNIT(a)->manager, JOB_STOP, trigger, JOB_REPLACE, &error, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(a), "Failed to queue umount startup job: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(a), "Received unknown automount request %i", packet.hdr.type);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        automount_enter_dead(a, AUTOMOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void automount_shutdown(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->dev_autofs_fd = safe_close(m->dev_autofs_fd);
+}
+
+static void automount_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (a->state == AUTOMOUNT_FAILED)
+                automount_set_state(a, AUTOMOUNT_DEAD);
+
+        a->result = AUTOMOUNT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static bool automount_supported(void) {
+        static int supported = -1;
+
+        if (supported < 0)
+                supported = access("/dev/autofs", F_OK) >= 0;
+
+        return supported;
+}
+
+static const char* const automount_result_table[_AUTOMOUNT_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [AUTOMOUNT_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [AUTOMOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(automount_result, AutomountResult);
+
+const UnitVTable automount_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Automount),
+
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Automount\0"
+                "Install\0",
+
+        .no_alias = true,
+        .no_instances = true,
+
+        .init = automount_init,
+        .load = automount_load,
+        .done = automount_done,
+
+        .coldplug = automount_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = automount_dump,
+
+        .start = automount_start,
+        .stop = automount_stop,
+
+        .serialize = automount_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = automount_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = automount_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = automount_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .check_gc = automount_check_gc,
+
+        .reset_failed = automount_reset_failed,
+
+        .bus_vtable = bus_automount_vtable,
+
+        .shutdown = automount_shutdown,
+        .supported = automount_supported,
+
+        .status_message_formats = {
+                .finished_start_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Set up automount %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed to set up automount %s.",
+                },
+                .finished_stop_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Unset automount %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed to unset automount %s.",
+                },
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/automount.h b/src/libcore/automount.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf5b1cf994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/automount.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Automount Automount;
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+typedef enum AutomountResult {
+        AUTOMOUNT_SUCCESS,
+        AUTOMOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES,
+        _AUTOMOUNT_RESULT_MAX,
+        _AUTOMOUNT_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} AutomountResult;
+
+struct Automount {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        AutomountState state, deserialized_state;
+
+        char *where;
+        usec_t timeout_idle_usec;
+
+        int pipe_fd;
+        sd_event_source *pipe_event_source;
+        mode_t directory_mode;
+        dev_t dev_id;
+
+        Set *tokens;
+        Set *expire_tokens;
+
+        sd_event_source *expire_event_source;
+
+        AutomountResult result;
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable automount_vtable;
+
+int automount_update_mount(Automount *a, MountState old_state, MountState state);
+
+const char* automount_result_to_string(AutomountResult i) _const_;
+AutomountResult automount_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libcore/bus-endpoint.c b/src/libcore/bus-endpoint.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d22a80c91f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/bus-endpoint.c
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Daniel Mack
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-endpoint.h"
+#include "bus-kernel.h"
+#include "bus-policy.h"
+#include "kdbus.h"
+
+int bus_kernel_set_endpoint_policy(int fd, uid_t uid, BusEndpoint *ep) {
+
+        struct kdbus_cmd *update;
+        struct kdbus_item *n;
+        BusEndpointPolicy *po;
+        Iterator i;
+        size_t size;
+        int r;
+
+        size = ALIGN8(offsetof(struct kdbus_cmd, items));
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(po, ep->policy_hash, i) {
+                size += ALIGN8(offsetof(struct kdbus_item, str) + strlen(po->name) + 1);
+                size += ALIGN8(offsetof(struct kdbus_item, policy_access) + sizeof(struct kdbus_policy_access));
+        }
+
+        update = alloca0_align(size, 8);
+        update->size = size;
+
+        n = update->items;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(po, ep->policy_hash, i) {
+                n->type = KDBUS_ITEM_NAME;
+                n->size = offsetof(struct kdbus_item, str) + strlen(po->name) + 1;
+                strcpy(n->str, po->name);
+                n = KDBUS_ITEM_NEXT(n);
+
+                n->type = KDBUS_ITEM_POLICY_ACCESS;
+                n->size = offsetof(struct kdbus_item, policy_access) + sizeof(struct kdbus_policy_access);
+
+                n->policy_access.type = KDBUS_POLICY_ACCESS_USER;
+                n->policy_access.access = bus_kernel_translate_access(po->access);
+                n->policy_access.id = uid;
+
+                n = KDBUS_ITEM_NEXT(n);
+        }
+
+        r = ioctl(fd, KDBUS_CMD_ENDPOINT_UPDATE, update);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_endpoint_new(BusEndpoint **ep) {
+        assert(ep);
+
+        *ep = new0(BusEndpoint, 1);
+        if (!*ep)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_endpoint_add_policy(BusEndpoint *ep, const char *name, BusPolicyAccess access) {
+        _cleanup_free_ BusEndpointPolicy *po = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *key = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ep);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(access > _BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_INVALID && access < _BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_MAX);
+
+        /* check if we already have this name in the policy list. If we do, see if the new access level
+         * is higher than the exising one, and upgrade the entry in that case. Otherwise, do nothing.
+         */
+
+        if (ep->policy_hash) {
+                po = hashmap_get(ep->policy_hash, name);
+                if (po) {
+                        if (po->access < access)
+                                po->access = access;
+
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        } else {
+                ep->policy_hash = hashmap_new(&string_hash_ops);
+                if (!ep->policy_hash)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        po = new0(BusEndpointPolicy, 1);
+        if (!po)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        key = strdup(name);
+        if (!key)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        po->name = key;
+        po->access = access;
+
+        r = hashmap_put(ep->policy_hash, key, po);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        po = NULL;
+        key = NULL;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void bus_endpoint_free(BusEndpoint *endpoint) {
+        if (!endpoint)
+                return;
+
+        hashmap_free_free_free(endpoint->policy_hash);
+        free(endpoint);
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/bus-endpoint.h b/src/libcore/bus-endpoint.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f2fbc4701c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/bus-endpoint.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Daniel Mack
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct BusEndpoint BusEndpoint;
+typedef struct BusEndpointPolicy BusEndpointPolicy;
+
+#include "bus-policy.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+
+struct BusEndpointPolicy {
+        char *name;
+        BusPolicyAccess access;
+};
+
+struct BusEndpoint {
+        Hashmap *policy_hash;
+};
+
+int bus_endpoint_new(BusEndpoint **ep);
+void bus_endpoint_free(BusEndpoint *endpoint);
+
+int bus_endpoint_add_policy(BusEndpoint *ep, const char *name, BusPolicyAccess access);
+
+int bus_kernel_set_endpoint_policy(int fd, uid_t uid, BusEndpoint *ep);
diff --git a/src/libcore/bus-policy.c b/src/libcore/bus-policy.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4907c268e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/bus-policy.c
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Daniel Mack
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-kernel.h"
+#include "bus-policy.h"
+#include "kdbus.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+int bus_kernel_translate_access(BusPolicyAccess access) {
+        assert(access >= 0);
+        assert(access < _BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_MAX);
+
+        switch (access) {
+
+        case BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_SEE:
+                return KDBUS_POLICY_SEE;
+
+        case BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_TALK:
+                return KDBUS_POLICY_TALK;
+
+        case BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_OWN:
+                return KDBUS_POLICY_OWN;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown policy access");
+        }
+}
+
+int bus_kernel_translate_policy(const BusNamePolicy *policy, struct kdbus_item *item) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(policy);
+        assert(item);
+
+        switch (policy->type) {
+
+        case BUSNAME_POLICY_TYPE_USER: {
+                const char *user = policy->name;
+                uid_t uid;
+
+                r = get_user_creds(&user, &uid, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                item->policy_access.type = KDBUS_POLICY_ACCESS_USER;
+                item->policy_access.id = uid;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case BUSNAME_POLICY_TYPE_GROUP: {
+                const char *group = policy->name;
+                gid_t gid;
+
+                r = get_group_creds(&group, &gid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                item->policy_access.type = KDBUS_POLICY_ACCESS_GROUP;
+                item->policy_access.id = gid;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown policy type");
+        }
+
+        item->policy_access.access = bus_kernel_translate_access(policy->access);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_kernel_make_starter(
+                int fd,
+                const char *name,
+                bool activating,
+                bool accept_fd,
+                BusNamePolicy *policy,
+                BusPolicyAccess world_policy) {
+
+        struct kdbus_cmd_free cmd_free = { .size = sizeof(cmd_free) };
+        struct kdbus_cmd_hello *hello;
+        struct kdbus_item *n;
+        size_t policy_cnt = 0;
+        BusNamePolicy *po;
+        size_t size;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(name);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(policy, po, policy)
+                policy_cnt++;
+
+        if (world_policy >= 0)
+                policy_cnt++;
+
+        size = offsetof(struct kdbus_cmd_hello, items) +
+               ALIGN8(offsetof(struct kdbus_item, str) + strlen(name) + 1) +
+               policy_cnt * ALIGN8(offsetof(struct kdbus_item, policy_access) + sizeof(struct kdbus_policy_access));
+
+        hello = alloca0_align(size, 8);
+
+        n = hello->items;
+        strcpy(n->str, name);
+        n->size = offsetof(struct kdbus_item, str) + strlen(n->str) + 1;
+        n->type = KDBUS_ITEM_NAME;
+        n = KDBUS_ITEM_NEXT(n);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(policy, po, policy) {
+                n->type = KDBUS_ITEM_POLICY_ACCESS;
+                n->size = offsetof(struct kdbus_item, policy_access) + sizeof(struct kdbus_policy_access);
+
+                r = bus_kernel_translate_policy(po, n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                n = KDBUS_ITEM_NEXT(n);
+        }
+
+        if (world_policy >= 0) {
+                n->type = KDBUS_ITEM_POLICY_ACCESS;
+                n->size = offsetof(struct kdbus_item, policy_access) + sizeof(struct kdbus_policy_access);
+                n->policy_access.type = KDBUS_POLICY_ACCESS_WORLD;
+                n->policy_access.access = bus_kernel_translate_access(world_policy);
+        }
+
+        hello->size = size;
+        hello->flags =
+                (activating ? KDBUS_HELLO_ACTIVATOR : KDBUS_HELLO_POLICY_HOLDER) |
+                (accept_fd ? KDBUS_HELLO_ACCEPT_FD : 0);
+        hello->pool_size = KDBUS_POOL_SIZE;
+        hello->attach_flags_send = _KDBUS_ATTACH_ANY;
+        hello->attach_flags_recv = _KDBUS_ATTACH_ANY;
+
+        if (ioctl(fd, KDBUS_CMD_HELLO, hello) < 0) {
+                if (errno == ENOTTY) /* Major API change */
+                        return -ESOCKTNOSUPPORT;
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        /* not interested in any output values */
+        cmd_free.offset = hello->offset;
+        (void) ioctl(fd, KDBUS_CMD_FREE, &cmd_free);
+
+        /* The higher 32bit of the bus_flags fields are considered
+         * 'incompatible flags'. Refuse them all for now. */
+        if (hello->bus_flags > 0xFFFFFFFFULL)
+                return -ESOCKTNOSUPPORT;
+
+        return fd;
+}
+
+static const char* const bus_policy_access_table[_BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_MAX] = {
+        [BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_SEE] = "see",
+        [BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_TALK] = "talk",
+        [BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_OWN] = "own",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(bus_policy_access, BusPolicyAccess);
diff --git a/src/libcore/bus-policy.h b/src/libcore/bus-policy.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5b2c4d5953
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/bus-policy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Daniel Mack
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "kdbus.h"
+#include "list.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+
+typedef struct BusNamePolicy BusNamePolicy;
+
+typedef enum BusPolicyAccess {
+        BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_SEE,
+        BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_TALK,
+        BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_OWN,
+        _BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_MAX,
+        _BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_INVALID = -1
+} BusPolicyAccess;
+
+typedef enum BusNamePolicyType {
+        BUSNAME_POLICY_TYPE_USER,
+        BUSNAME_POLICY_TYPE_GROUP,
+        _BUSNAME_POLICY_TYPE_MAX,
+        _BUSNAME_POLICY_TYPE_INVALID = -1
+} BusNamePolicyType;
+
+struct BusNamePolicy {
+        BusNamePolicyType type;
+        BusPolicyAccess access;
+
+        char *name;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(BusNamePolicy, policy);
+};
+
+int bus_kernel_translate_access(BusPolicyAccess access);
+int bus_kernel_translate_policy(const BusNamePolicy *policy, struct kdbus_item *item);
+
+const char* bus_policy_access_to_string(BusPolicyAccess i) _const_;
+BusPolicyAccess bus_policy_access_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+int bus_kernel_make_starter(
+                int fd,
+                const char *name,
+                bool activating,
+                bool accept_fd,
+                BusNamePolicy *policy,
+                BusPolicyAccess world_policy);
diff --git a/src/libcore/busname.c b/src/libcore/busname.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de2a21ccde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/busname.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1067 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-internal.h"
+#include "bus-kernel.h"
+#include "bus-policy.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "busname.h"
+#include "dbus-busname.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "kdbus.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "service.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_BUSNAME_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [BUSNAME_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [BUSNAME_MAKING] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [BUSNAME_REGISTERED] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [BUSNAME_LISTENING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [BUSNAME_RUNNING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [BUSNAME_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [BUSNAME_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [BUSNAME_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED
+};
+
+static int busname_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata);
+static int busname_dispatch_timer(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata);
+
+static void busname_init(Unit *u) {
+        BusName *n = BUSNAME(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        n->starter_fd = -1;
+        n->accept_fd = true;
+        n->activating = true;
+
+        n->timeout_usec = u->manager->default_timeout_start_usec;
+}
+
+static void busname_unwatch_control_pid(BusName *n) {
+        assert(n);
+
+        if (n->control_pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        unit_unwatch_pid(UNIT(n), n->control_pid);
+        n->control_pid = 0;
+}
+
+static void busname_free_policy(BusName *n) {
+        BusNamePolicy *p;
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        while ((p = n->policy)) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(policy, n->policy, p);
+
+                free(p->name);
+                free(p);
+        }
+}
+
+static void busname_close_fd(BusName *n) {
+        assert(n);
+
+        n->starter_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(n->starter_event_source);
+        n->starter_fd = safe_close(n->starter_fd);
+}
+
+static void busname_done(Unit *u) {
+        BusName *n = BUSNAME(u);
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        n->name = mfree(n->name);
+
+        busname_free_policy(n);
+        busname_unwatch_control_pid(n);
+        busname_close_fd(n);
+
+        unit_ref_unset(&n->service);
+
+        n->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(n->timer_event_source);
+}
+
+static int busname_arm_timer(BusName *n, usec_t usec) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        if (n->timer_event_source) {
+                r = sd_event_source_set_time(n->timer_event_source, usec);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return sd_event_source_set_enabled(n->timer_event_source, SD_EVENT_ONESHOT);
+        }
+
+        if (usec == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_event_add_time(
+                        UNIT(n)->manager->event,
+                        &n->timer_event_source,
+                        CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
+                        usec, 0,
+                        busname_dispatch_timer, n);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(n->timer_event_source, "busname-timer");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int busname_add_default_default_dependencies(BusName *n) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(n), UNIT_BEFORE, SPECIAL_BUSNAMES_TARGET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (UNIT(n)->manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(n), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES, SPECIAL_SYSINIT_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(n), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET, NULL, true);
+}
+
+static int busname_add_extras(BusName *n) {
+        Unit *u = UNIT(n);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        if (!n->name) {
+                r = unit_name_to_prefix(u->id, &n->name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (!u->description) {
+                r = unit_set_description(u, n->name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (n->activating) {
+                if (!UNIT_DEREF(n->service)) {
+                        Unit *x;
+
+                        r = unit_load_related_unit(u, ".service", &x);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        unit_ref_set(&n->service, x);
+                }
+
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies(u, UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, UNIT_DEREF(n->service), true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (u->default_dependencies) {
+                r = busname_add_default_default_dependencies(n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int busname_verify(BusName *n) {
+        char *e;
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        if (UNIT(n)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!service_name_is_valid(n->name)) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(n), "Name= setting is not a valid service name Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        e = strjoina(n->name, ".busname");
+        if (!unit_has_name(UNIT(n), e)) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(n), "Name= setting doesn't match unit name. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int busname_load(Unit *u) {
+        BusName *n = BUSNAME(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+                /* This is a new unit? Then let's add in some extras */
+                r = busname_add_extras(n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return busname_verify(n);
+}
+
+static void busname_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        BusName *n = BUSNAME(u);
+
+        assert(n);
+        assert(f);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sBus Name State: %s\n"
+                "%sResult: %s\n"
+                "%sName: %s\n"
+                "%sActivating: %s\n"
+                "%sAccept FD: %s\n",
+                prefix, busname_state_to_string(n->state),
+                prefix, busname_result_to_string(n->result),
+                prefix, n->name,
+                prefix, yes_no(n->activating),
+                prefix, yes_no(n->accept_fd));
+
+        if (n->control_pid > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sControl PID: "PID_FMT"\n",
+                        prefix, n->control_pid);
+}
+
+static void busname_unwatch_fd(BusName *n) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        if (!n->starter_event_source)
+                return;
+
+        r = sd_event_source_set_enabled(n->starter_event_source, SD_EVENT_OFF);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_debug_errno(UNIT(n), r, "Failed to disable event source: %m");
+}
+
+static int busname_watch_fd(BusName *n) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        if (n->starter_fd < 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (n->starter_event_source) {
+                r = sd_event_source_set_enabled(n->starter_event_source, SD_EVENT_ON);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        } else {
+                r = sd_event_add_io(UNIT(n)->manager->event, &n->starter_event_source, n->starter_fd, EPOLLIN, busname_dispatch_io, n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                (void) sd_event_source_set_description(n->starter_event_source, "busname-starter");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(n), r, "Failed to watch starter fd: %m");
+        busname_unwatch_fd(n);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int busname_open_fd(BusName *n) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        const char *mode;
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        if (n->starter_fd >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        mode = UNIT(n)->manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? "system" : "user";
+        n->starter_fd = bus_kernel_open_bus_fd(mode, &path);
+        if (n->starter_fd < 0)
+                return log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(n), n->starter_fd, "Failed to open %s: %m", path ?: "kdbus");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void busname_set_state(BusName *n, BusNameState state) {
+        BusNameState old_state;
+        assert(n);
+
+        old_state = n->state;
+        n->state = state;
+
+        if (!IN_SET(state, BUSNAME_MAKING, BUSNAME_SIGTERM, BUSNAME_SIGKILL)) {
+                n->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(n->timer_event_source);
+                busname_unwatch_control_pid(n);
+        }
+
+        if (state != BUSNAME_LISTENING)
+                busname_unwatch_fd(n);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(state, BUSNAME_LISTENING, BUSNAME_MAKING, BUSNAME_REGISTERED, BUSNAME_RUNNING))
+                busname_close_fd(n);
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(n), "Changed %s -> %s", busname_state_to_string(old_state), busname_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(n), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static int busname_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        BusName *n = BUSNAME(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(n);
+        assert(n->state == BUSNAME_DEAD);
+
+        if (n->deserialized_state == n->state)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (n->control_pid > 0 &&
+            pid_is_unwaited(n->control_pid) &&
+            IN_SET(n->deserialized_state, BUSNAME_MAKING, BUSNAME_SIGTERM, BUSNAME_SIGKILL)) {
+
+                r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(n), n->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = busname_arm_timer(n, usec_add(u->state_change_timestamp.monotonic, n->timeout_usec));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (IN_SET(n->deserialized_state, BUSNAME_MAKING, BUSNAME_LISTENING, BUSNAME_REGISTERED, BUSNAME_RUNNING)) {
+                r = busname_open_fd(n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (n->deserialized_state == BUSNAME_LISTENING) {
+                r = busname_watch_fd(n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        busname_set_state(n, n->deserialized_state);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int busname_make_starter(BusName *n, pid_t *_pid) {
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+
+        r = busname_arm_timer(n, usec_add(now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), n->timeout_usec));
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* We have to resolve the user/group names out-of-process,
+         * hence let's fork here. It's messy, but well, what can we
+         * do? */
+
+        pid = fork();
+        if (pid < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (pid == 0) {
+                int ret;
+
+                (void) default_signals(SIGNALS_CRASH_HANDLER, SIGNALS_IGNORE, -1);
+                (void) ignore_signals(SIGPIPE, -1);
+                log_forget_fds();
+
+                r = bus_kernel_make_starter(n->starter_fd, n->name, n->activating, n->accept_fd, n->policy, n->policy_world);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        ret = EXIT_MAKE_STARTER;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                _exit(0);
+
+        fail_child:
+                log_open();
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create starter connection at step %s: %m", exit_status_to_string(ret, EXIT_STATUS_SYSTEMD));
+
+                _exit(ret);
+        }
+
+        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(n), pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        *_pid = pid;
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        n->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(n->timer_event_source);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void busname_enter_dead(BusName *n, BusNameResult f) {
+        assert(n);
+
+        if (f != BUSNAME_SUCCESS)
+                n->result = f;
+
+        busname_set_state(n, n->result != BUSNAME_SUCCESS ? BUSNAME_FAILED : BUSNAME_DEAD);
+}
+
+static void busname_enter_signal(BusName *n, BusNameState state, BusNameResult f) {
+        KillContext kill_context = {};
+        int r;
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        if (f != BUSNAME_SUCCESS)
+                n->result = f;
+
+        kill_context_init(&kill_context);
+
+        r = unit_kill_context(UNIT(n),
+                              &kill_context,
+                              state != BUSNAME_SIGTERM ? KILL_KILL : KILL_TERMINATE,
+                              -1,
+                              n->control_pid,
+                              false);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(n), r, "Failed to kill control process: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (r > 0) {
+                r = busname_arm_timer(n, usec_add(now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), n->timeout_usec));
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(n), r, "Failed to arm timer: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                busname_set_state(n, state);
+        } else if (state == BUSNAME_SIGTERM)
+                busname_enter_signal(n, BUSNAME_SIGKILL, BUSNAME_SUCCESS);
+        else
+                busname_enter_dead(n, BUSNAME_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        busname_enter_dead(n, BUSNAME_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void busname_enter_listening(BusName *n) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        if (n->activating) {
+                r = busname_watch_fd(n);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(n), r, "Failed to watch names: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                busname_set_state(n, BUSNAME_LISTENING);
+        } else
+                busname_set_state(n, BUSNAME_REGISTERED);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        busname_enter_signal(n, BUSNAME_SIGTERM, BUSNAME_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void busname_enter_making(BusName *n) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        r = busname_open_fd(n);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (n->policy) {
+                /* If there is a policy, we need to resolve user/group
+                 * names, which we can't do from PID1, hence let's
+                 * fork. */
+                busname_unwatch_control_pid(n);
+
+                r = busname_make_starter(n, &n->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(n), r, "Failed to fork 'making' task: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                busname_set_state(n, BUSNAME_MAKING);
+        } else {
+                /* If there is no policy, we can do everything
+                 * directly from PID 1, hence do so. */
+
+                r = bus_kernel_make_starter(n->starter_fd, n->name, n->activating, n->accept_fd, NULL, n->policy_world);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(n), r, "Failed to make starter: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                busname_enter_listening(n);
+        }
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        busname_enter_dead(n, BUSNAME_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void busname_enter_running(BusName *n) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        bool pending = false;
+        Unit *other;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        if (!n->activating)
+                return;
+
+        /* We don't take connections anymore if we are supposed to
+         * shut down anyway */
+
+        if (unit_stop_pending(UNIT(n))) {
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(n), "Suppressing activation request since unit stop is scheduled.");
+
+                /* Flush all queued activation reqeuest by closing and reopening the connection */
+                bus_kernel_drop_one(n->starter_fd);
+
+                busname_enter_listening(n);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        /* If there's already a start pending don't bother to do
+         * anything */
+        SET_FOREACH(other, UNIT(n)->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERS], i)
+                if (unit_active_or_pending(other)) {
+                        pending = true;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+        if (!pending) {
+                if (!UNIT_ISSET(n->service)) {
+                        log_unit_error(UNIT(n), "Service to activate vanished, refusing activation.");
+                        r = -ENOENT;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = manager_add_job(UNIT(n)->manager, JOB_START, UNIT_DEREF(n->service), JOB_REPLACE, &error, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        busname_set_state(n, BUSNAME_RUNNING);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning(UNIT(n), "Failed to queue service startup job: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+        busname_enter_dead(n, BUSNAME_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static int busname_start(Unit *u) {
+        BusName *n = BUSNAME(u);
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        /* We cannot fulfill this request right now, try again later
+         * please! */
+        if (IN_SET(n->state, BUSNAME_SIGTERM, BUSNAME_SIGKILL))
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        /* Already on it! */
+        if (n->state == BUSNAME_MAKING)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (n->activating && UNIT_ISSET(n->service)) {
+                Service *service;
+
+                service = SERVICE(UNIT_DEREF(n->service));
+
+                if (UNIT(service)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED) {
+                        log_unit_error(u, "Bus service %s not loaded, refusing.", UNIT(service)->id);
+                        return -ENOENT;
+                }
+        }
+
+        assert(IN_SET(n->state, BUSNAME_DEAD, BUSNAME_FAILED));
+
+        n->result = BUSNAME_SUCCESS;
+        busname_enter_making(n);
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int busname_stop(Unit *u) {
+        BusName *n = BUSNAME(u);
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        /* Already on it */
+        if (IN_SET(n->state, BUSNAME_SIGTERM, BUSNAME_SIGKILL))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* If there's already something running, we go directly into
+         * kill mode. */
+
+        if (n->state == BUSNAME_MAKING) {
+                busname_enter_signal(n, BUSNAME_SIGTERM, BUSNAME_SUCCESS);
+                return -EAGAIN;
+        }
+
+        assert(IN_SET(n->state, BUSNAME_REGISTERED, BUSNAME_LISTENING, BUSNAME_RUNNING));
+
+        busname_enter_dead(n, BUSNAME_SUCCESS);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int busname_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        BusName *n = BUSNAME(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(n);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", busname_state_to_string(n->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "result", busname_result_to_string(n->result));
+
+        if (n->control_pid > 0)
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "control-pid", PID_FMT, n->control_pid);
+
+        r = unit_serialize_item_fd(u, f, fds, "starter-fd", n->starter_fd);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int busname_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        BusName *n = BUSNAME(u);
+
+        assert(n);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                BusNameState state;
+
+                state = busname_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse state value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        n->deserialized_state = state;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "result")) {
+                BusNameResult f;
+
+                f = busname_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse result value: %s", value);
+                else if (f != BUSNAME_SUCCESS)
+                        n->result = f;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-pid")) {
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                if (parse_pid(value, &pid) < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse control-pid value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        n->control_pid = pid;
+        } else if (streq(key, "starter-fd")) {
+                int fd;
+
+                if (safe_atoi(value, &fd) < 0 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse starter fd value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        safe_close(n->starter_fd);
+                        n->starter_fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                }
+        } else
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Unknown serialization key: %s", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState busname_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[BUSNAME(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *busname_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return busname_state_to_string(BUSNAME(u)->state);
+}
+
+static int busname_peek_message(BusName *n) {
+        struct kdbus_cmd_recv cmd_recv = {
+                .size = sizeof(cmd_recv),
+                .flags = KDBUS_RECV_PEEK,
+        };
+        struct kdbus_cmd_free cmd_free = {
+                .size = sizeof(cmd_free),
+        };
+        const char *comm = NULL;
+        struct kdbus_item *d;
+        struct kdbus_msg *k;
+        size_t start, ps, sz, delta;
+        void *p = NULL;
+        pid_t pid = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Generate a friendly debug log message about which process
+         * caused triggering of this bus name. This simply peeks the
+         * metadata of the first queued message and logs it. */
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        /* Let's shortcut things a bit, if debug logging is turned off
+         * anyway. */
+
+        if (log_get_max_level() < LOG_DEBUG)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = ioctl(n->starter_fd, KDBUS_CMD_RECV, &cmd_recv);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(n), errno, "Failed to query activation message: %m");
+        }
+
+        /* We map as late as possible, and unmap imemdiately after
+         * use. On 32bit address space is scarce and we want to be
+         * able to handle a lot of activator connections at the same
+         * time, and hence shouldn't keep the mmap()s around for
+         * longer than necessary. */
+
+        ps = page_size();
+        start = (cmd_recv.msg.offset / ps) * ps;
+        delta = cmd_recv.msg.offset - start;
+        sz = PAGE_ALIGN(delta + cmd_recv.msg.msg_size);
+
+        p = mmap(NULL, sz, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, n->starter_fd, start);
+        if (p == MAP_FAILED) {
+                r = log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(n), errno, "Failed to map activation message: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        k = (struct kdbus_msg *) ((uint8_t *) p + delta);
+        KDBUS_ITEM_FOREACH(d, k, items) {
+                switch (d->type) {
+
+                case KDBUS_ITEM_PIDS:
+                        pid = d->pids.pid;
+                        break;
+
+                case KDBUS_ITEM_PID_COMM:
+                        comm = d->str;
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (pid > 0)
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(n), "Activation triggered by process " PID_FMT " (%s)", pid, strna(comm));
+
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        if (p)
+                (void) munmap(p, sz);
+
+        cmd_free.offset = cmd_recv.msg.offset;
+        if (ioctl(n->starter_fd, KDBUS_CMD_FREE, &cmd_free) < 0)
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(n), "Failed to free peeked message, ignoring: %m");
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int busname_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        BusName *n = userdata;
+
+        assert(n);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        if (n->state != BUSNAME_LISTENING)
+                return 0;
+
+        log_unit_debug(UNIT(n), "Activation request");
+
+        if (revents != EPOLLIN) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(n), "Got unexpected poll event (0x%x) on starter fd.", revents);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        busname_peek_message(n);
+        busname_enter_running(n);
+        return 0;
+fail:
+
+        busname_enter_dead(n, BUSNAME_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void busname_sigchld_event(Unit *u, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
+        BusName *n = BUSNAME(u);
+        BusNameResult f;
+
+        assert(n);
+        assert(pid >= 0);
+
+        if (pid != n->control_pid)
+                return;
+
+        n->control_pid = 0;
+
+        if (is_clean_exit(code, status, NULL))
+                f = BUSNAME_SUCCESS;
+        else if (code == CLD_EXITED)
+                f = BUSNAME_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE;
+        else if (code == CLD_KILLED)
+                f = BUSNAME_FAILURE_SIGNAL;
+        else if (code == CLD_DUMPED)
+                f = BUSNAME_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP;
+        else
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown sigchld code");
+
+        log_unit_full(u, f == BUSNAME_SUCCESS ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_NOTICE, 0,
+                      "Control process exited, code=%s status=%i", sigchld_code_to_string(code), status);
+
+        if (f != BUSNAME_SUCCESS)
+                n->result = f;
+
+        switch (n->state) {
+
+        case BUSNAME_MAKING:
+                if (f == BUSNAME_SUCCESS)
+                        busname_enter_listening(n);
+                else
+                        busname_enter_signal(n, BUSNAME_SIGTERM, f);
+                break;
+
+        case BUSNAME_SIGTERM:
+        case BUSNAME_SIGKILL:
+                busname_enter_dead(n, f);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Uh, control process died at wrong time.");
+        }
+
+        /* Notify clients about changed exit status */
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+}
+
+static int busname_dispatch_timer(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        BusName *n = BUSNAME(userdata);
+
+        assert(n);
+        assert(n->timer_event_source == source);
+
+        switch (n->state) {
+
+        case BUSNAME_MAKING:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(n), "Making timed out. Terminating.");
+                busname_enter_signal(n, BUSNAME_SIGTERM, BUSNAME_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case BUSNAME_SIGTERM:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(n), "Stopping timed out. Killing.");
+                busname_enter_signal(n, BUSNAME_SIGKILL, BUSNAME_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case BUSNAME_SIGKILL:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(n), "Processes still around after SIGKILL. Ignoring.");
+                busname_enter_dead(n, BUSNAME_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Timeout at wrong time.");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void busname_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        BusName *n = BUSNAME(u);
+
+        assert(n);
+
+        if (n->state == BUSNAME_FAILED)
+                busname_set_state(n, BUSNAME_DEAD);
+
+        n->result = BUSNAME_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static void busname_trigger_notify(Unit *u, Unit *other) {
+        BusName *n = BUSNAME(u);
+
+        assert(n);
+        assert(other);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(n->state, BUSNAME_RUNNING, BUSNAME_LISTENING))
+                return;
+
+        if (other->start_limit_hit) {
+                busname_enter_dead(n, BUSNAME_FAILURE_SERVICE_START_LIMIT_HIT);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (other->load_state != UNIT_LOADED || other->type != UNIT_SERVICE)
+                return;
+
+        if (IN_SET(SERVICE(other)->state,
+                   SERVICE_DEAD, SERVICE_FAILED,
+                   SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL,
+                   SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART))
+                busname_enter_listening(n);
+
+        if (SERVICE(other)->state == SERVICE_RUNNING)
+                busname_set_state(n, BUSNAME_RUNNING);
+}
+
+static int busname_kill(Unit *u, KillWho who, int signo, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return unit_kill_common(u, who, signo, -1, BUSNAME(u)->control_pid, error);
+}
+
+static int busname_get_timeout(Unit *u, usec_t *timeout) {
+        BusName *n = BUSNAME(u);
+        usec_t t;
+        int r;
+
+        if (!n->timer_event_source)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_event_source_get_time(n->timer_event_source, &t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (t == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+
+        *timeout = t;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static bool busname_supported(void) {
+        static int supported = -1;
+
+        if (supported < 0)
+                supported = is_kdbus_available();
+
+        return supported;
+}
+
+static const char* const busname_result_table[_BUSNAME_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [BUSNAME_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [BUSNAME_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources",
+        [BUSNAME_FAILURE_TIMEOUT] = "timeout",
+        [BUSNAME_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE] = "exit-code",
+        [BUSNAME_FAILURE_SIGNAL] = "signal",
+        [BUSNAME_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP] = "core-dump",
+        [BUSNAME_FAILURE_SERVICE_START_LIMIT_HIT] = "service-start-limit-hit",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(busname_result, BusNameResult);
+
+const UnitVTable busname_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(BusName),
+
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "BusName\0"
+                "Install\0",
+        .private_section = "BusName",
+
+        .no_alias = true,
+        .no_instances = true,
+
+        .init = busname_init,
+        .done = busname_done,
+        .load = busname_load,
+
+        .coldplug = busname_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = busname_dump,
+
+        .start = busname_start,
+        .stop = busname_stop,
+
+        .kill = busname_kill,
+
+        .get_timeout = busname_get_timeout,
+
+        .serialize = busname_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = busname_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = busname_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = busname_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .sigchld_event = busname_sigchld_event,
+
+        .trigger_notify = busname_trigger_notify,
+
+        .reset_failed = busname_reset_failed,
+
+        .supported = busname_supported,
+
+        .bus_vtable = bus_busname_vtable,
+
+        .status_message_formats = {
+                .finished_start_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Listening on %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed to listen on %s.",
+                },
+                .finished_stop_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Closed %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed stopping %s.",
+                },
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/busname.h b/src/libcore/busname.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b6f6c62d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/busname.h
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct BusName BusName;
+typedef struct BusNamePolicy BusNamePolicy;
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+typedef enum BusNameResult {
+        BUSNAME_SUCCESS,
+        BUSNAME_FAILURE_RESOURCES,
+        BUSNAME_FAILURE_TIMEOUT,
+        BUSNAME_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE,
+        BUSNAME_FAILURE_SIGNAL,
+        BUSNAME_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP,
+        BUSNAME_FAILURE_SERVICE_START_LIMIT_HIT,
+        _BUSNAME_RESULT_MAX,
+        _BUSNAME_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} BusNameResult;
+
+struct BusName {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        char *name;
+        int starter_fd;
+
+        bool activating;
+        bool accept_fd;
+
+        UnitRef service;
+
+        BusNameState state, deserialized_state;
+        BusNameResult result;
+
+        usec_t timeout_usec;
+
+        sd_event_source *starter_event_source;
+        sd_event_source *timer_event_source;
+
+        pid_t control_pid;
+
+        LIST_HEAD(BusNamePolicy, policy);
+        BusPolicyAccess policy_world;
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable busname_vtable;
+
+const char* busname_result_to_string(BusNameResult i) _const_;
+BusNameResult busname_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libcore/cgroup.c b/src/libcore/cgroup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39235a95f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/cgroup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1620 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <fnmatch.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "cgroup.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+
+#define CGROUP_CPU_QUOTA_PERIOD_USEC ((usec_t) 100 * USEC_PER_MSEC)
+
+void cgroup_context_init(CGroupContext *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        /* Initialize everything to the kernel defaults, assuming the
+         * structure is preinitialized to 0 */
+
+        c->cpu_shares = CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID;
+        c->startup_cpu_shares = CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID;
+        c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec = USEC_INFINITY;
+
+        c->memory_limit = (uint64_t) -1;
+
+        c->blockio_weight = CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID;
+        c->startup_blockio_weight = CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID;
+
+        c->tasks_max = (uint64_t) -1;
+}
+
+void cgroup_context_free_device_allow(CGroupContext *c, CGroupDeviceAllow *a) {
+        assert(c);
+        assert(a);
+
+        LIST_REMOVE(device_allow, c->device_allow, a);
+        free(a->path);
+        free(a);
+}
+
+void cgroup_context_free_blockio_device_weight(CGroupContext *c, CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight *w) {
+        assert(c);
+        assert(w);
+
+        LIST_REMOVE(device_weights, c->blockio_device_weights, w);
+        free(w->path);
+        free(w);
+}
+
+void cgroup_context_free_blockio_device_bandwidth(CGroupContext *c, CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth *b) {
+        assert(c);
+        assert(b);
+
+        LIST_REMOVE(device_bandwidths, c->blockio_device_bandwidths, b);
+        free(b->path);
+        free(b);
+}
+
+void cgroup_context_done(CGroupContext *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        while (c->blockio_device_weights)
+                cgroup_context_free_blockio_device_weight(c, c->blockio_device_weights);
+
+        while (c->blockio_device_bandwidths)
+                cgroup_context_free_blockio_device_bandwidth(c, c->blockio_device_bandwidths);
+
+        while (c->device_allow)
+                cgroup_context_free_device_allow(c, c->device_allow);
+}
+
+void cgroup_context_dump(CGroupContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
+        CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth *b;
+        CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight *w;
+        CGroupDeviceAllow *a;
+        char u[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(f);
+
+        prefix = strempty(prefix);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sCPUAccounting=%s\n"
+                "%sBlockIOAccounting=%s\n"
+                "%sMemoryAccounting=%s\n"
+                "%sTasksAccounting=%s\n"
+                "%sCPUShares=%" PRIu64 "\n"
+                "%sStartupCPUShares=%" PRIu64 "\n"
+                "%sCPUQuotaPerSecSec=%s\n"
+                "%sBlockIOWeight=%" PRIu64 "\n"
+                "%sStartupBlockIOWeight=%" PRIu64 "\n"
+                "%sMemoryLimit=%" PRIu64 "\n"
+                "%sTasksMax=%" PRIu64 "\n"
+                "%sDevicePolicy=%s\n"
+                "%sDelegate=%s\n",
+                prefix, yes_no(c->cpu_accounting),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->blockio_accounting),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->memory_accounting),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->tasks_accounting),
+                prefix, c->cpu_shares,
+                prefix, c->startup_cpu_shares,
+                prefix, format_timespan(u, sizeof(u), c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec, 1),
+                prefix, c->blockio_weight,
+                prefix, c->startup_blockio_weight,
+                prefix, c->memory_limit,
+                prefix, c->tasks_max,
+                prefix, cgroup_device_policy_to_string(c->device_policy),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->delegate));
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(device_allow, a, c->device_allow)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sDeviceAllow=%s %s%s%s\n",
+                        prefix,
+                        a->path,
+                        a->r ? "r" : "", a->w ? "w" : "", a->m ? "m" : "");
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, w, c->blockio_device_weights)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sBlockIODeviceWeight=%s %" PRIu64,
+                        prefix,
+                        w->path,
+                        w->weight);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(device_bandwidths, b, c->blockio_device_bandwidths) {
+                char buf[FORMAT_BYTES_MAX];
+
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%s%s=%s %s\n",
+                        prefix,
+                        b->read ? "BlockIOReadBandwidth" : "BlockIOWriteBandwidth",
+                        b->path,
+                        format_bytes(buf, sizeof(buf), b->bandwidth));
+        }
+}
+
+static int lookup_blkio_device(const char *p, dev_t *dev) {
+        struct stat st;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(dev);
+
+        r = stat(p, &st);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(errno, "Couldn't stat device %s: %m", p);
+
+        if (S_ISBLK(st.st_mode))
+                *dev = st.st_rdev;
+        else if (major(st.st_dev) != 0) {
+                /* If this is not a device node then find the block
+                 * device this file is stored on */
+                *dev = st.st_dev;
+
+                /* If this is a partition, try to get the originating
+                 * block device */
+                block_get_whole_disk(*dev, dev);
+        } else {
+                log_warning("%s is not a block device and file system block device cannot be determined or is not local.", p);
+                return -ENODEV;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int whitelist_device(const char *path, const char *node, const char *acc) {
+        char buf[2+DECIMAL_STR_MAX(dev_t)*2+2+4];
+        struct stat st;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(acc);
+
+        if (stat(node, &st) < 0) {
+                log_warning("Couldn't stat device %s", node);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (!S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) && !S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
+                log_warning("%s is not a device.", node);
+                return -ENODEV;
+        }
+
+        sprintf(buf,
+                "%c %u:%u %s",
+                S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) ? 'c' : 'b',
+                major(st.st_rdev), minor(st.st_rdev),
+                acc);
+
+        r = cg_set_attribute("devices", path, "devices.allow", buf);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EINVAL, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                               "Failed to set devices.allow on %s: %m", path);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int whitelist_major(const char *path, const char *name, char type, const char *acc) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        char line[LINE_MAX];
+        bool good = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(acc);
+        assert(type == 'b' || type == 'c');
+
+        f = fopen("/proc/devices", "re");
+        if (!f)
+                return log_warning_errno(errno, "Cannot open /proc/devices to resolve %s (%c): %m", name, type);
+
+        FOREACH_LINE(line, f, goto fail) {
+                char buf[2+DECIMAL_STR_MAX(unsigned)+3+4], *p, *w;
+                unsigned maj;
+
+                truncate_nl(line);
+
+                if (type == 'c' && streq(line, "Character devices:")) {
+                        good = true;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (type == 'b' && streq(line, "Block devices:")) {
+                        good = true;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (isempty(line)) {
+                        good = false;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!good)
+                        continue;
+
+                p = strstrip(line);
+
+                w = strpbrk(p, WHITESPACE);
+                if (!w)
+                        continue;
+                *w = 0;
+
+                r = safe_atou(p, &maj);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        continue;
+                if (maj <= 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                w++;
+                w += strspn(w, WHITESPACE);
+
+                if (fnmatch(name, w, 0) != 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                sprintf(buf,
+                        "%c %u:* %s",
+                        type,
+                        maj,
+                        acc);
+
+                r = cg_set_attribute("devices", path, "devices.allow", buf);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EINVAL, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                       "Failed to set devices.allow on %s: %m", path);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to read /proc/devices: %m");
+        return -errno;
+}
+
+void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, ManagerState state) {
+        bool is_root;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(path);
+
+        if (mask == 0)
+                return;
+
+        /* Some cgroup attributes are not supported on the root cgroup,
+         * hence silently ignore */
+        is_root = isempty(path) || path_equal(path, "/");
+        if (is_root)
+                /* Make sure we don't try to display messages with an empty path. */
+                path = "/";
+
+        /* We generally ignore errors caused by read-only mounted
+         * cgroup trees (assuming we are running in a container then),
+         * and missing cgroups, i.e. EROFS and ENOENT. */
+
+        if ((mask & CGROUP_MASK_CPU) && !is_root) {
+                char buf[MAX(DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t), DECIMAL_STR_MAX(usec_t)) + 1];
+
+                sprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n",
+                        IN_SET(state, MANAGER_STARTING, MANAGER_INITIALIZING) && c->startup_cpu_shares != CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID ? c->startup_cpu_shares :
+                        c->cpu_shares != CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID ? c->cpu_shares : CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_DEFAULT);
+                r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", path, "cpu.shares", buf);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                       "Failed to set cpu.shares on %s: %m", path);
+
+                sprintf(buf, USEC_FMT "\n", CGROUP_CPU_QUOTA_PERIOD_USEC);
+                r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", path, "cpu.cfs_period_us", buf);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                       "Failed to set cpu.cfs_period_us on %s: %m", path);
+
+                if (c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec != USEC_INFINITY) {
+                        sprintf(buf, USEC_FMT "\n", c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec * CGROUP_CPU_QUOTA_PERIOD_USEC / USEC_PER_SEC);
+                        r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", path, "cpu.cfs_quota_us", buf);
+                } else
+                        r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", path, "cpu.cfs_quota_us", "-1");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                       "Failed to set cpu.cfs_quota_us on %s: %m", path);
+        }
+
+        if (mask & CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO) {
+                char buf[MAX(DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)+1,
+                             DECIMAL_STR_MAX(dev_t)*2+2+DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)+1)];
+                CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight *w;
+                CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth *b;
+
+                if (!is_root) {
+                        sprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n",
+                                IN_SET(state, MANAGER_STARTING, MANAGER_INITIALIZING) && c->startup_blockio_weight != CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID ? c->startup_blockio_weight :
+                                c->blockio_weight != CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID ? c->blockio_weight : CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_DEFAULT);
+                        r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", path, "blkio.weight", buf);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                               "Failed to set blkio.weight on %s: %m", path);
+
+                        /* FIXME: no way to reset this list */
+                        LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, w, c->blockio_device_weights) {
+                                dev_t dev;
+
+                                r = lookup_blkio_device(w->path, &dev);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                sprintf(buf, "%u:%u %" PRIu64 "\n", major(dev), minor(dev), w->weight);
+                                r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", path, "blkio.weight_device", buf);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                                       "Failed to set blkio.weight_device on %s: %m", path);
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* FIXME: no way to reset this list */
+                LIST_FOREACH(device_bandwidths, b, c->blockio_device_bandwidths) {
+                        const char *a;
+                        dev_t dev;
+
+                        r = lookup_blkio_device(b->path, &dev);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        a = b->read ? "blkio.throttle.read_bps_device" : "blkio.throttle.write_bps_device";
+
+                        sprintf(buf, "%u:%u %" PRIu64 "\n", major(dev), minor(dev), b->bandwidth);
+                        r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", path, a, buf);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                               "Failed to set %s on %s: %m", a, path);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if ((mask & CGROUP_MASK_MEMORY) && !is_root) {
+                if (c->memory_limit != (uint64_t) -1) {
+                        char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t) + 1];
+
+                        sprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n", c->memory_limit);
+
+                        if (cg_unified() <= 0)
+                                r = cg_set_attribute("memory", path, "memory.limit_in_bytes", buf);
+                        else
+                                r = cg_set_attribute("memory", path, "memory.max", buf);
+
+                } else {
+                        if (cg_unified() <= 0)
+                                r = cg_set_attribute("memory", path, "memory.limit_in_bytes", "-1");
+                        else
+                                r = cg_set_attribute("memory", path, "memory.max", "max");
+                }
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                       "Failed to set memory.limit_in_bytes/memory.max on %s: %m", path);
+        }
+
+        if ((mask & CGROUP_MASK_DEVICES) && !is_root) {
+                CGroupDeviceAllow *a;
+
+                /* Changing the devices list of a populated cgroup
+                 * might result in EINVAL, hence ignore EINVAL
+                 * here. */
+
+                if (c->device_allow || c->device_policy != CGROUP_AUTO)
+                        r = cg_set_attribute("devices", path, "devices.deny", "a");
+                else
+                        r = cg_set_attribute("devices", path, "devices.allow", "a");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EINVAL, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                       "Failed to reset devices.list on %s: %m", path);
+
+                if (c->device_policy == CGROUP_CLOSED ||
+                    (c->device_policy == CGROUP_AUTO && c->device_allow)) {
+                        static const char auto_devices[] =
+                                "/dev/null\0" "rwm\0"
+                                "/dev/zero\0" "rwm\0"
+                                "/dev/full\0" "rwm\0"
+                                "/dev/random\0" "rwm\0"
+                                "/dev/urandom\0" "rwm\0"
+                                "/dev/tty\0" "rwm\0"
+                                "/dev/pts/ptmx\0" "rw\0"; /* /dev/pts/ptmx may not be duplicated, but accessed */
+
+                        const char *x, *y;
+
+                        NULSTR_FOREACH_PAIR(x, y, auto_devices)
+                                whitelist_device(path, x, y);
+
+                        whitelist_major(path, "pts", 'c', "rw");
+                        whitelist_major(path, "kdbus", 'c', "rw");
+                        whitelist_major(path, "kdbus/*", 'c', "rw");
+                }
+
+                LIST_FOREACH(device_allow, a, c->device_allow) {
+                        char acc[4];
+                        unsigned k = 0;
+
+                        if (a->r)
+                                acc[k++] = 'r';
+                        if (a->w)
+                                acc[k++] = 'w';
+                        if (a->m)
+                                acc[k++] = 'm';
+
+                        if (k == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        acc[k++] = 0;
+
+                        if (startswith(a->path, "/dev/"))
+                                whitelist_device(path, a->path, acc);
+                        else if (startswith(a->path, "block-"))
+                                whitelist_major(path, a->path + 6, 'b', acc);
+                        else if (startswith(a->path, "char-"))
+                                whitelist_major(path, a->path + 5, 'c', acc);
+                        else
+                                log_debug("Ignoring device %s while writing cgroup attribute.", a->path);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if ((mask & CGROUP_MASK_PIDS) && !is_root) {
+
+                if (c->tasks_max != (uint64_t) -1) {
+                        char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t) + 2];
+
+                        sprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n", c->tasks_max);
+                        r = cg_set_attribute("pids", path, "pids.max", buf);
+                } else
+                        r = cg_set_attribute("pids", path, "pids.max", "max");
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                       "Failed to set pids.max on %s: %m", path);
+        }
+}
+
+CGroupMask cgroup_context_get_mask(CGroupContext *c) {
+        CGroupMask mask = 0;
+
+        /* Figure out which controllers we need */
+
+        if (c->cpu_accounting ||
+            c->cpu_shares != CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID ||
+            c->startup_cpu_shares != CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID ||
+            c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec != USEC_INFINITY)
+                mask |= CGROUP_MASK_CPUACCT | CGROUP_MASK_CPU;
+
+        if (c->blockio_accounting ||
+            c->blockio_weight != CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID ||
+            c->startup_blockio_weight != CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID ||
+            c->blockio_device_weights ||
+            c->blockio_device_bandwidths)
+                mask |= CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO;
+
+        if (c->memory_accounting ||
+            c->memory_limit != (uint64_t) -1)
+                mask |= CGROUP_MASK_MEMORY;
+
+        if (c->device_allow ||
+            c->device_policy != CGROUP_AUTO)
+                mask |= CGROUP_MASK_DEVICES;
+
+        if (c->tasks_accounting ||
+            c->tasks_max != (uint64_t) -1)
+                mask |= CGROUP_MASK_PIDS;
+
+        return mask;
+}
+
+CGroupMask unit_get_own_mask(Unit *u) {
+        CGroupContext *c;
+
+        /* Returns the mask of controllers the unit needs for itself */
+
+        c = unit_get_cgroup_context(u);
+        if (!c)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* If delegation is turned on, then turn on all cgroups,
+         * unless we are on the legacy hierarchy and the process we
+         * fork into it is known to drop privileges, and hence
+         * shouldn't get access to the controllers.
+         *
+         * Note that on the unified hierarchy it is safe to delegate
+         * controllers to unprivileged services. */
+
+        if (c->delegate) {
+                ExecContext *e;
+
+                e = unit_get_exec_context(u);
+                if (!e ||
+                    exec_context_maintains_privileges(e) ||
+                    cg_unified() > 0)
+                        return _CGROUP_MASK_ALL;
+        }
+
+        return cgroup_context_get_mask(c);
+}
+
+CGroupMask unit_get_members_mask(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Returns the mask of controllers all of the unit's children
+         * require, merged */
+
+        if (u->cgroup_members_mask_valid)
+                return u->cgroup_members_mask;
+
+        u->cgroup_members_mask = 0;
+
+        if (u->type == UNIT_SLICE) {
+                Unit *member;
+                Iterator i;
+
+                SET_FOREACH(member, u->dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE], i) {
+
+                        if (member == u)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (UNIT_DEREF(member->slice) != u)
+                                continue;
+
+                        u->cgroup_members_mask |=
+                                unit_get_own_mask(member) |
+                                unit_get_members_mask(member);
+                }
+        }
+
+        u->cgroup_members_mask_valid = true;
+        return u->cgroup_members_mask;
+}
+
+CGroupMask unit_get_siblings_mask(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Returns the mask of controllers all of the unit's siblings
+         * require, i.e. the members mask of the unit's parent slice
+         * if there is one. */
+
+        if (UNIT_ISSET(u->slice))
+                return unit_get_members_mask(UNIT_DEREF(u->slice));
+
+        return unit_get_own_mask(u) | unit_get_members_mask(u);
+}
+
+CGroupMask unit_get_subtree_mask(Unit *u) {
+
+        /* Returns the mask of this subtree, meaning of the group
+         * itself and its children. */
+
+        return unit_get_own_mask(u) | unit_get_members_mask(u);
+}
+
+CGroupMask unit_get_target_mask(Unit *u) {
+        CGroupMask mask;
+
+        /* This returns the cgroup mask of all controllers to enable
+         * for a specific cgroup, i.e. everything it needs itself,
+         * plus all that its children need, plus all that its siblings
+         * need. This is primarily useful on the legacy cgroup
+         * hierarchy, where we need to duplicate each cgroup in each
+         * hierarchy that shall be enabled for it. */
+
+        mask = unit_get_own_mask(u) | unit_get_members_mask(u) | unit_get_siblings_mask(u);
+        mask &= u->manager->cgroup_supported;
+
+        return mask;
+}
+
+CGroupMask unit_get_enable_mask(Unit *u) {
+        CGroupMask mask;
+
+        /* This returns the cgroup mask of all controllers to enable
+         * for the children of a specific cgroup. This is primarily
+         * useful for the unified cgroup hierarchy, where each cgroup
+         * controls which controllers are enabled for its children. */
+
+        mask = unit_get_members_mask(u);
+        mask &= u->manager->cgroup_supported;
+
+        return mask;
+}
+
+/* Recurse from a unit up through its containing slices, propagating
+ * mask bits upward. A unit is also member of itself. */
+void unit_update_cgroup_members_masks(Unit *u) {
+        CGroupMask m;
+        bool more;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Calculate subtree mask */
+        m = unit_get_subtree_mask(u);
+
+        /* See if anything changed from the previous invocation. If
+         * not, we're done. */
+        if (u->cgroup_subtree_mask_valid && m == u->cgroup_subtree_mask)
+                return;
+
+        more =
+                u->cgroup_subtree_mask_valid &&
+                ((m & ~u->cgroup_subtree_mask) != 0) &&
+                ((~m & u->cgroup_subtree_mask) == 0);
+
+        u->cgroup_subtree_mask = m;
+        u->cgroup_subtree_mask_valid = true;
+
+        if (UNIT_ISSET(u->slice)) {
+                Unit *s = UNIT_DEREF(u->slice);
+
+                if (more)
+                        /* There's more set now than before. We
+                         * propagate the new mask to the parent's mask
+                         * (not caring if it actually was valid or
+                         * not). */
+
+                        s->cgroup_members_mask |= m;
+
+                else
+                        /* There's less set now than before (or we
+                         * don't know), we need to recalculate
+                         * everything, so let's invalidate the
+                         * parent's members mask */
+
+                        s->cgroup_members_mask_valid = false;
+
+                /* And now make sure that this change also hits our
+                 * grandparents */
+                unit_update_cgroup_members_masks(s);
+        }
+}
+
+static const char *migrate_callback(CGroupMask mask, void *userdata) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(mask != 0);
+        assert(u);
+
+        while (u) {
+                if (u->cgroup_path &&
+                    u->cgroup_realized &&
+                    (u->cgroup_realized_mask & mask) == mask)
+                        return u->cgroup_path;
+
+                u = UNIT_DEREF(u->slice);
+        }
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+char *unit_default_cgroup_path(Unit *u) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *escaped = NULL, *slice = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (unit_has_name(u, SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE))
+                return strdup(u->manager->cgroup_root);
+
+        if (UNIT_ISSET(u->slice) && !unit_has_name(UNIT_DEREF(u->slice), SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE)) {
+                r = cg_slice_to_path(UNIT_DEREF(u->slice)->id, &slice);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+        }
+
+        escaped = cg_escape(u->id);
+        if (!escaped)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (slice)
+                return strjoin(u->manager->cgroup_root, "/", slice, "/", escaped, NULL);
+        else
+                return strjoin(u->manager->cgroup_root, "/", escaped, NULL);
+}
+
+int unit_set_cgroup_path(Unit *u, const char *path) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (path) {
+                p = strdup(path);
+                if (!p)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        } else
+                p = NULL;
+
+        if (streq_ptr(u->cgroup_path, p))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (p) {
+                r = hashmap_put(u->manager->cgroup_unit, p, u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        unit_release_cgroup(u);
+
+        u->cgroup_path = p;
+        p = NULL;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int unit_watch_cgroup(Unit *u) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *populated = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!u->cgroup_path)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (u->cgroup_inotify_wd >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Only applies to the unified hierarchy */
+        r = cg_unified();
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed detect wether the unified hierarchy is used: %m");
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Don't watch the root slice, it's pointless. */
+        if (unit_has_name(u, SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&u->manager->cgroup_inotify_wd_unit, &trivial_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = cg_get_path(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, u->cgroup_path, "cgroup.populated", &populated);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        u->cgroup_inotify_wd = inotify_add_watch(u->manager->cgroup_inotify_fd, populated, IN_MODIFY);
+        if (u->cgroup_inotify_wd < 0) {
+
+                if (errno == ENOENT) /* If the directory is already
+                                      * gone we don't need to track
+                                      * it, so this is not an error */
+                        return 0;
+
+                return log_unit_error_errno(u, errno, "Failed to add inotify watch descriptor for control group %s: %m", u->cgroup_path);
+        }
+
+        r = hashmap_put(u->manager->cgroup_inotify_wd_unit, INT_TO_PTR(u->cgroup_inotify_wd), u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed to add inotify watch descriptor to hash map: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int unit_create_cgroup(
+                Unit *u,
+                CGroupMask target_mask,
+                CGroupMask enable_mask) {
+
+        CGroupContext *c;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        c = unit_get_cgroup_context(u);
+        if (!c)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!u->cgroup_path) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+
+                path = unit_default_cgroup_path(u);
+                if (!path)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = unit_set_cgroup_path(u, path);
+                if (r == -EEXIST)
+                        return log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Control group %s exists already.", path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed to set unit's control group path to %s: %m", path);
+        }
+
+        /* First, create our own group */
+        r = cg_create_everywhere(u->manager->cgroup_supported, target_mask, u->cgroup_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed to create cgroup %s: %m", u->cgroup_path);
+
+        /* Start watching it */
+        (void) unit_watch_cgroup(u);
+
+        /* Enable all controllers we need */
+        r = cg_enable_everywhere(u->manager->cgroup_supported, enable_mask, u->cgroup_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to enable controllers on cgroup %s, ignoring: %m", u->cgroup_path);
+
+        /* Keep track that this is now realized */
+        u->cgroup_realized = true;
+        u->cgroup_realized_mask = target_mask;
+
+        if (u->type != UNIT_SLICE && !c->delegate) {
+
+                /* Then, possibly move things over, but not if
+                 * subgroups may contain processes, which is the case
+                 * for slice and delegation units. */
+                r = cg_migrate_everywhere(u->manager->cgroup_supported, u->cgroup_path, u->cgroup_path, migrate_callback, u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to migrate cgroup from to %s, ignoring: %m", u->cgroup_path);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_attach_pids_to_cgroup(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = unit_realize_cgroup(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = cg_attach_many_everywhere(u->manager->cgroup_supported, u->cgroup_path, u->pids, migrate_callback, u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool unit_has_mask_realized(Unit *u, CGroupMask target_mask) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return u->cgroup_realized && u->cgroup_realized_mask == target_mask;
+}
+
+/* Check if necessary controllers and attributes for a unit are in place.
+ *
+ * If so, do nothing.
+ * If not, create paths, move processes over, and set attributes.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 on success and < 0 on failure. */
+static int unit_realize_cgroup_now(Unit *u, ManagerState state) {
+        CGroupMask target_mask, enable_mask;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->in_cgroup_queue) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(cgroup_queue, u->manager->cgroup_queue, u);
+                u->in_cgroup_queue = false;
+        }
+
+        target_mask = unit_get_target_mask(u);
+        if (unit_has_mask_realized(u, target_mask))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* First, realize parents */
+        if (UNIT_ISSET(u->slice)) {
+                r = unit_realize_cgroup_now(UNIT_DEREF(u->slice), state);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        /* And then do the real work */
+        enable_mask = unit_get_enable_mask(u);
+        r = unit_create_cgroup(u, target_mask, enable_mask);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Finally, apply the necessary attributes. */
+        cgroup_context_apply(unit_get_cgroup_context(u), target_mask, u->cgroup_path, state);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void unit_add_to_cgroup_queue(Unit *u) {
+
+        if (u->in_cgroup_queue)
+                return;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(cgroup_queue, u->manager->cgroup_queue, u);
+        u->in_cgroup_queue = true;
+}
+
+unsigned manager_dispatch_cgroup_queue(Manager *m) {
+        ManagerState state;
+        unsigned n = 0;
+        Unit *i;
+        int r;
+
+        state = manager_state(m);
+
+        while ((i = m->cgroup_queue)) {
+                assert(i->in_cgroup_queue);
+
+                r = unit_realize_cgroup_now(i, state);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to realize cgroups for queued unit %s, ignoring: %m", i->id);
+
+                n++;
+        }
+
+        return n;
+}
+
+static void unit_queue_siblings(Unit *u) {
+        Unit *slice;
+
+        /* This adds the siblings of the specified unit and the
+         * siblings of all parent units to the cgroup queue. (But
+         * neither the specified unit itself nor the parents.) */
+
+        while ((slice = UNIT_DEREF(u->slice))) {
+                Iterator i;
+                Unit *m;
+
+                SET_FOREACH(m, slice->dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE], i) {
+                        if (m == u)
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* Skip units that have a dependency on the slice
+                         * but aren't actually in it. */
+                        if (UNIT_DEREF(m->slice) != slice)
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* No point in doing cgroup application for units
+                         * without active processes. */
+                        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(unit_active_state(m)))
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* If the unit doesn't need any new controllers
+                         * and has current ones realized, it doesn't need
+                         * any changes. */
+                        if (unit_has_mask_realized(m, unit_get_target_mask(m)))
+                                continue;
+
+                        unit_add_to_cgroup_queue(m);
+                }
+
+                u = slice;
+        }
+}
+
+int unit_realize_cgroup(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!UNIT_HAS_CGROUP_CONTEXT(u))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* So, here's the deal: when realizing the cgroups for this
+         * unit, we need to first create all parents, but there's more
+         * actually: for the weight-based controllers we also need to
+         * make sure that all our siblings (i.e. units that are in the
+         * same slice as we are) have cgroups, too. Otherwise, things
+         * would become very uneven as each of their processes would
+         * get as much resources as all our group together. This call
+         * will synchronously create the parent cgroups, but will
+         * defer work on the siblings to the next event loop
+         * iteration. */
+
+        /* Add all sibling slices to the cgroup queue. */
+        unit_queue_siblings(u);
+
+        /* And realize this one now (and apply the values) */
+        return unit_realize_cgroup_now(u, manager_state(u->manager));
+}
+
+void unit_release_cgroup(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Forgets all cgroup details for this cgroup */
+
+        if (u->cgroup_path) {
+                (void) hashmap_remove(u->manager->cgroup_unit, u->cgroup_path);
+                u->cgroup_path = mfree(u->cgroup_path);
+        }
+
+        if (u->cgroup_inotify_wd >= 0) {
+                if (inotify_rm_watch(u->manager->cgroup_inotify_fd, u->cgroup_inotify_wd) < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug_errno(u, errno, "Failed to remove cgroup inotify watch %i for %s, ignoring", u->cgroup_inotify_wd, u->id);
+
+                (void) hashmap_remove(u->manager->cgroup_inotify_wd_unit, INT_TO_PTR(u->cgroup_inotify_wd));
+                u->cgroup_inotify_wd = -1;
+        }
+}
+
+void unit_prune_cgroup(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+        bool is_root_slice;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Removes the cgroup, if empty and possible, and stops watching it. */
+
+        if (!u->cgroup_path)
+                return;
+
+        is_root_slice = unit_has_name(u, SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE);
+
+        r = cg_trim_everywhere(u->manager->cgroup_supported, u->cgroup_path, !is_root_slice);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to destroy cgroup %s, ignoring: %m", u->cgroup_path);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (is_root_slice)
+                return;
+
+        unit_release_cgroup(u);
+
+        u->cgroup_realized = false;
+        u->cgroup_realized_mask = 0;
+}
+
+int unit_search_main_pid(Unit *u, pid_t *ret) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        pid_t pid = 0, npid, mypid;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (!u->cgroup_path)
+                return -ENXIO;
+
+        r = cg_enumerate_processes(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, u->cgroup_path, &f);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        mypid = getpid();
+        while (cg_read_pid(f, &npid) > 0)  {
+                pid_t ppid;
+
+                if (npid == pid)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Ignore processes that aren't our kids */
+                if (get_process_ppid(npid, &ppid) >= 0 && ppid != mypid)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (pid != 0)
+                        /* Dang, there's more than one daemonized PID
+                        in this group, so we don't know what process
+                        is the main process. */
+
+                        return -ENODATA;
+
+                pid = npid;
+        }
+
+        *ret = pid;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int unit_watch_pids_in_path(Unit *u, const char *path) {
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        int ret = 0, r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(path);
+
+        r = cg_enumerate_processes(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, path, &f);
+        if (r < 0)
+                ret = r;
+        else {
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                while ((r = cg_read_pid(f, &pid)) > 0) {
+                        r = unit_watch_pid(u, pid);
+                        if (r < 0 && ret >= 0)
+                                ret = r;
+                }
+
+                if (r < 0 && ret >= 0)
+                        ret = r;
+        }
+
+        r = cg_enumerate_subgroups(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, path, &d);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (ret >= 0)
+                        ret = r;
+        } else {
+                char *fn;
+
+                while ((r = cg_read_subgroup(d, &fn)) > 0) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+                        p = strjoin(path, "/", fn, NULL);
+                        free(fn);
+
+                        if (!p)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        r = unit_watch_pids_in_path(u, p);
+                        if (r < 0 && ret >= 0)
+                                ret = r;
+                }
+
+                if (r < 0 && ret >= 0)
+                        ret = r;
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+int unit_watch_all_pids(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Adds all PIDs from our cgroup to the set of PIDs we
+         * watch. This is a fallback logic for cases where we do not
+         * get reliable cgroup empty notifications: we try to use
+         * SIGCHLD as replacement. */
+
+        if (!u->cgroup_path)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        if (cg_unified() > 0) /* On unified we can use proper notifications */
+                return 0;
+
+        return unit_watch_pids_in_path(u, u->cgroup_path);
+}
+
+int unit_notify_cgroup_empty(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!u->cgroup_path)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = cg_is_empty_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, u->cgroup_path);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        unit_add_to_gc_queue(u);
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->notify_cgroup_empty)
+                UNIT_VTABLE(u)->notify_cgroup_empty(u);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int on_cgroup_inotify_event(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(m);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                union inotify_event_buffer buffer;
+                struct inotify_event *e;
+                ssize_t l;
+
+                l = read(fd, &buffer, sizeof(buffer));
+                if (l < 0) {
+                        if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN)
+                                return 0;
+
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read control group inotify events: %m");
+                }
+
+                FOREACH_INOTIFY_EVENT(e, buffer, l) {
+                        Unit *u;
+
+                        if (e->wd < 0)
+                                /* Queue overflow has no watch descriptor */
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (e->mask & IN_IGNORED)
+                                /* The watch was just removed */
+                                continue;
+
+                        u = hashmap_get(m->cgroup_inotify_wd_unit, INT_TO_PTR(e->wd));
+                        if (!u) /* Not that inotify might deliver
+                                 * events for a watch even after it
+                                 * was removed, because it was queued
+                                 * before the removal. Let's ignore
+                                 * this here safely. */
+                                continue;
+
+                        (void) unit_notify_cgroup_empty(u);
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+int manager_setup_cgroup(Manager *m) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        CGroupController c;
+        int r, unified;
+        char *e;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* 1. Determine hierarchy */
+        m->cgroup_root = mfree(m->cgroup_root);
+        r = cg_pid_get_path(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, 0, &m->cgroup_root);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Cannot determine cgroup we are running in: %m");
+
+        /* Chop off the init scope, if we are already located in it */
+        e = endswith(m->cgroup_root, "/" SPECIAL_INIT_SCOPE);
+
+        /* LEGACY: Also chop off the system slice if we are in
+         * it. This is to support live upgrades from older systemd
+         * versions where PID 1 was moved there. Also see
+         * cg_get_root_path(). */
+        if (!e && m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+                e = endswith(m->cgroup_root, "/" SPECIAL_SYSTEM_SLICE);
+                if (!e)
+                        e = endswith(m->cgroup_root, "/system"); /* even more legacy */
+        }
+        if (e)
+                *e = 0;
+
+        /* And make sure to store away the root value without trailing
+         * slash, even for the root dir, so that we can easily prepend
+         * it everywhere. */
+        while ((e = endswith(m->cgroup_root, "/")))
+                *e = 0;
+
+        /* 2. Show data */
+        r = cg_get_path(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, m->cgroup_root, NULL, &path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Cannot find cgroup mount point: %m");
+
+        unified = cg_unified();
+        if (unified < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Couldn't determine if we are running in the unified hierarchy: %m");
+        if (unified > 0)
+                log_debug("Unified cgroup hierarchy is located at %s.", path);
+        else
+                log_debug("Using cgroup controller " SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER ". File system hierarchy is at %s.", path);
+
+        if (!m->test_run) {
+                const char *scope_path;
+
+                /* 3. Install agent */
+                if (unified) {
+
+                        /* In the unified hierarchy we can can get
+                         * cgroup empty notifications via inotify. */
+
+                        m->cgroup_inotify_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->cgroup_inotify_event_source);
+                        safe_close(m->cgroup_inotify_fd);
+
+                        m->cgroup_inotify_fd = inotify_init1(IN_NONBLOCK|IN_CLOEXEC);
+                        if (m->cgroup_inotify_fd < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create control group inotify object: %m");
+
+                        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->cgroup_inotify_event_source, m->cgroup_inotify_fd, EPOLLIN, on_cgroup_inotify_event, m);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to watch control group inotify object: %m");
+
+                        r = sd_event_source_set_priority(m->cgroup_inotify_event_source, SD_EVENT_PRIORITY_IDLE - 5);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set priority of inotify event source: %m");
+
+                        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->cgroup_inotify_event_source, "cgroup-inotify");
+
+                } else if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+
+                        /* On the legacy hierarchy we only get
+                         * notifications via cgroup agents. (Which
+                         * isn't really reliable, since it does not
+                         * generate events when control groups with
+                         * children run empty. */
+
+                        r = cg_install_release_agent(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_AGENT_PATH);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to install release agent, ignoring: %m");
+                        else if (r > 0)
+                                log_debug("Installed release agent.");
+                        else if (r == 0)
+                                log_debug("Release agent already installed.");
+                }
+
+                /* 4. Make sure we are in the special "init.scope" unit in the root slice. */
+                scope_path = strjoina(m->cgroup_root, "/" SPECIAL_INIT_SCOPE);
+                r = cg_create_and_attach(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, scope_path, 0);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create %s control group: %m", scope_path);
+
+                /* also, move all other userspace processes remaining
+                 * in the root cgroup into that scope. */
+                r = cg_migrate(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, m->cgroup_root, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, scope_path, false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Couldn't move remaining userspace processes, ignoring: %m");
+
+                /* 5. And pin it, so that it cannot be unmounted */
+                safe_close(m->pin_cgroupfs_fd);
+                m->pin_cgroupfs_fd = open(path, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY|O_NOCTTY|O_NONBLOCK);
+                if (m->pin_cgroupfs_fd < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open pin file: %m");
+
+                /* 6.  Always enable hierarchical support if it exists... */
+                if (!unified)
+                        (void) cg_set_attribute("memory", "/", "memory.use_hierarchy", "1");
+        }
+
+        /* 7. Figure out which controllers are supported */
+        r = cg_mask_supported(&m->cgroup_supported);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine supported controllers: %m");
+
+        for (c = 0; c < _CGROUP_CONTROLLER_MAX; c++)
+                log_debug("Controller '%s' supported: %s", cgroup_controller_to_string(c), yes_no(m->cgroup_supported & c));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void manager_shutdown_cgroup(Manager *m, bool delete) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* We can't really delete the group, since we are in it. But
+         * let's trim it. */
+        if (delete && m->cgroup_root)
+                (void) cg_trim(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, m->cgroup_root, false);
+
+        m->cgroup_inotify_wd_unit = hashmap_free(m->cgroup_inotify_wd_unit);
+
+        m->cgroup_inotify_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->cgroup_inotify_event_source);
+        m->cgroup_inotify_fd = safe_close(m->cgroup_inotify_fd);
+
+        m->pin_cgroupfs_fd = safe_close(m->pin_cgroupfs_fd);
+
+        m->cgroup_root = mfree(m->cgroup_root);
+}
+
+Unit* manager_get_unit_by_cgroup(Manager *m, const char *cgroup) {
+        char *p;
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(cgroup);
+
+        u = hashmap_get(m->cgroup_unit, cgroup);
+        if (u)
+                return u;
+
+        p = strdupa(cgroup);
+        for (;;) {
+                char *e;
+
+                e = strrchr(p, '/');
+                if (!e || e == p)
+                        return hashmap_get(m->cgroup_unit, SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE);
+
+                *e = 0;
+
+                u = hashmap_get(m->cgroup_unit, p);
+                if (u)
+                        return u;
+        }
+}
+
+Unit *manager_get_unit_by_pid_cgroup(Manager *m, pid_t pid) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *cgroup = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (pid <= 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        r = cg_pid_get_path(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, pid, &cgroup);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return manager_get_unit_by_cgroup(m, cgroup);
+}
+
+Unit *manager_get_unit_by_pid(Manager *m, pid_t pid) {
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (pid <= 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (pid == 1)
+                return hashmap_get(m->units, SPECIAL_INIT_SCOPE);
+
+        u = hashmap_get(m->watch_pids1, PID_TO_PTR(pid));
+        if (u)
+                return u;
+
+        u = hashmap_get(m->watch_pids2, PID_TO_PTR(pid));
+        if (u)
+                return u;
+
+        return manager_get_unit_by_pid_cgroup(m, pid);
+}
+
+int manager_notify_cgroup_empty(Manager *m, const char *cgroup) {
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(cgroup);
+
+        u = manager_get_unit_by_cgroup(m, cgroup);
+        if (!u)
+                return 0;
+
+        return unit_notify_cgroup_empty(u);
+}
+
+int unit_get_memory_current(Unit *u, uint64_t *ret) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *v = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (!u->cgroup_path)
+                return -ENODATA;
+
+        if ((u->cgroup_realized_mask & CGROUP_MASK_MEMORY) == 0)
+                return -ENODATA;
+
+        if (cg_unified() <= 0)
+                r = cg_get_attribute("memory", u->cgroup_path, "memory.usage_in_bytes", &v);
+        else
+                r = cg_get_attribute("memory", u->cgroup_path, "memory.current", &v);
+        if (r == -ENOENT)
+                return -ENODATA;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return safe_atou64(v, ret);
+}
+
+int unit_get_tasks_current(Unit *u, uint64_t *ret) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *v = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (!u->cgroup_path)
+                return -ENODATA;
+
+        if ((u->cgroup_realized_mask & CGROUP_MASK_PIDS) == 0)
+                return -ENODATA;
+
+        r = cg_get_attribute("pids", u->cgroup_path, "pids.current", &v);
+        if (r == -ENOENT)
+                return -ENODATA;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return safe_atou64(v, ret);
+}
+
+static int unit_get_cpu_usage_raw(Unit *u, nsec_t *ret) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *v = NULL;
+        uint64_t ns;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (!u->cgroup_path)
+                return -ENODATA;
+
+        if ((u->cgroup_realized_mask & CGROUP_MASK_CPUACCT) == 0)
+                return -ENODATA;
+
+        r = cg_get_attribute("cpuacct", u->cgroup_path, "cpuacct.usage", &v);
+        if (r == -ENOENT)
+                return -ENODATA;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = safe_atou64(v, &ns);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret = ns;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_get_cpu_usage(Unit *u, nsec_t *ret) {
+        nsec_t ns;
+        int r;
+
+        r = unit_get_cpu_usage_raw(u, &ns);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (ns > u->cpuacct_usage_base)
+                ns -= u->cpuacct_usage_base;
+        else
+                ns = 0;
+
+        *ret = ns;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_reset_cpu_usage(Unit *u) {
+        nsec_t ns;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = unit_get_cpu_usage_raw(u, &ns);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                u->cpuacct_usage_base = 0;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        u->cpuacct_usage_base = ns;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+bool unit_cgroup_delegate(Unit *u) {
+        CGroupContext *c;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        c = unit_get_cgroup_context(u);
+        if (!c)
+                return false;
+
+        return c->delegate;
+}
+
+void unit_invalidate_cgroup(Unit *u, CGroupMask m) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!UNIT_HAS_CGROUP_CONTEXT(u))
+                return;
+
+        if (m == 0)
+                return;
+
+        if ((u->cgroup_realized_mask & m) == 0)
+                return;
+
+        u->cgroup_realized_mask &= ~m;
+        unit_add_to_cgroup_queue(u);
+}
+
+void manager_invalidate_startup_units(Manager *m) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(u, m->startup_units, i)
+                unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_CPU|CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO);
+}
+
+static const char* const cgroup_device_policy_table[_CGROUP_DEVICE_POLICY_MAX] = {
+        [CGROUP_AUTO] = "auto",
+        [CGROUP_CLOSED] = "closed",
+        [CGROUP_STRICT] = "strict",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(cgroup_device_policy, CGroupDevicePolicy);
diff --git a/src/libcore/cgroup.h b/src/libcore/cgroup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..360bbca30f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/cgroup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "list.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+
+typedef struct CGroupContext CGroupContext;
+typedef struct CGroupDeviceAllow CGroupDeviceAllow;
+typedef struct CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight;
+typedef struct CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth;
+
+typedef enum CGroupDevicePolicy {
+
+        /* When devices listed, will allow those, plus built-in ones,
+        if none are listed will allow everything. */
+        CGROUP_AUTO,
+
+        /* Everything forbidden, except built-in ones and listed ones. */
+        CGROUP_CLOSED,
+
+        /* Everythings forbidden, except for the listed devices */
+        CGROUP_STRICT,
+
+        _CGROUP_DEVICE_POLICY_MAX,
+        _CGROUP_DEVICE_POLICY_INVALID = -1
+} CGroupDevicePolicy;
+
+struct CGroupDeviceAllow {
+        LIST_FIELDS(CGroupDeviceAllow, device_allow);
+        char *path;
+        bool r:1;
+        bool w:1;
+        bool m:1;
+};
+
+struct CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight {
+        LIST_FIELDS(CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight, device_weights);
+        char *path;
+        uint64_t weight;
+};
+
+struct CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth {
+        LIST_FIELDS(CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth, device_bandwidths);
+        char *path;
+        uint64_t bandwidth;
+        bool read;
+};
+
+struct CGroupContext {
+        bool cpu_accounting;
+        bool blockio_accounting;
+        bool memory_accounting;
+        bool tasks_accounting;
+
+        uint64_t cpu_shares;
+        uint64_t startup_cpu_shares;
+        usec_t cpu_quota_per_sec_usec;
+
+        uint64_t blockio_weight;
+        uint64_t startup_blockio_weight;
+        LIST_HEAD(CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight, blockio_device_weights);
+        LIST_HEAD(CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth, blockio_device_bandwidths);
+
+        uint64_t memory_limit;
+
+        CGroupDevicePolicy device_policy;
+        LIST_HEAD(CGroupDeviceAllow, device_allow);
+
+        uint64_t tasks_max;
+
+        bool delegate;
+};
+
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+void cgroup_context_init(CGroupContext *c);
+void cgroup_context_done(CGroupContext *c);
+void cgroup_context_dump(CGroupContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix);
+void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, ManagerState state);
+
+CGroupMask cgroup_context_get_mask(CGroupContext *c);
+
+void cgroup_context_free_device_allow(CGroupContext *c, CGroupDeviceAllow *a);
+void cgroup_context_free_blockio_device_weight(CGroupContext *c, CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight *w);
+void cgroup_context_free_blockio_device_bandwidth(CGroupContext *c, CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth *b);
+
+CGroupMask unit_get_own_mask(Unit *u);
+CGroupMask unit_get_siblings_mask(Unit *u);
+CGroupMask unit_get_members_mask(Unit *u);
+CGroupMask unit_get_subtree_mask(Unit *u);
+
+CGroupMask unit_get_target_mask(Unit *u);
+CGroupMask unit_get_enable_mask(Unit *u);
+
+void unit_update_cgroup_members_masks(Unit *u);
+
+char *unit_default_cgroup_path(Unit *u);
+int unit_set_cgroup_path(Unit *u, const char *path);
+
+int unit_realize_cgroup(Unit *u);
+void unit_release_cgroup(Unit *u);
+void unit_prune_cgroup(Unit *u);
+int unit_watch_cgroup(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_attach_pids_to_cgroup(Unit *u);
+
+int manager_setup_cgroup(Manager *m);
+void manager_shutdown_cgroup(Manager *m, bool delete);
+
+unsigned manager_dispatch_cgroup_queue(Manager *m);
+
+Unit *manager_get_unit_by_cgroup(Manager *m, const char *cgroup);
+Unit *manager_get_unit_by_pid_cgroup(Manager *m, pid_t pid);
+Unit* manager_get_unit_by_pid(Manager *m, pid_t pid);
+
+int unit_search_main_pid(Unit *u, pid_t *ret);
+int unit_watch_all_pids(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_get_memory_current(Unit *u, uint64_t *ret);
+int unit_get_tasks_current(Unit *u, uint64_t *ret);
+int unit_get_cpu_usage(Unit *u, nsec_t *ret);
+int unit_reset_cpu_usage(Unit *u);
+
+bool unit_cgroup_delegate(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_notify_cgroup_empty(Unit *u);
+int manager_notify_cgroup_empty(Manager *m, const char *group);
+
+void unit_invalidate_cgroup(Unit *u, CGroupMask m);
+
+void manager_invalidate_startup_units(Manager *m);
+
+const char* cgroup_device_policy_to_string(CGroupDevicePolicy i) _const_;
+CGroupDevicePolicy cgroup_device_policy_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-automount.c b/src/libcore/dbus-automount.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b2806ad86f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-automount.c
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "automount.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "dbus-automount.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_result, automount_result, AutomountResult);
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_automount_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Where", "s", NULL, offsetof(Automount, where), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DirectoryMode", "u", bus_property_get_mode, offsetof(Automount, directory_mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Result", "s", property_get_result, offsetof(Automount, result), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TimeoutIdleUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Automount, timeout_idle_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-automount.h b/src/libcore/dbus-automount.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b51eb973a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-automount.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_automount_vtable[];
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-busname.c b/src/libcore/dbus-busname.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf816ba15b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-busname.c
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "busname.h"
+#include "dbus-busname.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_result, busname_result, BusNameResult);
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_busname_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Name", "s", NULL, offsetof(BusName, name), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TimeoutUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(BusName, timeout_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ControlPID", "u", bus_property_get_pid, offsetof(BusName, control_pid), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Result", "s", property_get_result, offsetof(BusName, result), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Activating", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(BusName, activating), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("AcceptFileDescriptors", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(BusName, accept_fd), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-busname.h b/src/libcore/dbus-busname.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8643d1a404
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-busname.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_busname_vtable[];
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-cgroup.c b/src/libcore/dbus-cgroup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..859d155ec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-cgroup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,699 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "cgroup.h"
+#include "dbus-cgroup.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_cgroup_device_policy, cgroup_device_policy, CGroupDevicePolicy);
+
+static int property_get_blockio_device_weight(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        CGroupContext *c = userdata;
+        CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight *w;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(st)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, w, c->blockio_device_weights) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(st)", w->path, w->weight);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int property_get_blockio_device_bandwidths(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        CGroupContext *c = userdata;
+        CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth *b;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(st)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(device_bandwidths, b, c->blockio_device_bandwidths) {
+
+                if (streq(property, "BlockIOReadBandwidth") != b->read)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(st)", b->path, b->bandwidth);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int property_get_device_allow(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        CGroupContext *c = userdata;
+        CGroupDeviceAllow *a;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(ss)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(device_allow, a, c->device_allow) {
+                unsigned k = 0;
+                char rwm[4];
+
+                if (a->r)
+                        rwm[k++] = 'r';
+                if (a->w)
+                        rwm[k++] = 'w';
+                if (a->m)
+                        rwm[k++] = 'm';
+
+                rwm[k] = 0;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(ss)", a->path, rwm);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_cgroup_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Delegate", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(CGroupContext, delegate), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CPUAccounting", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(CGroupContext, cpu_accounting), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CPUShares", "t", NULL, offsetof(CGroupContext, cpu_shares), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StartupCPUShares", "t", NULL, offsetof(CGroupContext, startup_cpu_shares), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CPUQuotaPerSecUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(CGroupContext, cpu_quota_per_sec_usec), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BlockIOAccounting", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(CGroupContext, blockio_accounting), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BlockIOWeight", "t", NULL, offsetof(CGroupContext, blockio_weight), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StartupBlockIOWeight", "t", NULL, offsetof(CGroupContext, startup_blockio_weight), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BlockIODeviceWeight", "a(st)", property_get_blockio_device_weight, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BlockIOReadBandwidth", "a(st)", property_get_blockio_device_bandwidths, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BlockIOWriteBandwidth", "a(st)", property_get_blockio_device_bandwidths, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MemoryAccounting", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(CGroupContext, memory_accounting), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MemoryLimit", "t", NULL, offsetof(CGroupContext, memory_limit), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DevicePolicy", "s", property_get_cgroup_device_policy, offsetof(CGroupContext, device_policy), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DeviceAllow", "a(ss)", property_get_device_allow, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TasksAccounting", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(CGroupContext, tasks_accounting), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TasksMax", "t", NULL, offsetof(CGroupContext, tasks_max), 0),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
+
+static int bus_cgroup_set_transient_property(
+                Unit *u,
+                CGroupContext *c,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(c);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(message);
+
+        if (streq(name, "Delegate")) {
+                int b;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->delegate = b;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, b ? "Delegate=yes" : "Delegate=no");
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_cgroup_set_property(
+                Unit *u,
+                CGroupContext *c,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(c);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(message);
+
+        if (streq(name, "CPUAccounting")) {
+                int b;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->cpu_accounting = b;
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_CPUACCT|CGROUP_MASK_CPU);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, b ? "CPUAccounting=yes" : "CPUAccounting=no");
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "CPUShares")) {
+                uint64_t shares;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &shares);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_IS_OK(shares))
+                        return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "CPUShares value out of range");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->cpu_shares = shares;
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_CPU);
+
+                        if (shares == CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID)
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, "CPUShares=");
+                        else
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "CPUShares=%" PRIu64, shares);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "StartupCPUShares")) {
+                uint64_t shares;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &shares);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_IS_OK(shares))
+                        return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "StartupCPUShares value out of range");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->startup_cpu_shares = shares;
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_CPU);
+
+                        if (shares == CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID)
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, "StartupCPUShares=");
+                        else
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "StartupCPUShares=%" PRIu64, shares);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "CPUQuotaPerSecUSec")) {
+                uint64_t u64;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &u64);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (u64 <= 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "CPUQuotaPerSecUSec value out of range");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec = u64;
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_CPU);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, "CPUQuota", "CPUQuota=%0.f%%", (double) (c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec / 10000));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "BlockIOAccounting")) {
+                int b;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->blockio_accounting = b;
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, b ? "BlockIOAccounting=yes" : "BlockIOAccounting=no");
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "BlockIOWeight")) {
+                uint64_t weight;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &weight);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_IS_OK(weight))
+                        return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "BlockIOWeight value out of range");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->blockio_weight = weight;
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO);
+
+                        if (weight == CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID)
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, "BlockIOWeight=");
+                        else
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "BlockIOWeight=%" PRIu64, weight);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "StartupBlockIOWeight")) {
+                uint64_t weight;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &weight);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_IS_OK(weight))
+                        return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "StartupBlockIOWeight value out of range");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->startup_blockio_weight = weight;
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO);
+
+                        if (weight == CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID)
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, "StartupBlockIOWeight=");
+                        else
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "StartupBlockIOWeight=%" PRIu64, weight);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "BlockIOReadBandwidth") || streq(name, "BlockIOWriteBandwidth")) {
+                const char *path;
+                bool read = true;
+                unsigned n = 0;
+                uint64_t u64;
+
+                if (streq(name, "BlockIOWriteBandwidth"))
+                        read = false;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'a', "(st)");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "(st)", &path, &u64)) > 0) {
+
+                        if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                                CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth *a = NULL, *b;
+
+                                LIST_FOREACH(device_bandwidths, b, c->blockio_device_bandwidths) {
+                                        if (path_equal(path, b->path) && read == b->read) {
+                                                a = b;
+                                                break;
+                                        }
+                                }
+
+                                if (!a) {
+                                        a = new0(CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth, 1);
+                                        if (!a)
+                                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                        a->read = read;
+                                        a->path = strdup(path);
+                                        if (!a->path) {
+                                                free(a);
+                                                return -ENOMEM;
+                                        }
+
+                                        LIST_PREPEND(device_bandwidths, c->blockio_device_bandwidths, a);
+                                }
+
+                                a->bandwidth = u64;
+                        }
+
+                        n++;
+                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth *a, *next;
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+                        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+                        size_t size = 0;
+
+                        if (n == 0) {
+                                LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(device_bandwidths, a, next, c->blockio_device_bandwidths)
+                                        if (a->read == read)
+                                                cgroup_context_free_blockio_device_bandwidth(c, a);
+                        }
+
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO);
+
+                        f = open_memstream(&buf, &size);
+                        if (!f)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        if (read) {
+                                fputs("BlockIOReadBandwidth=\n", f);
+                                LIST_FOREACH(device_bandwidths, a, c->blockio_device_bandwidths)
+                                        if (a->read)
+                                                fprintf(f, "BlockIOReadBandwidth=%s %" PRIu64 "\n", a->path, a->bandwidth);
+                        } else {
+                                fputs("BlockIOWriteBandwidth=\n", f);
+                                LIST_FOREACH(device_bandwidths, a, c->blockio_device_bandwidths)
+                                        if (!a->read)
+                                                fprintf(f, "BlockIOWriteBandwidth=%s %" PRIu64 "\n", a->path, a->bandwidth);
+                        }
+
+                        r = fflush_and_check(f);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, buf);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "BlockIODeviceWeight")) {
+                const char *path;
+                uint64_t weight;
+                unsigned n = 0;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'a', "(st)");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "(st)", &path, &weight)) > 0) {
+
+                        if (!CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_IS_OK(weight) || weight == CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID)
+                                return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "BlockIODeviceWeight out of range");
+
+                        if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                                CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight *a = NULL, *b;
+
+                                LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, b, c->blockio_device_weights) {
+                                        if (path_equal(b->path, path)) {
+                                                a = b;
+                                                break;
+                                        }
+                                }
+
+                                if (!a) {
+                                        a = new0(CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight, 1);
+                                        if (!a)
+                                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                        a->path = strdup(path);
+                                        if (!a->path) {
+                                                free(a);
+                                                return -ENOMEM;
+                                        }
+                                        LIST_PREPEND(device_weights,c->blockio_device_weights, a);
+                                }
+
+                                a->weight = weight;
+                        }
+
+                        n++;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+                        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+                        CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight *a;
+                        size_t size = 0;
+
+                        if (n == 0) {
+                                while (c->blockio_device_weights)
+                                        cgroup_context_free_blockio_device_weight(c, c->blockio_device_weights);
+                        }
+
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO);
+
+                        f = open_memstream(&buf, &size);
+                        if (!f)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        fputs("BlockIODeviceWeight=\n", f);
+                        LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, a, c->blockio_device_weights)
+                                fprintf(f, "BlockIODeviceWeight=%s %" PRIu64 "\n", a->path, a->weight);
+
+                        r = fflush_and_check(f);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, buf);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "MemoryAccounting")) {
+                int b;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->memory_accounting = b;
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_MEMORY);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, b ? "MemoryAccounting=yes" : "MemoryAccounting=no");
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "MemoryLimit")) {
+                uint64_t limit;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &limit);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->memory_limit = limit;
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_MEMORY);
+
+                        if (limit == (uint64_t) -1)
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, "MemoryLimit=infinity");
+                        else
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "MemoryLimit=%" PRIu64, limit);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "DevicePolicy")) {
+                const char *policy;
+                CGroupDevicePolicy p;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &policy);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                p = cgroup_device_policy_from_string(policy);
+                if (p < 0)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        char *buf;
+
+                        c->device_policy = p;
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_DEVICES);
+
+                        buf = strjoina("DevicePolicy=", policy);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, buf);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "DeviceAllow")) {
+                const char *path, *rwm;
+                unsigned n = 0;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'a', "(ss)");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "(ss)", &path, &rwm)) > 0) {
+
+                        if ((!startswith(path, "/dev/") &&
+                             !startswith(path, "block-") &&
+                             !startswith(path, "char-")) ||
+                            strpbrk(path, WHITESPACE))
+                            return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "DeviceAllow= requires device node");
+
+                        if (isempty(rwm))
+                                rwm = "rwm";
+
+                        if (!in_charset(rwm, "rwm"))
+                                return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "DeviceAllow= requires combination of rwm flags");
+
+                        if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                                CGroupDeviceAllow *a = NULL, *b;
+
+                                LIST_FOREACH(device_allow, b, c->device_allow) {
+                                        if (path_equal(b->path, path)) {
+                                                a = b;
+                                                break;
+                                        }
+                                }
+
+                                if (!a) {
+                                        a = new0(CGroupDeviceAllow, 1);
+                                        if (!a)
+                                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                        a->path = strdup(path);
+                                        if (!a->path) {
+                                                free(a);
+                                                return -ENOMEM;
+                                        }
+
+                                        LIST_PREPEND(device_allow, c->device_allow, a);
+                                }
+
+                                a->r = !!strchr(rwm, 'r');
+                                a->w = !!strchr(rwm, 'w');
+                                a->m = !!strchr(rwm, 'm');
+                        }
+
+                        n++;
+                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+                        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+                        CGroupDeviceAllow *a;
+                        size_t size = 0;
+
+                        if (n == 0) {
+                                while (c->device_allow)
+                                        cgroup_context_free_device_allow(c, c->device_allow);
+                        }
+
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_DEVICES);
+
+                        f = open_memstream(&buf, &size);
+                        if (!f)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        fputs("DeviceAllow=\n", f);
+                        LIST_FOREACH(device_allow, a, c->device_allow)
+                                fprintf(f, "DeviceAllow=%s %s%s%s\n", a->path, a->r ? "r" : "", a->w ? "w" : "", a->m ? "m" : "");
+
+                        r = fflush_and_check(f);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, buf);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "TasksAccounting")) {
+                int b;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->tasks_accounting = b;
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_PIDS);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, b ? "TasksAccounting=yes" : "TasksAccounting=no");
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "TasksMax")) {
+                uint64_t limit;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &limit);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->tasks_max = limit;
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_PIDS);
+
+                        if (limit == (uint64_t) -1)
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, "TasksMax=infinity");
+                        else
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "TasksMax=%" PRIu64, limit);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        if (u->transient && u->load_state == UNIT_STUB) {
+                r = bus_cgroup_set_transient_property(u, c, name, message, mode, error);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-cgroup.h b/src/libcore/dbus-cgroup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..84d0f1ba04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-cgroup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "cgroup.h"
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_cgroup_vtable[];
+
+int bus_cgroup_set_property(Unit *u, CGroupContext *c, const char *name, sd_bus_message *message, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, sd_bus_error *error);
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-device.c b/src/libcore/dbus-device.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e1a12224d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-device.c
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "dbus-device.h"
+#include "device.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_device_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SysFSPath", "s", NULL, offsetof(Device, sysfs), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-device.h b/src/libcore/dbus-device.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb1d8c3278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-device.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_device_vtable[];
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-execute.c b/src/libcore/dbus-execute.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f2fc301f8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-execute.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1564 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+#include <seccomp.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "af-list.h"
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "capability-util.h"
+#include "dbus-execute.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "execute.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "ioprio.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "namespace.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "rlimit-util.h"
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+#include "seccomp-util.h"
+#endif
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "syslog-util.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+
+BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(bus_property_get_exec_output, exec_output, ExecOutput);
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_exec_input, exec_input, ExecInput);
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_exec_utmp_mode, exec_utmp_mode, ExecUtmpMode);
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(bus_property_get_protect_home, protect_home, ProtectHome);
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(bus_property_get_protect_system, protect_system, ProtectSystem);
+
+static int property_get_environment_files(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+        char **j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(sb)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(j, c->environment_files) {
+                const char *fn = *j;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(sb)", fn[0] == '-' ? fn + 1 : fn, fn[0] == '-');
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int property_get_oom_score_adjust(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+        int32_t n;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->oom_score_adjust_set)
+                n = c->oom_score_adjust;
+        else {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+
+                n = 0;
+                if (read_one_line_file("/proc/self/oom_score_adj", &t) >= 0)
+                        safe_atoi32(t, &n);
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", n);
+}
+
+static int property_get_nice(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+        int32_t n;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->nice_set)
+                n = c->nice;
+        else {
+                errno = 0;
+                n = getpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0);
+                if (errno > 0)
+                        n = 0;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", n);
+}
+
+static int property_get_ioprio(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+        int32_t n;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->ioprio_set)
+                n = c->ioprio;
+        else {
+                n = ioprio_get(IOPRIO_WHO_PROCESS, 0);
+                if (n < 0)
+                        n = IOPRIO_PRIO_VALUE(IOPRIO_CLASS_BE, 4);
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", n);
+}
+
+static int property_get_cpu_sched_policy(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+        int32_t n;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->cpu_sched_set)
+                n = c->cpu_sched_policy;
+        else {
+                n = sched_getscheduler(0);
+                if (n < 0)
+                        n = SCHED_OTHER;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", n);
+}
+
+static int property_get_cpu_sched_priority(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+        int32_t n;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->cpu_sched_set)
+                n = c->cpu_sched_priority;
+        else {
+                struct sched_param p = {};
+
+                if (sched_getparam(0, &p) >= 0)
+                        n = p.sched_priority;
+                else
+                        n = 0;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", n);
+}
+
+static int property_get_cpu_affinity(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->cpuset)
+                return sd_bus_message_append_array(reply, 'y', c->cpuset, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(c->cpuset_ncpus));
+        else
+                return sd_bus_message_append_array(reply, 'y', NULL, 0);
+}
+
+static int property_get_timer_slack_nsec(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+        uint64_t u;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->timer_slack_nsec != NSEC_INFINITY)
+                u = (uint64_t) c->timer_slack_nsec;
+        else
+                u = (uint64_t) prctl(PR_GET_TIMERSLACK);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "t", u);
+}
+
+static int property_get_capability_bounding_set(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "t", c->capability_bounding_set);
+}
+
+static int property_get_ambient_capabilities(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "t", c->capability_ambient_set);
+}
+
+static int property_get_capabilities(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+        _cleanup_cap_free_charp_ char *t = NULL;
+        const char *s;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->capabilities)
+                s = t = cap_to_text(c->capabilities, NULL);
+        else
+                s = "";
+
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", s);
+}
+
+static int property_get_syscall_filter(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+        Iterator i;
+        void *id;
+#endif
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'r', "bas");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "b", c->syscall_whitelist);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+        SET_FOREACH(id, c->syscall_filter, i) {
+                char *name;
+
+                name = seccomp_syscall_resolve_num_arch(SCMP_ARCH_NATIVE, PTR_TO_INT(id) - 1);
+                if (!name)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = strv_consume(&l, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+#endif
+
+        strv_sort(l);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(reply, l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int property_get_syscall_archs(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+        Iterator i;
+        void *id;
+#endif
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+        SET_FOREACH(id, c->syscall_archs, i) {
+                const char *name;
+
+                name = seccomp_arch_to_string(PTR_TO_UINT32(id) - 1);
+                if (!name)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = strv_extend(&l, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+#endif
+
+        strv_sort(l);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(reply, l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int property_get_syscall_errno(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", (int32_t) c->syscall_errno);
+}
+
+static int property_get_selinux_context(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(bs)", c->selinux_context_ignore, c->selinux_context);
+}
+
+static int property_get_apparmor_profile(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(bs)", c->apparmor_profile_ignore, c->apparmor_profile);
+}
+
+static int property_get_smack_process_label(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(bs)", c->smack_process_label_ignore, c->smack_process_label);
+}
+
+static int property_get_personality(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", personality_to_string(c->personality));
+}
+
+static int property_get_address_families(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        Iterator i;
+        void *af;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'r', "bas");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "b", c->address_families_whitelist);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(af, c->address_families, i) {
+                const char *name;
+
+                name = af_to_name(PTR_TO_INT(af));
+                if (!name)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = strv_extend(&l, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        strv_sort(l);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(reply, l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int property_get_working_directory(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+        const char *wd;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->working_directory_home)
+                wd = "~";
+        else
+                wd = c->working_directory;
+
+        if (c->working_directory_missing_ok)
+                wd = strjoina("!", wd);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", wd);
+}
+
+static int property_get_syslog_level(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", LOG_PRI(c->syslog_priority));
+}
+
+static int property_get_syslog_facility(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", LOG_FAC(c->syslog_priority));
+}
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_exec_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Environment", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, environment), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("EnvironmentFiles", "a(sb)", property_get_environment_files, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PassEnvironment", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, pass_environment), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("UMask", "u", bus_property_get_mode, offsetof(ExecContext, umask), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitCPU", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_CPU]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitCPUSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_CPU]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitFSIZE", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_FSIZE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitFSIZESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_FSIZE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitDATA", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_DATA]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitDATASoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_DATA]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitSTACK", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_STACK]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitSTACKSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_STACK]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitCORE", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_CORE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitCORESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_CORE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitRSS", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_RSS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitRSSSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_RSS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitNOFILE", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitNOFILESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitAS", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_AS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitASSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_AS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitNPROC", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_NPROC]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitNPROCSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_NPROC]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitMEMLOCK", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_MEMLOCK]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitMEMLOCKSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_MEMLOCK]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitLOCKS", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_LOCKS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitLOCKSSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_LOCKS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitSIGPENDING", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_SIGPENDING]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitSIGPENDINGSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_SIGPENDING]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitMSGQUEUE", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitMSGQUEUESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitNICE", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_NICE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitNICESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_NICE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitRTPRIO", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_RTPRIO]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitRTPRIOSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_RTPRIO]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitRTTIME", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_RTTIME]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LimitRTTIMESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(ExecContext, rlimit[RLIMIT_RTTIME]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("WorkingDirectory", "s", property_get_working_directory, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RootDirectory", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, root_directory), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("OOMScoreAdjust", "i", property_get_oom_score_adjust, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Nice", "i", property_get_nice, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("IOScheduling", "i", property_get_ioprio, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CPUSchedulingPolicy", "i", property_get_cpu_sched_policy, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CPUSchedulingPriority", "i", property_get_cpu_sched_priority, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CPUAffinity", "ay", property_get_cpu_affinity, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TimerSlackNSec", "t", property_get_timer_slack_nsec, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CPUSchedulingResetOnFork", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, cpu_sched_reset_on_fork), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NonBlocking", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, non_blocking), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StandardInput", "s", property_get_exec_input, offsetof(ExecContext, std_input), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StandardOutput", "s", bus_property_get_exec_output, offsetof(ExecContext, std_output), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StandardError", "s", bus_property_get_exec_output, offsetof(ExecContext, std_error), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TTYPath", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, tty_path), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TTYReset", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, tty_reset), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TTYVHangup", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, tty_vhangup), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TTYVTDisallocate", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, tty_vt_disallocate), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SyslogPriority", "i", bus_property_get_int, offsetof(ExecContext, syslog_priority), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SyslogIdentifier", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, syslog_identifier), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SyslogLevelPrefix", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, syslog_level_prefix), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SyslogLevel", "i", property_get_syslog_level, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SyslogFacility", "i", property_get_syslog_facility, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Capabilities", "s", property_get_capabilities, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SecureBits", "i", bus_property_get_int, offsetof(ExecContext, secure_bits), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CapabilityBoundingSet", "t", property_get_capability_bounding_set, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("AmbientCapabilities", "t", property_get_ambient_capabilities, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("User", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, user), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Group", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, group), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SupplementaryGroups", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, supplementary_groups), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PAMName", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, pam_name), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ReadWriteDirectories", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, read_write_dirs), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ReadOnlyDirectories", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, read_only_dirs), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("InaccessibleDirectories", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, inaccessible_dirs), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MountFlags", "t", bus_property_get_ulong, offsetof(ExecContext, mount_flags), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PrivateTmp", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, private_tmp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PrivateNetwork", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, private_network), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PrivateDevices", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, private_devices), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ProtectHome", "s", bus_property_get_protect_home, offsetof(ExecContext, protect_home), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ProtectSystem", "s", bus_property_get_protect_system, offsetof(ExecContext, protect_system), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SameProcessGroup", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, same_pgrp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("UtmpIdentifier", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, utmp_id), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("UtmpMode", "s", property_get_exec_utmp_mode, offsetof(ExecContext, utmp_mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SELinuxContext", "(bs)", property_get_selinux_context, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("AppArmorProfile", "(bs)", property_get_apparmor_profile, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SmackProcessLabel", "(bs)", property_get_smack_process_label, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("IgnoreSIGPIPE", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, ignore_sigpipe), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NoNewPrivileges", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, no_new_privileges), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SystemCallFilter", "(bas)", property_get_syscall_filter, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SystemCallArchitectures", "as", property_get_syscall_archs, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SystemCallErrorNumber", "i", property_get_syscall_errno, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Personality", "s", property_get_personality, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RestrictAddressFamilies", "(bas)", property_get_address_families, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RuntimeDirectoryMode", "u", bus_property_get_mode, offsetof(ExecContext, runtime_directory_mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RuntimeDirectory", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, runtime_directory), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
+
+static int append_exec_command(sd_bus_message *reply, ExecCommand *c) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (!c->path)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'r', "sasbttttuii");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", c->path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(reply, c->argv);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "bttttuii",
+                                  c->ignore,
+                                  c->exec_status.start_timestamp.realtime,
+                                  c->exec_status.start_timestamp.monotonic,
+                                  c->exec_status.exit_timestamp.realtime,
+                                  c->exec_status.exit_timestamp.monotonic,
+                                  (uint32_t) c->exec_status.pid,
+                                  (int32_t) c->exec_status.code,
+                                  (int32_t) c->exec_status.status);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+int bus_property_get_exec_command(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *ret_error) {
+
+        ExecCommand *c = (ExecCommand*) userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(sasbttttuii)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = append_exec_command(reply, c);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+int bus_property_get_exec_command_list(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *ret_error) {
+
+        ExecCommand *c = *(ExecCommand**) userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(sasbttttuii)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(command, c, c) {
+                r = append_exec_command(reply, c);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
+                Unit *u,
+                ExecContext *c,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        const char *soft = NULL;
+        int r, ri;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(c);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(message);
+
+        if (streq(name, "User")) {
+                const char *uu;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &uu);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+
+                        if (isempty(uu)) {
+                                c->user = mfree(c->user);
+                        } else {
+                                char *t;
+
+                                t = strdup(uu);
+                                if (!t)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                free(c->user);
+                                c->user = t;
+                        }
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "User=%s\n", uu);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "Group")) {
+                const char *gg;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &gg);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+
+                        if (isempty(gg)) {
+                                c->group = mfree(c->group);
+                        } else {
+                                char *t;
+
+                                t = strdup(gg);
+                                if (!t)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                free(c->group);
+                                c->group = t;
+                        }
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "Group=%s\n", gg);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+        } else if (streq(name, "SyslogIdentifier")) {
+                const char *id;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &id);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+
+                        if (isempty(id)) {
+                                c->syslog_identifier = mfree(c->syslog_identifier);
+                        } else {
+                                char *t;
+
+                                t = strdup(id);
+                                if (!t)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                free(c->syslog_identifier);
+                                c->syslog_identifier = t;
+                        }
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "SyslogIdentifier=%s\n", id);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+        } else if (streq(name, "SyslogLevel")) {
+                int level;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "i", &level);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!log_level_is_valid(level))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Log level value out of range");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->syslog_priority = (c->syslog_priority & LOG_FACMASK) | level;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "SyslogLevel=%i\n", level);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+        } else if (streq(name, "SyslogFacility")) {
+                int facility;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "i", &facility);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!log_facility_unshifted_is_valid(facility))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Log facility value out of range");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->syslog_priority = (facility << 3) | LOG_PRI(c->syslog_priority);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "SyslogFacility=%i\n", facility);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+        } else if (streq(name, "Nice")) {
+                int n;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "i", &n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (n < PRIO_MIN || n >= PRIO_MAX)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Nice value out of range");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->nice = n;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "Nice=%i\n", n);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name, "TTYPath", "RootDirectory")) {
+                const char *s;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!path_is_absolute(s))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "%s takes an absolute path", name);
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        if (streq(name, "TTYPath"))
+                                r = free_and_strdup(&c->tty_path, s);
+                        else {
+                                assert(streq(name, "RootDirectory"));
+                                r = free_and_strdup(&c->root_directory, s);
+                        }
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, s);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "WorkingDirectory")) {
+                const char *s;
+                bool missing_ok;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (s[0] == '-') {
+                        missing_ok = true;
+                        s++;
+                } else
+                        missing_ok = false;
+
+                if (!streq(s, "~") && !path_is_absolute(s))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "WorkingDirectory= expects an absolute path or '~'");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        if (streq(s, "~")) {
+                                c->working_directory = mfree(c->working_directory);
+                                c->working_directory_home = true;
+                        } else {
+                                r = free_and_strdup(&c->working_directory, s);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                c->working_directory_home = false;
+                        }
+
+                        c->working_directory_missing_ok = missing_ok;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "WorkingDirectory=%s%s", missing_ok ? "-" : "", s);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "StandardInput")) {
+                const char *s;
+                ExecInput p;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                p = exec_input_from_string(s);
+                if (p < 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid standard input name");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->std_input = p;
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "StandardInput=%s\n", exec_input_to_string(p));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "StandardOutput")) {
+                const char *s;
+                ExecOutput p;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                p = exec_output_from_string(s);
+                if (p < 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid standard output name");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->std_output = p;
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "StandardOutput=%s\n", exec_output_to_string(p));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "StandardError")) {
+                const char *s;
+                ExecOutput p;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                p = exec_output_from_string(s);
+                if (p < 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid standard error name");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->std_error = p;
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "StandardError=%s\n", exec_output_to_string(p));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name,
+                              "IgnoreSIGPIPE", "TTYVHangup", "TTYReset",
+                              "PrivateTmp", "PrivateDevices", "PrivateNetwork",
+                              "NoNewPrivileges", "SyslogLevelPrefix")) {
+                int b;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        if (streq(name, "IgnoreSIGPIPE"))
+                                c->ignore_sigpipe = b;
+                        else if (streq(name, "TTYVHangup"))
+                                c->tty_vhangup = b;
+                        else if (streq(name, "TTYReset"))
+                                c->tty_reset = b;
+                        else if (streq(name, "PrivateTmp"))
+                                c->private_tmp = b;
+                        else if (streq(name, "PrivateDevices"))
+                                c->private_devices = b;
+                        else if (streq(name, "PrivateNetwork"))
+                                c->private_network = b;
+                        else if (streq(name, "NoNewPrivileges"))
+                                c->no_new_privileges = b;
+                        else if (streq(name, "SyslogLevelPrefix"))
+                                c->syslog_level_prefix = b;
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, yes_no(b));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "UtmpIdentifier")) {
+                const char *id;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &id);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        if (isempty(id))
+                                c->utmp_id = mfree(c->utmp_id);
+                        else if (free_and_strdup(&c->utmp_id, id) < 0)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "UtmpIdentifier=%s\n", strempty(id));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "UtmpMode")) {
+                const char *s;
+                ExecUtmpMode m;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                m = exec_utmp_mode_from_string(s);
+                if (m < 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid utmp mode");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->utmp_mode = m;
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "UtmpMode=%s\n", exec_utmp_mode_to_string(m));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "PAMName")) {
+                const char *n;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        if (isempty(n))
+                                c->pam_name = mfree(c->pam_name);
+                        else if (free_and_strdup(&c->pam_name, n) < 0)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "PAMName=%s\n", strempty(n));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "Environment")) {
+
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!strv_env_is_valid(l))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid environment block.");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;
+                        char **e;
+
+                        if (strv_length(l) == 0) {
+                                c->environment = strv_free(c->environment);
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "Environment=\n");
+                        } else {
+                                e = strv_env_merge(2, c->environment, l);
+                                if (!e)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                strv_free(c->environment);
+                                c->environment = e;
+
+                                joined = strv_join_quoted(c->environment);
+                                if (!joined)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "Environment=%s\n", joined);
+                        }
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "TimerSlackNSec")) {
+
+                nsec_t n;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->timer_slack_nsec = n;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "TimerSlackNSec=" NSEC_FMT "\n", n);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "OOMScoreAdjust")) {
+                int oa;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "i", &oa);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!oom_score_adjust_is_valid(oa))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "OOM score adjust value out of range");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->oom_score_adjust = oa;
+                        c->oom_score_adjust_set = true;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "OOMScoreAdjust=%i\n", oa);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "EnvironmentFiles")) {
+
+                _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;
+                _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+                _cleanup_free_ char **l = NULL;
+                size_t size = 0;
+                char **i;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'a', "(sb)");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                f = open_memstream(&joined, &size);
+                if (!f)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(i, c->environment_files)
+                        fprintf(f, "EnvironmentFile=%s\n", *i);
+
+                while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'r', "sb")) > 0) {
+                        const char *path;
+                        int b;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "sb", &path, &b);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (!isempty(path) && !path_is_absolute(path))
+                                return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "Path %s is not absolute.", path);
+
+                        if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                                char *buf = NULL;
+
+                                buf = strjoin(b ? "-" : "", path, NULL);
+                                if (!buf)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                fprintf(f, "EnvironmentFile=%s\n", buf);
+
+                                r = strv_consume(&l, buf);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = fflush_and_check(f);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        if (strv_isempty(l)) {
+                                c->environment_files = strv_free(c->environment_files);
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, "EnvironmentFile=\n");
+                        } else {
+                                r = strv_extend_strv(&c->environment_files, l, true);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, joined);
+                        }
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "PassEnvironment")) {
+
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!strv_env_name_is_valid(l))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid PassEnvironment block.");
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        if (strv_isempty(l)) {
+                                c->pass_environment = strv_free(c->pass_environment);
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "PassEnvironment=\n");
+                        } else {
+                                _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;
+
+                                r = strv_extend_strv(&c->pass_environment, l, true);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                joined = strv_join_quoted(c->pass_environment);
+                                if (!joined)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "PassEnvironment=%s\n", joined);
+                        }
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name, "ReadWriteDirectories", "ReadOnlyDirectories", "InaccessibleDirectories")) {
+
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+                char ***dirs;
+                char **p;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(p, l) {
+                        int offset;
+                        if (!utf8_is_valid(*p))
+                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid %s", name);
+
+                        offset = **p == '-';
+                        if (!path_is_absolute(*p + offset))
+                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid %s", name);
+                }
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;
+
+                        if (streq(name, "ReadWriteDirectories"))
+                                dirs = &c->read_write_dirs;
+                        else if (streq(name, "ReadOnlyDirectories"))
+                                dirs = &c->read_only_dirs;
+                        else /* "InaccessibleDirectories" */
+                                dirs = &c->inaccessible_dirs;
+
+                        if (strv_length(l) == 0) {
+                                *dirs = strv_free(*dirs);
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=\n", name);
+                        } else {
+                                r = strv_extend_strv(dirs, l, true);
+
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                joined = strv_join_quoted(*dirs);
+                                if (!joined)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, joined);
+                        }
+
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "ProtectSystem")) {
+                const char *s;
+                ProtectSystem ps;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = parse_boolean(s);
+                if (r > 0)
+                        ps = PROTECT_SYSTEM_YES;
+                else if (r == 0)
+                        ps = PROTECT_SYSTEM_NO;
+                else {
+                        ps = protect_system_from_string(s);
+                        if (ps < 0)
+                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Failed to parse protect system value");
+                }
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->protect_system = ps;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, s);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "ProtectHome")) {
+                const char *s;
+                ProtectHome ph;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = parse_boolean(s);
+                if (r > 0)
+                        ph = PROTECT_HOME_YES;
+                else if (r == 0)
+                        ph = PROTECT_HOME_NO;
+                else {
+                        ph = protect_home_from_string(s);
+                        if (ph < 0)
+                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Failed to parse protect home value");
+                }
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->protect_home = ph;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, s);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "RuntimeDirectory")) {
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+                char **p;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(p, l) {
+                        if (!filename_is_valid(*p))
+                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Runtime directory is not valid %s", *p);
+                }
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;
+
+                        if (strv_isempty(l)) {
+                                c->runtime_directory = strv_free(c->runtime_directory);
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=\n", name);
+                        } else {
+                                r = strv_extend_strv(&c->runtime_directory, l, true);
+
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                joined = strv_join_quoted(c->runtime_directory);
+                                if (!joined)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, joined);
+                        }
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        }
+
+        ri = rlimit_from_string(name);
+        if (ri < 0) {
+                soft = endswith(name, "Soft");
+                if (soft) {
+                        const char *n;
+
+                        n = strndupa(name, soft - name);
+                        ri = rlimit_from_string(n);
+                        if (ri >= 0)
+                                name = n;
+
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (ri >= 0) {
+                uint64_t rl;
+                rlim_t x;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &rl);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (rl == (uint64_t) -1)
+                        x = RLIM_INFINITY;
+                else {
+                        x = (rlim_t) rl;
+
+                        if ((uint64_t) x != rl)
+                                return -ERANGE;
+                }
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *f = NULL;
+                        struct rlimit nl;
+
+                        if (c->rlimit[ri]) {
+                                nl = *c->rlimit[ri];
+
+                                if (soft)
+                                        nl.rlim_cur = x;
+                                else
+                                        nl.rlim_max = x;
+                        } else
+                                /* When the resource limit is not initialized yet, then assign the value to both fields */
+                                nl = (struct rlimit) {
+                                        .rlim_cur = x,
+                                        .rlim_max = x,
+                                };
+
+                        r = rlimit_format(&nl, &f);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (c->rlimit[ri])
+                                *c->rlimit[ri] = nl;
+                        else {
+                                c->rlimit[ri] = newdup(struct rlimit, &nl, 1);
+                                if (!c->rlimit[ri])
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+                        }
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, f);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-execute.h b/src/libcore/dbus-execute.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bdfef41db4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-execute.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "execute.h"
+
+#define BUS_EXEC_STATUS_VTABLE(prefix, offset, flags)                   \
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP(prefix "StartTimestamp", (offset) + offsetof(ExecStatus, start_timestamp), flags), \
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP(prefix "ExitTimestamp", (offset) + offsetof(ExecStatus, exit_timestamp), flags), \
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY(prefix "PID", "u", bus_property_get_pid, (offset) + offsetof(ExecStatus, pid), flags), \
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY(prefix "Code", "i", bus_property_get_int, (offset) + offsetof(ExecStatus, code), flags), \
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY(prefix "Status", "i", bus_property_get_int, (offset) + offsetof(ExecStatus, status), flags)
+
+#define BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_VTABLE(name, offset, flags)                    \
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY(name, "a(sasbttttuii)", bus_property_get_exec_command, offset, flags)
+
+#define BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_LIST_VTABLE(name, offset, flags)                    \
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY(name, "a(sasbttttuii)", bus_property_get_exec_command_list, offset, flags)
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_exec_vtable[];
+
+int bus_property_get_exec_output(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, const char *property, sd_bus_message *reply, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *ret_error);
+int bus_property_get_exec_command(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, const char *property, sd_bus_message *reply, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *ret_error);
+int bus_property_get_exec_command_list(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, const char *property, sd_bus_message *reply, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *ret_error);
+
+int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(Unit *u, ExecContext *c, const char *name, sd_bus_message *message, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, sd_bus_error *error);
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-job.c b/src/libcore/dbus-job.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..337cef8a4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-job.c
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "dbus-job.h"
+#include "dbus.h"
+#include "job.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_type, job_type, JobType);
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_state, job_state, JobState);
+
+static int property_get_unit(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Job *j = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(j);
+
+        p = unit_dbus_path(j->unit);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(so)", j->unit->id, p);
+}
+
+int bus_job_method_cancel(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Job *j = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(j);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_unit_access_check(j->unit, message, "stop", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Access is granted to the job owner */
+        if (!sd_bus_track_contains(j->clients, sd_bus_message_get_sender(message))) {
+
+                /* And for everybody else consult PolicyKit */
+                r = bus_verify_manage_units_async(j->unit->manager, message, error);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+        }
+
+        job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_CANCELED, true);
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_job_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("Cancel", NULL, NULL, bus_job_method_cancel, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Id", "u", NULL, offsetof(Job, id), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Unit", "(so)", property_get_unit, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("JobType", "s", property_get_type, offsetof(Job, type), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("State", "s", property_get_state, offsetof(Job, state), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
+
+static int send_new_signal(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Job *j = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(j);
+
+        p = job_dbus_path(j);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_signal(
+                        bus,
+                        &m,
+                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
+                        "JobNew");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "uos", j->id, p, j->unit->id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_send(bus, m, NULL);
+}
+
+static int send_changed_signal(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Job *j = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(j);
+
+        p = job_dbus_path(j);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return sd_bus_emit_properties_changed(bus, p, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Job", "State", NULL);
+}
+
+void bus_job_send_change_signal(Job *j) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        if (j->in_dbus_queue) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(dbus_queue, j->manager->dbus_job_queue, j);
+                j->in_dbus_queue = false;
+        }
+
+        r = bus_foreach_bus(j->manager, j->clients, j->sent_dbus_new_signal ? send_changed_signal : send_new_signal, j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to send job change signal for %u: %m", j->id);
+
+        j->sent_dbus_new_signal = true;
+}
+
+static int send_removed_signal(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Job *j = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(j);
+
+        p = job_dbus_path(j);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_signal(
+                        bus,
+                        &m,
+                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
+                        "JobRemoved");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "uoss", j->id, p, j->unit->id, job_result_to_string(j->result));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_send(bus, m, NULL);
+}
+
+void bus_job_send_removed_signal(Job *j) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        if (!j->sent_dbus_new_signal)
+                bus_job_send_change_signal(j);
+
+        r = bus_foreach_bus(j->manager, j->clients, send_removed_signal, j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to send job remove signal for %u: %m", j->id);
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-job.h b/src/libcore/dbus-job.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..95664cb90c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-job.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "job.h"
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_job_vtable[];
+
+int bus_job_method_cancel(sd_bus_message *message, void *job, sd_bus_error *error);
+
+void bus_job_send_change_signal(Job *j);
+void bus_job_send_removed_signal(Job *j);
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-kill.c b/src/libcore/dbus-kill.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fc50fafaad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-kill.c
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "dbus-kill.h"
+#include "kill.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_kill_mode, kill_mode, KillMode);
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_kill_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("KillMode", "s", property_get_kill_mode, offsetof(KillContext, kill_mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("KillSignal", "i", bus_property_get_int, offsetof(KillContext, kill_signal), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SendSIGKILL", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(KillContext, send_sigkill), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SendSIGHUP", "b", bus_property_get_bool,  offsetof(KillContext, send_sighup), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
+
+int bus_kill_context_set_transient_property(
+                Unit *u,
+                KillContext *c,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(c);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(message);
+
+        if (streq(name, "KillMode")) {
+                const char *m;
+                KillMode k;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                k = kill_mode_from_string(m);
+                if (k < 0)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->kill_mode = k;
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "KillMode=%s\n", kill_mode_to_string(k));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "KillSignal")) {
+                int sig;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "i", &sig);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (sig <= 0 || sig >= _NSIG)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Signal %i out of range", sig);
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->kill_signal = sig;
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "KillSignal=%s\n", signal_to_string(sig));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "SendSIGHUP")) {
+                int b;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->send_sighup = b;
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "SendSIGHUP=%s\n", yes_no(b));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "SendSIGKILL")) {
+                int b;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->send_sigkill = b;
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "SendSIGKILL=%s\n", yes_no(b));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-kill.h b/src/libcore/dbus-kill.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b32ce9d223
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-kill.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "kill.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_kill_vtable[];
+
+int bus_kill_context_set_transient_property(Unit *u, KillContext *c, const char *name, sd_bus_message *message, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, sd_bus_error *error);
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-manager.c b/src/libcore/dbus-manager.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f939196397
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-manager.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2137 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "architecture.h"
+#include "build.h"
+#include "bus-common-errors.h"
+#include "clock-util.h"
+#include "dbus-execute.h"
+#include "dbus-job.h"
+#include "dbus-manager.h"
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "install.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+#include "stat-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "syslog-util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+#include "watchdog.h"
+
+static int property_get_version(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", PACKAGE_VERSION);
+}
+
+static int property_get_features(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
+}
+
+static int property_get_virtualization(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        int v;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+
+        v = detect_virtualization();
+
+        /* Make sure to return the empty string when we detect no virtualization, as that is the API.
+         *
+         * https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/1423
+         */
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(
+                        reply, "s",
+                        v == VIRTUALIZATION_NONE ? "" : virtualization_to_string(v));
+}
+
+static int property_get_architecture(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", architecture_to_string(uname_architecture()));
+}
+
+static int property_get_tainted(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        char buf[sizeof("split-usr:cgroups-missing:local-hwclock:")] = "", *e = buf;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->taint_usr)
+                e = stpcpy(e, "split-usr:");
+
+        if (access("/proc/cgroups", F_OK) < 0)
+                e = stpcpy(e, "cgroups-missing:");
+
+        if (clock_is_localtime() > 0)
+                e = stpcpy(e, "local-hwclock:");
+
+        /* remove the last ':' */
+        if (e != buf)
+                e[-1] = 0;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", buf);
+}
+
+static int property_get_log_target(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", log_target_to_string(log_get_target()));
+}
+
+static int property_set_log_target(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *value,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        const char *t;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(value);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(value, "s", &t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return log_set_target_from_string(t);
+}
+
+static int property_get_log_level(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+
+        r = log_level_to_string_alloc(log_get_max_level(), &t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", t);
+}
+
+static int property_set_log_level(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *value,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        const char *t;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(value);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(value, "s", &t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = log_set_max_level_from_string(t);
+        if (r == 0)
+                log_info("Setting log level to %s.", t);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int property_get_n_names(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(m);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "u", (uint32_t) hashmap_size(m->units));
+}
+
+static int property_get_n_failed_units(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(m);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "u", (uint32_t) set_size(m->failed_units));
+}
+
+static int property_get_n_jobs(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(m);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "u", (uint32_t) hashmap_size(m->jobs));
+}
+
+static int property_get_progress(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        double d;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&m->finish_timestamp))
+                d = 1.0;
+        else
+                d = 1.0 - ((double) hashmap_size(m->jobs) / (double) m->n_installed_jobs);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "d", d);
+}
+
+static int property_get_system_state(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(m);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", manager_state_to_string(manager_state(m)));
+}
+
+static int property_set_runtime_watchdog(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *value,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        usec_t *t = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(value);
+
+        assert_cc(sizeof(usec_t) == sizeof(uint64_t));
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(value, "t", t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return watchdog_set_timeout(t);
+}
+
+static int property_get_timer_slack_nsec(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "t", (uint64_t) prctl(PR_GET_TIMERSLACK));
+}
+
+static int method_get_unit(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        const char *name;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Anyone can call this method */
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (isempty(name)) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_creds_unrefp) sd_bus_creds *creds = NULL;
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                r = sd_bus_query_sender_creds(message, SD_BUS_CREDS_PID, &creds);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_creds_get_pid(creds, &pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                u = manager_get_unit_by_pid(m, pid);
+                if (!u)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Client not member of any unit.");
+        } else {
+                u = manager_get_unit(m, name);
+                if (!u)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Unit %s not loaded.", name);
+        }
+
+        r = mac_selinux_unit_access_check(u, message, "status", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        path = unit_dbus_path(u);
+        if (!path)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, "o", path);
+}
+
+static int method_get_unit_by_pid(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        pid_t pid;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        assert_cc(sizeof(pid_t) == sizeof(uint32_t));
+
+        /* Anyone can call this method */
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "u", &pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (pid < 0)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid PID " PID_FMT, pid);
+
+        if (pid == 0) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_creds_unrefp) sd_bus_creds *creds = NULL;
+
+                r = sd_bus_query_sender_creds(message, SD_BUS_CREDS_PID, &creds);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_creds_get_pid(creds, &pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        u = manager_get_unit_by_pid(m, pid);
+        if (!u)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_UNIT_FOR_PID, "PID "PID_FMT" does not belong to any loaded unit.", pid);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_unit_access_check(u, message, "status", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        path = unit_dbus_path(u);
+        if (!path)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, "o", path);
+}
+
+static int method_load_unit(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        const char *name;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Anyone can call this method */
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (isempty(name)) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_creds_unrefp) sd_bus_creds *creds = NULL;
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                r = sd_bus_query_sender_creds(message, SD_BUS_CREDS_PID, &creds);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_creds_get_pid(creds, &pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                u = manager_get_unit_by_pid(m, pid);
+                if (!u)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Client not member of any unit.");
+        } else {
+                r = manager_load_unit(m, name, NULL, error, &u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = mac_selinux_unit_access_check(u, message, "status", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        path = unit_dbus_path(u);
+        if (!path)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, "o", path);
+}
+
+static int method_start_unit_generic(sd_bus_message *message, Manager *m, JobType job_type, bool reload_if_possible, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        const char *name;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(m, name, NULL, error, &u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return bus_unit_method_start_generic(message, u, job_type, reload_if_possible, error);
+}
+
+static int method_start_unit(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return method_start_unit_generic(message, userdata, JOB_START, false, error);
+}
+
+static int method_stop_unit(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return method_start_unit_generic(message, userdata, JOB_STOP, false, error);
+}
+
+static int method_reload_unit(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return method_start_unit_generic(message, userdata, JOB_RELOAD, false, error);
+}
+
+static int method_restart_unit(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return method_start_unit_generic(message, userdata, JOB_RESTART, false, error);
+}
+
+static int method_try_restart_unit(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return method_start_unit_generic(message, userdata, JOB_TRY_RESTART, false, error);
+}
+
+static int method_reload_or_restart_unit(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return method_start_unit_generic(message, userdata, JOB_RESTART, true, error);
+}
+
+static int method_reload_or_try_restart_unit(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return method_start_unit_generic(message, userdata, JOB_TRY_RESTART, true, error);
+}
+
+static int method_start_unit_replace(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        const char *old_name;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &old_name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, old_name);
+        if (!u || !u->job || u->job->type != JOB_START)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_JOB, "No job queued for unit %s", old_name);
+
+        return method_start_unit_generic(message, m, JOB_START, false, error);
+}
+
+static int method_kill_unit(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        const char *name;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, name);
+        if (!u)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Unit %s is not loaded.", name);
+
+        return bus_unit_method_kill(message, u, error);
+}
+
+static int method_reset_failed_unit(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        const char *name;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, name);
+        if (!u)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Unit %s is not loaded.", name);
+
+        return bus_unit_method_reset_failed(message, u, error);
+}
+
+static int method_set_unit_properties(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        const char *name;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(m, name, NULL, error, &u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = bus_unit_check_load_state(u, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return bus_unit_method_set_properties(message, u, error);
+}
+
+static int transient_unit_from_message(
+                Manager *m,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                const char *name,
+                Unit **unit,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        UnitType t;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(message);
+        assert(name);
+
+        t = unit_name_to_type(name);
+        if (t < 0)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid unit name or type.");
+
+        if (!unit_vtable[t]->can_transient)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Unit type %s does not support transient units.", unit_type_to_string(t));
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(m, name, NULL, error, &u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!unit_is_pristine(u))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_UNIT_EXISTS, "Unit %s already exists.", name);
+
+        /* OK, the unit failed to load and is unreferenced, now let's
+         * fill in the transient data instead */
+        r = unit_make_transient(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Set our properties */
+        r = bus_unit_set_properties(u, message, UNIT_RUNTIME, false, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Now load the missing bits of the unit we just created */
+        manager_dispatch_load_queue(m);
+
+        *unit = u;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int transient_aux_units_from_message(
+                Manager *m,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(message);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'a', "(sa(sv))");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'r', "sa(sv)")) > 0) {
+                const char *name = NULL;
+                Unit *u;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = transient_unit_from_message(m, message, name, &u, error);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int method_start_transient_unit(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        const char *name, *smode;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        JobMode mode;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "start", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "ss", &name, &smode);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        mode = job_mode_from_string(smode);
+        if (mode < 0)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Job mode %s is invalid.", smode);
+
+        r = bus_verify_manage_units_async(m, message, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        r = transient_unit_from_message(m, message, name, &u, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = transient_aux_units_from_message(m, message, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Finally, start it */
+        return bus_unit_queue_job(message, u, JOB_START, mode, false, error);
+}
+
+static int method_get_job(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        uint32_t id;
+        Job *j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Anyone can call this method */
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "u", &id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        j = manager_get_job(m, id);
+        if (!j)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_JOB, "Job %u does not exist.", (unsigned) id);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_unit_access_check(j->unit, message, "status", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        path = job_dbus_path(j);
+        if (!path)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, "o", path);
+}
+
+static int method_cancel_job(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        uint32_t id;
+        Job *j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "u", &id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        j = manager_get_job(m, id);
+        if (!j)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_JOB, "Job %u does not exist.", (unsigned) id);
+
+        return bus_job_method_cancel(message, j, error);
+}
+
+static int method_clear_jobs(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "reload", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = bus_verify_manage_units_async(m, message, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        manager_clear_jobs(m);
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static int method_reset_failed(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "reload", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = bus_verify_manage_units_async(m, message, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        manager_reset_failed(m);
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static int list_units_filtered(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error, char **states) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        const char *k;
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Anyone can call this method */
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "status", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_return(message, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(ssssssouso)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(u, k, m->units, i) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *unit_path = NULL, *job_path = NULL;
+                Unit *following;
+
+                if (k != u->id)
+                        continue;
+
+                following = unit_following(u);
+
+                if (!strv_isempty(states) &&
+                    !strv_contains(states, unit_load_state_to_string(u->load_state)) &&
+                    !strv_contains(states, unit_active_state_to_string(unit_active_state(u))) &&
+                    !strv_contains(states, unit_sub_state_to_string(u)))
+                        continue;
+
+                unit_path = unit_dbus_path(u);
+                if (!unit_path)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (u->job) {
+                        job_path = job_dbus_path(u->job);
+                        if (!job_path)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(
+                                reply, "(ssssssouso)",
+                                u->id,
+                                unit_description(u),
+                                unit_load_state_to_string(u->load_state),
+                                unit_active_state_to_string(unit_active_state(u)),
+                                unit_sub_state_to_string(u),
+                                following ? following->id : "",
+                                unit_path,
+                                u->job ? u->job->id : 0,
+                                u->job ? job_type_to_string(u->job->type) : "",
+                                job_path ? job_path : "/");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_send(NULL, reply, NULL);
+}
+
+static int method_list_units(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return list_units_filtered(message, userdata, error, NULL);
+}
+
+static int method_list_units_filtered(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **states = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &states);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return list_units_filtered(message, userdata, error, states);
+}
+
+static int method_list_jobs(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Anyone can call this method */
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "status", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_return(message, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(usssoo)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *unit_path = NULL, *job_path = NULL;
+
+                job_path = job_dbus_path(j);
+                if (!job_path)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                unit_path = unit_dbus_path(j->unit);
+                if (!unit_path)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(
+                                reply, "(usssoo)",
+                                j->id,
+                                j->unit->id,
+                                job_type_to_string(j->type),
+                                job_state_to_string(j->state),
+                                job_path,
+                                unit_path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_send(NULL, reply, NULL);
+}
+
+static int method_subscribe(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Anyone can call this method */
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "status", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (sd_bus_message_get_bus(message) == m->api_bus) {
+
+                /* Note that direct bus connection subscribe by
+                 * default, we only track peers on the API bus here */
+
+                if (!m->subscribed) {
+                        r = sd_bus_track_new(sd_bus_message_get_bus(message), &m->subscribed, NULL, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_track_add_sender(m->subscribed, message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_ALREADY_SUBSCRIBED, "Client is already subscribed.");
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static int method_unsubscribe(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Anyone can call this method */
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "status", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (sd_bus_message_get_bus(message) == m->api_bus) {
+                r = sd_bus_track_remove_sender(m->subscribed, message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUBSCRIBED, "Client is not subscribed.");
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static int method_dump(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *dump = NULL;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        size_t size;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Anyone can call this method */
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "status", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        f = open_memstream(&dump, &size);
+        if (!f)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        manager_dump_units(m, f, NULL);
+        manager_dump_jobs(m, f, NULL);
+
+        r = fflush_and_check(f);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, "s", dump);
+}
+
+static int method_refuse_snapshot(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, "Support for snapshots has been removed.");
+}
+
+static int method_reload(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "reload", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = bus_verify_reload_daemon_async(m, message, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        /* Instead of sending the reply back right away, we just
+         * remember that we need to and then send it after the reload
+         * is finished. That way the caller knows when the reload
+         * finished. */
+
+        assert(!m->queued_message);
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_return(message, &m->queued_message);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        m->exit_code = MANAGER_RELOAD;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int method_reexecute(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "reload", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = bus_verify_reload_daemon_async(m, message, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        /* We don't send a reply back here, the client should
+         * just wait for us disconnecting. */
+
+        m->exit_code = MANAGER_REEXECUTE;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int method_exit(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "halt", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Exit() (in contrast to SetExitCode()) is actually allowed even if
+         * we are running on the host. It will fall back on reboot() in
+         * systemd-shutdown if it cannot do the exit() because it isn't a
+         * container. */
+
+        m->exit_code = MANAGER_EXIT;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static int method_reboot(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "reboot", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, "Reboot is only supported for system managers.");
+
+        m->exit_code = MANAGER_REBOOT;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static int method_poweroff(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "halt", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, "Powering off is only supported for system managers.");
+
+        m->exit_code = MANAGER_POWEROFF;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static int method_halt(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "halt", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, "Halt is only supported for system managers.");
+
+        m->exit_code = MANAGER_HALT;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static int method_kexec(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "reboot", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, "KExec is only supported for system managers.");
+
+        m->exit_code = MANAGER_KEXEC;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static int method_switch_root(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        char *ri = NULL, *rt = NULL;
+        const char *root, *init;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "reboot", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, "Root switching is only supported by system manager.");
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "ss", &root, &init);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (path_equal(root, "/") || !path_is_absolute(root))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid switch root path %s", root);
+
+        /* Safety check */
+        if (isempty(init)) {
+                if (!path_is_os_tree(root))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Specified switch root path %s does not seem to be an OS tree. os-release file is missing.", root);
+        } else {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+                if (!path_is_absolute(init))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid init path %s", init);
+
+                p = strappend(root, init);
+                if (!p)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (access(p, X_OK) < 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Specified init binary %s does not exist.", p);
+        }
+
+        rt = strdup(root);
+        if (!rt)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (!isempty(init)) {
+                ri = strdup(init);
+                if (!ri) {
+                        free(rt);
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+        }
+
+        free(m->switch_root);
+        m->switch_root = rt;
+
+        free(m->switch_root_init);
+        m->switch_root_init = ri;
+
+        m->exit_code = MANAGER_SWITCH_ROOT;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static int method_set_environment(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **plus = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "reload", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &plus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (!strv_env_is_valid(plus))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid environment assignments");
+
+        r = bus_verify_set_environment_async(m, message, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        r = manager_environment_add(m, NULL, plus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static int method_unset_environment(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **minus = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "reload", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &minus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!strv_env_name_or_assignment_is_valid(minus))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid environment variable names or assignments");
+
+        r = bus_verify_set_environment_async(m, message, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        r = manager_environment_add(m, minus, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static int method_unset_and_set_environment(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **minus = NULL, **plus = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "reload", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &minus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &plus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!strv_env_name_or_assignment_is_valid(minus))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid environment variable names or assignments");
+        if (!strv_env_is_valid(plus))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid environment assignments");
+
+        r = bus_verify_set_environment_async(m, message, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        r = manager_environment_add(m, minus, plus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static int method_set_exit_code(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        uint8_t code;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "exit", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(message, 'y', &code);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM && detect_container() <= 0)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, "ExitCode can only be set for user service managers or in containers.");
+
+        m->return_value = code;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static int method_list_unit_files(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        UnitFileList *item;
+        Hashmap *h;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Anyone can call this method */
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "status", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_return(message, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        h = hashmap_new(&string_hash_ops);
+        if (!h)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = unit_file_get_list(m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM : UNIT_FILE_USER, NULL, h);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(ss)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(item, h, i) {
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(ss)", item->path, unit_file_state_to_string(item->state));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        unit_file_list_free(h);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_send(NULL, reply, NULL);
+
+fail:
+        unit_file_list_free(h);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int method_get_unit_file_state(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        const char *name;
+        UnitFileState state;
+        UnitFileScope scope;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Anyone can call this method */
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "status", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        scope = m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM : UNIT_FILE_USER;
+
+        r = unit_file_get_state(scope, NULL, name, &state);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, "s", unit_file_state_to_string(state));
+}
+
+static int method_get_default_target(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *default_target = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        UnitFileScope scope;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Anyone can call this method */
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "status", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        scope = m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM : UNIT_FILE_USER;
+
+        r = unit_file_get_default(scope, NULL, &default_target);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, "s", default_target);
+}
+
+static int send_unit_files_changed(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *message = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_signal(bus, &message, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1", "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "UnitFilesChanged");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_send(bus, message, NULL);
+}
+
+static int reply_unit_file_changes_and_free(
+                Manager *m,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                int carries_install_info,
+                UnitFileChange *changes,
+                unsigned n_changes) {
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        if (n_changes > 0) {
+                r = bus_foreach_bus(m, NULL, send_unit_files_changed, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to send UnitFilesChanged signal: %m");
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_return(message, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (carries_install_info >= 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "b", carries_install_info);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(sss)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n_changes; i++) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(
+                                reply, "(sss)",
+                                unit_file_change_type_to_string(changes[i].type),
+                                changes[i].path,
+                                changes[i].source);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        unit_file_changes_free(changes, n_changes);
+        return sd_bus_send(NULL, reply, NULL);
+
+fail:
+        unit_file_changes_free(changes, n_changes);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int method_enable_unit_files_generic(
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                Manager *m,
+                const char *verb,
+                int (*call)(UnitFileScope scope, bool runtime, const char *root_dir, char *files[], bool force, UnitFileChange **changes, unsigned *n_changes),
+                bool carries_install_info,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        UnitFileChange *changes = NULL;
+        unsigned n_changes = 0;
+        UnitFileScope scope;
+        int runtime, force, r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "bb", &runtime, &force);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = bus_verify_manage_unit_files_async(m, message, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        scope = m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM : UNIT_FILE_USER;
+
+        r = call(scope, runtime, NULL, l, force, &changes, &n_changes);
+        if (r == -ESHUTDOWN)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_UNIT_MASKED, "Unit file is masked");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return reply_unit_file_changes_and_free(m, message, carries_install_info ? r : -1, changes, n_changes);
+}
+
+static int method_enable_unit_files(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return method_enable_unit_files_generic(message, userdata, "enable", unit_file_enable, true, error);
+}
+
+static int method_reenable_unit_files(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return method_enable_unit_files_generic(message, userdata, "enable", unit_file_reenable, true, error);
+}
+
+static int method_link_unit_files(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return method_enable_unit_files_generic(message, userdata, "enable", unit_file_link, false, error);
+}
+
+static int unit_file_preset_without_mode(UnitFileScope scope, bool runtime, const char *root_dir, char **files, bool force, UnitFileChange **changes, unsigned *n_changes) {
+        return unit_file_preset(scope, runtime, root_dir, files, UNIT_FILE_PRESET_FULL, force, changes, n_changes);
+}
+
+static int method_preset_unit_files(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return method_enable_unit_files_generic(message, userdata, "enable", unit_file_preset_without_mode, true, error);
+}
+
+static int method_mask_unit_files(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return method_enable_unit_files_generic(message, userdata, "disable", unit_file_mask, false, error);
+}
+
+static int method_preset_unit_files_with_mode(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        UnitFileChange *changes = NULL;
+        unsigned n_changes = 0;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        UnitFilePresetMode mm;
+        UnitFileScope scope;
+        int runtime, force, r;
+        const char *mode;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "sbb", &mode, &runtime, &force);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (isempty(mode))
+                mm = UNIT_FILE_PRESET_FULL;
+        else {
+                mm = unit_file_preset_mode_from_string(mode);
+                if (mm < 0)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        r = bus_verify_manage_unit_files_async(m, message, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        scope = m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM : UNIT_FILE_USER;
+
+        r = unit_file_preset(scope, runtime, NULL, l, mm, force, &changes, &n_changes);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return reply_unit_file_changes_and_free(m, message, r, changes, n_changes);
+}
+
+static int method_disable_unit_files_generic(
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                Manager *m, const
+                char *verb,
+                int (*call)(UnitFileScope scope, bool runtime, const char *root_dir, char *files[], UnitFileChange **changes, unsigned *n_changes),
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        UnitFileChange *changes = NULL;
+        unsigned n_changes = 0;
+        UnitFileScope scope;
+        int r, runtime;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &runtime);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        scope = m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM : UNIT_FILE_USER;
+
+        r = bus_verify_manage_unit_files_async(m, message, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        r = call(scope, runtime, NULL, l, &changes, &n_changes);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return reply_unit_file_changes_and_free(m, message, -1, changes, n_changes);
+}
+
+static int method_disable_unit_files(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return method_disable_unit_files_generic(message, userdata, "disable", unit_file_disable, error);
+}
+
+static int method_unmask_unit_files(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return method_disable_unit_files_generic(message, userdata, "enable", unit_file_unmask, error);
+}
+
+static int method_set_default_target(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        UnitFileChange *changes = NULL;
+        unsigned n_changes = 0;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        UnitFileScope scope;
+        const char *name;
+        int force, r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "enable", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "sb", &name, &force);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = bus_verify_manage_unit_files_async(m, message, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        scope = m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM : UNIT_FILE_USER;
+
+        r = unit_file_set_default(scope, NULL, name, force, &changes, &n_changes);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return reply_unit_file_changes_and_free(m, message, -1, changes, n_changes);
+}
+
+static int method_preset_all_unit_files(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        UnitFileChange *changes = NULL;
+        unsigned n_changes = 0;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        UnitFilePresetMode mm;
+        UnitFileScope scope;
+        const char *mode;
+        int force, runtime, r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, "enable", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "sbb", &mode, &runtime, &force);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (isempty(mode))
+                mm = UNIT_FILE_PRESET_FULL;
+        else {
+                mm = unit_file_preset_mode_from_string(mode);
+                if (mm < 0)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        r = bus_verify_manage_unit_files_async(m, message, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        scope = m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM : UNIT_FILE_USER;
+
+        r = unit_file_preset_all(scope, runtime, NULL, mm, force, &changes, &n_changes);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                unit_file_changes_free(changes, n_changes);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        return reply_unit_file_changes_and_free(m, message, -1, changes, n_changes);
+}
+
+static int method_add_dependency_unit_files(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        UnitFileChange *changes = NULL;
+        unsigned n_changes = 0;
+        UnitFileScope scope;
+        int runtime, force, r;
+        char *target;
+        char *type;
+        UnitDependency dep;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = bus_verify_manage_unit_files_async(m, message, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "ssbb", &target, &type, &runtime, &force);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        dep = unit_dependency_from_string(type);
+        if (dep < 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        scope = m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM : UNIT_FILE_USER;
+
+        r = unit_file_add_dependency(scope, runtime, NULL, l, target, dep, force, &changes, &n_changes);
+        if (r == -ESHUTDOWN)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_UNIT_MASKED, "Unit file is masked");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return reply_unit_file_changes_and_free(m, message, -1, changes, n_changes);
+}
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_manager_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Version", "s", property_get_version, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Features", "s", property_get_features, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Virtualization", "s", property_get_virtualization, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Architecture", "s", property_get_architecture, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Tainted", "s", property_get_tainted, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("FirmwareTimestamp", offsetof(Manager, firmware_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("LoaderTimestamp", offsetof(Manager, loader_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("KernelTimestamp", offsetof(Manager, kernel_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("InitRDTimestamp", offsetof(Manager, initrd_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("UserspaceTimestamp", offsetof(Manager, userspace_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("FinishTimestamp", offsetof(Manager, finish_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("SecurityStartTimestamp", offsetof(Manager, security_start_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("SecurityFinishTimestamp", offsetof(Manager, security_finish_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("GeneratorsStartTimestamp", offsetof(Manager, generators_start_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("GeneratorsFinishTimestamp", offsetof(Manager, generators_finish_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("UnitsLoadStartTimestamp", offsetof(Manager, units_load_start_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("UnitsLoadFinishTimestamp", offsetof(Manager, units_load_finish_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_WRITABLE_PROPERTY("LogLevel", "s", property_get_log_level, property_set_log_level, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_WRITABLE_PROPERTY("LogTarget", "s", property_get_log_target, property_set_log_target, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NNames", "u", property_get_n_names, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NFailedUnits", "u", property_get_n_failed_units, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NJobs", "u", property_get_n_jobs, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NInstalledJobs", "u", bus_property_get_unsigned, offsetof(Manager, n_installed_jobs), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NFailedJobs", "u", bus_property_get_unsigned, offsetof(Manager, n_failed_jobs), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Progress", "d", property_get_progress, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Environment", "as", NULL, offsetof(Manager, environment), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ConfirmSpawn", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Manager, confirm_spawn), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ShowStatus", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Manager, show_status), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("UnitPath", "as", NULL, offsetof(Manager, lookup_paths.unit_path), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultStandardOutput", "s", bus_property_get_exec_output, offsetof(Manager, default_std_output), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultStandardError", "s", bus_property_get_exec_output, offsetof(Manager, default_std_output), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_WRITABLE_PROPERTY("RuntimeWatchdogUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, property_set_runtime_watchdog, offsetof(Manager, runtime_watchdog), 0),
+        SD_BUS_WRITABLE_PROPERTY("ShutdownWatchdogUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, bus_property_set_usec, offsetof(Manager, shutdown_watchdog), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ControlGroup", "s", NULL, offsetof(Manager, cgroup_root), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SystemState", "s", property_get_system_state, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ExitCode", "y", bus_property_get_unsigned, offsetof(Manager, return_value), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultTimerAccuracyUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Manager, default_timer_accuracy_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultTimeoutStartUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Manager, default_timeout_start_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultTimeoutStopUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Manager, default_timeout_stop_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultRestartUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Manager, default_restart_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultStartLimitInterval", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Manager, default_start_limit_interval), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultStartLimitBurst", "u", bus_property_get_unsigned, offsetof(Manager, default_start_limit_burst), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultCPUAccounting", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Manager, default_cpu_accounting), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultBlockIOAccounting", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Manager, default_blockio_accounting), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultMemoryAccounting", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Manager, default_memory_accounting), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultTasksAccounting", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Manager, default_tasks_accounting), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitCPU", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_CPU]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitCPUSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_CPU]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitFSIZE", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_FSIZE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitFSIZESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_FSIZE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitDATA", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_DATA]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitDATASoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_DATA]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitSTACK", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_STACK]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitSTACKSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_STACK]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitCORE", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_CORE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitCORESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_CORE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitRSS", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_RSS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitRSSSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_RSS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitNOFILE", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitNOFILESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitAS", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_AS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitASSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_AS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitNPROC", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_NPROC]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitNPROCSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_NPROC]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitMEMLOCK", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_MEMLOCK]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitMEMLOCKSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_MEMLOCK]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitLOCKS", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_LOCKS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitLOCKSSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_LOCKS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitSIGPENDING", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_SIGPENDING]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitSIGPENDINGSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_SIGPENDING]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitMSGQUEUE", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitMSGQUEUESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitNICE", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_NICE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitNICESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_NICE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitRTPRIO", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_RTPRIO]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitRTPRIOSoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_RTPRIO]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitRTTIME", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_RTTIME]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultLimitRTTIMESoft", "t", bus_property_get_rlimit, offsetof(Manager, rlimit[RLIMIT_RTTIME]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultTasksMax", "t", NULL, offsetof(Manager, default_tasks_max), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TimerSlackNSec", "t", property_get_timer_slack_nsec, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("GetUnit", "s", "o", method_get_unit, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("GetUnitByPID", "u", "o", method_get_unit_by_pid, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("LoadUnit", "s", "o", method_load_unit, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("StartUnit", "ss", "o", method_start_unit, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("StartUnitReplace", "sss", "o", method_start_unit_replace, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("StopUnit", "ss", "o", method_stop_unit, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ReloadUnit", "ss", "o", method_reload_unit, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("RestartUnit", "ss", "o", method_restart_unit, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("TryRestartUnit", "ss", "o", method_try_restart_unit, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ReloadOrRestartUnit", "ss", "o", method_reload_or_restart_unit, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ReloadOrTryRestartUnit", "ss", "o", method_reload_or_try_restart_unit, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("KillUnit", "ssi", NULL, method_kill_unit, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ResetFailedUnit", "s", NULL, method_reset_failed_unit, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetUnitProperties", "sba(sv)", NULL, method_set_unit_properties, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("StartTransientUnit", "ssa(sv)a(sa(sv))", "o", method_start_transient_unit, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("GetJob", "u", "o", method_get_job, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("CancelJob", "u", NULL, method_cancel_job, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ClearJobs", NULL, NULL, method_clear_jobs, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ResetFailed", NULL, NULL, method_reset_failed, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ListUnits", NULL, "a(ssssssouso)", method_list_units, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ListUnitsFiltered", "as", "a(ssssssouso)", method_list_units_filtered, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ListJobs", NULL, "a(usssoo)", method_list_jobs, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("Subscribe", NULL, NULL, method_subscribe, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("Unsubscribe", NULL, NULL, method_unsubscribe, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("Dump", NULL, "s", method_dump, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("CreateSnapshot", "sb", "o", method_refuse_snapshot, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("RemoveSnapshot", "s", NULL, method_refuse_snapshot, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("Reload", NULL, NULL, method_reload, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("Reexecute", NULL, NULL, method_reexecute, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("Exit", NULL, NULL, method_exit, 0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("Reboot", NULL, NULL, method_reboot, SD_BUS_VTABLE_CAPABILITY(CAP_SYS_BOOT)),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("PowerOff", NULL, NULL, method_poweroff, SD_BUS_VTABLE_CAPABILITY(CAP_SYS_BOOT)),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("Halt", NULL, NULL, method_halt, SD_BUS_VTABLE_CAPABILITY(CAP_SYS_BOOT)),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("KExec", NULL, NULL, method_kexec, SD_BUS_VTABLE_CAPABILITY(CAP_SYS_BOOT)),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SwitchRoot", "ss", NULL, method_switch_root, SD_BUS_VTABLE_CAPABILITY(CAP_SYS_BOOT)),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetEnvironment", "as", NULL, method_set_environment, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("UnsetEnvironment", "as", NULL, method_unset_environment, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("UnsetAndSetEnvironment", "asas", NULL, method_unset_and_set_environment, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ListUnitFiles", NULL, "a(ss)", method_list_unit_files, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("GetUnitFileState", "s", "s", method_get_unit_file_state, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("EnableUnitFiles", "asbb", "ba(sss)", method_enable_unit_files, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("DisableUnitFiles", "asb", "a(sss)", method_disable_unit_files, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ReenableUnitFiles", "asbb", "ba(sss)", method_reenable_unit_files, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("LinkUnitFiles", "asbb", "a(sss)", method_link_unit_files, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("PresetUnitFiles", "asbb", "ba(sss)", method_preset_unit_files, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("PresetUnitFilesWithMode", "assbb", "ba(sss)", method_preset_unit_files_with_mode, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("MaskUnitFiles", "asbb", "a(sss)", method_mask_unit_files, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("UnmaskUnitFiles", "asb", "a(sss)", method_unmask_unit_files, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetDefaultTarget", "sb", "a(sss)", method_set_default_target, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("GetDefaultTarget", NULL, "s", method_get_default_target, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("PresetAllUnitFiles", "sbb", "a(sss)", method_preset_all_unit_files, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("AddDependencyUnitFiles", "asssbb", "a(sss)", method_add_dependency_unit_files, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetExitCode", "y", NULL, method_set_exit_code, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+
+        SD_BUS_SIGNAL("UnitNew", "so", 0),
+        SD_BUS_SIGNAL("UnitRemoved", "so", 0),
+        SD_BUS_SIGNAL("JobNew", "uos", 0),
+        SD_BUS_SIGNAL("JobRemoved", "uoss", 0),
+        SD_BUS_SIGNAL("StartupFinished", "tttttt", 0),
+        SD_BUS_SIGNAL("UnitFilesChanged", NULL, 0),
+        SD_BUS_SIGNAL("Reloading", "b", 0),
+
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
+
+static int send_finished(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *message = NULL;
+        usec_t *times = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(times);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_signal(bus, &message, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1", "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "StartupFinished");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(message, "tttttt", times[0], times[1], times[2], times[3], times[4], times[5]);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_send(bus, message, NULL);
+}
+
+void bus_manager_send_finished(
+                Manager *m,
+                usec_t firmware_usec,
+                usec_t loader_usec,
+                usec_t kernel_usec,
+                usec_t initrd_usec,
+                usec_t userspace_usec,
+                usec_t total_usec) {
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = bus_foreach_bus(
+                        m,
+                        NULL,
+                        send_finished,
+                        (usec_t[6]) {
+                                firmware_usec,
+                                loader_usec,
+                                kernel_usec,
+                                initrd_usec,
+                                userspace_usec,
+                                total_usec
+                        });
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to send finished signal: %m");
+}
+
+static int send_reloading(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *message = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_signal(bus, &message, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1", "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "Reloading");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(message, "b", PTR_TO_INT(userdata));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_send(bus, message, NULL);
+}
+
+void bus_manager_send_reloading(Manager *m, bool active) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = bus_foreach_bus(m, NULL, send_reloading, INT_TO_PTR(active));
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to send reloading signal: %m");
+}
+
+static int send_changed_signal(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
+        assert(bus);
+
+        return sd_bus_emit_properties_changed_strv(bus,
+                                                   "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
+                                                   "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
+                                                   NULL);
+}
+
+void bus_manager_send_change_signal(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = bus_foreach_bus(m, NULL, send_changed_signal, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to send manager change signal: %m");
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-manager.h b/src/libcore/dbus-manager.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..36a2e9481b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-manager.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "manager.h"
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_manager_vtable[];
+
+void bus_manager_send_finished(Manager *m, usec_t firmware_usec, usec_t loader_usec, usec_t kernel_usec, usec_t initrd_usec, usec_t userspace_usec, usec_t total_usec);
+void bus_manager_send_reloading(Manager *m, bool active);
+void bus_manager_send_change_signal(Manager *m);
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-mount.c b/src/libcore/dbus-mount.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..935db7c48b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-mount.c
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "dbus-cgroup.h"
+#include "dbus-execute.h"
+#include "dbus-kill.h"
+#include "dbus-mount.h"
+#include "mount.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+static int property_get_what(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Mount *m = userdata;
+        const char *d;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo && m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.what)
+                d = m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.what;
+        else if (m->from_fragment && m->parameters_fragment.what)
+                d = m->parameters_fragment.what;
+        else
+                d = "";
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", d);
+}
+
+static int property_get_options(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Mount *m = userdata;
+        const char *d;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo && m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.options)
+                d = m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.options;
+        else if (m->from_fragment && m->parameters_fragment.options)
+                d = m->parameters_fragment.options;
+        else
+                d = "";
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", d);
+}
+
+static int property_get_type(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Mount *m = userdata;
+        const char *d;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo && m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.fstype)
+                d = m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.fstype;
+        else if (m->from_fragment && m->parameters_fragment.fstype)
+                d = m->parameters_fragment.fstype;
+        else
+                d = "";
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", d);
+}
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_result, mount_result, MountResult);
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_mount_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Where", "s", NULL, offsetof(Mount, where), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("What", "s", property_get_what, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Options","s", property_get_options, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Type", "s", property_get_type, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TimeoutUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Mount, timeout_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ControlPID", "u", bus_property_get_pid, offsetof(Mount, control_pid), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DirectoryMode", "u", bus_property_get_mode, offsetof(Mount, directory_mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SloppyOptions", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Mount, sloppy_options), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Result", "s", property_get_result, offsetof(Mount, result), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_VTABLE("ExecMount", offsetof(Mount, exec_command[MOUNT_EXEC_MOUNT]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_VTABLE("ExecUnmount", offsetof(Mount, exec_command[MOUNT_EXEC_UNMOUNT]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_VTABLE("ExecRemount", offsetof(Mount, exec_command[MOUNT_EXEC_REMOUNT]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
+
+static int bus_mount_set_transient_property(
+                Mount *m,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        const char *new_property;
+        char **property;
+        char *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(message);
+
+        if (streq(name, "What"))
+                property = &m->parameters_fragment.what;
+        else if (streq(name, "Options"))
+                property = &m->parameters_fragment.options;
+        else if (streq(name, "Type"))
+                property = &m->parameters_fragment.fstype;
+        else
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &new_property);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                p = strdup(new_property);
+                if (!p)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                free(*property);
+                *property = p;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int bus_mount_set_property(
+                Unit *u,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(message);
+
+        r = bus_cgroup_set_property(u, &m->cgroup_context, name, message, mode, error);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->transient && u->load_state == UNIT_STUB) {
+                /* This is a transient unit, let's load a little more */
+
+                r = bus_mount_set_transient_property(m, name, message, mode, error);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(u, &m->exec_context, name, message, mode, error);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = bus_kill_context_set_transient_property(u, &m->kill_context, name, message, mode, error);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_mount_commit_properties(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        unit_update_cgroup_members_masks(u);
+        unit_realize_cgroup(u);
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-mount.h b/src/libcore/dbus-mount.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9844e449d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-mount.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_mount_vtable[];
+
+int bus_mount_set_property(Unit *u, const char *name, sd_bus_message *message, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_mount_commit_properties(Unit *u);
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-path.c b/src/libcore/dbus-path.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1e153e503f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-path.c
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "dbus-path.h"
+#include "path.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_result, path_result, PathResult);
+
+static int property_get_paths(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Path *p = userdata;
+        PathSpec *k;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(p);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(ss)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(spec, k, p->specs) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(ss)", path_type_to_string(k->type), k->path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int property_get_unit(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Unit *p = userdata, *trigger;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(p);
+
+        trigger = UNIT_TRIGGER(p);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", trigger ? trigger->id : "");
+}
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_path_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Unit", "s", property_get_unit, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Paths", "a(ss)", property_get_paths, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MakeDirectory", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Path, make_directory), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DirectoryMode", "u", bus_property_get_mode, offsetof(Path, directory_mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Result", "s", property_get_result, offsetof(Path, result), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-path.h b/src/libcore/dbus-path.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d3c19e0c2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-path.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_path_vtable[];
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-scope.c b/src/libcore/dbus-scope.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34ee9a8fa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-scope.c
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-common-errors.h"
+#include "bus-internal.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "dbus-cgroup.h"
+#include "dbus-kill.h"
+#include "dbus-scope.h"
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus.h"
+#include "scope.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+static int bus_scope_abandon(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Scope *s = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(s);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_unit_access_check(UNIT(s), message, "stop", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = bus_verify_manage_units_async(UNIT(s)->manager, message, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        r = scope_abandon(s);
+        if (r == -ESTALE)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_SCOPE_NOT_RUNNING, "Scope %s is not running, cannot abandon.", UNIT(s)->id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_result, scope_result, ScopeResult);
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_scope_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Controller", "s", NULL, offsetof(Scope, controller), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TimeoutStopUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Scope, timeout_stop_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Result", "s", property_get_result, offsetof(Scope, result), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_SIGNAL("RequestStop", NULL, 0),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("Abandon", NULL, NULL, bus_scope_abandon, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
+
+static int bus_scope_set_transient_property(
+                Scope *s,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(message);
+
+        if (streq(name, "PIDs")) {
+                unsigned n = 0;
+                uint32_t pid;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'a', "u");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "u", &pid)) > 0) {
+
+                        if (pid <= 1)
+                                return -EINVAL;
+
+                        if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                                r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
+                                if (r < 0 && r != -EEXIST)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+
+                        n++;
+                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (n <= 0)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "Controller")) {
+                const char *controller;
+                char *c;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &controller);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!isempty(controller) && !service_name_is_valid(controller))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Controller '%s' is not a valid bus name.", controller);
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        if (isempty(controller))
+                                c = NULL;
+                        else {
+                                c = strdup(controller);
+                                if (!c)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+                        }
+
+                        free(s->controller);
+                        s->controller = c;
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "TimeoutStopUSec")) {
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &s->timeout_stop_usec);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_format(UNIT(s), mode, name, "[Scope]\nTimeoutStopSec="USEC_FMT"us\n", s->timeout_stop_usec);
+                } else {
+                        r = sd_bus_message_skip(message, "t");
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_scope_set_property(
+                Unit *u,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Scope *s = SCOPE(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(message);
+
+        r = bus_cgroup_set_property(u, &s->cgroup_context, name, message, mode, error);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB) {
+                /* While we are created we still accept PIDs */
+
+                r = bus_scope_set_transient_property(s, name, message, mode, error);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = bus_kill_context_set_transient_property(u, &s->kill_context, name, message, mode, error);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_scope_commit_properties(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        unit_update_cgroup_members_masks(u);
+        unit_realize_cgroup(u);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_scope_send_request_stop(Scope *s) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!s->controller)
+                return 0;
+
+        p = unit_dbus_path(UNIT(s));
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_signal(
+                        UNIT(s)->manager->api_bus,
+                        &m,
+                        p,
+                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Scope",
+                        "RequestStop");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_send_to(UNIT(s)->manager->api_bus, m, /* s->controller */ NULL, NULL);
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-scope.h b/src/libcore/dbus-scope.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f96ddef0cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-scope.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_scope_vtable[];
+
+int bus_scope_set_property(Unit *u, const char *name, sd_bus_message *i, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_scope_commit_properties(Unit *u);
+
+int bus_scope_send_request_stop(Scope *s);
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-service.c b/src/libcore/dbus-service.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..03eecca911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-service.c
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "async.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "dbus-cgroup.h"
+#include "dbus-execute.h"
+#include "dbus-kill.h"
+#include "dbus-service.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "service.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_type, service_type, ServiceType);
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_result, service_result, ServiceResult);
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_restart, service_restart, ServiceRestart);
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_notify_access, notify_access, NotifyAccess);
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_failure_action, failure_action, FailureAction);
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_service_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Type", "s", property_get_type, offsetof(Service, type), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Restart", "s", property_get_restart, offsetof(Service, restart), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PIDFile", "s", NULL, offsetof(Service, pid_file), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NotifyAccess", "s", property_get_notify_access, offsetof(Service, notify_access), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RestartUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Service, restart_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TimeoutStartUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Service, timeout_start_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TimeoutStopUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Service, timeout_stop_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RuntimeMaxUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Service, runtime_max_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("WatchdogUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Service, watchdog_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("WatchdogTimestamp", offsetof(Service, watchdog_timestamp), 0),
+        /* The following four are obsolete, and thus marked hidden here. They moved into the Unit interface */
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StartLimitInterval", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Unit, start_limit.interval), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST|SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StartLimitBurst", "u", bus_property_get_unsigned, offsetof(Unit, start_limit.burst), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST|SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StartLimitAction", "s", property_get_failure_action, offsetof(Unit, start_limit_action), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST|SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RebootArgument", "s", NULL, offsetof(Unit, reboot_arg), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST|SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("FailureAction", "s", property_get_failure_action, offsetof(Service, failure_action), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PermissionsStartOnly", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Service, permissions_start_only), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RootDirectoryStartOnly", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Service, root_directory_start_only), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RemainAfterExit", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Service, remain_after_exit), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("GuessMainPID", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Service, guess_main_pid), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MainPID", "u", bus_property_get_pid, offsetof(Service, main_pid), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ControlPID", "u", bus_property_get_pid, offsetof(Service, control_pid), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BusName", "s", NULL, offsetof(Service, bus_name), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("FileDescriptorStoreMax", "u", bus_property_get_unsigned, offsetof(Service, n_fd_store_max), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NFileDescriptorStore", "u", bus_property_get_unsigned, offsetof(Service, n_fd_store), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StatusText", "s", NULL, offsetof(Service, status_text), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StatusErrno", "i", NULL, offsetof(Service, status_errno), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Result", "s", property_get_result, offsetof(Service, result), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("USBFunctionDescriptors", "s", NULL, offsetof(Service, usb_function_descriptors), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("USBFunctionStrings", "s", NULL, offsetof(Service, usb_function_strings), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        BUS_EXEC_STATUS_VTABLE("ExecMain", offsetof(Service, main_exec_status), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_LIST_VTABLE("ExecStartPre", offsetof(Service, exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_LIST_VTABLE("ExecStart", offsetof(Service, exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_LIST_VTABLE("ExecStartPost", offsetof(Service, exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_LIST_VTABLE("ExecReload", offsetof(Service, exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_LIST_VTABLE("ExecStop", offsetof(Service, exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_STOP]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_LIST_VTABLE("ExecStopPost", offsetof(Service, exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
+
+static int bus_service_set_transient_property(
+                Service *s,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(message);
+
+        if (streq(name, "RemainAfterExit")) {
+                int b;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        s->remain_after_exit = b;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(s), mode, name, "RemainAfterExit=%s\n", yes_no(b));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "Type")) {
+                const char *t;
+                ServiceType k;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                k = service_type_from_string(t);
+                if (k < 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid service type %s", t);
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        s->type = k;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(s), mode, name, "Type=%s\n", service_type_to_string(s->type));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+        } else if (streq(name, "RuntimeMaxUSec")) {
+                usec_t u;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        s->runtime_max_usec = u;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(s), mode, name, "RuntimeMaxSec=" USEC_FMT "us\n", u);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name,
+                              "StandardInputFileDescriptor",
+                              "StandardOutputFileDescriptor",
+                              "StandardErrorFileDescriptor")) {
+                int fd;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "h", &fd);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        int copy;
+
+                        copy = fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 3);
+                        if (copy < 0)
+                                return -errno;
+
+                        if (streq(name, "StandardInputFileDescriptor")) {
+                                asynchronous_close(s->stdin_fd);
+                                s->stdin_fd = copy;
+                        } else if (streq(name, "StandardOutputFileDescriptor")) {
+                                asynchronous_close(s->stdout_fd);
+                                s->stdout_fd = copy;
+                        } else {
+                                asynchronous_close(s->stderr_fd);
+                                s->stderr_fd = copy;
+                        }
+
+                        s->exec_context.stdio_as_fds = true;
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "ExecStart")) {
+                unsigned n = 0;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'a', "(sasb)");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'r', "sasb")) > 0) {
+                        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **argv = NULL;
+                        const char *path;
+                        int b;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &path);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (!path_is_absolute(path))
+                                return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "Path %s is not absolute.", path);
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(message, &argv);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &b);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                                ExecCommand *c;
+
+                                c = new0(ExecCommand, 1);
+                                if (!c)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                c->path = strdup(path);
+                                if (!c->path) {
+                                        free(c);
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+                                }
+
+                                c->argv = argv;
+                                argv = NULL;
+
+                                c->ignore = b;
+
+                                path_kill_slashes(c->path);
+                                exec_command_append_list(&s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START], c);
+                        }
+
+                        n++;
+                }
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+                        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+                        ExecCommand *c;
+                        size_t size = 0;
+
+                        if (n == 0)
+                                s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START] = exec_command_free_list(s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]);
+
+                        f = open_memstream(&buf, &size);
+                        if (!f)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        fputs("ExecStart=\n", f);
+
+                        LIST_FOREACH(command, c, s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]) {
+                                _cleanup_free_ char *a;
+
+                                a = strv_join_quoted(c->argv);
+                                if (!a)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                fprintf(f, "ExecStart=%s@%s %s\n",
+                                        c->ignore ? "-" : "",
+                                        c->path,
+                                        a);
+                        }
+
+                        r = fflush_and_check(f);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private(UNIT(s), mode, name, buf);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_service_set_property(
+                Unit *u,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(message);
+
+        r = bus_cgroup_set_property(u, &s->cgroup_context, name, message, mode, error);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->transient && u->load_state == UNIT_STUB) {
+                /* This is a transient unit, let's load a little more */
+
+                r = bus_service_set_transient_property(s, name, message, mode, error);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(u, &s->exec_context, name, message, mode, error);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = bus_kill_context_set_transient_property(u, &s->kill_context, name, message, mode, error);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_service_commit_properties(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        unit_update_cgroup_members_masks(u);
+        unit_realize_cgroup(u);
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-service.h b/src/libcore/dbus-service.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..291959325c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-service.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_service_vtable[];
+
+int bus_service_set_property(Unit *u, const char *name, sd_bus_message *i, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_service_commit_properties(Unit *u);
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-slice.c b/src/libcore/dbus-slice.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e37f50b283
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-slice.c
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "dbus-cgroup.h"
+#include "dbus-slice.h"
+#include "slice.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_slice_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
+
+int bus_slice_set_property(
+                Unit *u,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Slice *s = SLICE(u);
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(u);
+
+        return bus_cgroup_set_property(u, &s->cgroup_context, name, message, mode, error);
+}
+
+int bus_slice_commit_properties(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        unit_update_cgroup_members_masks(u);
+        unit_realize_cgroup(u);
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-slice.h b/src/libcore/dbus-slice.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8e4cabbf8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-slice.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_slice_vtable[];
+
+int bus_slice_set_property(Unit *u, const char *name, sd_bus_message *message, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_slice_commit_properties(Unit *u);
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-socket.c b/src/libcore/dbus-socket.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d33e494f6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-socket.c
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "dbus-cgroup.h"
+#include "dbus-execute.h"
+#include "dbus-socket.h"
+#include "socket.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_result, socket_result, SocketResult);
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_bind_ipv6_only, socket_address_bind_ipv6_only, SocketAddressBindIPv6Only);
+
+static int property_get_listen(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(userdata);
+        SocketPort *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(s);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(ss)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *address = NULL;
+                const char *a;
+
+                switch (p->type) {
+                        case SOCKET_SOCKET: {
+                                r = socket_address_print(&p->address, &address);
+                                if (r)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                a = address;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        case SOCKET_SPECIAL:
+                        case SOCKET_MQUEUE:
+                        case SOCKET_FIFO:
+                        case SOCKET_USB_FUNCTION:
+                                a = p->path;
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                assert_not_reached("Unknown socket type");
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(ss)", socket_port_type_to_string(p), a);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+
+static int property_get_fdname(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(userdata);
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(s);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", socket_fdname(s));
+}
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_socket_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BindIPv6Only", "s", property_get_bind_ipv6_only, offsetof(Socket, bind_ipv6_only), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Backlog", "u", bus_property_get_unsigned, offsetof(Socket, backlog), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TimeoutUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Socket, timeout_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BindToDevice", "s", NULL, offsetof(Socket, bind_to_device), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SocketUser", "s", NULL, offsetof(Socket, user), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SocketGroup", "s", NULL, offsetof(Socket, group), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SocketMode", "u", bus_property_get_mode, offsetof(Socket, socket_mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DirectoryMode", "u", bus_property_get_mode, offsetof(Socket, directory_mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Accept", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Socket, accept), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Writable", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Socket, writable), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("KeepAlive", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Socket, keep_alive), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("KeepAliveTimeUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Socket, keep_alive_time), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("KeepAliveIntervalUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Socket, keep_alive_interval), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("KeepAliveProbes", "u", bus_property_get_unsigned, offsetof(Socket, keep_alive_cnt), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DeferAcceptUSec" , "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Socket, defer_accept), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NoDelay", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Socket, no_delay), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Priority", "i", bus_property_get_int, offsetof(Socket, priority), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ReceiveBuffer", "t", bus_property_get_size, offsetof(Socket, receive_buffer), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SendBuffer", "t", bus_property_get_size, offsetof(Socket, send_buffer), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("IPTOS", "i", bus_property_get_int, offsetof(Socket, ip_tos), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("IPTTL", "i", bus_property_get_int, offsetof(Socket, ip_ttl), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PipeSize", "t", bus_property_get_size, offsetof(Socket, pipe_size), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("FreeBind", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Socket, free_bind), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Transparent", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Socket, transparent), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Broadcast", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Socket, broadcast), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PassCredentials", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Socket, pass_cred), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PassSecurity", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Socket, pass_sec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RemoveOnStop", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Socket, remove_on_stop), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Listen", "a(ss)", property_get_listen, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Symlinks", "as", NULL, offsetof(Socket, symlinks), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Mark", "i", bus_property_get_int, offsetof(Socket, mark), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MaxConnections", "u", bus_property_get_unsigned, offsetof(Socket, max_connections), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MessageQueueMaxMessages", "x", bus_property_get_long, offsetof(Socket, mq_maxmsg), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MessageQueueMessageSize", "x", bus_property_get_long, offsetof(Socket, mq_msgsize), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ReusePort", "b",  bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Socket, reuse_port), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SmackLabel", "s", NULL, offsetof(Socket, smack), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SmackLabelIPIn", "s", NULL, offsetof(Socket, smack_ip_in), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SmackLabelIPOut", "s", NULL, offsetof(Socket, smack_ip_out), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ControlPID", "u", bus_property_get_pid, offsetof(Socket, control_pid), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Result", "s", property_get_result, offsetof(Socket, result), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NConnections", "u", bus_property_get_unsigned, offsetof(Socket, n_connections), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NAccepted", "u", bus_property_get_unsigned, offsetof(Socket, n_accepted), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("FileDescriptorName", "s", property_get_fdname, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SocketProtocol", "i", bus_property_get_int, offsetof(Socket, socket_protocol), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_LIST_VTABLE("ExecStartPre", offsetof(Socket, exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_START_PRE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_LIST_VTABLE("ExecStartPost", offsetof(Socket, exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_START_POST]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_LIST_VTABLE("ExecStopPre", offsetof(Socket, exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_PRE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_LIST_VTABLE("ExecStopPost", offsetof(Socket, exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_POST]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
+
+int bus_socket_set_property(
+                Unit *u,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(message);
+
+        return bus_cgroup_set_property(u, &s->cgroup_context, name, message, mode, error);
+}
+
+int bus_socket_commit_properties(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        unit_update_cgroup_members_masks(u);
+        unit_realize_cgroup(u);
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-socket.h b/src/libcore/dbus-socket.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a31906feea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-socket.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_socket_vtable[];
+
+int bus_socket_set_property(Unit *u, const char *name, sd_bus_message *message, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_socket_commit_properties(Unit *u);
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-swap.c b/src/libcore/dbus-swap.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..292f8738c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-swap.c
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright 2010 Maarten Lankhorst
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "dbus-cgroup.h"
+#include "dbus-execute.h"
+#include "dbus-swap.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "swap.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+static int property_get_priority(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Swap *s = SWAP(userdata);
+        int p;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->from_proc_swaps)
+                p = s->parameters_proc_swaps.priority;
+        else if (s->from_fragment)
+                p = s->parameters_fragment.priority;
+        else
+                p = -1;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "i", p);
+}
+
+static int property_get_options(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Swap *s = SWAP(userdata);
+        const char *options = NULL;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->from_fragment)
+                options = s->parameters_fragment.options;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", options);
+}
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_result, swap_result, SwapResult);
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_swap_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("What", "s", NULL, offsetof(Swap, what), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Priority", "i", property_get_priority, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Options", "s", property_get_options, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TimeoutUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Swap, timeout_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ControlPID", "u", bus_property_get_pid, offsetof(Swap, control_pid), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Result", "s", property_get_result, offsetof(Swap, result), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_VTABLE("ExecActivate", offsetof(Swap, exec_command[SWAP_EXEC_ACTIVATE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_VTABLE("ExecDeactivate", offsetof(Swap, exec_command[SWAP_EXEC_DEACTIVATE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
+
+int bus_swap_set_property(
+                Unit *u,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(message);
+
+        return bus_cgroup_set_property(u, &s->cgroup_context, name, message, mode, error);
+}
+
+int bus_swap_commit_properties(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        unit_update_cgroup_members_masks(u);
+        unit_realize_cgroup(u);
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-swap.h b/src/libcore/dbus-swap.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..19151fb771
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-swap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright 2010 Maarten Lankhorst
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_swap_vtable[];
+
+int bus_swap_set_property(Unit *u, const char *name, sd_bus_message *message, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_swap_commit_properties(Unit *u);
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-target.c b/src/libcore/dbus-target.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6858b1ce72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-target.c
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "dbus-target.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_target_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-target.h b/src/libcore/dbus-target.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c97a9d626e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-target.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_target_vtable[];
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-timer.c b/src/libcore/dbus-timer.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc121b83a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-timer.c
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "dbus-timer.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "timer.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_result, timer_result, TimerResult);
+
+static int property_get_monotonic_timers(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Timer *t = userdata;
+        TimerValue *v;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(t);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(stt)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(value, v, t->values) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+                const char *s;
+                size_t l;
+
+                if (v->base == TIMER_CALENDAR)
+                        continue;
+
+                s = timer_base_to_string(v->base);
+                assert(endswith(s, "Sec"));
+
+                /* s/Sec/USec/ */
+                l = strlen(s);
+                buf = new(char, l+2);
+                if (!buf)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                memcpy(buf, s, l-3);
+                memcpy(buf+l-3, "USec", 5);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(stt)", buf, v->value, v->next_elapse);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int property_get_calendar_timers(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Timer *t = userdata;
+        TimerValue *v;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(t);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(sst)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(value, v, t->values) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+
+                if (v->base != TIMER_CALENDAR)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = calendar_spec_to_string(v->calendar_spec, &buf);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(sst)", timer_base_to_string(v->base), buf, v->next_elapse);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int property_get_unit(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata, *trigger;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        trigger = UNIT_TRIGGER(u);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", trigger ? trigger->id : "");
+}
+
+static int property_get_next_elapse_monotonic(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Timer *t = userdata;
+        usec_t x;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (t->next_elapse_monotonic_or_boottime <= 0)
+                x = 0;
+        else if (t->wake_system) {
+                usec_t a, b;
+
+                a = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+                b = now(CLOCK_BOOTTIME);
+
+                if (t->next_elapse_monotonic_or_boottime + a > b)
+                        x = t->next_elapse_monotonic_or_boottime + a - b;
+                else
+                        x = 0;
+        } else
+                x = t->next_elapse_monotonic_or_boottime;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "t", x);
+}
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_timer_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Unit", "s", property_get_unit, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TimersMonotonic", "a(stt)", property_get_monotonic_timers, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TimersCalendar", "a(sst)", property_get_calendar_timers, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_INVALIDATION),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NextElapseUSecRealtime", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Timer, next_elapse_realtime), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NextElapseUSecMonotonic", "t", property_get_next_elapse_monotonic, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("LastTriggerUSec", offsetof(Timer, last_trigger), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Result", "s", property_get_result, offsetof(Timer, result), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("AccuracyUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Timer, accuracy_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RandomizedDelayUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Timer, random_usec), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Persistent", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Timer, persistent), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("WakeSystem", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Timer, wake_system), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RemainAfterElapse", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Timer, remain_after_elapse), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
+
+static int bus_timer_set_transient_property(
+                Timer *t,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(message);
+
+        if (STR_IN_SET(name,
+                       "OnActiveSec",
+                       "OnBootSec",
+                       "OnStartupSec",
+                       "OnUnitActiveSec",
+                       "OnUnitInactiveSec")) {
+
+                TimerValue *v;
+                TimerBase b = _TIMER_BASE_INVALID;
+                usec_t u = 0;
+
+                b = timer_base_from_string(name);
+                if (b < 0)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        char time[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, format_timespan(time, sizeof(time), u, USEC_PER_MSEC));
+
+                        v = new0(TimerValue, 1);
+                        if (!v)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        v->base = b;
+                        v->value = u;
+
+                        LIST_PREPEND(value, t->values, v);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "OnCalendar")) {
+
+                TimerValue *v;
+                CalendarSpec *c = NULL;
+                const char *str;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &str);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        r = calendar_spec_from_string(str, &c);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, str);
+
+                        v = new0(TimerValue, 1);
+                        if (!v) {
+                                calendar_spec_free(c);
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                        }
+
+                        v->base = TIMER_CALENDAR;
+                        v->calendar_spec = c;
+
+                        LIST_PREPEND(value, t->values, v);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name, "AccuracyUSec", "AccuracySec")) {
+                usec_t u = 0;
+
+                if (streq(name, "AccuracySec"))
+                        log_notice("Client is using obsolete AccuracySec= transient property, please use AccuracyUSec= instead.");
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        t->accuracy_usec = u;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "AccuracySec=" USEC_FMT "us\n", u);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "RandomizedDelayUSec")) {
+                usec_t u = 0;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        t->random_usec = u;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "RandomizedDelaySec=" USEC_FMT "us\n", u);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "WakeSystem")) {
+                int b;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        t->wake_system = b;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, yes_no(b));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "RemainAfterElapse")) {
+                int b;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        t->remain_after_elapse = b;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, yes_no(b));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_timer_set_property(
+                Unit *u,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(message);
+
+        if (u->transient && u->load_state == UNIT_STUB) {
+                r = bus_timer_set_transient_property(t, name, message, mode, error);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-timer.h b/src/libcore/dbus-timer.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..505fb5df72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-timer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_timer_vtable[];
+
+int bus_timer_set_property(Unit *u, const char *name, sd_bus_message *i, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, sd_bus_error *error);
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-unit.c b/src/libcore/dbus-unit.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a09f59fc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-unit.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1276 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-common-errors.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus.h"
+#include "locale-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_load_state, unit_load_state, UnitLoadState);
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_job_mode, job_mode, JobMode);
+static BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(property_get_failure_action, failure_action, FailureAction);
+
+static int property_get_names(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        Iterator i;
+        const char *t;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "s");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(t, u->names, i) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int property_get_following(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata, *f;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        f = unit_following(u);
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", f ? f->id : "");
+}
+
+static int property_get_dependencies(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Set *s = *(Set**) userdata;
+        Iterator j;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "s");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(u, s, j) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", u->id);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int property_get_obsolete_dependencies(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+
+        /* For dependency types we don't support anymore always return an empty array */
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "as", 0);
+}
+
+static int property_get_description(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", unit_description(u));
+}
+
+static int property_get_active_state(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", unit_active_state_to_string(unit_active_state(u)));
+}
+
+static int property_get_sub_state(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", unit_sub_state_to_string(u));
+}
+
+static int property_get_unit_file_preset(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = unit_get_unit_file_preset(u);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s",
+                                     r < 0 ? "":
+                                     r > 0 ? "enabled" : "disabled");
+}
+
+static int property_get_unit_file_state(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", unit_file_state_to_string(unit_get_unit_file_state(u)));
+}
+
+static int property_get_can_start(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "b", unit_can_start(u) && !u->refuse_manual_start);
+}
+
+static int property_get_can_stop(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* On the lower levels we assume that every unit we can start
+         * we can also stop */
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "b", unit_can_start(u) && !u->refuse_manual_stop);
+}
+
+static int property_get_can_reload(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "b", unit_can_reload(u));
+}
+
+static int property_get_can_isolate(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "b", unit_can_isolate(u) && !u->refuse_manual_start);
+}
+
+static int property_get_job(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!u->job)
+                return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(uo)", 0, "/");
+
+        p = job_dbus_path(u->job);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(uo)", u->job->id, p);
+}
+
+static int property_get_need_daemon_reload(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "b", unit_need_daemon_reload(u));
+}
+
+static int property_get_conditions(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        const char *(*to_string)(ConditionType type) = NULL;
+        Condition **list = userdata, *c;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(list);
+
+        to_string = streq(property, "Asserts") ? assert_type_to_string : condition_type_to_string;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(reply, 'a', "(sbbsi)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(conditions, c, *list) {
+                int tristate;
+
+                tristate =
+                        c->result == CONDITION_UNTESTED ? 0 :
+                        c->result == CONDITION_SUCCEEDED ? 1 : -1;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(sbbsi)",
+                                          to_string(c->type),
+                                          c->trigger, c->negate,
+                                          c->parameter, tristate);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+        }
+
+        return sd_bus_message_close_container(reply);
+}
+
+static int property_get_load_error(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error e = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->load_error != 0)
+                sd_bus_error_set_errno(&e, u->load_error);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "(ss)", e.name, e.message);
+}
+
+static int bus_verify_manage_units_async_full(
+                Unit *u,
+                const char *verb,
+                int capability,
+                const char *polkit_message,
+                sd_bus_message *call,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        const char *details[9] = {
+                "unit", u->id,
+                "verb", verb,
+        };
+
+        if (polkit_message) {
+                details[4] = "polkit.message";
+                details[5] = polkit_message;
+                details[6] = "polkit.gettext_domain";
+                details[7] = GETTEXT_PACKAGE;
+        }
+
+        return bus_verify_polkit_async(call, capability, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.manage-units", details, false, UID_INVALID, &u->manager->polkit_registry, error);
+}
+
+int bus_unit_method_start_generic(
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                Unit *u,
+                JobType job_type,
+                bool reload_if_possible,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        const char *smode;
+        JobMode mode;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *verb = NULL;
+        static const char *const polkit_message_for_job[_JOB_TYPE_MAX] = {
+                [JOB_START]       = N_("Authentication is required to start '$(unit)'."),
+                [JOB_STOP]        = N_("Authentication is required to stop '$(unit)'."),
+                [JOB_RELOAD]      = N_("Authentication is required to reload '$(unit)'."),
+                [JOB_RESTART]     = N_("Authentication is required to restart '$(unit)'."),
+                [JOB_TRY_RESTART] = N_("Authentication is required to restart '$(unit)'."),
+        };
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(u);
+        assert(job_type >= 0 && job_type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_unit_access_check(
+                        u, message,
+                        job_type_to_access_method(job_type),
+                        error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &smode);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        mode = job_mode_from_string(smode);
+        if (mode < 0)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Job mode %s invalid", smode);
+
+        if (reload_if_possible)
+                verb = strjoin("reload-or-", job_type_to_string(job_type), NULL);
+        else
+                verb = strdup(job_type_to_string(job_type));
+        if (!verb)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = bus_verify_manage_units_async_full(
+                        u,
+                        verb,
+                        CAP_SYS_ADMIN,
+                        job_type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX ? polkit_message_for_job[job_type] : NULL,
+                        message,
+                        error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        return bus_unit_queue_job(message, u, job_type, mode, reload_if_possible, error);
+}
+
+static int method_start(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return bus_unit_method_start_generic(message, userdata, JOB_START, false, error);
+}
+
+static int method_stop(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return bus_unit_method_start_generic(message, userdata, JOB_STOP, false, error);
+}
+
+static int method_reload(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return bus_unit_method_start_generic(message, userdata, JOB_RELOAD, false, error);
+}
+
+static int method_restart(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return bus_unit_method_start_generic(message, userdata, JOB_RESTART, false, error);
+}
+
+static int method_try_restart(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return bus_unit_method_start_generic(message, userdata, JOB_TRY_RESTART, false, error);
+}
+
+static int method_reload_or_restart(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return bus_unit_method_start_generic(message, userdata, JOB_RESTART, true, error);
+}
+
+static int method_reload_or_try_restart(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return bus_unit_method_start_generic(message, userdata, JOB_TRY_RESTART, true, error);
+}
+
+int bus_unit_method_kill(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        const char *swho;
+        int32_t signo;
+        KillWho who;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_unit_access_check(u, message, "stop", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "si", &swho, &signo);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (isempty(swho))
+                who = KILL_ALL;
+        else {
+                who = kill_who_from_string(swho);
+                if (who < 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid who argument %s", swho);
+        }
+
+        if (signo <= 0 || signo >= _NSIG)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Signal number out of range.");
+
+        r = bus_verify_manage_units_async_full(
+                        u,
+                        "kill",
+                        CAP_KILL,
+                        N_("Authentication is required to kill '$(unit)'."),
+                        message,
+                        error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        r = unit_kill(u, who, signo, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+int bus_unit_method_reset_failed(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_unit_access_check(u, message, "reload", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = bus_verify_manage_units_async_full(
+                        u,
+                        "reset-failed",
+                        CAP_SYS_ADMIN,
+                        N_("Authentication is required to reset the \"failed\" state of '$(unit)'."),
+                        message,
+                        error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        unit_reset_failed(u);
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+int bus_unit_method_set_properties(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int runtime, r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_unit_access_check(u, message, "start", error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &runtime);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = bus_verify_manage_units_async_full(
+                        u,
+                        "set-property",
+                        CAP_SYS_ADMIN,
+                        N_("Authentication is required to set properties on '$(unit)'."),
+                        message,
+                        error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 1; /* No authorization for now, but the async polkit stuff will call us again when it has it */
+
+        r = bus_unit_set_properties(u, message, runtime ? UNIT_RUNTIME : UNIT_PERSISTENT, true, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, NULL);
+}
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_unit_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Id", "s", NULL, offsetof(Unit, id), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Names", "as", property_get_names, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Following", "s", property_get_following, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Requires", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRES]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Requisite", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_REQUISITE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Wants", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_WANTS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BindsTo", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_BINDS_TO]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PartOf", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_PART_OF]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RequiredBy", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRED_BY]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RequisiteOf", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_REQUISITE_OF]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("WantedBy", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_WANTED_BY]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BoundBy", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_BOUND_BY]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ConsistsOf", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_CONSISTS_OF]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Conflicts", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_CONFLICTS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ConflictedBy", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Before", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("After", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_AFTER]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("OnFailure", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_ON_FAILURE]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Triggers", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERS]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TriggeredBy", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PropagatesReloadTo", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_PROPAGATES_RELOAD_TO]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ReloadPropagatedFrom", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_RELOAD_PROPAGATED_FROM]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("JoinsNamespaceOf", "as", property_get_dependencies, offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_JOINS_NAMESPACE_OF]), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RequiresOverridable", "as", property_get_obsolete_dependencies, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RequisiteOverridable", "as", property_get_obsolete_dependencies, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RequiredByOverridable", "as", property_get_obsolete_dependencies, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RequisiteOfOverridable", "as", property_get_obsolete_dependencies, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RequiresMountsFor", "as", NULL, offsetof(Unit, requires_mounts_for), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Documentation", "as", NULL, offsetof(Unit, documentation), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Description", "s", property_get_description, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LoadState", "s", property_get_load_state, offsetof(Unit, load_state), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ActiveState", "s", property_get_active_state, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SubState", "s", property_get_sub_state, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("FragmentPath", "s", NULL, offsetof(Unit, fragment_path), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SourcePath", "s", NULL, offsetof(Unit, source_path), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DropInPaths", "as", NULL, offsetof(Unit, dropin_paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("UnitFileState", "s", property_get_unit_file_state, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("UnitFilePreset", "s", property_get_unit_file_preset, 0, 0),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("StateChangeTimestamp", offsetof(Unit, state_change_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("InactiveExitTimestamp", offsetof(Unit, inactive_exit_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("ActiveEnterTimestamp", offsetof(Unit, active_enter_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("ActiveExitTimestamp", offsetof(Unit, active_exit_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("InactiveEnterTimestamp", offsetof(Unit, inactive_enter_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CanStart", "b", property_get_can_start, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CanStop", "b", property_get_can_stop, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CanReload", "b", property_get_can_reload, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CanIsolate", "b", property_get_can_isolate, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Job", "(uo)", property_get_job, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StopWhenUnneeded", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Unit, stop_when_unneeded), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RefuseManualStart", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Unit, refuse_manual_start), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RefuseManualStop", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Unit, refuse_manual_stop), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("AllowIsolate", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Unit, allow_isolate), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DefaultDependencies", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Unit, default_dependencies), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("OnFailureJobMode", "s", property_get_job_mode, offsetof(Unit, on_failure_job_mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("IgnoreOnIsolate", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Unit, ignore_on_isolate), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("NeedDaemonReload", "b", property_get_need_daemon_reload, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("JobTimeoutUSec", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Unit, job_timeout), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("JobTimeoutAction", "s", property_get_failure_action, offsetof(Unit, job_timeout_action), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("JobTimeoutRebootArgument", "s", NULL, offsetof(Unit, job_timeout_reboot_arg), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ConditionResult", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Unit, condition_result), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("AssertResult", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Unit, assert_result), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("ConditionTimestamp", offsetof(Unit, condition_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP("AssertTimestamp", offsetof(Unit, assert_timestamp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_EMITS_CHANGE),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Conditions", "a(sbbsi)", property_get_conditions, offsetof(Unit, conditions), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Asserts", "a(sbbsi)", property_get_conditions, offsetof(Unit, asserts), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("LoadError", "(ss)", property_get_load_error, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Transient", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(Unit, transient), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StartLimitInterval", "t", bus_property_get_usec, offsetof(Unit, start_limit.interval), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StartLimitBurst", "u", bus_property_get_unsigned, offsetof(Unit, start_limit.burst), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("StartLimitAction", "s", property_get_failure_action, offsetof(Unit, start_limit_action), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RebootArgument", "s", NULL, offsetof(Unit, reboot_arg), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("Start", "s", "o", method_start, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("Stop", "s", "o", method_stop, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("Reload", "s", "o", method_reload, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("Restart", "s", "o", method_restart, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("TryRestart", "s", "o", method_try_restart, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ReloadOrRestart", "s", "o", method_reload_or_restart, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ReloadOrTryRestart", "s", "o", method_reload_or_try_restart, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("Kill", "si", NULL, bus_unit_method_kill, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("ResetFailed", NULL, NULL, bus_unit_method_reset_failed, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+        SD_BUS_METHOD("SetProperties", "ba(sv)", NULL, bus_unit_method_set_properties, SD_BUS_VTABLE_UNPRIVILEGED),
+
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
+
+static int property_get_slice(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", unit_slice_name(u));
+}
+
+static int property_get_current_memory(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        uint64_t sz = (uint64_t) -1;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = unit_get_memory_current(u, &sz);
+        if (r < 0 && r != -ENODATA)
+                log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to get memory.usage_in_bytes attribute: %m");
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "t", sz);
+}
+
+static int property_get_current_tasks(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        uint64_t cn = (uint64_t) -1;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = unit_get_tasks_current(u, &cn);
+        if (r < 0 && r != -ENODATA)
+                log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to get pids.current attribute: %m");
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "t", cn);
+}
+
+static int property_get_cpu_usage(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        nsec_t ns = (nsec_t) -1;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = unit_get_cpu_usage(u, &ns);
+        if (r < 0 && r != -ENODATA)
+                log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to get cpuacct.usage attribute: %m");
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "t", ns);
+}
+
+static int property_get_cgroup(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        const char *t;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Three cases: a) u->cgroup_path is NULL, in which case the
+         * unit has no control group, which we report as the empty
+         * string. b) u->cgroup_path is the empty string, which
+         * indicates the root cgroup, which we report as "/". c) all
+         * other cases we report as-is. */
+
+        if (u->cgroup_path)
+                t = isempty(u->cgroup_path) ? "/" : u->cgroup_path;
+        else
+                t = "";
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "s", t);
+}
+
+const sd_bus_vtable bus_unit_cgroup_vtable[] = {
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_START(0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Slice", "s", property_get_slice, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ControlGroup", "s", property_get_cgroup, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MemoryCurrent", "t", property_get_current_memory, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("CPUUsageNSec", "t", property_get_cpu_usage, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("TasksCurrent", "t", property_get_current_tasks, 0, 0),
+        SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
+};
+
+static int send_new_signal(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(u);
+
+        p = unit_dbus_path(u);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_signal(
+                        bus,
+                        &m,
+                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
+                        "UnitNew");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "so", u->id, p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_send(bus, m, NULL);
+}
+
+static int send_changed_signal(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(u);
+
+        p = unit_dbus_path(u);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        /* Send a properties changed signal. First for the specific
+         * type, then for the generic unit. The clients may rely on
+         * this order to get atomic behavior if needed. */
+
+        r = sd_bus_emit_properties_changed_strv(
+                        bus, p,
+                        unit_dbus_interface_from_type(u->type),
+                        NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_emit_properties_changed_strv(
+                        bus, p,
+                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",
+                        NULL);
+}
+
+void bus_unit_send_change_signal(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->in_dbus_queue) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(dbus_queue, u->manager->dbus_unit_queue, u);
+                u->in_dbus_queue = false;
+        }
+
+        if (!u->id)
+                return;
+
+        r = bus_foreach_bus(u->manager, NULL, u->sent_dbus_new_signal ? send_changed_signal : send_new_signal, u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_debug_errno(u, r, "Failed to send unit change signal for %s: %m", u->id);
+
+        u->sent_dbus_new_signal = true;
+}
+
+static int send_removed_signal(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(u);
+
+        p = unit_dbus_path(u);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_signal(
+                        bus,
+                        &m,
+                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
+                        "UnitRemoved");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "so", u->id, p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_send(bus, m, NULL);
+}
+
+void bus_unit_send_removed_signal(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!u->sent_dbus_new_signal)
+                bus_unit_send_change_signal(u);
+
+        if (!u->id)
+                return;
+
+        r = bus_foreach_bus(u->manager, NULL, send_removed_signal, u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_debug_errno(u, r, "Failed to send unit remove signal for %s: %m", u->id);
+}
+
+int bus_unit_queue_job(
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                Unit *u,
+                JobType type,
+                JobMode mode,
+                bool reload_if_possible,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        Job *j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(u);
+        assert(type >= 0 && type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+        assert(mode >= 0 && mode < _JOB_MODE_MAX);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_unit_access_check(
+                        u, message,
+                        job_type_to_access_method(type),
+                        error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (reload_if_possible && unit_can_reload(u)) {
+                if (type == JOB_RESTART)
+                        type = JOB_RELOAD_OR_START;
+                else if (type == JOB_TRY_RESTART)
+                        type = JOB_TRY_RELOAD;
+        }
+
+
+        if (type == JOB_STOP &&
+            (u->load_state == UNIT_NOT_FOUND || u->load_state == UNIT_ERROR) &&
+            unit_active_state(u) == UNIT_INACTIVE)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Unit %s not loaded.", u->id);
+
+        if ((type == JOB_START && u->refuse_manual_start) ||
+            (type == JOB_STOP && u->refuse_manual_stop) ||
+            ((type == JOB_RESTART || type == JOB_TRY_RESTART) && (u->refuse_manual_start || u->refuse_manual_stop)) ||
+            (type == JOB_RELOAD_OR_START && job_type_collapse(type, u) == JOB_START && u->refuse_manual_start))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_ONLY_BY_DEPENDENCY, "Operation refused, unit %s may be requested by dependency only.", u->id);
+
+        r = manager_add_job(u->manager, type, u, mode, error, &j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (sd_bus_message_get_bus(message) == u->manager->api_bus) {
+                if (!j->clients) {
+                        r = sd_bus_track_new(sd_bus_message_get_bus(message), &j->clients, NULL, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_track_add_sender(j->clients, message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        path = job_dbus_path(j);
+        if (!path)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return sd_bus_reply_method_return(message, "o", path);
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_set_transient_property(
+                Unit *u,
+                const char *name,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(message);
+
+        if (streq(name, "Description")) {
+                const char *d;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &d);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        r = unit_set_description(u, d);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_format(u, mode, name, "[Unit]\nDescription=%s\n", d);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "DefaultDependencies")) {
+                int b;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        u->default_dependencies = b;
+                        unit_write_drop_in_format(u, mode, name, "[Unit]\nDefaultDependencies=%s\n", yes_no(b));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (streq(name, "Slice")) {
+                Unit *slice;
+                const char *s;
+
+                if (!UNIT_HAS_CGROUP_CONTEXT(u))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "The slice property is only available for units with control groups.");
+                if (u->type == UNIT_SLICE)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Slice may not be set for slice units.");
+                if (unit_has_name(u, SPECIAL_INIT_SCOPE))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Cannot set slice for init.scope");
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!unit_name_is_valid(s, UNIT_NAME_PLAIN))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid unit name '%s'", s);
+
+                r = manager_load_unit(u->manager, s, NULL, error, &slice);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (slice->type != UNIT_SLICE)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Unit name '%s' is not a slice", s);
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        r = unit_set_slice(u, slice);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "Slice=%s\n", s);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name,
+                              "Requires", "RequiresOverridable",
+                              "Requisite", "RequisiteOverridable",
+                              "Wants",
+                              "BindsTo",
+                              "Conflicts",
+                              "Before", "After",
+                              "OnFailure",
+                              "PropagatesReloadTo", "ReloadPropagatedFrom",
+                              "PartOf")) {
+
+                UnitDependency d;
+                const char *other;
+
+                if (streq(name, "RequiresOverridable"))
+                        d = UNIT_REQUIRES; /* redirect for obsolete unit dependency type */
+                else if (streq(name, "RequisiteOverridable"))
+                        d = UNIT_REQUISITE; /* same here */
+                else {
+                        d = unit_dependency_from_string(name);
+                        if (d < 0)
+                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid unit dependency: %s", name);
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'a', "s");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &other)) > 0) {
+                        if (!unit_name_is_valid(other, UNIT_NAME_PLAIN|UNIT_NAME_INSTANCE))
+                                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Invalid unit name %s", other);
+
+                        if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                                _cleanup_free_ char *label = NULL;
+
+                                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, d, other, NULL, true);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                label = strjoin(name, "-", other, NULL);
+                                if (!label)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                unit_write_drop_in_format(u, mode, label, "[Unit]\n%s=%s\n", name, other);
+                        }
+
+                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_unit_set_properties(
+                Unit *u,
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                UnitSetPropertiesMode mode,
+                bool commit,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        bool for_real = false;
+        unsigned n = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(message);
+
+        /* We iterate through the array twice. First run we just check
+         * if all passed data is valid, second run actually applies
+         * it. This is to implement transaction-like behaviour without
+         * actually providing full transactions. */
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'a', "(sv)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                const char *name;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'r', "sv");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0) {
+                        if (for_real || mode == UNIT_CHECK)
+                                break;
+
+                        /* Reached EOF. Let's try again, and this time for realz... */
+                        r = sd_bus_message_rewind(message, false);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        for_real = true;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_set_property)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_PROPERTY_READ_ONLY, "Objects of this type do not support setting properties.");
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'v', NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_set_property(u, name, message, for_real ? mode : UNIT_CHECK, error);
+                if (r == 0 && u->transient && u->load_state == UNIT_STUB)
+                        r = bus_unit_set_transient_property(u, name, message, for_real ? mode : UNIT_CHECK, error);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_PROPERTY_READ_ONLY, "Cannot set property %s, or unknown property.", name);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                n += for_real;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(message);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (commit && n > 0 && UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_commit_properties)
+                UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_commit_properties(u);
+
+        return n;
+}
+
+int bus_unit_check_load_state(Unit *u, sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Give a better description of the unit error when
+         * possible. Note that in the case of UNIT_MASKED, load_error
+         * is not set. */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_MASKED)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_UNIT_MASKED, "Unit %s is masked.", u->id);
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_NOT_FOUND)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Unit %s not found.", u->id);
+
+        return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, u->load_error, "Unit %s is not loaded properly: %m.", u->id);
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus-unit.h b/src/libcore/dbus-unit.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1a0070fce6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus-unit.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_unit_vtable[];
+extern const sd_bus_vtable bus_unit_cgroup_vtable[];
+
+void bus_unit_send_change_signal(Unit *u);
+void bus_unit_send_removed_signal(Unit *u);
+
+int bus_unit_method_start_generic(sd_bus_message *message, Unit *u, JobType job_type, bool reload_if_possible, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_unit_method_kill(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_unit_method_reset_failed(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error);
+
+int bus_unit_queue_job(sd_bus_message *message, Unit *u, JobType type, JobMode mode, bool reload_if_possible, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_unit_set_properties(Unit *u, sd_bus_message *message, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, bool commit, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_unit_method_set_properties(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error);
+
+int bus_unit_check_load_state(Unit *u, sd_bus_error *error);
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus.c b/src/libcore/dbus.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc939b023a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1258 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-common-errors.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-internal.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "dbus-cgroup.h"
+#include "dbus-execute.h"
+#include "dbus-job.h"
+#include "dbus-kill.h"
+#include "dbus-manager.h"
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "strxcpyx.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+
+#define CONNECTIONS_MAX 4096
+
+static void destroy_bus(Manager *m, sd_bus **bus);
+
+int bus_send_queued_message(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (!m->queued_message)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* If we cannot get rid of this message we won't dispatch any
+         * D-Bus messages, so that we won't end up wanting to queue
+         * another message. */
+
+        r = sd_bus_send(NULL, m->queued_message, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to send queued message: %m");
+
+        m->queued_message = sd_bus_message_unref(m->queued_message);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int signal_agent_released(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_creds_unrefp) sd_bus_creds *creds = NULL;
+        const char *cgroup, *me;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        uid_t sender_uid;
+        sd_bus *bus;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* ignore recursive events sent by us on the system/user bus */
+        bus = sd_bus_message_get_bus(message);
+        if (!sd_bus_is_server(bus)) {
+                r = sd_bus_get_unique_name(bus, &me);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (streq_ptr(sd_bus_message_get_sender(message), me))
+                        return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* only accept org.freedesktop.systemd1.Agent from UID=0 */
+        r = sd_bus_query_sender_creds(message, SD_BUS_CREDS_EUID, &creds);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_creds_get_euid(creds, &sender_uid);
+        if (r < 0 || sender_uid != 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* parse 'cgroup-empty' notification */
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &cgroup);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                bus_log_parse_error(r);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        manager_notify_cgroup_empty(m, cgroup);
+
+        /* if running as system-instance, forward under our name */
+        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM && m->system_bus) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_rewind(message, 1);
+                if (r >= 0)
+                        r = sd_bus_send(m->system_bus, message, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to forward Released message: %m");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int signal_disconnected(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        sd_bus *bus;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+        assert_se(bus = sd_bus_message_get_bus(message));
+
+        if (bus == m->api_bus)
+                destroy_bus(m, &m->api_bus);
+        if (bus == m->system_bus)
+                destroy_bus(m, &m->system_bus);
+        if (set_remove(m->private_buses, bus)) {
+                log_debug("Got disconnect on private connection.");
+                destroy_bus(m, &bus);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int signal_activation_request(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *ret_error) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        const char *name;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "s", &name);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                bus_log_parse_error(r);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (manager_unit_inactive_or_pending(m, SPECIAL_DBUS_SERVICE) ||
+            manager_unit_inactive_or_pending(m, SPECIAL_DBUS_SOCKET)) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_setf(&error, BUS_ERROR_SHUTTING_DOWN, "Refusing activation, D-Bus is shutting down.");
+                goto failed;
+        }
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(m, name, NULL, &error, &u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto failed;
+
+        if (u->refuse_manual_start) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_setf(&error, BUS_ERROR_ONLY_BY_DEPENDENCY, "Operation refused, %s may be requested by dependency only.", u->id);
+                goto failed;
+        }
+
+        r = manager_add_job(m, JOB_START, u, JOB_REPLACE, &error, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto failed;
+
+        /* Successfully queued, that's it for us */
+        return 0;
+
+failed:
+        if (!sd_bus_error_is_set(&error))
+                sd_bus_error_set_errno(&error, r);
+
+        log_debug("D-Bus activation failed for %s: %s", name, bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_signal(sd_bus_message_get_bus(message), &reply, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1", "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Activator", "ActivationFailure");
+        if (r < 0) {
+                bus_log_create_error(r);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(reply, "sss", name, error.name, error.message);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                bus_log_create_error(r);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_send_to(NULL, reply, "org.freedesktop.DBus", NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to respond with to bus activation request: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+static int mac_selinux_filter(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        const char *verb, *path;
+        Unit *u = NULL;
+        Job *j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+
+        /* Our own method calls are all protected individually with
+         * selinux checks, but the built-in interfaces need to be
+         * protected too. */
+
+        if (sd_bus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties", "Set"))
+                verb = "reload";
+        else if (sd_bus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable", NULL) ||
+                 sd_bus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties", NULL) ||
+                 sd_bus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager", NULL) ||
+                 sd_bus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer", NULL))
+                verb = "status";
+        else
+                return 0;
+
+        path = sd_bus_message_get_path(message);
+
+        if (object_path_startswith("/org/freedesktop/systemd1", path)) {
+
+                r = mac_selinux_access_check(message, verb, error);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (streq_ptr(path, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/self")) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_creds_unrefp) sd_bus_creds *creds = NULL;
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                r = sd_bus_query_sender_creds(message, SD_BUS_CREDS_PID, &creds);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                r = sd_bus_creds_get_pid(creds, &pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                u = manager_get_unit_by_pid(m, pid);
+        } else {
+                r = manager_get_job_from_dbus_path(m, path, &j);
+                if (r >= 0)
+                        u = j->unit;
+                else
+                        manager_load_unit_from_dbus_path(m, path, NULL, &u);
+        }
+
+        if (!u)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = mac_selinux_unit_access_check(u, message, verb, error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int bus_job_find(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, void *userdata, void **found, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        Job *j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(path);
+        assert(interface);
+        assert(found);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = manager_get_job_from_dbus_path(m, path, &j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        *found = j;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int find_unit(Manager *m, sd_bus *bus, const char *path, Unit **unit, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(path);
+
+        if (streq_ptr(path, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/self")) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_creds_unrefp) sd_bus_creds *creds = NULL;
+                sd_bus_message *message;
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                message = sd_bus_get_current_message(bus);
+                if (!message)
+                        return 0;
+
+                r = sd_bus_query_sender_creds(message, SD_BUS_CREDS_PID, &creds);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_creds_get_pid(creds, &pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                u = manager_get_unit_by_pid(m, pid);
+        } else {
+                r = manager_load_unit_from_dbus_path(m, path, error, &u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!u)
+                return 0;
+
+        *unit = u;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_find(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, void *userdata, void **found, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(path);
+        assert(interface);
+        assert(found);
+        assert(m);
+
+        return find_unit(m, bus, path, (Unit**) found, error);
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_interface_find(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, void *userdata, void **found, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(path);
+        assert(interface);
+        assert(found);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = find_unit(m, bus, path, &u, error);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!streq_ptr(interface, unit_dbus_interface_from_type(u->type)))
+                return 0;
+
+        *found = u;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_cgroup_find(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, void *userdata, void **found, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(path);
+        assert(interface);
+        assert(found);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = find_unit(m, bus, path, &u, error);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!streq_ptr(interface, unit_dbus_interface_from_type(u->type)))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!UNIT_HAS_CGROUP_CONTEXT(u))
+                return 0;
+
+        *found = u;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int bus_cgroup_context_find(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, void *userdata, void **found, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        CGroupContext *c;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(path);
+        assert(interface);
+        assert(found);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = find_unit(m, bus, path, &u, error);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!streq_ptr(interface, unit_dbus_interface_from_type(u->type)))
+                return 0;
+
+        c = unit_get_cgroup_context(u);
+        if (!c)
+                return 0;
+
+        *found = c;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int bus_exec_context_find(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, void *userdata, void **found, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        ExecContext *c;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(path);
+        assert(interface);
+        assert(found);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = find_unit(m, bus, path, &u, error);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!streq_ptr(interface, unit_dbus_interface_from_type(u->type)))
+                return 0;
+
+        c = unit_get_exec_context(u);
+        if (!c)
+                return 0;
+
+        *found = c;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int bus_kill_context_find(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, void *userdata, void **found, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        KillContext *c;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(path);
+        assert(interface);
+        assert(found);
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = find_unit(m, bus, path, &u, error);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!streq_ptr(interface, unit_dbus_interface_from_type(u->type)))
+                return 0;
+
+        c = unit_get_kill_context(u);
+        if (!c)
+                return 0;
+
+        *found = c;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int bus_job_enumerate(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, void *userdata, char ***nodes, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        unsigned k = 0;
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
+
+        l = new0(char*, hashmap_size(m->jobs)+1);
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i) {
+                l[k] = job_dbus_path(j);
+                if (!l[k])
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                k++;
+        }
+
+        assert(hashmap_size(m->jobs) == k);
+
+        *nodes = l;
+        l = NULL;
+
+        return k;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_enumerate(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, void *userdata, char ***nodes, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        unsigned k = 0;
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+
+        l = new0(char*, hashmap_size(m->units)+1);
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(u, m->units, i) {
+                l[k] = unit_dbus_path(u);
+                if (!l[k])
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                k++;
+        }
+
+        *nodes = l;
+        l = NULL;
+
+        return k;
+}
+
+static int bus_setup_api_vtables(Manager *m, sd_bus *bus) {
+        UnitType t;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(bus);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        r = sd_bus_add_filter(bus, NULL, mac_selinux_filter, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add SELinux access filter: %m");
+#endif
+
+        r = sd_bus_add_object_vtable(bus, NULL, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1", "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", bus_manager_vtable, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to register Manager vtable: %m");
+
+        r = sd_bus_add_fallback_vtable(bus, NULL, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/job", "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Job", bus_job_vtable, bus_job_find, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to register Job vtable: %m");
+
+        r = sd_bus_add_node_enumerator(bus, NULL, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/job", bus_job_enumerate, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add job enumerator: %m");
+
+        r = sd_bus_add_fallback_vtable(bus, NULL, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit", "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit", bus_unit_vtable, bus_unit_find, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to register Unit vtable: %m");
+
+        r = sd_bus_add_node_enumerator(bus, NULL, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit", bus_unit_enumerate, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add job enumerator: %m");
+
+        for (t = 0; t < _UNIT_TYPE_MAX; t++) {
+                const char *interface;
+
+                assert_se(interface = unit_dbus_interface_from_type(t));
+
+                r = sd_bus_add_fallback_vtable(bus, NULL, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit", interface, unit_vtable[t]->bus_vtable, bus_unit_interface_find, m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to register type specific vtable for %s: %m", interface);
+
+                if (unit_vtable[t]->cgroup_context_offset > 0) {
+                        r = sd_bus_add_fallback_vtable(bus, NULL, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit", interface, bus_unit_cgroup_vtable, bus_unit_cgroup_find, m);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to register control group unit vtable for %s: %m", interface);
+
+                        r = sd_bus_add_fallback_vtable(bus, NULL, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit", interface, bus_cgroup_vtable, bus_cgroup_context_find, m);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to register control group vtable for %s: %m", interface);
+                }
+
+                if (unit_vtable[t]->exec_context_offset > 0) {
+                        r = sd_bus_add_fallback_vtable(bus, NULL, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit", interface, bus_exec_vtable, bus_exec_context_find, m);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to register execute vtable for %s: %m", interface);
+                }
+
+                if (unit_vtable[t]->kill_context_offset > 0) {
+                        r = sd_bus_add_fallback_vtable(bus, NULL, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit", interface, bus_kill_vtable, bus_kill_context_find, m);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to register kill vtable for %s: %m", interface);
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_setup_disconnected_match(Manager *m, sd_bus *bus) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(bus);
+
+        r = sd_bus_add_match(
+                        bus,
+                        NULL,
+                        "sender='org.freedesktop.DBus.Local',"
+                        "type='signal',"
+                        "path='/org/freedesktop/DBus/Local',"
+                        "interface='org.freedesktop.DBus.Local',"
+                        "member='Disconnected'",
+                        signal_disconnected, m);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to register match for Disconnected message: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_on_connection(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int nfd = -1;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        sd_id128_t id;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(m);
+
+        nfd = accept4(fd, NULL, NULL, SOCK_NONBLOCK|SOCK_CLOEXEC);
+        if (nfd < 0) {
+                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to accept private connection, ignoring: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (set_size(m->private_buses) >= CONNECTIONS_MAX) {
+                log_warning("Too many concurrent connections, refusing");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(&m->private_buses, NULL);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_oom();
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_new(&bus);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to allocate new private connection bus: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_set_fd(bus, nfd, nfd);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to set fd on new connection bus: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        nfd = -1;
+
+        r = bus_check_peercred(bus);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Incoming private connection from unprivileged client, refusing: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        assert_se(sd_id128_randomize(&id) >= 0);
+
+        r = sd_bus_set_server(bus, 1, id);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to enable server support for new connection bus: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_negotiate_creds(bus, 1,
+                                   SD_BUS_CREDS_PID|SD_BUS_CREDS_UID|
+                                   SD_BUS_CREDS_EUID|SD_BUS_CREDS_EFFECTIVE_CAPS|
+                                   SD_BUS_CREDS_SELINUX_CONTEXT);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to enable credentials for new connection: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_start(bus);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to start new connection bus: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_attach_event(bus, m->event, SD_EVENT_PRIORITY_NORMAL);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to attach new connection bus to event loop: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+                /* When we run as system instance we get the Released
+                 * signal via a direct connection */
+
+                r = sd_bus_add_match(
+                                bus,
+                                NULL,
+                                "type='signal',"
+                                "interface='org.freedesktop.systemd1.Agent',"
+                                "member='Released',"
+                                "path='/org/freedesktop/systemd1/agent'",
+                                signal_agent_released, m);
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to register Released match on new connection bus: %m");
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = bus_setup_disconnected_match(m, bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = bus_setup_api_vtables(m, bus);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to set up API vtables on new connection bus: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = set_put(m->private_buses, bus);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to add new connection bus to set: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        bus = NULL;
+
+        log_debug("Accepted new private connection.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_sync_bus_names(Manager *m, sd_bus *bus) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
+        const char *name;
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(bus);
+
+        r = sd_bus_list_names(bus, &names, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get initial list of names: %m");
+
+        /* We have to synchronize the current bus names with the
+         * list of active services. To do this, walk the list of
+         * all units with bus names. */
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(u, name, m->watch_bus, i) {
+                Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+                assert(s);
+
+                if (!streq_ptr(s->bus_name, name)) {
+                        log_unit_warning(u, "Bus name has changed from %s → %s, ignoring.", s->bus_name, name);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* Check if a service's bus name is in the list of currently
+                 * active names */
+                if (strv_contains(names, name)) {
+                        _cleanup_(sd_bus_creds_unrefp) sd_bus_creds *creds = NULL;
+                        const char *unique;
+
+                        /* If it is, determine its current owner */
+                        r = sd_bus_get_name_creds(bus, name, SD_BUS_CREDS_UNIQUE_NAME, &creds);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get bus name owner %s: %m", name);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        r = sd_bus_creds_get_unique_name(creds, &unique);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get unique name for %s: %m", name);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Now, let's compare that to the previous bus owner, and
+                         * if it's still the same, all is fine, so just don't
+                         * bother the service. Otherwise, the name has apparently
+                         * changed, so synthesize a name owner changed signal. */
+
+                        if (!streq_ptr(unique, s->bus_name_owner))
+                                UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_name_owner_change(u, name, s->bus_name_owner, unique);
+                } else {
+                        /* So, the name we're watching is not on the bus.
+                         * This either means it simply hasn't appeared yet,
+                         * or it was lost during the daemon reload.
+                         * Check if the service has a stored name owner,
+                         * and synthesize a name loss signal in this case. */
+
+                        if (s->bus_name_owner)
+                                UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_name_owner_change(u, name, s->bus_name_owner, NULL);
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_setup_api(Manager *m, sd_bus *bus) {
+        Iterator i;
+        char *name;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(bus);
+
+        /* Let's make sure we have enough credential bits so that we can make security and selinux decisions */
+        r = sd_bus_negotiate_creds(bus, 1,
+                                   SD_BUS_CREDS_PID|SD_BUS_CREDS_UID|
+                                   SD_BUS_CREDS_EUID|SD_BUS_CREDS_EFFECTIVE_CAPS|
+                                   SD_BUS_CREDS_SELINUX_CONTEXT);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to enable credential passing, ignoring: %m");
+
+        r = bus_setup_api_vtables(m, bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(u, name, m->watch_bus, i) {
+                r = unit_install_bus_match(u, bus, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to subscribe to NameOwnerChanged signal for '%s': %m", name);
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_add_match(
+                        bus,
+                        NULL,
+                        "type='signal',"
+                        "sender='org.freedesktop.DBus',"
+                        "path='/org/freedesktop/DBus',"
+                        "interface='org.freedesktop.systemd1.Activator',"
+                        "member='ActivationRequest'",
+                        signal_activation_request, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to subscribe to activation signal: %m");
+
+        /* Allow replacing of our name, to ease implementation of
+         * reexecution, where we keep the old connection open until
+         * after the new connection is set up and the name installed
+         * to allow clients to synchronously wait for reexecution to
+         * finish */
+        r = sd_bus_request_name(bus,"org.freedesktop.systemd1", SD_BUS_NAME_REPLACE_EXISTING|SD_BUS_NAME_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to register name: %m");
+
+        r = manager_sync_bus_names(m, bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        log_debug("Successfully connected to API bus.");
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_init_api(Manager *m) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        if (m->api_bus)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* The API and system bus is the same if we are running in system mode */
+        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM && m->system_bus)
+                bus = sd_bus_ref(m->system_bus);
+        else {
+                if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                        r = sd_bus_open_system(&bus);
+                else
+                        r = sd_bus_open_user(&bus);
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_debug("Failed to connect to API bus, retrying later...");
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_attach_event(bus, m->event, SD_EVENT_PRIORITY_NORMAL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to attach API bus to event loop: %m");
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                r = bus_setup_disconnected_match(m, bus);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = bus_setup_api(m, bus);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set up API bus: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        m->api_bus = bus;
+        bus = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_setup_system(Manager *m, sd_bus *bus) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(bus);
+
+        /* On kdbus or if we are a user instance we get the Released message via the system bus */
+        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_USER || m->kdbus_fd >= 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_add_match(
+                                bus,
+                                NULL,
+                                "type='signal',"
+                                "interface='org.freedesktop.systemd1.Agent',"
+                                "member='Released',"
+                                "path='/org/freedesktop/systemd1/agent'",
+                                signal_agent_released, m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to register Released match on system bus: %m");
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Successfully connected to system bus.");
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_init_system(Manager *m) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        if (m->system_bus)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* The API and system bus is the same if we are running in system mode */
+        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM && m->api_bus) {
+                m->system_bus = sd_bus_ref(m->api_bus);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_open_system(&bus);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_debug("Failed to connect to system bus, retrying later...");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = bus_setup_disconnected_match(m, bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_bus_attach_event(bus, m->event, SD_EVENT_PRIORITY_NORMAL);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to attach system bus to event loop: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = bus_setup_system(m, bus);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set up system bus: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        m->system_bus = bus;
+        bus = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_init_private(Manager *m) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        union sockaddr_union sa = {
+                .un.sun_family = AF_UNIX
+        };
+        sd_event_source *s;
+        socklen_t salen;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->private_listen_fd >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* We don't need the private socket if we have kdbus */
+        if (m->kdbus_fd >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+
+                /* We want the private bus only when running as init */
+                if (getpid() != 1)
+                        return 0;
+
+                strcpy(sa.un.sun_path, "/run/systemd/private");
+                salen = offsetof(union sockaddr_union, un.sun_path) + strlen("/run/systemd/private");
+        } else {
+                size_t left = sizeof(sa.un.sun_path);
+                char *p = sa.un.sun_path;
+                const char *e;
+
+                e = secure_getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");
+                if (!e) {
+                        log_error("Failed to determine XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");
+                        return -EHOSTDOWN;
+                }
+
+                left = strpcpy(&p, left, e);
+                left = strpcpy(&p, left, "/systemd/private");
+
+                salen = sizeof(sa.un) - left;
+        }
+
+        (void) mkdir_parents_label(sa.un.sun_path, 0755);
+        (void) unlink(sa.un.sun_path);
+
+        fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to allocate private socket: %m");
+
+        r = bind(fd, &sa.sa, salen);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to bind private socket: %m");
+
+        r = listen(fd, SOMAXCONN);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to make private socket listening: %m");
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &s, fd, EPOLLIN, bus_on_connection, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to allocate event source: %m");
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(s, "bus-connection");
+
+        m->private_listen_fd = fd;
+        m->private_listen_event_source = s;
+        fd = -1;
+
+        log_debug("Successfully created private D-Bus server.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_init(Manager *m, bool try_bus_connect) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (try_bus_connect) {
+                r = bus_init_system(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = bus_init_api(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = bus_init_private(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void destroy_bus(Manager *m, sd_bus **bus) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(bus);
+
+        if (!*bus)
+                return;
+
+        /* Get rid of tracked clients on this bus */
+        if (m->subscribed && sd_bus_track_get_bus(m->subscribed) == *bus)
+                m->subscribed = sd_bus_track_unref(m->subscribed);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i)
+                if (j->clients && sd_bus_track_get_bus(j->clients) == *bus)
+                        j->clients = sd_bus_track_unref(j->clients);
+
+        /* Get rid of queued message on this bus */
+        if (m->queued_message && sd_bus_message_get_bus(m->queued_message) == *bus)
+                m->queued_message = sd_bus_message_unref(m->queued_message);
+
+        /* Possibly flush unwritten data, but only if we are
+         * unprivileged, since we don't want to sync here */
+        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                sd_bus_flush(*bus);
+
+        /* And destroy the object */
+        sd_bus_close(*bus);
+        *bus = sd_bus_unref(*bus);
+}
+
+void bus_done(Manager *m) {
+        sd_bus *b;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->api_bus)
+                destroy_bus(m, &m->api_bus);
+        if (m->system_bus)
+                destroy_bus(m, &m->system_bus);
+        while ((b = set_steal_first(m->private_buses)))
+                destroy_bus(m, &b);
+
+        m->private_buses = set_free(m->private_buses);
+
+        m->subscribed = sd_bus_track_unref(m->subscribed);
+        m->deserialized_subscribed = strv_free(m->deserialized_subscribed);
+
+        if (m->private_listen_event_source)
+                m->private_listen_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->private_listen_event_source);
+
+        m->private_listen_fd = safe_close(m->private_listen_fd);
+
+        bus_verify_polkit_async_registry_free(m->polkit_registry);
+}
+
+int bus_fdset_add_all(Manager *m, FDSet *fds) {
+        Iterator i;
+        sd_bus *b;
+        int fd;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        /* When we are about to reexecute we add all D-Bus fds to the
+         * set to pass over to the newly executed systemd. They won't
+         * be used there however, except thatt they are closed at the
+         * very end of deserialization, those making it possible for
+         * clients to synchronously wait for systemd to reexec by
+         * simply waiting for disconnection */
+
+        if (m->api_bus) {
+                fd = sd_bus_get_fd(m->api_bus);
+                if (fd >= 0) {
+                        fd = fdset_put_dup(fds, fd);
+                        if (fd < 0)
+                                return fd;
+                }
+        }
+
+        SET_FOREACH(b, m->private_buses, i) {
+                fd = sd_bus_get_fd(b);
+                if (fd >= 0) {
+                        fd = fdset_put_dup(fds, fd);
+                        if (fd < 0)
+                                return fd;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* We don't offer any APIs on the system bus (well, unless it
+         * is the same as the API bus) hence we don't bother with it
+         * here */
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_foreach_bus(
+                Manager *m,
+                sd_bus_track *subscribed2,
+                int (*send_message)(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata),
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        Iterator i;
+        sd_bus *b;
+        int r, ret = 0;
+
+        /* Send to all direct buses, unconditionally */
+        SET_FOREACH(b, m->private_buses, i) {
+                r = send_message(b, userdata);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        ret = r;
+        }
+
+        /* Send to API bus, but only if somebody is subscribed */
+        if (sd_bus_track_count(m->subscribed) > 0 ||
+            sd_bus_track_count(subscribed2) > 0) {
+                r = send_message(m->api_bus, userdata);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        ret = r;
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+void bus_track_serialize(sd_bus_track *t, FILE *f) {
+        const char *n;
+
+        assert(f);
+
+        for (n = sd_bus_track_first(t); n; n = sd_bus_track_next(t))
+                fprintf(f, "subscribed=%s\n", n);
+}
+
+int bus_track_deserialize_item(char ***l, const char *line) {
+        const char *e;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(l);
+        assert(line);
+
+        e = startswith(line, "subscribed=");
+        if (!e)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = strv_extend(l, e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int bus_track_coldplug(Manager *m, sd_bus_track **t, char ***l) {
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(t);
+        assert(l);
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(*l) && m->api_bus) {
+                char **i;
+
+                if (!*t) {
+                        r = sd_bus_track_new(m->api_bus, t, NULL, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = 0;
+                STRV_FOREACH(i, *l) {
+                        int k;
+
+                        k = sd_bus_track_add_name(*t, *i);
+                        if (k < 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+        }
+
+        *l = strv_free(*l);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int bus_verify_manage_units_async(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *call, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return bus_verify_polkit_async(call, CAP_SYS_ADMIN, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.manage-units", NULL, false, UID_INVALID, &m->polkit_registry, error);
+}
+
+int bus_verify_manage_unit_files_async(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *call, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return bus_verify_polkit_async(call, CAP_SYS_ADMIN, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.manage-unit-files", NULL, false, UID_INVALID, &m->polkit_registry, error);
+}
+
+int bus_verify_reload_daemon_async(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *call, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return bus_verify_polkit_async(call, CAP_SYS_ADMIN, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.reload-daemon", NULL, false, UID_INVALID, &m->polkit_registry, error);
+}
+
+int bus_verify_set_environment_async(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *call, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return bus_verify_polkit_async(call, CAP_SYS_ADMIN, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.set-environment", NULL, false, UID_INVALID, &m->polkit_registry, error);
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/dbus.h b/src/libcore/dbus.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e16a84fbb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/dbus.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "manager.h"
+
+int bus_send_queued_message(Manager *m);
+
+int bus_init(Manager *m, bool try_bus_connect);
+void bus_done(Manager *m);
+
+int bus_fdset_add_all(Manager *m, FDSet *fds);
+
+void bus_track_serialize(sd_bus_track *t, FILE *f);
+int bus_track_deserialize_item(char ***l, const char *line);
+int bus_track_coldplug(Manager *m, sd_bus_track **t, char ***l);
+
+int manager_sync_bus_names(Manager *m, sd_bus *bus);
+
+int bus_foreach_bus(Manager *m, sd_bus_track *subscribed2, int (*send_message)(sd_bus *bus, void *userdata), void *userdata);
+
+int bus_verify_manage_units_async(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *call, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_verify_manage_unit_files_async(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *call, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_verify_reload_daemon_async(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *call, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_verify_set_environment_async(Manager *m, sd_bus_message *call, sd_bus_error *error);
diff --git a/src/libcore/device.c b/src/libcore/device.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d201dc5e4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/device.c
@@ -0,0 +1,878 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+
+#include "libudev.h"
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "dbus-device.h"
+#include "device.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "stat-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "swap.h"
+#include "udev-util.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_DEVICE_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [DEVICE_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [DEVICE_TENTATIVE] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [DEVICE_PLUGGED] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+};
+
+static int device_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata);
+
+static void device_unset_sysfs(Device *d) {
+        Hashmap *devices;
+        Device *first;
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        if (!d->sysfs)
+                return;
+
+        /* Remove this unit from the chain of devices which share the
+         * same sysfs path. */
+        devices = UNIT(d)->manager->devices_by_sysfs;
+        first = hashmap_get(devices, d->sysfs);
+        LIST_REMOVE(same_sysfs, first, d);
+
+        if (first)
+                hashmap_remove_and_replace(devices, d->sysfs, first->sysfs, first);
+        else
+                hashmap_remove(devices, d->sysfs);
+
+        d->sysfs = mfree(d->sysfs);
+}
+
+static int device_set_sysfs(Device *d, const char *sysfs) {
+        Device *first;
+        char *copy;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        if (streq_ptr(d->sysfs, sysfs))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&UNIT(d)->manager->devices_by_sysfs, &string_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        copy = strdup(sysfs);
+        if (!copy)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        device_unset_sysfs(d);
+
+        first = hashmap_get(UNIT(d)->manager->devices_by_sysfs, sysfs);
+        LIST_PREPEND(same_sysfs, first, d);
+
+        r = hashmap_replace(UNIT(d)->manager->devices_by_sysfs, copy, first);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(same_sysfs, first, d);
+                free(copy);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        d->sysfs = copy;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void device_init(Unit *u) {
+        Device *d = DEVICE(u);
+
+        assert(d);
+        assert(UNIT(d)->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        /* In contrast to all other unit types we timeout jobs waiting
+         * for devices by default. This is because they otherwise wait
+         * indefinitely for plugged in devices, something which cannot
+         * happen for the other units since their operations time out
+         * anyway. */
+        u->job_timeout = u->manager->default_timeout_start_usec;
+
+        u->ignore_on_isolate = true;
+}
+
+static void device_done(Unit *u) {
+        Device *d = DEVICE(u);
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        device_unset_sysfs(d);
+}
+
+static void device_set_state(Device *d, DeviceState state) {
+        DeviceState old_state;
+        assert(d);
+
+        old_state = d->state;
+        d->state = state;
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(d), "Changed %s -> %s", device_state_to_string(old_state), device_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(d), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static int device_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Device *d = DEVICE(u);
+
+        assert(d);
+        assert(d->state == DEVICE_DEAD);
+
+        if (d->found & DEVICE_FOUND_UDEV)
+                /* If udev says the device is around, it's around */
+                device_set_state(d, DEVICE_PLUGGED);
+        else if (d->found != DEVICE_NOT_FOUND && d->deserialized_state != DEVICE_PLUGGED)
+                /* If a device is found in /proc/self/mountinfo or
+                 * /proc/swaps, and was not yet announced via udev,
+                 * it's "tentatively" around. */
+                device_set_state(d, DEVICE_TENTATIVE);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int device_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Device *d = DEVICE(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", device_state_to_string(d->state));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int device_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Device *d = DEVICE(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                DeviceState state;
+
+                state = device_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse state value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        d->deserialized_state = state;
+        } else
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Unknown serialization key: %s", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void device_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Device *d = DEVICE(u);
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sDevice State: %s\n"
+                "%sSysfs Path: %s\n",
+                prefix, device_state_to_string(d->state),
+                prefix, strna(d->sysfs));
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState device_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[DEVICE(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *device_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return device_state_to_string(DEVICE(u)->state);
+}
+
+static int device_update_description(Unit *u, struct udev_device *dev, const char *path) {
+        const char *model;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(dev);
+        assert(path);
+
+        model = udev_device_get_property_value(dev, "ID_MODEL_FROM_DATABASE");
+        if (!model)
+                model = udev_device_get_property_value(dev, "ID_MODEL");
+
+        if (model) {
+                const char *label;
+
+                /* Try to concatenate the device model string with a label, if there is one */
+                label = udev_device_get_property_value(dev, "ID_FS_LABEL");
+                if (!label)
+                        label = udev_device_get_property_value(dev, "ID_PART_ENTRY_NAME");
+                if (!label)
+                        label = udev_device_get_property_value(dev, "ID_PART_ENTRY_NUMBER");
+
+                if (label) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *j;
+
+                        j = strjoin(model, " ", label, NULL);
+                        if (j)
+                                r = unit_set_description(u, j);
+                        else
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                } else
+                        r = unit_set_description(u, model);
+        } else
+                r = unit_set_description(u, path);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed to set device description: %m");
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int device_add_udev_wants(Unit *u, struct udev_device *dev) {
+        const char *wants;
+        const char *word, *state;
+        size_t l;
+        int r;
+        const char *property;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(dev);
+
+        property = u->manager->running_as == MANAGER_USER ? "SYSTEMD_USER_WANTS" : "SYSTEMD_WANTS";
+        wants = udev_device_get_property_value(dev, property);
+        if (!wants)
+                return 0;
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(word, l, wants, state) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL;
+                char e[l+1];
+
+                memcpy(e, word, l);
+                e[l] = 0;
+
+                r = unit_name_mangle(e, UNIT_NAME_NOGLOB, &n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed to mangle unit name: %m");
+
+                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, UNIT_WANTS, n, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed to add wants dependency: %m");
+        }
+        if (!isempty(state))
+                log_unit_warning(u, "Property %s on %s has trailing garbage, ignoring.", property, strna(udev_device_get_syspath(dev)));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int device_setup_unit(Manager *m, struct udev_device *dev, const char *path, bool main) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
+        const char *sysfs = NULL;
+        Unit *u = NULL;
+        bool delete;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(path);
+
+        if (dev) {
+                sysfs = udev_device_get_syspath(dev);
+                if (!sysfs)
+                        return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_name_from_path(path, ".device", &e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to generate unit name from device path: %m");
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, e);
+
+        /* The device unit can still be present even if the device was
+         * unplugged: a mount unit can reference it hence preventing
+         * the GC to have garbaged it. That's desired since the device
+         * unit may have a dependency on the mount unit which was
+         * added during the loading of the later. */
+        if (u && DEVICE(u)->state == DEVICE_PLUGGED) {
+                /* This unit is in plugged state: we're sure it's
+                 * attached to a device. */
+                if (!path_equal(DEVICE(u)->sysfs, sysfs)) {
+                        log_unit_error(u, "Dev %s appeared twice with different sysfs paths %s and %s",
+                                       e, DEVICE(u)->sysfs, sysfs);
+                        return -EEXIST;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!u) {
+                delete = true;
+
+                u = unit_new(m, sizeof(Device));
+                if (!u)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = unit_add_name(u, e);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                unit_add_to_load_queue(u);
+        } else
+                delete = false;
+
+        /* If this was created via some dependency and has not
+         * actually been seen yet ->sysfs will not be
+         * initialized. Hence initialize it if necessary. */
+        if (sysfs) {
+                r = device_set_sysfs(DEVICE(u), sysfs);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                (void) device_update_description(u, dev, path);
+
+                /* The additional systemd udev properties we only interpret
+                 * for the main object */
+                if (main)
+                        (void) device_add_udev_wants(u, dev);
+        }
+
+
+        /* Note that this won't dispatch the load queue, the caller
+         * has to do that if needed and appropriate */
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to set up device unit: %m");
+
+        if (delete)
+                unit_free(u);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int device_process_new(Manager *m, struct udev_device *dev) {
+        const char *sysfs, *dn, *alias;
+        struct udev_list_entry *item = NULL, *first = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        sysfs = udev_device_get_syspath(dev);
+        if (!sysfs)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Add the main unit named after the sysfs path */
+        r = device_setup_unit(m, dev, sysfs, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Add an additional unit for the device node */
+        dn = udev_device_get_devnode(dev);
+        if (dn)
+                (void) device_setup_unit(m, dev, dn, false);
+
+        /* Add additional units for all symlinks */
+        first = udev_device_get_devlinks_list_entry(dev);
+        udev_list_entry_foreach(item, first) {
+                const char *p;
+                struct stat st;
+
+                /* Don't bother with the /dev/block links */
+                p = udev_list_entry_get_name(item);
+
+                if (path_startswith(p, "/dev/block/") ||
+                    path_startswith(p, "/dev/char/"))
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Verify that the symlink in the FS actually belongs
+                 * to this device. This is useful to deal with
+                 * conflicting devices, e.g. when two disks want the
+                 * same /dev/disk/by-label/xxx link because they have
+                 * the same label. We want to make sure that the same
+                 * device that won the symlink wins in systemd, so we
+                 * check the device node major/minor */
+                if (stat(p, &st) >= 0)
+                        if ((!S_ISBLK(st.st_mode) && !S_ISCHR(st.st_mode)) ||
+                            st.st_rdev != udev_device_get_devnum(dev))
+                                continue;
+
+                (void) device_setup_unit(m, dev, p, false);
+        }
+
+        /* Add additional units for all explicitly configured
+         * aliases */
+        alias = udev_device_get_property_value(dev, "SYSTEMD_ALIAS");
+        if (alias) {
+                const char *word, *state;
+                size_t l;
+
+                FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(word, l, alias, state) {
+                        char e[l+1];
+
+                        memcpy(e, word, l);
+                        e[l] = 0;
+
+                        if (path_is_absolute(e))
+                                (void) device_setup_unit(m, dev, e, false);
+                        else
+                                log_warning("SYSTEMD_ALIAS for %s is not an absolute path, ignoring: %s", sysfs, e);
+                }
+                if (!isempty(state))
+                        log_warning("SYSTEMD_ALIAS for %s has trailing garbage, ignoring.", sysfs);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void device_update_found_one(Device *d, bool add, DeviceFound found, bool now) {
+        DeviceFound n, previous;
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        n = add ? (d->found | found) : (d->found & ~found);
+        if (n == d->found)
+                return;
+
+        previous = d->found;
+        d->found = n;
+
+        if (!now)
+                return;
+
+        if (d->found & DEVICE_FOUND_UDEV)
+                /* When the device is known to udev we consider it
+                 * plugged. */
+                device_set_state(d, DEVICE_PLUGGED);
+        else if (d->found != DEVICE_NOT_FOUND && (previous & DEVICE_FOUND_UDEV) == 0)
+                /* If the device has not been seen by udev yet, but is
+                 * now referenced by the kernel, then we assume the
+                 * kernel knows it now, and udev might soon too. */
+                device_set_state(d, DEVICE_TENTATIVE);
+        else
+                /* If nobody sees the device, or if the device was
+                 * previously seen by udev and now is only referenced
+                 * from the kernel, then we consider the device is
+                 * gone, the kernel just hasn't noticed it yet. */
+                device_set_state(d, DEVICE_DEAD);
+}
+
+static int device_update_found_by_sysfs(Manager *m, const char *sysfs, bool add, DeviceFound found, bool now) {
+        Device *d, *l;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(sysfs);
+
+        if (found == DEVICE_NOT_FOUND)
+                return 0;
+
+        l = hashmap_get(m->devices_by_sysfs, sysfs);
+        LIST_FOREACH(same_sysfs, d, l)
+                device_update_found_one(d, add, found, now);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int device_update_found_by_name(Manager *m, const char *path, bool add, DeviceFound found, bool now) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(path);
+
+        if (found == DEVICE_NOT_FOUND)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_name_from_path(path, ".device", &e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to generate unit name from device path: %m");
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, e);
+        if (!u)
+                return 0;
+
+        device_update_found_one(DEVICE(u), add, found, now);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool device_is_ready(struct udev_device *dev) {
+        const char *ready;
+
+        assert(dev);
+
+        ready = udev_device_get_property_value(dev, "SYSTEMD_READY");
+        if (!ready)
+                return true;
+
+        return parse_boolean(ready) != 0;
+}
+
+static Unit *device_following(Unit *u) {
+        Device *d = DEVICE(u);
+        Device *other, *first = NULL;
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        if (startswith(u->id, "sys-"))
+                return NULL;
+
+        /* Make everybody follow the unit that's named after the sysfs path */
+        for (other = d->same_sysfs_next; other; other = other->same_sysfs_next)
+                if (startswith(UNIT(other)->id, "sys-"))
+                        return UNIT(other);
+
+        for (other = d->same_sysfs_prev; other; other = other->same_sysfs_prev) {
+                if (startswith(UNIT(other)->id, "sys-"))
+                        return UNIT(other);
+
+                first = other;
+        }
+
+        return UNIT(first);
+}
+
+static int device_following_set(Unit *u, Set **_set) {
+        Device *d = DEVICE(u), *other;
+        Set *set;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(d);
+        assert(_set);
+
+        if (LIST_JUST_US(same_sysfs, d)) {
+                *_set = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        set = set_new(NULL);
+        if (!set)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_AFTER(same_sysfs, other, d) {
+                r = set_put(set, other);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_BEFORE(same_sysfs, other, d) {
+                r = set_put(set, other);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        *_set = set;
+        return 1;
+
+fail:
+        set_free(set);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void device_shutdown(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->udev_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->udev_event_source);
+
+        if (m->udev_monitor) {
+                udev_monitor_unref(m->udev_monitor);
+                m->udev_monitor = NULL;
+        }
+
+        m->devices_by_sysfs = hashmap_free(m->devices_by_sysfs);
+}
+
+static void device_enumerate(Manager *m) {
+        _cleanup_udev_enumerate_unref_ struct udev_enumerate *e = NULL;
+        struct udev_list_entry *item = NULL, *first = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (!m->udev_monitor) {
+                m->udev_monitor = udev_monitor_new_from_netlink(m->udev, "udev");
+                if (!m->udev_monitor) {
+                        log_oom();
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                /* This will fail if we are unprivileged, but that
+                 * should not matter much, as user instances won't run
+                 * during boot. */
+                (void) udev_monitor_set_receive_buffer_size(m->udev_monitor, 128*1024*1024);
+
+                r = udev_monitor_filter_add_match_tag(m->udev_monitor, "systemd");
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add udev tag match: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = udev_monitor_enable_receiving(m->udev_monitor);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to enable udev event reception: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->udev_event_source, udev_monitor_get_fd(m->udev_monitor), EPOLLIN, device_dispatch_io, m);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to watch udev file descriptor: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->udev_event_source, "device");
+        }
+
+        e = udev_enumerate_new(m->udev);
+        if (!e) {
+                log_oom();
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = udev_enumerate_add_match_tag(e, "systemd");
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create udev tag enumeration: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = udev_enumerate_add_match_is_initialized(e);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to install initialization match into enumeration: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = udev_enumerate_scan_devices(e);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to enumerate devices: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        first = udev_enumerate_get_list_entry(e);
+        udev_list_entry_foreach(item, first) {
+                _cleanup_udev_device_unref_ struct udev_device *dev = NULL;
+                const char *sysfs;
+
+                sysfs = udev_list_entry_get_name(item);
+
+                dev = udev_device_new_from_syspath(m->udev, sysfs);
+                if (!dev) {
+                        log_oom();
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!device_is_ready(dev))
+                        continue;
+
+                (void) device_process_new(m, dev);
+
+                device_update_found_by_sysfs(m, sysfs, true, DEVICE_FOUND_UDEV, false);
+        }
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        device_shutdown(m);
+}
+
+static int device_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_udev_device_unref_ struct udev_device *dev = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        const char *action, *sysfs;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (revents != EPOLLIN) {
+                static RATELIMIT_DEFINE(limit, 10*USEC_PER_SEC, 5);
+
+                if (!ratelimit_test(&limit))
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to get udev event: %m");
+                if (!(revents & EPOLLIN))
+                        return 0;
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * libudev might filter-out devices which pass the bloom
+         * filter, so getting NULL here is not necessarily an error.
+         */
+        dev = udev_monitor_receive_device(m->udev_monitor);
+        if (!dev)
+                return 0;
+
+        sysfs = udev_device_get_syspath(dev);
+        if (!sysfs) {
+                log_error("Failed to get udev sys path.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        action = udev_device_get_action(dev);
+        if (!action) {
+                log_error("Failed to get udev action string.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (streq(action, "remove"))  {
+                r = swap_process_device_remove(m, dev);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to process swap device remove event: %m");
+
+                /* If we get notified that a device was removed by
+                 * udev, then it's completely gone, hence unset all
+                 * found bits */
+                device_update_found_by_sysfs(m, sysfs, false, DEVICE_FOUND_UDEV|DEVICE_FOUND_MOUNT|DEVICE_FOUND_SWAP, true);
+
+        } else if (device_is_ready(dev)) {
+
+                (void) device_process_new(m, dev);
+
+                r = swap_process_device_new(m, dev);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to process swap device new event: %m");
+
+                manager_dispatch_load_queue(m);
+
+                /* The device is found now, set the udev found bit */
+                device_update_found_by_sysfs(m, sysfs, true, DEVICE_FOUND_UDEV, true);
+
+        } else {
+                /* The device is nominally around, but not ready for
+                 * us. Hence unset the udev bit, but leave the rest
+                 * around. */
+
+                device_update_found_by_sysfs(m, sysfs, false, DEVICE_FOUND_UDEV, true);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool device_supported(void) {
+        static int read_only = -1;
+
+        /* If /sys is read-only we don't support device units, and any
+         * attempts to start one should fail immediately. */
+
+        if (read_only < 0)
+                read_only = path_is_read_only_fs("/sys");
+
+        return read_only <= 0;
+}
+
+int device_found_node(Manager *m, const char *node, bool add, DeviceFound found, bool now) {
+        _cleanup_udev_device_unref_ struct udev_device *dev = NULL;
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(node);
+
+        if (!device_supported())
+                return 0;
+
+        /* This is called whenever we find a device referenced in
+         * /proc/swaps or /proc/self/mounts. Such a device might be
+         * mounted/enabled at a time where udev has not finished
+         * probing it yet, and we thus haven't learned about it
+         * yet. In this case we will set the device unit to
+         * "tentative" state. */
+
+        if (add) {
+                if (!path_startswith(node, "/dev"))
+                        return 0;
+
+                /* We make an extra check here, if the device node
+                 * actually exists. If it's missing, then this is an
+                 * indication that device was unplugged but is still
+                 * referenced in /proc/swaps or
+                 * /proc/self/mountinfo. Note that this check doesn't
+                 * really cover all cases where a device might be gone
+                 * away, since drives that can have a medium inserted
+                 * will still have a device node even when the medium
+                 * is not there... */
+
+                if (stat(node, &st) >= 0) {
+                        if (!S_ISBLK(st.st_mode) && !S_ISCHR(st.st_mode))
+                                return 0;
+
+                        dev = udev_device_new_from_devnum(m->udev, S_ISBLK(st.st_mode) ? 'b' : 'c', st.st_rdev);
+                        if (!dev && errno != ENOENT)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to get udev device from devnum %u:%u: %m", major(st.st_rdev), minor(st.st_rdev));
+
+                } else if (errno != ENOENT)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to stat device node file %s: %m", node);
+
+                /* If the device is known in the kernel and newly
+                 * appeared, then we'll create a device unit for it,
+                 * under the name referenced in /proc/swaps or
+                 * /proc/self/mountinfo. */
+
+                (void) device_setup_unit(m, dev, node, false);
+        }
+
+        /* Update the device unit's state, should it exist */
+        return device_update_found_by_name(m, node, add, found, now);
+}
+
+const UnitVTable device_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Device),
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Device\0"
+                "Install\0",
+
+        .no_instances = true,
+
+        .init = device_init,
+        .done = device_done,
+        .load = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin_optional,
+
+        .coldplug = device_coldplug,
+
+        .serialize = device_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = device_deserialize_item,
+
+        .dump = device_dump,
+
+        .active_state = device_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = device_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .bus_vtable = bus_device_vtable,
+
+        .following = device_following,
+        .following_set = device_following_set,
+
+        .enumerate = device_enumerate,
+        .shutdown = device_shutdown,
+        .supported = device_supported,
+
+        .status_message_formats = {
+                .starting_stopping = {
+                        [0] = "Expecting device %s...",
+                },
+                .finished_start_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Found device %s.",
+                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out waiting for device %s.",
+                },
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/device.h b/src/libcore/device.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..184a1a349b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/device.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Device Device;
+
+typedef enum DeviceFound {
+        DEVICE_NOT_FOUND = 0,
+        DEVICE_FOUND_UDEV = 1,
+        DEVICE_FOUND_MOUNT = 2,
+        DEVICE_FOUND_SWAP = 4,
+} DeviceFound;
+
+struct Device {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        char *sysfs;
+        DeviceFound found;
+
+        /* In order to be able to distinguish dependencies on
+        different device nodes we might end up creating multiple
+        devices for the same sysfs path. We chain them up here. */
+        LIST_FIELDS(struct Device, same_sysfs);
+
+        DeviceState state, deserialized_state;
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable device_vtable;
+
+int device_found_node(Manager *m, const char *node, bool add, DeviceFound found, bool now);
diff --git a/src/libcore/execute.c b/src/libcore/execute.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6fd35c8350
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/execute.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3165 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <glob.h>
+#include <grp.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/personality.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/un.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <utmpx.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PAM
+#include <security/pam_appl.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+#include <seccomp.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_APPARMOR
+#include <sys/apparmor.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <systemd/sd-messages.h>
+
+#include "af-list.h"
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#ifdef HAVE_APPARMOR
+#include "apparmor-util.h"
+#endif
+#include "async.h"
+#include "barrier.h"
+#include "bus-endpoint.h"
+#include "cap-list.h"
+#include "capability-util.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "errno-list.h"
+#include "execute.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "glob-util.h"
+#include "io-util.h"
+#include "ioprio.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "namespace.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "rlimit-util.h"
+#include "rm-rf.h"
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+#include "seccomp-util.h"
+#endif
+#include "securebits.h"
+#include "selinux-util.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "smack-util.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "syslog-util.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "utmp-wtmp.h"
+
+#define IDLE_TIMEOUT_USEC (5*USEC_PER_SEC)
+#define IDLE_TIMEOUT2_USEC (1*USEC_PER_SEC)
+
+/* This assumes there is a 'tty' group */
+#define TTY_MODE 0620
+
+#define SNDBUF_SIZE (8*1024*1024)
+
+static int shift_fds(int fds[], unsigned n_fds) {
+        int start, restart_from;
+
+        if (n_fds <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Modifies the fds array! (sorts it) */
+
+        assert(fds);
+
+        start = 0;
+        for (;;) {
+                int i;
+
+                restart_from = -1;
+
+                for (i = start; i < (int) n_fds; i++) {
+                        int nfd;
+
+                        /* Already at right index? */
+                        if (fds[i] == i+3)
+                                continue;
+
+                        nfd = fcntl(fds[i], F_DUPFD, i + 3);
+                        if (nfd < 0)
+                                return -errno;
+
+                        safe_close(fds[i]);
+                        fds[i] = nfd;
+
+                        /* Hmm, the fd we wanted isn't free? Then
+                         * let's remember that and try again from here */
+                        if (nfd != i+3 && restart_from < 0)
+                                restart_from = i;
+                }
+
+                if (restart_from < 0)
+                        break;
+
+                start = restart_from;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int flags_fds(const int fds[], unsigned n_fds, bool nonblock) {
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        if (n_fds <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(fds);
+
+        /* Drops/Sets O_NONBLOCK and FD_CLOEXEC from the file flags */
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n_fds; i++) {
+
+                r = fd_nonblock(fds[i], nonblock);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* We unconditionally drop FD_CLOEXEC from the fds,
+                 * since after all we want to pass these fds to our
+                 * children */
+
+                r = fd_cloexec(fds[i], false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static const char *exec_context_tty_path(const ExecContext *context) {
+        assert(context);
+
+        if (context->stdio_as_fds)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (context->tty_path)
+                return context->tty_path;
+
+        return "/dev/console";
+}
+
+static void exec_context_tty_reset(const ExecContext *context, const ExecParameters *p) {
+        const char *path;
+
+        assert(context);
+
+        path = exec_context_tty_path(context);
+
+        if (context->tty_vhangup) {
+                if (p && p->stdin_fd >= 0)
+                        (void) terminal_vhangup_fd(p->stdin_fd);
+                else if (path)
+                        (void) terminal_vhangup(path);
+        }
+
+        if (context->tty_reset) {
+                if (p && p->stdin_fd >= 0)
+                        (void) reset_terminal_fd(p->stdin_fd, true);
+                else if (path)
+                        (void) reset_terminal(path);
+        }
+
+        if (context->tty_vt_disallocate && path)
+                (void) vt_disallocate(path);
+}
+
+static bool is_terminal_output(ExecOutput o) {
+        return
+                o == EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY ||
+                o == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE ||
+                o == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE ||
+                o == EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE;
+}
+
+static int open_null_as(int flags, int nfd) {
+        int fd, r;
+
+        assert(nfd >= 0);
+
+        fd = open("/dev/null", flags|O_NOCTTY);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (fd != nfd) {
+                r = dup2(fd, nfd) < 0 ? -errno : nfd;
+                safe_close(fd);
+        } else
+                r = nfd;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int connect_journal_socket(int fd, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
+        union sockaddr_union sa = {
+                .un.sun_family = AF_UNIX,
+                .un.sun_path = "/run/systemd/journal/stdout",
+        };
+        uid_t olduid = UID_INVALID;
+        gid_t oldgid = GID_INVALID;
+        int r;
+
+        if (gid != GID_INVALID) {
+                oldgid = getgid();
+
+                r = setegid(gid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (uid != UID_INVALID) {
+                olduid = getuid();
+
+                r = seteuid(uid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto restore_gid;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = connect(fd, &sa.sa, offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(sa.un.sun_path));
+        if (r < 0)
+                r = -errno;
+
+        /* If we fail to restore the uid or gid, things will likely
+           fail later on. This should only happen if an LSM interferes. */
+
+        if (uid != UID_INVALID)
+                (void) seteuid(olduid);
+
+ restore_gid:
+        if (gid != GID_INVALID)
+                (void) setegid(oldgid);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int connect_logger_as(const ExecContext *context, ExecOutput output, const char *ident, const char *unit_id, int nfd, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
+        int fd, r;
+
+        assert(context);
+        assert(output < _EXEC_OUTPUT_MAX);
+        assert(ident);
+        assert(nfd >= 0);
+
+        fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = connect_journal_socket(fd, uid, gid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (shutdown(fd, SHUT_RD) < 0) {
+                safe_close(fd);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        fd_inc_sndbuf(fd, SNDBUF_SIZE);
+
+        dprintf(fd,
+                "%s\n"
+                "%s\n"
+                "%i\n"
+                "%i\n"
+                "%i\n"
+                "%i\n"
+                "%i\n",
+                context->syslog_identifier ? context->syslog_identifier : ident,
+                unit_id,
+                context->syslog_priority,
+                !!context->syslog_level_prefix,
+                output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG || output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE,
+                output == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG || output == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE,
+                is_terminal_output(output));
+
+        if (fd != nfd) {
+                r = dup2(fd, nfd) < 0 ? -errno : nfd;
+                safe_close(fd);
+        } else
+                r = nfd;
+
+        return r;
+}
+static int open_terminal_as(const char *path, mode_t mode, int nfd) {
+        int fd, r;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(nfd >= 0);
+
+        fd = open_terminal(path, mode | O_NOCTTY);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        if (fd != nfd) {
+                r = dup2(fd, nfd) < 0 ? -errno : nfd;
+                safe_close(fd);
+        } else
+                r = nfd;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static bool is_terminal_input(ExecInput i) {
+        return
+                i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY ||
+                i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FORCE ||
+                i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FAIL;
+}
+
+static int fixup_input(ExecInput std_input, int socket_fd, bool apply_tty_stdin) {
+
+        if (is_terminal_input(std_input) && !apply_tty_stdin)
+                return EXEC_INPUT_NULL;
+
+        if (std_input == EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET && socket_fd < 0)
+                return EXEC_INPUT_NULL;
+
+        return std_input;
+}
+
+static int fixup_output(ExecOutput std_output, int socket_fd) {
+
+        if (std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET && socket_fd < 0)
+                return EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT;
+
+        return std_output;
+}
+
+static int setup_input(
+                const ExecContext *context,
+                const ExecParameters *params,
+                int socket_fd) {
+
+        ExecInput i;
+
+        assert(context);
+        assert(params);
+
+        if (params->stdin_fd >= 0) {
+                if (dup2(params->stdin_fd, STDIN_FILENO) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                /* Try to make this the controlling tty, if it is a tty, and reset it */
+                (void) ioctl(STDIN_FILENO, TIOCSCTTY, context->std_input == EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FORCE);
+                (void) reset_terminal_fd(STDIN_FILENO, true);
+
+                return STDIN_FILENO;
+        }
+
+        i = fixup_input(context->std_input, socket_fd, params->apply_tty_stdin);
+
+        switch (i) {
+
+        case EXEC_INPUT_NULL:
+                return open_null_as(O_RDONLY, STDIN_FILENO);
+
+        case EXEC_INPUT_TTY:
+        case EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FORCE:
+        case EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FAIL: {
+                int fd, r;
+
+                fd = acquire_terminal(exec_context_tty_path(context),
+                                      i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FAIL,
+                                      i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FORCE,
+                                      false,
+                                      USEC_INFINITY);
+                if (fd < 0)
+                        return fd;
+
+                if (fd != STDIN_FILENO) {
+                        r = dup2(fd, STDIN_FILENO) < 0 ? -errno : STDIN_FILENO;
+                        safe_close(fd);
+                } else
+                        r = STDIN_FILENO;
+
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        case EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET:
+                return dup2(socket_fd, STDIN_FILENO) < 0 ? -errno : STDIN_FILENO;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown input type");
+        }
+}
+
+static int setup_output(
+                Unit *unit,
+                const ExecContext *context,
+                const ExecParameters *params,
+                int fileno,
+                int socket_fd,
+                const char *ident,
+                uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
+
+        ExecOutput o;
+        ExecInput i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(unit);
+        assert(context);
+        assert(params);
+        assert(ident);
+
+        if (fileno == STDOUT_FILENO && params->stdout_fd >= 0) {
+
+                if (dup2(params->stdout_fd, STDOUT_FILENO) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                return STDOUT_FILENO;
+        }
+
+        if (fileno == STDERR_FILENO && params->stderr_fd >= 0) {
+                if (dup2(params->stderr_fd, STDERR_FILENO) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                return STDERR_FILENO;
+        }
+
+        i = fixup_input(context->std_input, socket_fd, params->apply_tty_stdin);
+        o = fixup_output(context->std_output, socket_fd);
+
+        if (fileno == STDERR_FILENO) {
+                ExecOutput e;
+                e = fixup_output(context->std_error, socket_fd);
+
+                /* This expects the input and output are already set up */
+
+                /* Don't change the stderr file descriptor if we inherit all
+                 * the way and are not on a tty */
+                if (e == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT &&
+                    o == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT &&
+                    i == EXEC_INPUT_NULL &&
+                    !is_terminal_input(context->std_input) &&
+                    getppid () != 1)
+                        return fileno;
+
+                /* Duplicate from stdout if possible */
+                if (e == o || e == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT)
+                        return dup2(STDOUT_FILENO, fileno) < 0 ? -errno : fileno;
+
+                o = e;
+
+        } else if (o == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT) {
+                /* If input got downgraded, inherit the original value */
+                if (i == EXEC_INPUT_NULL && is_terminal_input(context->std_input))
+                        return open_terminal_as(exec_context_tty_path(context), O_WRONLY, fileno);
+
+                /* If the input is connected to anything that's not a /dev/null, inherit that... */
+                if (i != EXEC_INPUT_NULL)
+                        return dup2(STDIN_FILENO, fileno) < 0 ? -errno : fileno;
+
+                /* If we are not started from PID 1 we just inherit STDOUT from our parent process. */
+                if (getppid() != 1)
+                        return fileno;
+
+                /* We need to open /dev/null here anew, to get the right access mode. */
+                return open_null_as(O_WRONLY, fileno);
+        }
+
+        switch (o) {
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_NULL:
+                return open_null_as(O_WRONLY, fileno);
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY:
+                if (is_terminal_input(i))
+                        return dup2(STDIN_FILENO, fileno) < 0 ? -errno : fileno;
+
+                /* We don't reset the terminal if this is just about output */
+                return open_terminal_as(exec_context_tty_path(context), O_WRONLY, fileno);
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE:
+                r = connect_logger_as(context, o, ident, unit->id, fileno, uid, gid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_unit_error_errno(unit, r, "Failed to connect %s to the journal socket, ignoring: %m", fileno == STDOUT_FILENO ? "stdout" : "stderr");
+                        r = open_null_as(O_WRONLY, fileno);
+                }
+                return r;
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET:
+                assert(socket_fd >= 0);
+                return dup2(socket_fd, fileno) < 0 ? -errno : fileno;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown error type");
+        }
+}
+
+static int chown_terminal(int fd, uid_t uid) {
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        /* This might fail. What matters are the results. */
+        (void) fchown(fd, uid, -1);
+        (void) fchmod(fd, TTY_MODE);
+
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (st.st_uid != uid || (st.st_mode & 0777) != TTY_MODE)
+                return -EPERM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int setup_confirm_stdio(int *_saved_stdin, int *_saved_stdout) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1, saved_stdin = -1, saved_stdout = -1;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(_saved_stdin);
+        assert(_saved_stdout);
+
+        saved_stdin = fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_DUPFD, 3);
+        if (saved_stdin < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        saved_stdout = fcntl(STDOUT_FILENO, F_DUPFD, 3);
+        if (saved_stdout < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        fd = acquire_terminal(
+                        "/dev/console",
+                        false,
+                        false,
+                        false,
+                        DEFAULT_CONFIRM_USEC);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        r = chown_terminal(fd, getuid());
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = reset_terminal_fd(fd, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (dup2(fd, STDIN_FILENO) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (dup2(fd, STDOUT_FILENO) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (fd >= 2)
+                safe_close(fd);
+        fd = -1;
+
+        *_saved_stdin = saved_stdin;
+        *_saved_stdout = saved_stdout;
+
+        saved_stdin = saved_stdout = -1;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_printf_(1, 2) static int write_confirm_message(const char *format, ...) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        va_list ap;
+
+        assert(format);
+
+        fd = open_terminal("/dev/console", O_WRONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        va_start(ap, format);
+        vdprintf(fd, format, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int restore_confirm_stdio(int *saved_stdin, int *saved_stdout) {
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(saved_stdin);
+        assert(saved_stdout);
+
+        release_terminal();
+
+        if (*saved_stdin >= 0)
+                if (dup2(*saved_stdin, STDIN_FILENO) < 0)
+                        r = -errno;
+
+        if (*saved_stdout >= 0)
+                if (dup2(*saved_stdout, STDOUT_FILENO) < 0)
+                        r = -errno;
+
+        *saved_stdin = safe_close(*saved_stdin);
+        *saved_stdout = safe_close(*saved_stdout);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int ask_for_confirmation(char *response, char **argv) {
+        int saved_stdout = -1, saved_stdin = -1, r;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *line = NULL;
+
+        r = setup_confirm_stdio(&saved_stdin, &saved_stdout);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        line = exec_command_line(argv);
+        if (!line)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = ask_char(response, "yns", "Execute %s? [Yes, No, Skip] ", line);
+
+        restore_confirm_stdio(&saved_stdin, &saved_stdout);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int enforce_groups(const ExecContext *context, const char *username, gid_t gid) {
+        bool keep_groups = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(context);
+
+        /* Lookup and set GID and supplementary group list. Here too
+         * we avoid NSS lookups for gid=0. */
+
+        if (context->group || username) {
+                /* First step, initialize groups from /etc/groups */
+                if (username && gid != 0) {
+                        if (initgroups(username, gid) < 0)
+                                return -errno;
+
+                        keep_groups = true;
+                }
+
+                /* Second step, set our gids */
+                if (setresgid(gid, gid, gid) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (context->supplementary_groups) {
+                int ngroups_max, k;
+                gid_t *gids;
+                char **i;
+
+                /* Final step, initialize any manually set supplementary groups */
+                assert_se((ngroups_max = (int) sysconf(_SC_NGROUPS_MAX)) > 0);
+
+                if (!(gids = new(gid_t, ngroups_max)))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (keep_groups) {
+                        k = getgroups(ngroups_max, gids);
+                        if (k < 0) {
+                                free(gids);
+                                return -errno;
+                        }
+                } else
+                        k = 0;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(i, context->supplementary_groups) {
+                        const char *g;
+
+                        if (k >= ngroups_max) {
+                                free(gids);
+                                return -E2BIG;
+                        }
+
+                        g = *i;
+                        r = get_group_creds(&g, gids+k);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                free(gids);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+
+                        k++;
+                }
+
+                if (setgroups(k, gids) < 0) {
+                        free(gids);
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                free(gids);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int enforce_user(const ExecContext *context, uid_t uid) {
+        assert(context);
+
+        /* Sets (but doesn't lookup) the uid and make sure we keep the
+         * capabilities while doing so. */
+
+        if (context->capabilities || context->capability_ambient_set != 0) {
+
+                /* First step: If we need to keep capabilities but
+                 * drop privileges we need to make sure we keep our
+                 * caps, while we drop privileges. */
+                if (uid != 0) {
+                        int sb = context->secure_bits | 1<<SECURE_KEEP_CAPS;
+
+                        if (prctl(PR_GET_SECUREBITS) != sb)
+                                if (prctl(PR_SET_SECUREBITS, sb) < 0)
+                                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                /* Second step: set the capabilities. This will reduce
+                 * the capabilities to the minimum we need. */
+
+                if (context->capabilities) {
+                        _cleanup_cap_free_ cap_t d = NULL;
+                        static const cap_value_t bits[] = {
+                                CAP_SETUID,   /* Necessary so that we can run setresuid() below */
+                                CAP_SETPCAP   /* Necessary so that we can set PR_SET_SECUREBITS later on */
+                        };
+
+                        d = cap_dup(context->capabilities);
+                        if (!d)
+                                return -errno;
+
+                        if (cap_set_flag(d, CAP_EFFECTIVE, ELEMENTSOF(bits), bits, CAP_SET) < 0 ||
+                            cap_set_flag(d, CAP_PERMITTED, ELEMENTSOF(bits), bits, CAP_SET) < 0)
+                                return -errno;
+
+                        if (cap_set_proc(d) < 0)
+                                return -errno;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Third step: actually set the uids */
+        if (setresuid(uid, uid, uid) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        /* At this point we should have all necessary capabilities but
+           are otherwise a normal user. However, the caps might got
+           corrupted due to the setresuid() so we need clean them up
+           later. This is done outside of this call. */
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PAM
+
+static int null_conv(
+                int num_msg,
+                const struct pam_message **msg,
+                struct pam_response **resp,
+                void *appdata_ptr) {
+
+        /* We don't support conversations */
+
+        return PAM_CONV_ERR;
+}
+
+static int setup_pam(
+                const char *name,
+                const char *user,
+                uid_t uid,
+                const char *tty,
+                char ***pam_env,
+                int fds[], unsigned n_fds) {
+
+        static const struct pam_conv conv = {
+                .conv = null_conv,
+                .appdata_ptr = NULL
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_(barrier_destroy) Barrier barrier = BARRIER_NULL;
+        pam_handle_t *handle = NULL;
+        sigset_t old_ss;
+        int pam_code = PAM_SUCCESS, r;
+        char **e = NULL;
+        bool close_session = false;
+        pid_t pam_pid = 0, parent_pid;
+        int flags = 0;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(user);
+        assert(pam_env);
+
+        /* We set up PAM in the parent process, then fork. The child
+         * will then stay around until killed via PR_GET_PDEATHSIG or
+         * systemd via the cgroup logic. It will then remove the PAM
+         * session again. The parent process will exec() the actual
+         * daemon. We do things this way to ensure that the main PID
+         * of the daemon is the one we initially fork()ed. */
+
+        r = barrier_create(&barrier);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (log_get_max_level() < LOG_DEBUG)
+                flags |= PAM_SILENT;
+
+        pam_code = pam_start(name, user, &conv, &handle);
+        if (pam_code != PAM_SUCCESS) {
+                handle = NULL;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (tty) {
+                pam_code = pam_set_item(handle, PAM_TTY, tty);
+                if (pam_code != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        pam_code = pam_acct_mgmt(handle, flags);
+        if (pam_code != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                goto fail;
+
+        pam_code = pam_open_session(handle, flags);
+        if (pam_code != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                goto fail;
+
+        close_session = true;
+
+        e = pam_getenvlist(handle);
+        if (!e) {
+                pam_code = PAM_BUF_ERR;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* Block SIGTERM, so that we know that it won't get lost in
+         * the child */
+
+        assert_se(sigprocmask_many(SIG_BLOCK, &old_ss, SIGTERM, -1) >= 0);
+
+        parent_pid = getpid();
+
+        pam_pid = fork();
+        if (pam_pid < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (pam_pid == 0) {
+                int sig, ret = EXIT_PAM;
+
+                /* The child's job is to reset the PAM session on
+                 * termination */
+                barrier_set_role(&barrier, BARRIER_CHILD);
+
+                /* This string must fit in 10 chars (i.e. the length
+                 * of "/sbin/init"), to look pretty in /bin/ps */
+                rename_process("(sd-pam)");
+
+                /* Make sure we don't keep open the passed fds in this
+                child. We assume that otherwise only those fds are
+                open here that have been opened by PAM. */
+                close_many(fds, n_fds);
+
+                /* Drop privileges - we don't need any to pam_close_session
+                 * and this will make PR_SET_PDEATHSIG work in most cases.
+                 * If this fails, ignore the error - but expect sd-pam threads
+                 * to fail to exit normally */
+                if (setresuid(uid, uid, uid) < 0)
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Error: Failed to setresuid() in sd-pam: %m");
+
+                (void) ignore_signals(SIGPIPE, -1);
+
+                /* Wait until our parent died. This will only work if
+                 * the above setresuid() succeeds, otherwise the kernel
+                 * will not allow unprivileged parents kill their privileged
+                 * children this way. We rely on the control groups kill logic
+                 * to do the rest for us. */
+                if (prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGTERM) < 0)
+                        goto child_finish;
+
+                /* Tell the parent that our setup is done. This is especially
+                 * important regarding dropping privileges. Otherwise, unit
+                 * setup might race against our setresuid(2) call. */
+                barrier_place(&barrier);
+
+                /* Check if our parent process might already have
+                 * died? */
+                if (getppid() == parent_pid) {
+                        sigset_t ss;
+
+                        assert_se(sigemptyset(&ss) >= 0);
+                        assert_se(sigaddset(&ss, SIGTERM) >= 0);
+
+                        for (;;) {
+                                if (sigwait(&ss, &sig) < 0) {
+                                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                                continue;
+
+                                        goto child_finish;
+                                }
+
+                                assert(sig == SIGTERM);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* If our parent died we'll end the session */
+                if (getppid() != parent_pid) {
+                        pam_code = pam_close_session(handle, flags);
+                        if (pam_code != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                                goto child_finish;
+                }
+
+                ret = 0;
+
+        child_finish:
+                pam_end(handle, pam_code | flags);
+                _exit(ret);
+        }
+
+        barrier_set_role(&barrier, BARRIER_PARENT);
+
+        /* If the child was forked off successfully it will do all the
+         * cleanups, so forget about the handle here. */
+        handle = NULL;
+
+        /* Unblock SIGTERM again in the parent */
+        assert_se(sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &old_ss, NULL) >= 0);
+
+        /* We close the log explicitly here, since the PAM modules
+         * might have opened it, but we don't want this fd around. */
+        closelog();
+
+        /* Synchronously wait for the child to initialize. We don't care for
+         * errors as we cannot recover. However, warn loudly if it happens. */
+        if (!barrier_place_and_sync(&barrier))
+                log_error("PAM initialization failed");
+
+        *pam_env = e;
+        e = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (pam_code != PAM_SUCCESS) {
+                log_error("PAM failed: %s", pam_strerror(handle, pam_code));
+                r = -EPERM;  /* PAM errors do not map to errno */
+        } else
+                log_error_errno(r, "PAM failed: %m");
+
+        if (handle) {
+                if (close_session)
+                        pam_code = pam_close_session(handle, flags);
+
+                pam_end(handle, pam_code | flags);
+        }
+
+        strv_free(e);
+        closelog();
+
+        return r;
+}
+#endif
+
+static void rename_process_from_path(const char *path) {
+        char process_name[11];
+        const char *p;
+        size_t l;
+
+        /* This resulting string must fit in 10 chars (i.e. the length
+         * of "/sbin/init") to look pretty in /bin/ps */
+
+        p = basename(path);
+        if (isempty(p)) {
+                rename_process("(...)");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        l = strlen(p);
+        if (l > 8) {
+                /* The end of the process name is usually more
+                 * interesting, since the first bit might just be
+                 * "systemd-" */
+                p = p + l - 8;
+                l = 8;
+        }
+
+        process_name[0] = '(';
+        memcpy(process_name+1, p, l);
+        process_name[1+l] = ')';
+        process_name[1+l+1] = 0;
+
+        rename_process(process_name);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+
+static int apply_seccomp(const ExecContext *c) {
+        uint32_t negative_action, action;
+        scmp_filter_ctx *seccomp;
+        Iterator i;
+        void *id;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        negative_action = c->syscall_errno == 0 ? SCMP_ACT_KILL : SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(c->syscall_errno);
+
+        seccomp = seccomp_init(c->syscall_whitelist ? negative_action : SCMP_ACT_ALLOW);
+        if (!seccomp)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (c->syscall_archs) {
+
+                SET_FOREACH(id, c->syscall_archs, i) {
+                        r = seccomp_arch_add(seccomp, PTR_TO_UINT32(id) - 1);
+                        if (r == -EEXIST)
+                                continue;
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                }
+
+        } else {
+                r = seccomp_add_secondary_archs(seccomp);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        action = c->syscall_whitelist ? SCMP_ACT_ALLOW : negative_action;
+        SET_FOREACH(id, c->syscall_filter, i) {
+                r = seccomp_rule_add(seccomp, action, PTR_TO_INT(id) - 1, 0);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = seccomp_attr_set(seccomp, SCMP_FLTATR_CTL_NNP, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = seccomp_load(seccomp);
+
+finish:
+        seccomp_release(seccomp);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int apply_address_families(const ExecContext *c) {
+        scmp_filter_ctx *seccomp;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        seccomp = seccomp_init(SCMP_ACT_ALLOW);
+        if (!seccomp)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = seccomp_add_secondary_archs(seccomp);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        if (c->address_families_whitelist) {
+                int af, first = 0, last = 0;
+                void *afp;
+
+                /* If this is a whitelist, we first block the address
+                 * families that are out of range and then everything
+                 * that is not in the set. First, we find the lowest
+                 * and highest address family in the set. */
+
+                SET_FOREACH(afp, c->address_families, i) {
+                        af = PTR_TO_INT(afp);
+
+                        if (af <= 0 || af >= af_max())
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (first == 0 || af < first)
+                                first = af;
+
+                        if (last == 0 || af > last)
+                                last = af;
+                }
+
+                assert((first == 0) == (last == 0));
+
+                if (first == 0) {
+
+                        /* No entries in the valid range, block everything */
+                        r = seccomp_rule_add(
+                                        seccomp,
+                                        SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EPROTONOSUPPORT),
+                                        SCMP_SYS(socket),
+                                        0);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
+                } else {
+
+                        /* Block everything below the first entry */
+                        r = seccomp_rule_add(
+                                        seccomp,
+                                        SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EPROTONOSUPPORT),
+                                        SCMP_SYS(socket),
+                                        1,
+                                        SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_LT, first));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
+                        /* Block everything above the last entry */
+                        r = seccomp_rule_add(
+                                        seccomp,
+                                        SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EPROTONOSUPPORT),
+                                        SCMP_SYS(socket),
+                                        1,
+                                        SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_GT, last));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
+                        /* Block everything between the first and last
+                         * entry */
+                        for (af = 1; af < af_max(); af++) {
+
+                                if (set_contains(c->address_families, INT_TO_PTR(af)))
+                                        continue;
+
+                                r = seccomp_rule_add(
+                                                seccomp,
+                                                SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EPROTONOSUPPORT),
+                                                SCMP_SYS(socket),
+                                                1,
+                                                SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_EQ, af));
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        goto finish;
+                        }
+                }
+
+        } else {
+                void *af;
+
+                /* If this is a blacklist, then generate one rule for
+                 * each address family that are then combined in OR
+                 * checks. */
+
+                SET_FOREACH(af, c->address_families, i) {
+
+                        r = seccomp_rule_add(
+                                        seccomp,
+                                        SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EPROTONOSUPPORT),
+                                        SCMP_SYS(socket),
+                                        1,
+                                        SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_EQ, PTR_TO_INT(af)));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = seccomp_attr_set(seccomp, SCMP_FLTATR_CTL_NNP, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = seccomp_load(seccomp);
+
+finish:
+        seccomp_release(seccomp);
+        return r;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+static void do_idle_pipe_dance(int idle_pipe[4]) {
+        assert(idle_pipe);
+
+
+        idle_pipe[1] = safe_close(idle_pipe[1]);
+        idle_pipe[2] = safe_close(idle_pipe[2]);
+
+        if (idle_pipe[0] >= 0) {
+                int r;
+
+                r = fd_wait_for_event(idle_pipe[0], POLLHUP, IDLE_TIMEOUT_USEC);
+
+                if (idle_pipe[3] >= 0 && r == 0 /* timeout */) {
+                        ssize_t n;
+
+                        /* Signal systemd that we are bored and want to continue. */
+                        n = write(idle_pipe[3], "x", 1);
+                        if (n > 0)
+                                /* Wait for systemd to react to the signal above. */
+                                fd_wait_for_event(idle_pipe[0], POLLHUP, IDLE_TIMEOUT2_USEC);
+                }
+
+                idle_pipe[0] = safe_close(idle_pipe[0]);
+
+        }
+
+        idle_pipe[3] = safe_close(idle_pipe[3]);
+}
+
+static int build_environment(
+                const ExecContext *c,
+                const ExecParameters *p,
+                unsigned n_fds,
+                const char *home,
+                const char *username,
+                const char *shell,
+                char ***ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **our_env = NULL;
+        unsigned n_env = 0;
+        char *x;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        our_env = new0(char*, 11);
+        if (!our_env)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (n_fds > 0) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;
+
+                if (asprintf(&x, "LISTEN_PID="PID_FMT, getpid()) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                our_env[n_env++] = x;
+
+                if (asprintf(&x, "LISTEN_FDS=%u", n_fds) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                our_env[n_env++] = x;
+
+                joined = strv_join(p->fd_names, ":");
+                if (!joined)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                x = strjoin("LISTEN_FDNAMES=", joined, NULL);
+                if (!x)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                our_env[n_env++] = x;
+        }
+
+        if (p->watchdog_usec > 0) {
+                if (asprintf(&x, "WATCHDOG_PID="PID_FMT, getpid()) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                our_env[n_env++] = x;
+
+                if (asprintf(&x, "WATCHDOG_USEC="USEC_FMT, p->watchdog_usec) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                our_env[n_env++] = x;
+        }
+
+        if (home) {
+                x = strappend("HOME=", home);
+                if (!x)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                our_env[n_env++] = x;
+        }
+
+        if (username) {
+                x = strappend("LOGNAME=", username);
+                if (!x)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                our_env[n_env++] = x;
+
+                x = strappend("USER=", username);
+                if (!x)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                our_env[n_env++] = x;
+        }
+
+        if (shell) {
+                x = strappend("SHELL=", shell);
+                if (!x)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                our_env[n_env++] = x;
+        }
+
+        if (is_terminal_input(c->std_input) ||
+            c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY ||
+            c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY ||
+            c->tty_path) {
+
+                x = strdup(default_term_for_tty(exec_context_tty_path(c)));
+                if (!x)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                our_env[n_env++] = x;
+        }
+
+        our_env[n_env++] = NULL;
+        assert(n_env <= 11);
+
+        *ret = our_env;
+        our_env = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int build_pass_environment(const ExecContext *c, char ***ret) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **pass_env = NULL;
+        size_t n_env = 0, n_bufsize = 0;
+        char **i;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, c->pass_environment) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *x = NULL;
+                char *v;
+
+                v = getenv(*i);
+                if (!v)
+                        continue;
+                x = strjoin(*i, "=", v, NULL);
+                if (!x)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(pass_env, n_bufsize, n_env + 2))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                pass_env[n_env++] = x;
+                pass_env[n_env] = NULL;
+                x = NULL;
+        }
+
+        *ret = pass_env;
+        pass_env = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool exec_needs_mount_namespace(
+                const ExecContext *context,
+                const ExecParameters *params,
+                ExecRuntime *runtime) {
+
+        assert(context);
+        assert(params);
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(context->read_write_dirs) ||
+            !strv_isempty(context->read_only_dirs) ||
+            !strv_isempty(context->inaccessible_dirs))
+                return true;
+
+        if (context->mount_flags != 0)
+                return true;
+
+        if (context->private_tmp && runtime && (runtime->tmp_dir || runtime->var_tmp_dir))
+                return true;
+
+        if (params->bus_endpoint_path)
+                return true;
+
+        if (context->private_devices ||
+            context->protect_system != PROTECT_SYSTEM_NO ||
+            context->protect_home != PROTECT_HOME_NO)
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int close_remaining_fds(
+                const ExecParameters *params,
+                ExecRuntime *runtime,
+                int socket_fd,
+                int *fds, unsigned n_fds) {
+
+        unsigned n_dont_close = 0;
+        int dont_close[n_fds + 7];
+
+        assert(params);
+
+        if (params->stdin_fd >= 0)
+                dont_close[n_dont_close++] = params->stdin_fd;
+        if (params->stdout_fd >= 0)
+                dont_close[n_dont_close++] = params->stdout_fd;
+        if (params->stderr_fd >= 0)
+                dont_close[n_dont_close++] = params->stderr_fd;
+
+        if (socket_fd >= 0)
+                dont_close[n_dont_close++] = socket_fd;
+        if (n_fds > 0) {
+                memcpy(dont_close + n_dont_close, fds, sizeof(int) * n_fds);
+                n_dont_close += n_fds;
+        }
+
+        if (params->bus_endpoint_fd >= 0)
+                dont_close[n_dont_close++] = params->bus_endpoint_fd;
+
+        if (runtime) {
+                if (runtime->netns_storage_socket[0] >= 0)
+                        dont_close[n_dont_close++] = runtime->netns_storage_socket[0];
+                if (runtime->netns_storage_socket[1] >= 0)
+                        dont_close[n_dont_close++] = runtime->netns_storage_socket[1];
+        }
+
+        return close_all_fds(dont_close, n_dont_close);
+}
+
+static int exec_child(
+                Unit *unit,
+                ExecCommand *command,
+                const ExecContext *context,
+                const ExecParameters *params,
+                ExecRuntime *runtime,
+                char **argv,
+                int socket_fd,
+                int *fds, unsigned n_fds,
+                char **files_env,
+                int *exit_status) {
+
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **our_env = NULL, **pass_env = NULL, **pam_env = NULL, **final_env = NULL, **final_argv = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *mac_selinux_context_net = NULL;
+        const char *username = NULL, *home = NULL, *shell = NULL, *wd;
+        uid_t uid = UID_INVALID;
+        gid_t gid = GID_INVALID;
+        int i, r;
+        bool needs_mount_namespace;
+
+        assert(unit);
+        assert(command);
+        assert(context);
+        assert(params);
+        assert(exit_status);
+
+        rename_process_from_path(command->path);
+
+        /* We reset exactly these signals, since they are the
+         * only ones we set to SIG_IGN in the main daemon. All
+         * others we leave untouched because we set them to
+         * SIG_DFL or a valid handler initially, both of which
+         * will be demoted to SIG_DFL. */
+        (void) default_signals(SIGNALS_CRASH_HANDLER,
+                               SIGNALS_IGNORE, -1);
+
+        if (context->ignore_sigpipe)
+                (void) ignore_signals(SIGPIPE, -1);
+
+        r = reset_signal_mask();
+        if (r < 0) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_SIGNAL_MASK;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (params->idle_pipe)
+                do_idle_pipe_dance(params->idle_pipe);
+
+        /* Close sockets very early to make sure we don't
+         * block init reexecution because it cannot bind its
+         * sockets */
+
+        log_forget_fds();
+
+        r = close_remaining_fds(params, runtime, socket_fd, fds, n_fds);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_FDS;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (!context->same_pgrp)
+                if (setsid() < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_SETSID;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+        exec_context_tty_reset(context, params);
+
+        if (params->confirm_spawn) {
+                char response;
+
+                r = ask_for_confirmation(&response, argv);
+                if (r == -ETIMEDOUT)
+                        write_confirm_message("Confirmation question timed out, assuming positive response.\n");
+                else if (r < 0)
+                        write_confirm_message("Couldn't ask confirmation question, assuming positive response: %s\n", strerror(-r));
+                else if (response == 's') {
+                        write_confirm_message("Skipping execution.\n");
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_CONFIRM;
+                        return -ECANCELED;
+                } else if (response == 'n') {
+                        write_confirm_message("Failing execution.\n");
+                        *exit_status = 0;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (context->user) {
+                username = context->user;
+                r = get_user_creds(&username, &uid, &gid, &home, &shell);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_USER;
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (context->group) {
+                const char *g = context->group;
+
+                r = get_group_creds(&g, &gid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_GROUP;
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+
+        /* If a socket is connected to STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR, we
+         * must sure to drop O_NONBLOCK */
+        if (socket_fd >= 0)
+                (void) fd_nonblock(socket_fd, false);
+
+        r = setup_input(context, params, socket_fd);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_STDIN;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        r = setup_output(unit, context, params, STDOUT_FILENO, socket_fd, basename(command->path), uid, gid);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_STDOUT;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        r = setup_output(unit, context, params, STDERR_FILENO, socket_fd, basename(command->path), uid, gid);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_STDERR;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (params->cgroup_path) {
+                r = cg_attach_everywhere(params->cgroup_supported, params->cgroup_path, 0, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_CGROUP;
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (context->oom_score_adjust_set) {
+                char t[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(context->oom_score_adjust)];
+
+                /* When we can't make this change due to EPERM, then
+                 * let's silently skip over it. User namespaces
+                 * prohibit write access to this file, and we
+                 * shouldn't trip up over that. */
+
+                sprintf(t, "%i", context->oom_score_adjust);
+                r = write_string_file("/proc/self/oom_score_adj", t, 0);
+                if (r == -EPERM || r == -EACCES) {
+                        log_open();
+                        log_unit_debug_errno(unit, r, "Failed to adjust OOM setting, assuming containerized execution, ignoring: %m");
+                        log_close();
+                } else if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_OOM_ADJUST;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (context->nice_set)
+                if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, context->nice) < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_NICE;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+        if (context->cpu_sched_set) {
+                struct sched_param param = {
+                        .sched_priority = context->cpu_sched_priority,
+                };
+
+                r = sched_setscheduler(0,
+                                       context->cpu_sched_policy |
+                                       (context->cpu_sched_reset_on_fork ?
+                                        SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK : 0),
+                                       &param);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_SETSCHEDULER;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (context->cpuset)
+                if (sched_setaffinity(0, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(context->cpuset_ncpus), context->cpuset) < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_CPUAFFINITY;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+        if (context->ioprio_set)
+                if (ioprio_set(IOPRIO_WHO_PROCESS, 0, context->ioprio) < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_IOPRIO;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+        if (context->timer_slack_nsec != NSEC_INFINITY)
+                if (prctl(PR_SET_TIMERSLACK, context->timer_slack_nsec) < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_TIMERSLACK;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+        if (context->personality != PERSONALITY_INVALID)
+                if (personality(context->personality) < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_PERSONALITY;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+        if (context->utmp_id)
+                utmp_put_init_process(context->utmp_id, getpid(), getsid(0), context->tty_path,
+                                      context->utmp_mode == EXEC_UTMP_INIT  ? INIT_PROCESS :
+                                      context->utmp_mode == EXEC_UTMP_LOGIN ? LOGIN_PROCESS :
+                                      USER_PROCESS,
+                                      username ? "root" : context->user);
+
+        if (context->user && is_terminal_input(context->std_input)) {
+                r = chown_terminal(STDIN_FILENO, uid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_STDIN;
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (params->bus_endpoint_fd >= 0 && context->bus_endpoint) {
+                uid_t ep_uid = (uid == UID_INVALID) ? 0 : uid;
+
+                r = bus_kernel_set_endpoint_policy(params->bus_endpoint_fd, ep_uid, context->bus_endpoint);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_BUS_ENDPOINT;
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* If delegation is enabled we'll pass ownership of the cgroup
+         * (but only in systemd's own controller hierarchy!) to the
+         * user of the new process. */
+        if (params->cgroup_path && context->user && params->cgroup_delegate) {
+                r = cg_set_task_access(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, params->cgroup_path, 0644, uid, gid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_CGROUP;
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+
+                r = cg_set_group_access(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, params->cgroup_path, 0755, uid, gid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_CGROUP;
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(context->runtime_directory) && params->runtime_prefix) {
+                char **rt;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(rt, context->runtime_directory) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p;
+
+                        p = strjoin(params->runtime_prefix, "/", *rt, NULL);
+                        if (!p) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_RUNTIME_DIRECTORY;
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                        }
+
+                        r = mkdir_p_label(p, context->runtime_directory_mode);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_RUNTIME_DIRECTORY;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+
+                        r = chmod_and_chown(p, context->runtime_directory_mode, uid, gid);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_RUNTIME_DIRECTORY;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        umask(context->umask);
+
+        if (params->apply_permissions) {
+                r = enforce_groups(context, username, gid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_GROUP;
+                        return r;
+                }
+#ifdef HAVE_SMACK
+                if (context->smack_process_label) {
+                        r = mac_smack_apply_pid(0, context->smack_process_label);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_SMACK_PROCESS_LABEL;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                }
+#ifdef SMACK_DEFAULT_PROCESS_LABEL
+                else {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *exec_label = NULL;
+
+                        r = mac_smack_read(command->path, SMACK_ATTR_EXEC, &exec_label);
+                        if (r < 0 && r != -ENODATA && r != -EOPNOTSUPP) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_SMACK_PROCESS_LABEL;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+
+                        r = mac_smack_apply_pid(0, exec_label ? : SMACK_DEFAULT_PROCESS_LABEL);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_SMACK_PROCESS_LABEL;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                }
+#endif
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_PAM
+                if (context->pam_name && username) {
+                        r = setup_pam(context->pam_name, username, uid, context->tty_path, &pam_env, fds, n_fds);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_PAM;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                }
+#endif
+        }
+
+        if (context->private_network && runtime && runtime->netns_storage_socket[0] >= 0) {
+                r = setup_netns(runtime->netns_storage_socket);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_NETWORK;
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        needs_mount_namespace = exec_needs_mount_namespace(context, params, runtime);
+
+        if (needs_mount_namespace) {
+                char *tmp = NULL, *var = NULL;
+
+                /* The runtime struct only contains the parent
+                 * of the private /tmp, which is
+                 * non-accessible to world users. Inside of it
+                 * there's a /tmp that is sticky, and that's
+                 * the one we want to use here. */
+
+                if (context->private_tmp && runtime) {
+                        if (runtime->tmp_dir)
+                                tmp = strjoina(runtime->tmp_dir, "/tmp");
+                        if (runtime->var_tmp_dir)
+                                var = strjoina(runtime->var_tmp_dir, "/tmp");
+                }
+
+                r = setup_namespace(
+                                params->apply_chroot ? context->root_directory : NULL,
+                                context->read_write_dirs,
+                                context->read_only_dirs,
+                                context->inaccessible_dirs,
+                                tmp,
+                                var,
+                                params->bus_endpoint_path,
+                                context->private_devices,
+                                context->protect_home,
+                                context->protect_system,
+                                context->mount_flags);
+
+                /* If we couldn't set up the namespace this is
+                 * probably due to a missing capability. In this case,
+                 * silently proceeed. */
+                if (r == -EPERM || r == -EACCES) {
+                        log_open();
+                        log_unit_debug_errno(unit, r, "Failed to set up namespace, assuming containerized execution, ignoring: %m");
+                        log_close();
+                } else if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_NAMESPACE;
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (context->working_directory_home)
+                wd = home;
+        else if (context->working_directory)
+                wd = context->working_directory;
+        else
+                wd = "/";
+
+        if (params->apply_chroot) {
+                if (!needs_mount_namespace && context->root_directory)
+                        if (chroot(context->root_directory) < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_CHROOT;
+                                return -errno;
+                        }
+
+                if (chdir(wd) < 0 &&
+                    !context->working_directory_missing_ok) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_CHDIR;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+        } else {
+                const char *d;
+
+                d = strjoina(strempty(context->root_directory), "/", strempty(wd));
+                if (chdir(d) < 0 &&
+                    !context->working_directory_missing_ok) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_CHDIR;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+        }
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        if (params->apply_permissions && mac_selinux_use() && params->selinux_context_net && socket_fd >= 0) {
+                r = mac_selinux_get_child_mls_label(socket_fd, command->path, context->selinux_context, &mac_selinux_context_net);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_SELINUX_CONTEXT;
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+#endif
+
+        /* We repeat the fd closing here, to make sure that
+         * nothing is leaked from the PAM modules. Note that
+         * we are more aggressive this time since socket_fd
+         * and the netns fds we don't need anymore. The custom
+         * endpoint fd was needed to upload the policy and can
+         * now be closed as well. */
+        r = close_all_fds(fds, n_fds);
+        if (r >= 0)
+                r = shift_fds(fds, n_fds);
+        if (r >= 0)
+                r = flags_fds(fds, n_fds, context->non_blocking);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_FDS;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (params->apply_permissions) {
+
+                int secure_bits = context->secure_bits;
+
+                for (i = 0; i < _RLIMIT_MAX; i++) {
+                        if (!context->rlimit[i])
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (setrlimit_closest(i, context->rlimit[i]) < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_LIMITS;
+                                return -errno;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (!cap_test_all(context->capability_bounding_set)) {
+                        r = capability_bounding_set_drop(context->capability_bounding_set, false);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_CAPABILITIES;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* This is done before enforce_user, but ambient set
+                 * does not survive over setresuid() if keep_caps is not set. */
+                if (context->capability_ambient_set != 0) {
+                        r = capability_ambient_set_apply(context->capability_ambient_set, true);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_CAPABILITIES;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+
+                        if (context->capabilities) {
+
+                                /* The capabilities in ambient set need to be also in the inherited
+                                 * set. If they aren't, trying to get them will fail. Add the ambient
+                                 * set inherited capabilities to the capability set in the context.
+                                 * This is needed because if capabilities are set (using "Capabilities="
+                                 * keyword), they will override whatever we set now. */
+
+                                r = capability_update_inherited_set(context->capabilities, context->capability_ambient_set);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        *exit_status = EXIT_CAPABILITIES;
+                                        return r;
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (context->user) {
+                        r = enforce_user(context, uid);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_USER;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                        if (context->capability_ambient_set != 0) {
+
+                                /* Fix the ambient capabilities after user change. */
+                                r = capability_ambient_set_apply(context->capability_ambient_set, false);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        *exit_status = EXIT_CAPABILITIES;
+                                        return r;
+                                }
+
+                                /* If we were asked to change user and ambient capabilities
+                                 * were requested, we had to add keep-caps to the securebits
+                                 * so that we would maintain the inherited capability set
+                                 * through the setresuid(). Make sure that the bit is added
+                                 * also to the context secure_bits so that we don't try to
+                                 * drop the bit away next. */
+
+                                 secure_bits |= 1<<SECURE_KEEP_CAPS;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* PR_GET_SECUREBITS is not privileged, while
+                 * PR_SET_SECUREBITS is. So to suppress
+                 * potential EPERMs we'll try not to call
+                 * PR_SET_SECUREBITS unless necessary. */
+                if (prctl(PR_GET_SECUREBITS) != secure_bits)
+                        if (prctl(PR_SET_SECUREBITS, secure_bits) < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_SECUREBITS;
+                                return -errno;
+                        }
+
+                if (context->capabilities)
+                        if (cap_set_proc(context->capabilities) < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_CAPABILITIES;
+                                return -errno;
+                        }
+
+                if (context->no_new_privileges)
+                        if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0) < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_NO_NEW_PRIVILEGES;
+                                return -errno;
+                        }
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+                if (context->address_families_whitelist ||
+                    !set_isempty(context->address_families)) {
+                        r = apply_address_families(context);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_ADDRESS_FAMILIES;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (context->syscall_whitelist ||
+                    !set_isempty(context->syscall_filter) ||
+                    !set_isempty(context->syscall_archs)) {
+                        r = apply_seccomp(context);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_SECCOMP;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+                if (mac_selinux_use()) {
+                        char *exec_context = mac_selinux_context_net ?: context->selinux_context;
+
+                        if (exec_context) {
+                                r = setexeccon(exec_context);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        *exit_status = EXIT_SELINUX_CONTEXT;
+                                        return r;
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_APPARMOR
+                if (context->apparmor_profile && mac_apparmor_use()) {
+                        r = aa_change_onexec(context->apparmor_profile);
+                        if (r < 0 && !context->apparmor_profile_ignore) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_APPARMOR_PROFILE;
+                                return -errno;
+                        }
+                }
+#endif
+        }
+
+        r = build_environment(context, params, n_fds, home, username, shell, &our_env);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        r = build_pass_environment(context, &pass_env);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        final_env = strv_env_merge(6,
+                                   params->environment,
+                                   our_env,
+                                   pass_env,
+                                   context->environment,
+                                   files_env,
+                                   pam_env,
+                                   NULL);
+        if (!final_env) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        final_argv = replace_env_argv(argv, final_env);
+        if (!final_argv) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        final_env = strv_env_clean(final_env);
+
+        if (_unlikely_(log_get_max_level() >= LOG_DEBUG)) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *line;
+
+                line = exec_command_line(final_argv);
+                if (line) {
+                        log_open();
+                        log_struct(LOG_DEBUG,
+                                   LOG_UNIT_ID(unit),
+                                   "EXECUTABLE=%s", command->path,
+                                   LOG_UNIT_MESSAGE(unit, "Executing: %s", line),
+                                   NULL);
+                        log_close();
+                }
+        }
+
+        execve(command->path, final_argv, final_env);
+        *exit_status = EXIT_EXEC;
+        return -errno;
+}
+
+int exec_spawn(Unit *unit,
+               ExecCommand *command,
+               const ExecContext *context,
+               const ExecParameters *params,
+               ExecRuntime *runtime,
+               pid_t *ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **files_env = NULL;
+        int *fds = NULL; unsigned n_fds = 0;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *line = NULL;
+        int socket_fd, r;
+        char **argv;
+        pid_t pid;
+
+        assert(unit);
+        assert(command);
+        assert(context);
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(params);
+        assert(params->fds || params->n_fds <= 0);
+
+        if (context->std_input == EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET ||
+            context->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET ||
+            context->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET) {
+
+                if (params->n_fds != 1) {
+                        log_unit_error(unit, "Got more than one socket.");
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                socket_fd = params->fds[0];
+        } else {
+                socket_fd = -1;
+                fds = params->fds;
+                n_fds = params->n_fds;
+        }
+
+        r = exec_context_load_environment(unit, context, &files_env);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(unit, r, "Failed to load environment files: %m");
+
+        argv = params->argv ?: command->argv;
+        line = exec_command_line(argv);
+        if (!line)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        log_struct(LOG_DEBUG,
+                   LOG_UNIT_ID(unit),
+                   LOG_UNIT_MESSAGE(unit, "About to execute: %s", line),
+                   "EXECUTABLE=%s", command->path,
+                   NULL);
+        pid = fork();
+        if (pid < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(unit, errno, "Failed to fork: %m");
+
+        if (pid == 0) {
+                int exit_status;
+
+                r = exec_child(unit,
+                               command,
+                               context,
+                               params,
+                               runtime,
+                               argv,
+                               socket_fd,
+                               fds, n_fds,
+                               files_env,
+                               &exit_status);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_open();
+                        log_struct_errno(LOG_ERR, r,
+                                         LOG_MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_SPAWN_FAILED),
+                                         LOG_UNIT_ID(unit),
+                                         LOG_UNIT_MESSAGE(unit, "Failed at step %s spawning %s: %m",
+                                                          exit_status_to_string(exit_status, EXIT_STATUS_SYSTEMD),
+                                                          command->path),
+                                         "EXECUTABLE=%s", command->path,
+                                         NULL);
+                }
+
+                _exit(exit_status);
+        }
+
+        log_unit_debug(unit, "Forked %s as "PID_FMT, command->path, pid);
+
+        /* We add the new process to the cgroup both in the child (so
+         * that we can be sure that no user code is ever executed
+         * outside of the cgroup) and in the parent (so that we can be
+         * sure that when we kill the cgroup the process will be
+         * killed too). */
+        if (params->cgroup_path)
+                (void) cg_attach(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, params->cgroup_path, pid);
+
+        exec_status_start(&command->exec_status, pid);
+
+        *ret = pid;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void exec_context_init(ExecContext *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        c->umask = 0022;
+        c->ioprio = IOPRIO_PRIO_VALUE(IOPRIO_CLASS_BE, 0);
+        c->cpu_sched_policy = SCHED_OTHER;
+        c->syslog_priority = LOG_DAEMON|LOG_INFO;
+        c->syslog_level_prefix = true;
+        c->ignore_sigpipe = true;
+        c->timer_slack_nsec = NSEC_INFINITY;
+        c->personality = PERSONALITY_INVALID;
+        c->runtime_directory_mode = 0755;
+        c->capability_bounding_set = CAP_ALL;
+}
+
+void exec_context_done(ExecContext *c) {
+        unsigned l;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        c->environment = strv_free(c->environment);
+        c->environment_files = strv_free(c->environment_files);
+        c->pass_environment = strv_free(c->pass_environment);
+
+        for (l = 0; l < ELEMENTSOF(c->rlimit); l++)
+                c->rlimit[l] = mfree(c->rlimit[l]);
+
+        c->working_directory = mfree(c->working_directory);
+        c->root_directory = mfree(c->root_directory);
+        c->tty_path = mfree(c->tty_path);
+        c->syslog_identifier = mfree(c->syslog_identifier);
+        c->user = mfree(c->user);
+        c->group = mfree(c->group);
+
+        c->supplementary_groups = strv_free(c->supplementary_groups);
+
+        c->pam_name = mfree(c->pam_name);
+
+        if (c->capabilities) {
+                cap_free(c->capabilities);
+                c->capabilities = NULL;
+        }
+
+        c->read_only_dirs = strv_free(c->read_only_dirs);
+        c->read_write_dirs = strv_free(c->read_write_dirs);
+        c->inaccessible_dirs = strv_free(c->inaccessible_dirs);
+
+        if (c->cpuset)
+                CPU_FREE(c->cpuset);
+
+        c->utmp_id = mfree(c->utmp_id);
+        c->selinux_context = mfree(c->selinux_context);
+        c->apparmor_profile = mfree(c->apparmor_profile);
+
+        c->syscall_filter = set_free(c->syscall_filter);
+        c->syscall_archs = set_free(c->syscall_archs);
+        c->address_families = set_free(c->address_families);
+
+        c->runtime_directory = strv_free(c->runtime_directory);
+
+        bus_endpoint_free(c->bus_endpoint);
+        c->bus_endpoint = NULL;
+}
+
+int exec_context_destroy_runtime_directory(ExecContext *c, const char *runtime_prefix) {
+        char **i;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (!runtime_prefix)
+                return 0;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, c->runtime_directory) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *p;
+
+                p = strjoin(runtime_prefix, "/", *i, NULL);
+                if (!p)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                /* We execute this synchronously, since we need to be
+                 * sure this is gone when we start the service
+                 * next. */
+                (void) rm_rf(p, REMOVE_ROOT);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void exec_command_done(ExecCommand *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        c->path = mfree(c->path);
+
+        c->argv = strv_free(c->argv);
+}
+
+void exec_command_done_array(ExecCommand *c, unsigned n) {
+        unsigned i;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+                exec_command_done(c+i);
+}
+
+ExecCommand* exec_command_free_list(ExecCommand *c) {
+        ExecCommand *i;
+
+        while ((i = c)) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(command, c, i);
+                exec_command_done(i);
+                free(i);
+        }
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+void exec_command_free_array(ExecCommand **c, unsigned n) {
+        unsigned i;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+                c[i] = exec_command_free_list(c[i]);
+}
+
+typedef struct InvalidEnvInfo {
+        Unit *unit;
+        const char *path;
+} InvalidEnvInfo;
+
+static void invalid_env(const char *p, void *userdata) {
+        InvalidEnvInfo *info = userdata;
+
+        log_unit_error(info->unit, "Ignoring invalid environment assignment '%s': %s", p, info->path);
+}
+
+int exec_context_load_environment(Unit *unit, const ExecContext *c, char ***l) {
+        char **i, **r = NULL;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(l);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, c->environment_files) {
+                char *fn;
+                int k;
+                bool ignore = false;
+                char **p;
+                _cleanup_globfree_ glob_t pglob = {};
+                int count, n;
+
+                fn = *i;
+
+                if (fn[0] == '-') {
+                        ignore = true;
+                        fn ++;
+                }
+
+                if (!path_is_absolute(fn)) {
+                        if (ignore)
+                                continue;
+
+                        strv_free(r);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                /* Filename supports globbing, take all matching files */
+                errno = 0;
+                if (glob(fn, 0, NULL, &pglob) != 0) {
+                        if (ignore)
+                                continue;
+
+                        strv_free(r);
+                        return errno > 0 ? -errno : -EINVAL;
+                }
+                count = pglob.gl_pathc;
+                if (count == 0) {
+                        if (ignore)
+                                continue;
+
+                        strv_free(r);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+                for (n = 0; n < count; n++) {
+                        k = load_env_file(NULL, pglob.gl_pathv[n], NULL, &p);
+                        if (k < 0) {
+                                if (ignore)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                strv_free(r);
+                                return k;
+                        }
+                        /* Log invalid environment variables with filename */
+                        if (p) {
+                                InvalidEnvInfo info = {
+                                        .unit = unit,
+                                        .path = pglob.gl_pathv[n]
+                                };
+
+                                p = strv_env_clean_with_callback(p, invalid_env, &info);
+                        }
+
+                        if (r == NULL)
+                                r = p;
+                        else {
+                                char **m;
+
+                                m = strv_env_merge(2, r, p);
+                                strv_free(r);
+                                strv_free(p);
+                                if (!m)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                r = m;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        *l = r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool tty_may_match_dev_console(const char *tty) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *active = NULL;
+        char *console;
+
+        if (!tty)
+                return true;
+
+        if (startswith(tty, "/dev/"))
+                tty += 5;
+
+        /* trivial identity? */
+        if (streq(tty, "console"))
+                return true;
+
+        console = resolve_dev_console(&active);
+        /* if we could not resolve, assume it may */
+        if (!console)
+                return true;
+
+        /* "tty0" means the active VC, so it may be the same sometimes */
+        return streq(console, tty) || (streq(console, "tty0") && tty_is_vc(tty));
+}
+
+bool exec_context_may_touch_console(ExecContext *ec) {
+
+        return (ec->tty_reset ||
+                ec->tty_vhangup ||
+                ec->tty_vt_disallocate ||
+                is_terminal_input(ec->std_input) ||
+                is_terminal_output(ec->std_output) ||
+                is_terminal_output(ec->std_error)) &&
+               tty_may_match_dev_console(exec_context_tty_path(ec));
+}
+
+static void strv_fprintf(FILE *f, char **l) {
+        char **g;
+
+        assert(f);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(g, l)
+                fprintf(f, " %s", *g);
+}
+
+void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
+        char **e, **d;
+        unsigned i;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(f);
+
+        prefix = strempty(prefix);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sUMask: %04o\n"
+                "%sWorkingDirectory: %s\n"
+                "%sRootDirectory: %s\n"
+                "%sNonBlocking: %s\n"
+                "%sPrivateTmp: %s\n"
+                "%sPrivateNetwork: %s\n"
+                "%sPrivateDevices: %s\n"
+                "%sProtectHome: %s\n"
+                "%sProtectSystem: %s\n"
+                "%sIgnoreSIGPIPE: %s\n",
+                prefix, c->umask,
+                prefix, c->working_directory ? c->working_directory : "/",
+                prefix, c->root_directory ? c->root_directory : "/",
+                prefix, yes_no(c->non_blocking),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->private_tmp),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->private_network),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->private_devices),
+                prefix, protect_home_to_string(c->protect_home),
+                prefix, protect_system_to_string(c->protect_system),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->ignore_sigpipe));
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(e, c->environment)
+                fprintf(f, "%sEnvironment: %s\n", prefix, *e);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(e, c->environment_files)
+                fprintf(f, "%sEnvironmentFile: %s\n", prefix, *e);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(e, c->pass_environment)
+                fprintf(f, "%sPassEnvironment: %s\n", prefix, *e);
+
+        fprintf(f, "%sRuntimeDirectoryMode: %04o\n", prefix, c->runtime_directory_mode);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(d, c->runtime_directory)
+                fprintf(f, "%sRuntimeDirectory: %s\n", prefix, *d);
+
+        if (c->nice_set)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sNice: %i\n",
+                        prefix, c->nice);
+
+        if (c->oom_score_adjust_set)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sOOMScoreAdjust: %i\n",
+                        prefix, c->oom_score_adjust);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < RLIM_NLIMITS; i++)
+                if (c->rlimit[i]) {
+                        fprintf(f, "%s%s: " RLIM_FMT "\n",
+                                prefix, rlimit_to_string(i), c->rlimit[i]->rlim_max);
+                        fprintf(f, "%s%sSoft: " RLIM_FMT "\n",
+                                prefix, rlimit_to_string(i), c->rlimit[i]->rlim_cur);
+                }
+
+        if (c->ioprio_set) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *class_str = NULL;
+
+                ioprio_class_to_string_alloc(IOPRIO_PRIO_CLASS(c->ioprio), &class_str);
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sIOSchedulingClass: %s\n"
+                        "%sIOPriority: %i\n",
+                        prefix, strna(class_str),
+                        prefix, (int) IOPRIO_PRIO_DATA(c->ioprio));
+        }
+
+        if (c->cpu_sched_set) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *policy_str = NULL;
+
+                sched_policy_to_string_alloc(c->cpu_sched_policy, &policy_str);
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sCPUSchedulingPolicy: %s\n"
+                        "%sCPUSchedulingPriority: %i\n"
+                        "%sCPUSchedulingResetOnFork: %s\n",
+                        prefix, strna(policy_str),
+                        prefix, c->cpu_sched_priority,
+                        prefix, yes_no(c->cpu_sched_reset_on_fork));
+        }
+
+        if (c->cpuset) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sCPUAffinity:", prefix);
+                for (i = 0; i < c->cpuset_ncpus; i++)
+                        if (CPU_ISSET_S(i, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(c->cpuset_ncpus), c->cpuset))
+                                fprintf(f, " %u", i);
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (c->timer_slack_nsec != NSEC_INFINITY)
+                fprintf(f, "%sTimerSlackNSec: "NSEC_FMT "\n", prefix, c->timer_slack_nsec);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sStandardInput: %s\n"
+                "%sStandardOutput: %s\n"
+                "%sStandardError: %s\n",
+                prefix, exec_input_to_string(c->std_input),
+                prefix, exec_output_to_string(c->std_output),
+                prefix, exec_output_to_string(c->std_error));
+
+        if (c->tty_path)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sTTYPath: %s\n"
+                        "%sTTYReset: %s\n"
+                        "%sTTYVHangup: %s\n"
+                        "%sTTYVTDisallocate: %s\n",
+                        prefix, c->tty_path,
+                        prefix, yes_no(c->tty_reset),
+                        prefix, yes_no(c->tty_vhangup),
+                        prefix, yes_no(c->tty_vt_disallocate));
+
+        if (c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG ||
+            c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG ||
+            c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL ||
+            c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE ||
+            c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE ||
+            c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE ||
+            c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG ||
+            c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG ||
+            c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL ||
+            c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE ||
+            c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE ||
+            c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE) {
+
+                _cleanup_free_ char *fac_str = NULL, *lvl_str = NULL;
+
+                log_facility_unshifted_to_string_alloc(c->syslog_priority >> 3, &fac_str);
+                log_level_to_string_alloc(LOG_PRI(c->syslog_priority), &lvl_str);
+
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSyslogFacility: %s\n"
+                        "%sSyslogLevel: %s\n",
+                        prefix, strna(fac_str),
+                        prefix, strna(lvl_str));
+        }
+
+        if (c->capabilities) {
+                _cleanup_cap_free_charp_ char *t;
+
+                t = cap_to_text(c->capabilities, NULL);
+                if (t)
+                        fprintf(f, "%sCapabilities: %s\n", prefix, t);
+        }
+
+        if (c->secure_bits)
+                fprintf(f, "%sSecure Bits:%s%s%s%s%s%s\n",
+                        prefix,
+                        (c->secure_bits & 1<<SECURE_KEEP_CAPS) ? " keep-caps" : "",
+                        (c->secure_bits & 1<<SECURE_KEEP_CAPS_LOCKED) ? " keep-caps-locked" : "",
+                        (c->secure_bits & 1<<SECURE_NO_SETUID_FIXUP) ? " no-setuid-fixup" : "",
+                        (c->secure_bits & 1<<SECURE_NO_SETUID_FIXUP_LOCKED) ? " no-setuid-fixup-locked" : "",
+                        (c->secure_bits & 1<<SECURE_NOROOT) ? " noroot" : "",
+                        (c->secure_bits & 1<<SECURE_NOROOT_LOCKED) ? "noroot-locked" : "");
+
+        if (c->capability_bounding_set != CAP_ALL) {
+                unsigned long l;
+                fprintf(f, "%sCapabilityBoundingSet:", prefix);
+
+                for (l = 0; l <= cap_last_cap(); l++)
+                        if (c->capability_bounding_set & (UINT64_C(1) << l))
+                                fprintf(f, " %s", strna(capability_to_name(l)));
+
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (c->capability_ambient_set != 0) {
+                unsigned long l;
+                fprintf(f, "%sAmbientCapabilities:", prefix);
+
+                for (l = 0; l <= cap_last_cap(); l++)
+                        if (c->capability_ambient_set & (UINT64_C(1) << l))
+                                fprintf(f, " %s", strna(capability_to_name(l)));
+
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (c->user)
+                fprintf(f, "%sUser: %s\n", prefix, c->user);
+        if (c->group)
+                fprintf(f, "%sGroup: %s\n", prefix, c->group);
+
+        if (strv_length(c->supplementary_groups) > 0) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sSupplementaryGroups:", prefix);
+                strv_fprintf(f, c->supplementary_groups);
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (c->pam_name)
+                fprintf(f, "%sPAMName: %s\n", prefix, c->pam_name);
+
+        if (strv_length(c->read_write_dirs) > 0) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sReadWriteDirs:", prefix);
+                strv_fprintf(f, c->read_write_dirs);
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (strv_length(c->read_only_dirs) > 0) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sReadOnlyDirs:", prefix);
+                strv_fprintf(f, c->read_only_dirs);
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (strv_length(c->inaccessible_dirs) > 0) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sInaccessibleDirs:", prefix);
+                strv_fprintf(f, c->inaccessible_dirs);
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (c->utmp_id)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sUtmpIdentifier: %s\n",
+                        prefix, c->utmp_id);
+
+        if (c->selinux_context)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSELinuxContext: %s%s\n",
+                        prefix, c->selinux_context_ignore ? "-" : "", c->selinux_context);
+
+        if (c->personality != PERSONALITY_INVALID)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sPersonality: %s\n",
+                        prefix, strna(personality_to_string(c->personality)));
+
+        if (c->syscall_filter) {
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+                Iterator j;
+                void *id;
+                bool first = true;
+#endif
+
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSystemCallFilter: ",
+                        prefix);
+
+                if (!c->syscall_whitelist)
+                        fputc('~', f);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+                SET_FOREACH(id, c->syscall_filter, j) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL;
+
+                        if (first)
+                                first = false;
+                        else
+                                fputc(' ', f);
+
+                        name = seccomp_syscall_resolve_num_arch(SCMP_ARCH_NATIVE, PTR_TO_INT(id) - 1);
+                        fputs(strna(name), f);
+                }
+#endif
+
+                fputc('\n', f);
+        }
+
+        if (c->syscall_archs) {
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+                Iterator j;
+                void *id;
+#endif
+
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSystemCallArchitectures:",
+                        prefix);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+                SET_FOREACH(id, c->syscall_archs, j)
+                        fprintf(f, " %s", strna(seccomp_arch_to_string(PTR_TO_UINT32(id) - 1)));
+#endif
+                fputc('\n', f);
+        }
+
+        if (c->syscall_errno > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSystemCallErrorNumber: %s\n",
+                        prefix, strna(errno_to_name(c->syscall_errno)));
+
+        if (c->apparmor_profile)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sAppArmorProfile: %s%s\n",
+                        prefix, c->apparmor_profile_ignore ? "-" : "", c->apparmor_profile);
+}
+
+bool exec_context_maintains_privileges(ExecContext *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        /* Returns true if the process forked off would run run under
+         * an unchanged UID or as root. */
+
+        if (!c->user)
+                return true;
+
+        if (streq(c->user, "root") || streq(c->user, "0"))
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+void exec_status_start(ExecStatus *s, pid_t pid) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        zero(*s);
+        s->pid = pid;
+        dual_timestamp_get(&s->start_timestamp);
+}
+
+void exec_status_exit(ExecStatus *s, ExecContext *context, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->pid && s->pid != pid)
+                zero(*s);
+
+        s->pid = pid;
+        dual_timestamp_get(&s->exit_timestamp);
+
+        s->code = code;
+        s->status = status;
+
+        if (context) {
+                if (context->utmp_id)
+                        utmp_put_dead_process(context->utmp_id, pid, code, status);
+
+                exec_context_tty_reset(context, NULL);
+        }
+}
+
+void exec_status_dump(ExecStatus *s, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        char buf[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (s->pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        prefix = strempty(prefix);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sPID: "PID_FMT"\n",
+                prefix, s->pid);
+
+        if (s->start_timestamp.realtime > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sStart Timestamp: %s\n",
+                        prefix, format_timestamp(buf, sizeof(buf), s->start_timestamp.realtime));
+
+        if (s->exit_timestamp.realtime > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sExit Timestamp: %s\n"
+                        "%sExit Code: %s\n"
+                        "%sExit Status: %i\n",
+                        prefix, format_timestamp(buf, sizeof(buf), s->exit_timestamp.realtime),
+                        prefix, sigchld_code_to_string(s->code),
+                        prefix, s->status);
+}
+
+char *exec_command_line(char **argv) {
+        size_t k;
+        char *n, *p, **a;
+        bool first = true;
+
+        assert(argv);
+
+        k = 1;
+        STRV_FOREACH(a, argv)
+                k += strlen(*a)+3;
+
+        if (!(n = new(char, k)))
+                return NULL;
+
+        p = n;
+        STRV_FOREACH(a, argv) {
+
+                if (!first)
+                        *(p++) = ' ';
+                else
+                        first = false;
+
+                if (strpbrk(*a, WHITESPACE)) {
+                        *(p++) = '\'';
+                        p = stpcpy(p, *a);
+                        *(p++) = '\'';
+                } else
+                        p = stpcpy(p, *a);
+
+        }
+
+        *p = 0;
+
+        /* FIXME: this doesn't really handle arguments that have
+         * spaces and ticks in them */
+
+        return n;
+}
+
+void exec_command_dump(ExecCommand *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *cmd = NULL;
+        const char *prefix2;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(f);
+
+        prefix = strempty(prefix);
+        prefix2 = strjoina(prefix, "\t");
+
+        cmd = exec_command_line(c->argv);
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sCommand Line: %s\n",
+                prefix, cmd ? cmd : strerror(ENOMEM));
+
+        exec_status_dump(&c->exec_status, f, prefix2);
+}
+
+void exec_command_dump_list(ExecCommand *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        assert(f);
+
+        prefix = strempty(prefix);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(command, c, c)
+                exec_command_dump(c, f, prefix);
+}
+
+void exec_command_append_list(ExecCommand **l, ExecCommand *e) {
+        ExecCommand *end;
+
+        assert(l);
+        assert(e);
+
+        if (*l) {
+                /* It's kind of important, that we keep the order here */
+                LIST_FIND_TAIL(command, *l, end);
+                LIST_INSERT_AFTER(command, *l, end, e);
+        } else
+              *l = e;
+}
+
+int exec_command_set(ExecCommand *c, const char *path, ...) {
+        va_list ap;
+        char **l, *p;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(path);
+
+        va_start(ap, path);
+        l = strv_new_ap(path, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        p = strdup(path);
+        if (!p) {
+                strv_free(l);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        free(c->path);
+        c->path = p;
+
+        strv_free(c->argv);
+        c->argv = l;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int exec_command_append(ExecCommand *c, const char *path, ...) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        va_list ap;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(path);
+
+        va_start(ap, path);
+        l = strv_new_ap(path, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = strv_extend_strv(&c->argv, l, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int exec_runtime_allocate(ExecRuntime **rt) {
+
+        if (*rt)
+                return 0;
+
+        *rt = new0(ExecRuntime, 1);
+        if (!*rt)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        (*rt)->n_ref = 1;
+        (*rt)->netns_storage_socket[0] = (*rt)->netns_storage_socket[1] = -1;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int exec_runtime_make(ExecRuntime **rt, ExecContext *c, const char *id) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rt);
+        assert(c);
+        assert(id);
+
+        if (*rt)
+                return 1;
+
+        if (!c->private_network && !c->private_tmp)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = exec_runtime_allocate(rt);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (c->private_network && (*rt)->netns_storage_socket[0] < 0) {
+                if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM, 0, (*rt)->netns_storage_socket) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (c->private_tmp && !(*rt)->tmp_dir) {
+                r = setup_tmp_dirs(id, &(*rt)->tmp_dir, &(*rt)->var_tmp_dir);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+ExecRuntime *exec_runtime_ref(ExecRuntime *r) {
+        assert(r);
+        assert(r->n_ref > 0);
+
+        r->n_ref++;
+        return r;
+}
+
+ExecRuntime *exec_runtime_unref(ExecRuntime *r) {
+
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(r->n_ref > 0);
+
+        r->n_ref--;
+        if (r->n_ref > 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        free(r->tmp_dir);
+        free(r->var_tmp_dir);
+        safe_close_pair(r->netns_storage_socket);
+        free(r);
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+int exec_runtime_serialize(Unit *u, ExecRuntime *rt, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (!rt)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (rt->tmp_dir)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "tmp-dir", rt->tmp_dir);
+
+        if (rt->var_tmp_dir)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "var-tmp-dir", rt->var_tmp_dir);
+
+        if (rt->netns_storage_socket[0] >= 0) {
+                int copy;
+
+                copy = fdset_put_dup(fds, rt->netns_storage_socket[0]);
+                if (copy < 0)
+                        return copy;
+
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "netns-socket-0", "%i", copy);
+        }
+
+        if (rt->netns_storage_socket[1] >= 0) {
+                int copy;
+
+                copy = fdset_put_dup(fds, rt->netns_storage_socket[1]);
+                if (copy < 0)
+                        return copy;
+
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "netns-socket-1", "%i", copy);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int exec_runtime_deserialize_item(Unit *u, ExecRuntime **rt, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(rt);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+
+        if (streq(key, "tmp-dir")) {
+                char *copy;
+
+                r = exec_runtime_allocate(rt);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                copy = strdup(value);
+                if (!copy)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                free((*rt)->tmp_dir);
+                (*rt)->tmp_dir = copy;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "var-tmp-dir")) {
+                char *copy;
+
+                r = exec_runtime_allocate(rt);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                copy = strdup(value);
+                if (!copy)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                free((*rt)->var_tmp_dir);
+                (*rt)->var_tmp_dir = copy;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "netns-socket-0")) {
+                int fd;
+
+                r = exec_runtime_allocate(rt);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (safe_atoi(value, &fd) < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse netns socket value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        safe_close((*rt)->netns_storage_socket[0]);
+                        (*rt)->netns_storage_socket[0] = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "netns-socket-1")) {
+                int fd;
+
+                r = exec_runtime_allocate(rt);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (safe_atoi(value, &fd) < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse netns socket value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        safe_close((*rt)->netns_storage_socket[1]);
+                        (*rt)->netns_storage_socket[1] = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                }
+        } else
+                return 0;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static void *remove_tmpdir_thread(void *p) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = p;
+
+        (void) rm_rf(path, REMOVE_ROOT|REMOVE_PHYSICAL);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+void exec_runtime_destroy(ExecRuntime *rt) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (!rt)
+                return;
+
+        /* If there are multiple users of this, let's leave the stuff around */
+        if (rt->n_ref > 1)
+                return;
+
+        if (rt->tmp_dir) {
+                log_debug("Spawning thread to nuke %s", rt->tmp_dir);
+
+                r = asynchronous_job(remove_tmpdir_thread, rt->tmp_dir);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to nuke %s: %m", rt->tmp_dir);
+                        free(rt->tmp_dir);
+                }
+
+                rt->tmp_dir = NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (rt->var_tmp_dir) {
+                log_debug("Spawning thread to nuke %s", rt->var_tmp_dir);
+
+                r = asynchronous_job(remove_tmpdir_thread, rt->var_tmp_dir);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to nuke %s: %m", rt->var_tmp_dir);
+                        free(rt->var_tmp_dir);
+                }
+
+                rt->var_tmp_dir = NULL;
+        }
+
+        safe_close_pair(rt->netns_storage_socket);
+}
+
+static const char* const exec_input_table[_EXEC_INPUT_MAX] = {
+        [EXEC_INPUT_NULL] = "null",
+        [EXEC_INPUT_TTY] = "tty",
+        [EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FORCE] = "tty-force",
+        [EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FAIL] = "tty-fail",
+        [EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET] = "socket"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(exec_input, ExecInput);
+
+static const char* const exec_output_table[_EXEC_OUTPUT_MAX] = {
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT] = "inherit",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_NULL] = "null",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY] = "tty",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG] = "syslog",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE] = "syslog+console",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG] = "kmsg",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE] = "kmsg+console",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL] = "journal",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE] = "journal+console",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET] = "socket"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(exec_output, ExecOutput);
+
+static const char* const exec_utmp_mode_table[_EXEC_UTMP_MODE_MAX] = {
+        [EXEC_UTMP_INIT] = "init",
+        [EXEC_UTMP_LOGIN] = "login",
+        [EXEC_UTMP_USER] = "user",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(exec_utmp_mode, ExecUtmpMode);
diff --git a/src/libcore/execute.h b/src/libcore/execute.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..578f85b6bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/execute.h
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct ExecStatus ExecStatus;
+typedef struct ExecCommand ExecCommand;
+typedef struct ExecContext ExecContext;
+typedef struct ExecRuntime ExecRuntime;
+typedef struct ExecParameters ExecParameters;
+
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/capability.h>
+
+#include "bus-endpoint.h"
+#include "fdset.h"
+#include "list.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "namespace.h"
+
+typedef enum ExecUtmpMode {
+        EXEC_UTMP_INIT,
+        EXEC_UTMP_LOGIN,
+        EXEC_UTMP_USER,
+        _EXEC_UTMP_MODE_MAX,
+        _EXEC_UTMP_MODE_INVALID = -1
+} ExecUtmpMode;
+
+typedef enum ExecInput {
+        EXEC_INPUT_NULL,
+        EXEC_INPUT_TTY,
+        EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FORCE,
+        EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FAIL,
+        EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET,
+        _EXEC_INPUT_MAX,
+        _EXEC_INPUT_INVALID = -1
+} ExecInput;
+
+typedef enum ExecOutput {
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_NULL,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET,
+        _EXEC_OUTPUT_MAX,
+        _EXEC_OUTPUT_INVALID = -1
+} ExecOutput;
+
+struct ExecStatus {
+        dual_timestamp start_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp exit_timestamp;
+        pid_t pid;
+        int code;     /* as in siginfo_t::si_code */
+        int status;   /* as in sigingo_t::si_status */
+};
+
+struct ExecCommand {
+        char *path;
+        char **argv;
+        ExecStatus exec_status;
+        LIST_FIELDS(ExecCommand, command); /* useful for chaining commands */
+        bool ignore;
+};
+
+struct ExecRuntime {
+        int n_ref;
+
+        char *tmp_dir;
+        char *var_tmp_dir;
+
+        int netns_storage_socket[2];
+};
+
+struct ExecContext {
+        char **environment;
+        char **environment_files;
+        char **pass_environment;
+
+        struct rlimit *rlimit[_RLIMIT_MAX];
+        char *working_directory, *root_directory;
+        bool working_directory_missing_ok;
+        bool working_directory_home;
+
+        mode_t umask;
+        int oom_score_adjust;
+        int nice;
+        int ioprio;
+        int cpu_sched_policy;
+        int cpu_sched_priority;
+
+        cpu_set_t *cpuset;
+        unsigned cpuset_ncpus;
+
+        ExecInput std_input;
+        ExecOutput std_output;
+        ExecOutput std_error;
+
+        nsec_t timer_slack_nsec;
+
+        bool stdio_as_fds;
+
+        char *tty_path;
+
+        bool tty_reset;
+        bool tty_vhangup;
+        bool tty_vt_disallocate;
+
+        bool ignore_sigpipe;
+
+        /* Since resolving these names might might involve socket
+         * connections and we don't want to deadlock ourselves these
+         * names are resolved on execution only and in the child
+         * process. */
+        char *user;
+        char *group;
+        char **supplementary_groups;
+
+        char *pam_name;
+
+        char *utmp_id;
+        ExecUtmpMode utmp_mode;
+
+        bool selinux_context_ignore;
+        char *selinux_context;
+
+        bool apparmor_profile_ignore;
+        char *apparmor_profile;
+
+        bool smack_process_label_ignore;
+        char *smack_process_label;
+
+        char **read_write_dirs, **read_only_dirs, **inaccessible_dirs;
+        unsigned long mount_flags;
+
+        uint64_t capability_bounding_set;
+
+        uint64_t capability_ambient_set;
+
+        cap_t capabilities;
+        int secure_bits;
+
+        int syslog_priority;
+        char *syslog_identifier;
+        bool syslog_level_prefix;
+
+        bool cpu_sched_reset_on_fork;
+        bool non_blocking;
+        bool private_tmp;
+        bool private_network;
+        bool private_devices;
+        ProtectSystem protect_system;
+        ProtectHome protect_home;
+
+        bool no_new_privileges;
+
+        /* This is not exposed to the user but available
+         * internally. We need it to make sure that whenever we spawn
+         * /usr/bin/mount it is run in the same process group as us so
+         * that the autofs logic detects that it belongs to us and we
+         * don't enter a trigger loop. */
+        bool same_pgrp;
+
+        unsigned long personality;
+
+        Set *syscall_filter;
+        Set *syscall_archs;
+        int syscall_errno;
+        bool syscall_whitelist:1;
+
+        Set *address_families;
+        bool address_families_whitelist:1;
+
+        char **runtime_directory;
+        mode_t runtime_directory_mode;
+
+        bool oom_score_adjust_set:1;
+        bool nice_set:1;
+        bool ioprio_set:1;
+        bool cpu_sched_set:1;
+        bool no_new_privileges_set:1;
+
+        /* custom dbus enpoint */
+        BusEndpoint *bus_endpoint;
+};
+
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "cgroup.h"
+
+struct ExecParameters {
+        char **argv;
+        char **environment;
+
+        int *fds;
+        char **fd_names;
+        unsigned n_fds;
+
+        bool apply_permissions:1;
+        bool apply_chroot:1;
+        bool apply_tty_stdin:1;
+
+        bool confirm_spawn:1;
+        bool selinux_context_net:1;
+
+        bool cgroup_delegate:1;
+        CGroupMask cgroup_supported;
+        const char *cgroup_path;
+
+        const char *runtime_prefix;
+
+        usec_t watchdog_usec;
+
+        int *idle_pipe;
+
+        char *bus_endpoint_path;
+        int bus_endpoint_fd;
+
+        int stdin_fd;
+        int stdout_fd;
+        int stderr_fd;
+};
+
+int exec_spawn(Unit *unit,
+               ExecCommand *command,
+               const ExecContext *context,
+               const ExecParameters *exec_params,
+               ExecRuntime *runtime,
+               pid_t *ret);
+
+void exec_command_done(ExecCommand *c);
+void exec_command_done_array(ExecCommand *c, unsigned n);
+
+ExecCommand* exec_command_free_list(ExecCommand *c);
+void exec_command_free_array(ExecCommand **c, unsigned n);
+
+char *exec_command_line(char **argv);
+
+void exec_command_dump(ExecCommand *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+void exec_command_dump_list(ExecCommand *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+void exec_command_append_list(ExecCommand **l, ExecCommand *e);
+int exec_command_set(ExecCommand *c, const char *path, ...);
+int exec_command_append(ExecCommand *c, const char *path, ...);
+
+void exec_context_init(ExecContext *c);
+void exec_context_done(ExecContext *c);
+void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix);
+
+int exec_context_destroy_runtime_directory(ExecContext *c, const char *runtime_root);
+
+int exec_context_load_environment(Unit *unit, const ExecContext *c, char ***l);
+
+bool exec_context_may_touch_console(ExecContext *c);
+bool exec_context_maintains_privileges(ExecContext *c);
+
+void exec_status_start(ExecStatus *s, pid_t pid);
+void exec_status_exit(ExecStatus *s, ExecContext *context, pid_t pid, int code, int status);
+void exec_status_dump(ExecStatus *s, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+
+int exec_runtime_make(ExecRuntime **rt, ExecContext *c, const char *id);
+ExecRuntime *exec_runtime_ref(ExecRuntime *r);
+ExecRuntime *exec_runtime_unref(ExecRuntime *r);
+
+int exec_runtime_serialize(Unit *unit, ExecRuntime *rt, FILE *f, FDSet *fds);
+int exec_runtime_deserialize_item(Unit *unit, ExecRuntime **rt, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds);
+
+void exec_runtime_destroy(ExecRuntime *rt);
+
+const char* exec_output_to_string(ExecOutput i) _const_;
+ExecOutput exec_output_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* exec_input_to_string(ExecInput i) _const_;
+ExecInput exec_input_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* exec_utmp_mode_to_string(ExecUtmpMode i) _const_;
+ExecUtmpMode exec_utmp_mode_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libcore/failure-action.c b/src/libcore/failure-action.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39f5519ca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/failure-action.c
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright 2012 Michael Olbrich
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/reboot.h>
+#include <linux/reboot.h>
+
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "failure-action.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+
+static void log_and_status(Manager *m, const char *message) {
+        log_warning("%s", message);
+        manager_status_printf(m, STATUS_TYPE_EMERGENCY,
+                              ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED " !!  " ANSI_NORMAL,
+                              "%s", message);
+}
+
+int failure_action(
+                Manager *m,
+                FailureAction action,
+                const char *reboot_arg) {
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(action >= 0);
+        assert(action < _FAILURE_ACTION_MAX);
+
+        if (action == FAILURE_ACTION_NONE)
+                return -ECANCELED;
+
+        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_USER) {
+                /* Downgrade all options to simply exiting if we run
+                 * in user mode */
+
+                log_warning("Exiting as result of failure.");
+                m->exit_code = MANAGER_EXIT;
+                return -ECANCELED;
+        }
+
+        switch (action) {
+
+        case FAILURE_ACTION_REBOOT:
+                log_and_status(m, "Rebooting as result of failure.");
+
+                update_reboot_param_file(reboot_arg);
+                (void) manager_add_job_by_name_and_warn(m, JOB_START, SPECIAL_REBOOT_TARGET, JOB_REPLACE, NULL);
+
+                break;
+
+        case FAILURE_ACTION_REBOOT_FORCE:
+                log_and_status(m, "Forcibly rebooting as result of failure.");
+
+                update_reboot_param_file(reboot_arg);
+                m->exit_code = MANAGER_REBOOT;
+                break;
+
+        case FAILURE_ACTION_REBOOT_IMMEDIATE:
+                log_and_status(m, "Rebooting immediately as result of failure.");
+
+                sync();
+
+                if (reboot_arg) {
+                        log_info("Rebooting with argument '%s'.", reboot_arg);
+                        syscall(SYS_reboot, LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC1, LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC2, LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_RESTART2, reboot_arg);
+                }
+
+                log_info("Rebooting.");
+                reboot(RB_AUTOBOOT);
+                break;
+
+        case FAILURE_ACTION_POWEROFF:
+                log_and_status(m, "Powering off as result of failure.");
+                (void) manager_add_job_by_name_and_warn(m, JOB_START, SPECIAL_POWEROFF_TARGET, JOB_REPLACE, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case FAILURE_ACTION_POWEROFF_FORCE:
+                log_and_status(m, "Forcibly powering off as result of failure.");
+                m->exit_code = MANAGER_POWEROFF;
+                break;
+
+        case FAILURE_ACTION_POWEROFF_IMMEDIATE:
+                log_and_status(m, "Powering off immediately as result of failure.");
+
+                sync();
+
+                log_info("Powering off.");
+                reboot(RB_POWER_OFF);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown failure action");
+        }
+
+        return -ECANCELED;
+}
+
+static const char* const failure_action_table[_FAILURE_ACTION_MAX] = {
+        [FAILURE_ACTION_NONE] = "none",
+        [FAILURE_ACTION_REBOOT] = "reboot",
+        [FAILURE_ACTION_REBOOT_FORCE] = "reboot-force",
+        [FAILURE_ACTION_REBOOT_IMMEDIATE] = "reboot-immediate",
+        [FAILURE_ACTION_POWEROFF] = "poweroff",
+        [FAILURE_ACTION_POWEROFF_FORCE] = "poweroff-force",
+        [FAILURE_ACTION_POWEROFF_IMMEDIATE] = "poweroff-immediate"
+};
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(failure_action, FailureAction);
diff --git a/src/libcore/failure-action.h b/src/libcore/failure-action.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1adac4ad5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/failure-action.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright 2012 Michael Olbrich
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef enum FailureAction {
+        FAILURE_ACTION_NONE,
+        FAILURE_ACTION_REBOOT,
+        FAILURE_ACTION_REBOOT_FORCE,
+        FAILURE_ACTION_REBOOT_IMMEDIATE,
+        FAILURE_ACTION_POWEROFF,
+        FAILURE_ACTION_POWEROFF_FORCE,
+        FAILURE_ACTION_POWEROFF_IMMEDIATE,
+        _FAILURE_ACTION_MAX,
+        _FAILURE_ACTION_INVALID = -1
+} FailureAction;
+
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "manager.h"
+
+int failure_action(Manager *m, FailureAction action, const char *reboot_arg);
+
+const char* failure_action_to_string(FailureAction i) _const_;
+FailureAction failure_action_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libcore/hostname-setup.c b/src/libcore/hostname-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..68be52856b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/hostname-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "hostname-setup.h"
+#include "hostname-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+int hostname_setup(void) {
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *b = NULL;
+        const char *hn;
+        bool enoent = false;
+
+        r = read_hostname_config("/etc/hostname", &b);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (r == -ENOENT)
+                        enoent = true;
+                else
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to read configured hostname: %m");
+
+                hn = NULL;
+        } else
+                hn = b;
+
+        if (isempty(hn)) {
+                /* Don't override the hostname if it is already set
+                 * and not explicitly configured */
+                if (hostname_is_set())
+                        return 0;
+
+                if (enoent)
+                        log_info("No hostname configured.");
+
+                hn = "localhost";
+        }
+
+        r = sethostname_idempotent(hn);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to set hostname to <%s>: %m", hn);
+
+        log_info("Set hostname to <%s>.", hn);
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/hostname-setup.h b/src/libcore/hostname-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..73e8c75c71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/hostname-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int hostname_setup(void);
diff --git a/src/libcore/ima-setup.c b/src/libcore/ima-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff7558d500
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/ima-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright (C) 2012 Roberto Sassu - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
+                                     TORSEC group -- http://security.polito.it
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "ima-setup.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#define IMA_SECFS_DIR "/sys/kernel/security/ima"
+#define IMA_SECFS_POLICY IMA_SECFS_DIR "/policy"
+#define IMA_POLICY_PATH "/etc/ima/ima-policy"
+
+int ima_setup(void) {
+#ifdef HAVE_IMA
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *input = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int imafd = -1;
+        unsigned lineno = 0;
+        char line[page_size()];
+
+        if (access(IMA_SECFS_DIR, F_OK) < 0) {
+                log_debug("IMA support is disabled in the kernel, ignoring.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        input = fopen(IMA_POLICY_PATH, "re");
+        if (!input) {
+                log_full_errno(errno == ENOENT ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, errno,
+                               "Failed to open the IMA custom policy file "IMA_POLICY_PATH", ignoring: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (access(IMA_SECFS_POLICY, F_OK) < 0) {
+                log_warning("Another IMA custom policy has already been loaded, ignoring.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        imafd = open(IMA_SECFS_POLICY, O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (imafd < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open the IMA kernel interface "IMA_SECFS_POLICY", ignoring: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_LINE(line, input,
+                     return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read the IMA custom policy file "IMA_POLICY_PATH": %m")) {
+                size_t len;
+
+                len = strlen(line);
+                lineno++;
+
+                if (len > 0 && write(imafd, line, len) < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to load the IMA custom policy file "IMA_POLICY_PATH"%u: %m",
+                                               lineno);
+        }
+
+        log_info("Successfully loaded the IMA custom policy "IMA_POLICY_PATH".");
+#endif /* HAVE_IMA */
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/ima-setup.h b/src/libcore/ima-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3bad74b246
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/ima-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright (C) 2012 Roberto Sassu - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
+                                     TORSEC group -- http://security.polito.it
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int ima_setup(void);
diff --git a/src/libcore/job.c b/src/libcore/job.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1e2f12bba0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/job.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1249 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-id128.h>
+#include <systemd/sd-messages.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "async.h"
+#include "dbus-job.h"
+#include "dbus.h"
+#include "escape.h"
+#include "job.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "stdio-util.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+
+Job* job_new_raw(Unit *unit) {
+        Job *j;
+
+        /* used for deserialization */
+
+        assert(unit);
+
+        j = new0(Job, 1);
+        if (!j)
+                return NULL;
+
+        j->manager = unit->manager;
+        j->unit = unit;
+        j->type = _JOB_TYPE_INVALID;
+
+        return j;
+}
+
+Job* job_new(Unit *unit, JobType type) {
+        Job *j;
+
+        assert(type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        j = job_new_raw(unit);
+        if (!j)
+                return NULL;
+
+        j->id = j->manager->current_job_id++;
+        j->type = type;
+
+        /* We don't link it here, that's what job_dependency() is for */
+
+        return j;
+}
+
+void job_free(Job *j) {
+        assert(j);
+        assert(!j->installed);
+        assert(!j->transaction_prev);
+        assert(!j->transaction_next);
+        assert(!j->subject_list);
+        assert(!j->object_list);
+
+        if (j->in_run_queue)
+                LIST_REMOVE(run_queue, j->manager->run_queue, j);
+
+        if (j->in_dbus_queue)
+                LIST_REMOVE(dbus_queue, j->manager->dbus_job_queue, j);
+
+        sd_event_source_unref(j->timer_event_source);
+
+        sd_bus_track_unref(j->clients);
+        strv_free(j->deserialized_clients);
+
+        free(j);
+}
+
+static void job_set_state(Job *j, JobState state) {
+        assert(j);
+        assert(state >= 0);
+        assert(state < _JOB_STATE_MAX);
+
+        if (j->state == state)
+                return;
+
+        j->state = state;
+
+        if (!j->installed)
+                return;
+
+        if (j->state == JOB_RUNNING)
+                j->unit->manager->n_running_jobs++;
+        else {
+                assert(j->state == JOB_WAITING);
+                assert(j->unit->manager->n_running_jobs > 0);
+
+                j->unit->manager->n_running_jobs--;
+
+                if (j->unit->manager->n_running_jobs <= 0)
+                        j->unit->manager->jobs_in_progress_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(j->unit->manager->jobs_in_progress_event_source);
+        }
+}
+
+void job_uninstall(Job *j) {
+        Job **pj;
+
+        assert(j->installed);
+
+        job_set_state(j, JOB_WAITING);
+
+        pj = (j->type == JOB_NOP) ? &j->unit->nop_job : &j->unit->job;
+        assert(*pj == j);
+
+        /* Detach from next 'bigger' objects */
+
+        /* daemon-reload should be transparent to job observers */
+        if (j->manager->n_reloading <= 0)
+                bus_job_send_removed_signal(j);
+
+        *pj = NULL;
+
+        unit_add_to_gc_queue(j->unit);
+
+        hashmap_remove(j->manager->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(j->id));
+        j->installed = false;
+}
+
+static bool job_type_allows_late_merge(JobType t) {
+        /* Tells whether it is OK to merge a job of type 't' with an already
+         * running job.
+         * Reloads cannot be merged this way. Think of the sequence:
+         * 1. Reload of a daemon is in progress; the daemon has already loaded
+         *    its config file, but hasn't completed the reload operation yet.
+         * 2. Edit foo's config file.
+         * 3. Trigger another reload to have the daemon use the new config.
+         * Should the second reload job be merged into the first one, the daemon
+         * would not know about the new config.
+         * JOB_RESTART jobs on the other hand can be merged, because they get
+         * patched into JOB_START after stopping the unit. So if we see a
+         * JOB_RESTART running, it means the unit hasn't stopped yet and at
+         * this time the merge is still allowed. */
+        return t != JOB_RELOAD;
+}
+
+static void job_merge_into_installed(Job *j, Job *other) {
+        assert(j->installed);
+        assert(j->unit == other->unit);
+
+        if (j->type != JOB_NOP)
+                job_type_merge_and_collapse(&j->type, other->type, j->unit);
+        else
+                assert(other->type == JOB_NOP);
+
+        j->irreversible = j->irreversible || other->irreversible;
+        j->ignore_order = j->ignore_order || other->ignore_order;
+}
+
+Job* job_install(Job *j) {
+        Job **pj;
+        Job *uj;
+
+        assert(!j->installed);
+        assert(j->type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION);
+        assert(j->state == JOB_WAITING);
+
+        pj = (j->type == JOB_NOP) ? &j->unit->nop_job : &j->unit->job;
+        uj = *pj;
+
+        if (uj) {
+                if (job_type_is_conflicting(uj->type, j->type))
+                        job_finish_and_invalidate(uj, JOB_CANCELED, false);
+                else {
+                        /* not conflicting, i.e. mergeable */
+
+                        if (uj->state == JOB_WAITING ||
+                            (job_type_allows_late_merge(j->type) && job_type_is_superset(uj->type, j->type))) {
+                                job_merge_into_installed(uj, j);
+                                log_unit_debug(uj->unit,
+                                               "Merged into installed job %s/%s as %u",
+                                               uj->unit->id, job_type_to_string(uj->type), (unsigned) uj->id);
+                                return uj;
+                        } else {
+                                /* already running and not safe to merge into */
+                                /* Patch uj to become a merged job and re-run it. */
+                                /* XXX It should be safer to queue j to run after uj finishes, but it is
+                                 * not currently possible to have more than one installed job per unit. */
+                                job_merge_into_installed(uj, j);
+                                log_unit_debug(uj->unit,
+                                               "Merged into running job, re-running: %s/%s as %u",
+                                               uj->unit->id, job_type_to_string(uj->type), (unsigned) uj->id);
+
+                                job_set_state(uj, JOB_WAITING);
+                                return uj;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Install the job */
+        *pj = j;
+        j->installed = true;
+
+        j->manager->n_installed_jobs ++;
+        log_unit_debug(j->unit,
+                       "Installed new job %s/%s as %u",
+                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type), (unsigned) j->id);
+        return j;
+}
+
+int job_install_deserialized(Job *j) {
+        Job **pj;
+
+        assert(!j->installed);
+
+        if (j->type < 0 || j->type >= _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION) {
+                log_debug("Invalid job type %s in deserialization.", strna(job_type_to_string(j->type)));
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        pj = (j->type == JOB_NOP) ? &j->unit->nop_job : &j->unit->job;
+        if (*pj) {
+                log_unit_debug(j->unit, "Unit already has a job installed. Not installing deserialized job.");
+                return -EEXIST;
+        }
+
+        *pj = j;
+        j->installed = true;
+
+        if (j->state == JOB_RUNNING)
+                j->unit->manager->n_running_jobs++;
+
+        log_unit_debug(j->unit,
+                       "Reinstalled deserialized job %s/%s as %u",
+                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type), (unsigned) j->id);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+JobDependency* job_dependency_new(Job *subject, Job *object, bool matters, bool conflicts) {
+        JobDependency *l;
+
+        assert(object);
+
+        /* Adds a new job link, which encodes that the 'subject' job
+         * needs the 'object' job in some way. If 'subject' is NULL
+         * this means the 'anchor' job (i.e. the one the user
+         * explicitly asked for) is the requester. */
+
+        if (!(l = new0(JobDependency, 1)))
+                return NULL;
+
+        l->subject = subject;
+        l->object = object;
+        l->matters = matters;
+        l->conflicts = conflicts;
+
+        if (subject)
+                LIST_PREPEND(subject, subject->subject_list, l);
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(object, object->object_list, l);
+
+        return l;
+}
+
+void job_dependency_free(JobDependency *l) {
+        assert(l);
+
+        if (l->subject)
+                LIST_REMOVE(subject, l->subject->subject_list, l);
+
+        LIST_REMOVE(object, l->object->object_list, l);
+
+        free(l);
+}
+
+void job_dump(Job *j, FILE*f, const char *prefix) {
+        assert(j);
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (!prefix)
+                prefix = "";
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%s-> Job %u:\n"
+                "%s\tAction: %s -> %s\n"
+                "%s\tState: %s\n"
+                "%s\tIrreversible: %s\n",
+                prefix, j->id,
+                prefix, j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type),
+                prefix, job_state_to_string(j->state),
+                prefix, yes_no(j->irreversible));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Merging is commutative, so imagine the matrix as symmetric. We store only
+ * its lower triangle to avoid duplication. We don't store the main diagonal,
+ * because A merged with A is simply A.
+ *
+ * If the resulting type is collapsed immediately afterwards (to get rid of
+ * the JOB_RELOAD_OR_START, which lies outside the lookup function's domain),
+ * the following properties hold:
+ *
+ * Merging is associative! A merged with B, and then merged with C is the same
+ * as A merged with the result of B merged with C.
+ *
+ * Mergeability is transitive! If A can be merged with B and B with C then
+ * A also with C.
+ *
+ * Also, if A merged with B cannot be merged with C, then either A or B cannot
+ * be merged with C either.
+ */
+static const JobType job_merging_table[] = {
+/* What \ With       *  JOB_START         JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE  JOB_STOP JOB_RELOAD */
+/*********************************************************************************/
+/*JOB_START          */
+/*JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE  */ JOB_START,
+/*JOB_STOP           */ -1,                  -1,
+/*JOB_RELOAD         */ JOB_RELOAD_OR_START, JOB_RELOAD,          -1,
+/*JOB_RESTART        */ JOB_RESTART,         JOB_RESTART,         -1, JOB_RESTART,
+};
+
+JobType job_type_lookup_merge(JobType a, JobType b) {
+        assert_cc(ELEMENTSOF(job_merging_table) == _JOB_TYPE_MAX_MERGING * (_JOB_TYPE_MAX_MERGING - 1) / 2);
+        assert(a >= 0 && a < _JOB_TYPE_MAX_MERGING);
+        assert(b >= 0 && b < _JOB_TYPE_MAX_MERGING);
+
+        if (a == b)
+                return a;
+
+        if (a < b) {
+                JobType tmp = a;
+                a = b;
+                b = tmp;
+        }
+
+        return job_merging_table[(a - 1) * a / 2 + b];
+}
+
+bool job_type_is_redundant(JobType a, UnitActiveState b) {
+        switch (a) {
+
+        case JOB_START:
+                return
+                        b == UNIT_ACTIVE ||
+                        b == UNIT_RELOADING;
+
+        case JOB_STOP:
+                return
+                        b == UNIT_INACTIVE ||
+                        b == UNIT_FAILED;
+
+        case JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE:
+                return
+                        b == UNIT_ACTIVE ||
+                        b == UNIT_RELOADING;
+
+        case JOB_RELOAD:
+                return
+                        b == UNIT_RELOADING;
+
+        case JOB_RESTART:
+                return
+                        b == UNIT_ACTIVATING;
+
+        case JOB_NOP:
+                return true;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Invalid job type");
+        }
+}
+
+JobType job_type_collapse(JobType t, Unit *u) {
+        UnitActiveState s;
+
+        switch (t) {
+
+        case JOB_TRY_RESTART:
+                s = unit_active_state(u);
+                if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(s))
+                        return JOB_NOP;
+
+                return JOB_RESTART;
+
+        case JOB_TRY_RELOAD:
+                s = unit_active_state(u);
+                if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(s))
+                        return JOB_NOP;
+
+                return JOB_RELOAD;
+
+        case JOB_RELOAD_OR_START:
+                s = unit_active_state(u);
+                if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(s))
+                        return JOB_START;
+
+                return JOB_RELOAD;
+
+        default:
+                return t;
+        }
+}
+
+int job_type_merge_and_collapse(JobType *a, JobType b, Unit *u) {
+        JobType t;
+
+        t = job_type_lookup_merge(*a, b);
+        if (t < 0)
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        *a = job_type_collapse(t, u);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool job_is_runnable(Job *j) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(j->installed);
+
+        /* Checks whether there is any job running for the units this
+         * job needs to be running after (in the case of a 'positive'
+         * job type) or before (in the case of a 'negative' job
+         * type. */
+
+        /* Note that unit types have a say in what is runnable,
+         * too. For example, if they return -EAGAIN from
+         * unit_start() they can indicate they are not
+         * runnable yet. */
+
+        /* First check if there is an override */
+        if (j->ignore_order)
+                return true;
+
+        if (j->type == JOB_NOP)
+                return true;
+
+        if (j->type == JOB_START ||
+            j->type == JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE ||
+            j->type == JOB_RELOAD) {
+
+                /* Immediate result is that the job is or might be
+                 * started. In this case let's wait for the
+                 * dependencies, regardless whether they are
+                 * starting or stopping something. */
+
+                SET_FOREACH(other, j->unit->dependencies[UNIT_AFTER], i)
+                        if (other->job)
+                                return false;
+        }
+
+        /* Also, if something else is being stopped and we should
+         * change state after it, then let's wait. */
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, j->unit->dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE], i)
+                if (other->job &&
+                    (other->job->type == JOB_STOP ||
+                     other->job->type == JOB_RESTART))
+                        return false;
+
+        /* This means that for a service a and a service b where b
+         * shall be started after a:
+         *
+         *  start a + start b → 1st step start a, 2nd step start b
+         *  start a + stop b  → 1st step stop b,  2nd step start a
+         *  stop a  + start b → 1st step stop a,  2nd step start b
+         *  stop a  + stop b  → 1st step stop b,  2nd step stop a
+         *
+         *  This has the side effect that restarts are properly
+         *  synchronized too. */
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static void job_change_type(Job *j, JobType newtype) {
+        assert(j);
+
+        log_unit_debug(j->unit,
+                       "Converting job %s/%s -> %s/%s",
+                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type),
+                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(newtype));
+
+        j->type = newtype;
+}
+
+static int job_perform_on_unit(Job **j) {
+        uint32_t id;
+        Manager *m;
+        JobType t;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        /* While we execute this operation the job might go away (for
+         * example: because it finishes immediately or is replaced by
+         * a new, conflicting job.) To make sure we don't access a
+         * freed job later on we store the id here, so that we can
+         * verify the job is still valid. */
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(*j);
+
+        m = (*j)->manager;
+        u = (*j)->unit;
+        t = (*j)->type;
+        id = (*j)->id;
+
+        switch (t) {
+                case JOB_START:
+                        r = unit_start(u);
+                        break;
+
+                case JOB_RESTART:
+                        t = JOB_STOP;
+                        /* fall through */
+                case JOB_STOP:
+                        r = unit_stop(u);
+                        break;
+
+                case JOB_RELOAD:
+                        r = unit_reload(u);
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Invalid job type");
+        }
+
+        /* Log if the job still exists and the start/stop/reload function
+         * actually did something. */
+        *j = manager_get_job(m, id);
+        if (*j && r > 0)
+                unit_status_emit_starting_stopping_reloading(u, t);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int job_run_and_invalidate(Job *j) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(j->installed);
+        assert(j->type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION);
+        assert(j->in_run_queue);
+
+        LIST_REMOVE(run_queue, j->manager->run_queue, j);
+        j->in_run_queue = false;
+
+        if (j->state != JOB_WAITING)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!job_is_runnable(j))
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        job_set_state(j, JOB_RUNNING);
+        job_add_to_dbus_queue(j);
+
+
+        switch (j->type) {
+
+                case JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE: {
+                        UnitActiveState t = unit_active_state(j->unit);
+                        if (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(t))
+                                r = -EALREADY;
+                        else if (t == UNIT_ACTIVATING)
+                                r = -EAGAIN;
+                        else
+                                r = -EBADR;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case JOB_START:
+                case JOB_STOP:
+                case JOB_RESTART:
+                        r = job_perform_on_unit(&j);
+
+                        /* If the unit type does not support starting/stopping,
+                         * then simply wait. */
+                        if (r == -EBADR)
+                                r = 0;
+                        break;
+
+                case JOB_RELOAD:
+                        r = job_perform_on_unit(&j);
+                        break;
+
+                case JOB_NOP:
+                        r = -EALREADY;
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unknown job type");
+        }
+
+        if (j) {
+                if (r == -EALREADY)
+                        r = job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_DONE, true);
+                else if (r == -EBADR)
+                        r = job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_SKIPPED, true);
+                else if (r == -ENOEXEC)
+                        r = job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_INVALID, true);
+                else if (r == -EPROTO)
+                        r = job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_ASSERT, true);
+                else if (r == -EOPNOTSUPP)
+                        r = job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_UNSUPPORTED, true);
+                else if (r == -EAGAIN)
+                        job_set_state(j, JOB_WAITING);
+                else if (r < 0)
+                        r = job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_FAILED, true);
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *job_get_status_message_format(Unit *u, JobType t, JobResult result) {
+
+        static const char *const generic_finished_start_job[_JOB_RESULT_MAX] = {
+                [JOB_DONE]        = "Started %s.",
+                [JOB_TIMEOUT]     = "Timed out starting %s.",
+                [JOB_FAILED]      = "Failed to start %s.",
+                [JOB_DEPENDENCY]  = "Dependency failed for %s.",
+                [JOB_ASSERT]      = "Assertion failed for %s.",
+                [JOB_UNSUPPORTED] = "Starting of %s not supported.",
+        };
+        static const char *const generic_finished_stop_job[_JOB_RESULT_MAX] = {
+                [JOB_DONE]        = "Stopped %s.",
+                [JOB_FAILED]      = "Stopped (with error) %s.",
+                [JOB_TIMEOUT]     = "Timed out stoppping %s.",
+        };
+        static const char *const generic_finished_reload_job[_JOB_RESULT_MAX] = {
+                [JOB_DONE]        = "Reloaded %s.",
+                [JOB_FAILED]      = "Reload failed for %s.",
+                [JOB_TIMEOUT]     = "Timed out reloading %s.",
+        };
+        /* When verify-active detects the unit is inactive, report it.
+         * Most likely a DEPEND warning from a requisiting unit will
+         * occur next and it's nice to see what was requisited. */
+        static const char *const generic_finished_verify_active_job[_JOB_RESULT_MAX] = {
+                [JOB_SKIPPED]     = "%s is not active.",
+        };
+
+        const UnitStatusMessageFormats *format_table;
+        const char *format;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(t >= 0);
+        assert(t < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        if (IN_SET(t, JOB_START, JOB_STOP, JOB_RESTART)) {
+                format_table = &UNIT_VTABLE(u)->status_message_formats;
+                if (format_table) {
+                        format = t == JOB_START ? format_table->finished_start_job[result] :
+                                                  format_table->finished_stop_job[result];
+                        if (format)
+                                return format;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Return generic strings */
+        if (t == JOB_START)
+                return generic_finished_start_job[result];
+        else if (t == JOB_STOP || t == JOB_RESTART)
+                return generic_finished_stop_job[result];
+        else if (t == JOB_RELOAD)
+                return generic_finished_reload_job[result];
+        else if (t == JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE)
+                return generic_finished_verify_active_job[result];
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static void job_print_status_message(Unit *u, JobType t, JobResult result) {
+        static const char* const job_result_status_table[_JOB_RESULT_MAX] = {
+                [JOB_DONE]        = ANSI_GREEN            "  OK  " ANSI_NORMAL,
+                [JOB_TIMEOUT]     = ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED    " TIME " ANSI_NORMAL,
+                [JOB_FAILED]      = ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED    "FAILED" ANSI_NORMAL,
+                [JOB_DEPENDENCY]  = ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_YELLOW "DEPEND" ANSI_NORMAL,
+                [JOB_SKIPPED]     = ANSI_HIGHLIGHT        " INFO " ANSI_NORMAL,
+                [JOB_ASSERT]      = ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_YELLOW "ASSERT" ANSI_NORMAL,
+                [JOB_UNSUPPORTED] = ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_YELLOW "UNSUPP" ANSI_NORMAL,
+        };
+
+        const char *format;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(t >= 0);
+        assert(t < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        /* Reload status messages have traditionally not been printed to console. */
+        if (t == JOB_RELOAD)
+                return;
+
+        format = job_get_status_message_format(u, t, result);
+        if (!format)
+                return;
+
+        if (result != JOB_DONE)
+                manager_flip_auto_status(u->manager, true);
+
+        DISABLE_WARNING_FORMAT_NONLITERAL;
+        unit_status_printf(u, job_result_status_table[result], format);
+        REENABLE_WARNING;
+
+        if (t == JOB_START && result == JOB_FAILED) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *quoted;
+
+                quoted = shell_maybe_quote(u->id);
+                manager_status_printf(u->manager, STATUS_TYPE_NORMAL, NULL, "See 'systemctl status %s' for details.", strna(quoted));
+        }
+}
+
+static void job_log_status_message(Unit *u, JobType t, JobResult result) {
+        const char *format;
+        char buf[LINE_MAX];
+        sd_id128_t mid;
+        static const int job_result_log_level[_JOB_RESULT_MAX] = {
+                [JOB_DONE]        = LOG_INFO,
+                [JOB_CANCELED]    = LOG_INFO,
+                [JOB_TIMEOUT]     = LOG_ERR,
+                [JOB_FAILED]      = LOG_ERR,
+                [JOB_DEPENDENCY]  = LOG_WARNING,
+                [JOB_SKIPPED]     = LOG_NOTICE,
+                [JOB_INVALID]     = LOG_INFO,
+                [JOB_ASSERT]      = LOG_WARNING,
+                [JOB_UNSUPPORTED] = LOG_WARNING,
+        };
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(t >= 0);
+        assert(t < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        /* Skip this if it goes to the console. since we already print
+         * to the console anyway... */
+
+        if (log_on_console())
+                return;
+
+        format = job_get_status_message_format(u, t, result);
+        if (!format)
+                return;
+
+        DISABLE_WARNING_FORMAT_NONLITERAL;
+        xsprintf(buf, format, unit_description(u));
+        REENABLE_WARNING;
+
+        switch (t) {
+
+        case JOB_START:
+                mid = result == JOB_DONE ? SD_MESSAGE_UNIT_STARTED : SD_MESSAGE_UNIT_FAILED;
+                break;
+
+        case JOB_RELOAD:
+                mid = SD_MESSAGE_UNIT_RELOADED;
+                break;
+
+        case JOB_STOP:
+        case JOB_RESTART:
+                mid = SD_MESSAGE_UNIT_STOPPED;
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                log_struct(job_result_log_level[result],
+                           LOG_UNIT_ID(u),
+                           LOG_MESSAGE("%s", buf),
+                           "RESULT=%s", job_result_to_string(result),
+                           NULL);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        log_struct(job_result_log_level[result],
+                   LOG_MESSAGE_ID(mid),
+                   LOG_UNIT_ID(u),
+                   LOG_MESSAGE("%s", buf),
+                   "RESULT=%s", job_result_to_string(result),
+                   NULL);
+}
+
+static void job_emit_status_message(Unit *u, JobType t, JobResult result) {
+
+        /* No message if the job did not actually do anything due to failed condition. */
+        if (t == JOB_START && result == JOB_DONE && !u->condition_result)
+                return;
+
+        job_log_status_message(u, t, result);
+        job_print_status_message(u, t, result);
+}
+
+static void job_fail_dependencies(Unit *u, UnitDependency d) {
+        Unit *other;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[d], i) {
+                Job *j = other->job;
+
+                if (!j)
+                        continue;
+                if (!IN_SET(j->type, JOB_START, JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE))
+                        continue;
+
+                job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_DEPENDENCY, true);
+        }
+}
+
+int job_finish_and_invalidate(Job *j, JobResult result, bool recursive) {
+        Unit *u;
+        Unit *other;
+        JobType t;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(j->installed);
+        assert(j->type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION);
+
+        u = j->unit;
+        t = j->type;
+
+        j->result = result;
+
+        log_unit_debug(u, "Job %s/%s finished, result=%s", u->id, job_type_to_string(t), job_result_to_string(result));
+
+        job_emit_status_message(u, t, result);
+
+        job_add_to_dbus_queue(j);
+
+        /* Patch restart jobs so that they become normal start jobs */
+        if (result == JOB_DONE && t == JOB_RESTART) {
+
+                job_change_type(j, JOB_START);
+                job_set_state(j, JOB_WAITING);
+
+                job_add_to_run_queue(j);
+
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (result == JOB_FAILED || result == JOB_INVALID)
+                j->manager->n_failed_jobs ++;
+
+        job_uninstall(j);
+        job_free(j);
+
+        /* Fail depending jobs on failure */
+        if (result != JOB_DONE && recursive) {
+                if (IN_SET(t, JOB_START, JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE)) {
+                        job_fail_dependencies(u, UNIT_REQUIRED_BY);
+                        job_fail_dependencies(u, UNIT_REQUISITE_OF);
+                        job_fail_dependencies(u, UNIT_BOUND_BY);
+                } else if (t == JOB_STOP)
+                        job_fail_dependencies(u, UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY);
+        }
+
+        /* Trigger OnFailure dependencies that are not generated by
+         * the unit itself. We don't treat JOB_CANCELED as failure in
+         * this context. And JOB_FAILURE is already handled by the
+         * unit itself. */
+        if (result == JOB_TIMEOUT || result == JOB_DEPENDENCY) {
+                log_struct(LOG_NOTICE,
+                           "JOB_TYPE=%s", job_type_to_string(t),
+                           "JOB_RESULT=%s", job_result_to_string(result),
+                           LOG_UNIT_ID(u),
+                           LOG_UNIT_MESSAGE(u, "Job %s/%s failed with result '%s'.",
+                                            u->id,
+                                            job_type_to_string(t),
+                                            job_result_to_string(result)),
+                           NULL);
+
+                unit_start_on_failure(u);
+        }
+
+        unit_trigger_notify(u);
+
+finish:
+        /* Try to start the next jobs that can be started */
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_AFTER], i)
+                if (other->job)
+                        job_add_to_run_queue(other->job);
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE], i)
+                if (other->job)
+                        job_add_to_run_queue(other->job);
+
+        manager_check_finished(u->manager);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int job_dispatch_timer(sd_event_source *s, uint64_t monotonic, void *userdata) {
+        Job *j = userdata;
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(s == j->timer_event_source);
+
+        log_unit_warning(j->unit, "Job %s/%s timed out.", j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+
+        u = j->unit;
+        job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_TIMEOUT, true);
+
+        failure_action(u->manager, u->job_timeout_action, u->job_timeout_reboot_arg);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int job_start_timer(Job *j) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (j->timer_event_source)
+                return 0;
+
+        j->begin_usec = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+        if (j->unit->job_timeout == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_event_add_time(
+                        j->manager->event,
+                        &j->timer_event_source,
+                        CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
+                        usec_add(j->begin_usec, j->unit->job_timeout), 0,
+                        job_dispatch_timer, j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(j->timer_event_source, "job-start");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void job_add_to_run_queue(Job *j) {
+        assert(j);
+        assert(j->installed);
+
+        if (j->in_run_queue)
+                return;
+
+        if (!j->manager->run_queue)
+                sd_event_source_set_enabled(j->manager->run_queue_event_source, SD_EVENT_ONESHOT);
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(run_queue, j->manager->run_queue, j);
+        j->in_run_queue = true;
+}
+
+void job_add_to_dbus_queue(Job *j) {
+        assert(j);
+        assert(j->installed);
+
+        if (j->in_dbus_queue)
+                return;
+
+        /* We don't check if anybody is subscribed here, since this
+         * job might just have been created and not yet assigned to a
+         * connection/client. */
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(dbus_queue, j->manager->dbus_job_queue, j);
+        j->in_dbus_queue = true;
+}
+
+char *job_dbus_path(Job *j) {
+        char *p;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        if (asprintf(&p, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/job/%"PRIu32, j->id) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return p;
+}
+
+int job_serialize(Job *j, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        fprintf(f, "job-id=%u\n", j->id);
+        fprintf(f, "job-type=%s\n", job_type_to_string(j->type));
+        fprintf(f, "job-state=%s\n", job_state_to_string(j->state));
+        fprintf(f, "job-irreversible=%s\n", yes_no(j->irreversible));
+        fprintf(f, "job-sent-dbus-new-signal=%s\n", yes_no(j->sent_dbus_new_signal));
+        fprintf(f, "job-ignore-order=%s\n", yes_no(j->ignore_order));
+
+        if (j->begin_usec > 0)
+                fprintf(f, "job-begin="USEC_FMT"\n", j->begin_usec);
+
+        bus_track_serialize(j->clients, f);
+
+        /* End marker */
+        fputc('\n', f);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int job_deserialize(Job *j, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        assert(j);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char line[LINE_MAX], *l, *v;
+                size_t k;
+
+                if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                return 0;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                char_array_0(line);
+                l = strstrip(line);
+
+                /* End marker */
+                if (l[0] == 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                k = strcspn(l, "=");
+
+                if (l[k] == '=') {
+                        l[k] = 0;
+                        v = l+k+1;
+                } else
+                        v = l+k;
+
+                if (streq(l, "job-id")) {
+
+                        if (safe_atou32(v, &j->id) < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse job id value %s", v);
+
+                } else if (streq(l, "job-type")) {
+                        JobType t;
+
+                        t = job_type_from_string(v);
+                        if (t < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse job type %s", v);
+                        else if (t >= _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION)
+                                log_debug("Cannot deserialize job of type %s", v);
+                        else
+                                j->type = t;
+
+                } else if (streq(l, "job-state")) {
+                        JobState s;
+
+                        s = job_state_from_string(v);
+                        if (s < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse job state %s", v);
+                        else
+                                job_set_state(j, s);
+
+                } else if (streq(l, "job-irreversible")) {
+                        int b;
+
+                        b = parse_boolean(v);
+                        if (b < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse job irreversible flag %s", v);
+                        else
+                                j->irreversible = j->irreversible || b;
+
+                } else if (streq(l, "job-sent-dbus-new-signal")) {
+                        int b;
+
+                        b = parse_boolean(v);
+                        if (b < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse job sent_dbus_new_signal flag %s", v);
+                        else
+                                j->sent_dbus_new_signal = j->sent_dbus_new_signal || b;
+
+                } else if (streq(l, "job-ignore-order")) {
+                        int b;
+
+                        b = parse_boolean(v);
+                        if (b < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse job ignore_order flag %s", v);
+                        else
+                                j->ignore_order = j->ignore_order || b;
+
+                } else if (streq(l, "job-begin")) {
+                        unsigned long long ull;
+
+                        if (sscanf(v, "%llu", &ull) != 1)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse job-begin value %s", v);
+                        else
+                                j->begin_usec = ull;
+
+                } else if (streq(l, "subscribed")) {
+
+                        if (strv_extend(&j->deserialized_clients, v) < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+int job_coldplug(Job *j) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        /* After deserialization is complete and the bus connection
+         * set up again, let's start watching our subscribers again */
+        r = bus_track_coldplug(j->manager, &j->clients, &j->deserialized_clients);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (j->state == JOB_WAITING)
+                job_add_to_run_queue(j);
+
+        if (j->begin_usec == 0 || j->unit->job_timeout == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+
+        j->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(j->timer_event_source);
+
+        r = sd_event_add_time(
+                        j->manager->event,
+                        &j->timer_event_source,
+                        CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
+                        usec_add(j->begin_usec, j->unit->job_timeout), 0,
+                        job_dispatch_timer, j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to restart timeout for job: %m");
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(j->timer_event_source, "job-timeout");
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+void job_shutdown_magic(Job *j) {
+        assert(j);
+
+        /* The shutdown target gets some special treatment here: we
+         * tell the kernel to begin with flushing its disk caches, to
+         * optimize shutdown time a bit. Ideally we wouldn't hardcode
+         * this magic into PID 1. However all other processes aren't
+         * options either since they'd exit much sooner than PID 1 and
+         * asynchronous sync() would cause their exit to be
+         * delayed. */
+
+        if (j->type != JOB_START)
+                return;
+
+        if (j->unit->manager->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return;
+
+        if (!unit_has_name(j->unit, SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET))
+                return;
+
+        /* In case messages on console has been disabled on boot */
+        j->unit->manager->no_console_output = false;
+
+        if (detect_container() > 0)
+                return;
+
+        asynchronous_sync();
+}
+
+int job_get_timeout(Job *j, usec_t *timeout) {
+        usec_t x = USEC_INFINITY, y = USEC_INFINITY;
+        Unit *u = j->unit;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (j->timer_event_source) {
+                r = sd_event_source_get_time(j->timer_event_source, &x);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->get_timeout) {
+                r = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->get_timeout(u, &y);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (x == USEC_INFINITY && y == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+
+        *timeout = MIN(x, y);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static const char* const job_state_table[_JOB_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [JOB_WAITING] = "waiting",
+        [JOB_RUNNING] = "running"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(job_state, JobState);
+
+static const char* const job_type_table[_JOB_TYPE_MAX] = {
+        [JOB_START] = "start",
+        [JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE] = "verify-active",
+        [JOB_STOP] = "stop",
+        [JOB_RELOAD] = "reload",
+        [JOB_RELOAD_OR_START] = "reload-or-start",
+        [JOB_RESTART] = "restart",
+        [JOB_TRY_RESTART] = "try-restart",
+        [JOB_TRY_RELOAD] = "try-reload",
+        [JOB_NOP] = "nop",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(job_type, JobType);
+
+static const char* const job_mode_table[_JOB_MODE_MAX] = {
+        [JOB_FAIL] = "fail",
+        [JOB_REPLACE] = "replace",
+        [JOB_REPLACE_IRREVERSIBLY] = "replace-irreversibly",
+        [JOB_ISOLATE] = "isolate",
+        [JOB_FLUSH] = "flush",
+        [JOB_IGNORE_DEPENDENCIES] = "ignore-dependencies",
+        [JOB_IGNORE_REQUIREMENTS] = "ignore-requirements",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(job_mode, JobMode);
+
+static const char* const job_result_table[_JOB_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [JOB_DONE] = "done",
+        [JOB_CANCELED] = "canceled",
+        [JOB_TIMEOUT] = "timeout",
+        [JOB_FAILED] = "failed",
+        [JOB_DEPENDENCY] = "dependency",
+        [JOB_SKIPPED] = "skipped",
+        [JOB_INVALID] = "invalid",
+        [JOB_ASSERT] = "assert",
+        [JOB_UNSUPPORTED] = "unsupported",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(job_result, JobResult);
+
+const char* job_type_to_access_method(JobType t) {
+        assert(t >= 0);
+        assert(t < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        if (IN_SET(t, JOB_START, JOB_RESTART, JOB_TRY_RESTART))
+                return "start";
+        else if (t == JOB_STOP)
+                return "stop";
+        else
+                return "reload";
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/job.h b/src/libcore/job.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de130303d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/job.h
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-event.h>
+
+#include "list.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+
+typedef struct Job Job;
+typedef struct JobDependency JobDependency;
+typedef enum JobType JobType;
+typedef enum JobState JobState;
+typedef enum JobMode JobMode;
+typedef enum JobResult JobResult;
+
+/* Be careful when changing the job types! Adjust job_merging_table[] accordingly! */
+enum JobType {
+        JOB_START,                  /* if a unit does not support being started, we'll just wait until it becomes active */
+        JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE,
+
+        JOB_STOP,
+
+        JOB_RELOAD,                 /* if running, reload */
+
+        /* Note that restarts are first treated like JOB_STOP, but
+         * then instead of finishing are patched to become
+         * JOB_START. */
+        JOB_RESTART,                /* If running, stop. Then start unconditionally. */
+
+        _JOB_TYPE_MAX_MERGING,
+
+        /* JOB_NOP can enter into a transaction, but as it won't pull in
+         * any dependencies and it uses the special 'nop_job' slot in Unit,
+         * it won't have to merge with anything (except possibly into another
+         * JOB_NOP, previously installed). JOB_NOP is special-cased in
+         * job_type_is_*() functions so that the transaction can be
+         * activated. */
+        JOB_NOP = _JOB_TYPE_MAX_MERGING, /* do nothing */
+
+        _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION,
+
+        /* JOB_TRY_RESTART can never appear in a transaction, because
+         * it always collapses into JOB_RESTART or JOB_NOP before entering.
+         * Thus we never need to merge it with anything. */
+        JOB_TRY_RESTART = _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION, /* if running, stop and then start */
+
+        /* Similar to JOB_TRY_RESTART but collapses to JOB_RELOAD or JOB_NOP */
+        JOB_TRY_RELOAD,
+
+        /* JOB_RELOAD_OR_START won't enter into a transaction and cannot result
+         * from transaction merging (there's no way for JOB_RELOAD and
+         * JOB_START to meet in one transaction). It can result from a merge
+         * during job installation, but then it will immediately collapse into
+         * one of the two simpler types. */
+        JOB_RELOAD_OR_START,        /* if running, reload, otherwise start */
+
+        _JOB_TYPE_MAX,
+        _JOB_TYPE_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+enum JobState {
+        JOB_WAITING,
+        JOB_RUNNING,
+        _JOB_STATE_MAX,
+        _JOB_STATE_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+enum JobMode {
+        JOB_FAIL,                /* Fail if a conflicting job is already queued */
+        JOB_REPLACE,             /* Replace an existing conflicting job */
+        JOB_REPLACE_IRREVERSIBLY,/* Like JOB_REPLACE + produce irreversible jobs */
+        JOB_ISOLATE,             /* Start a unit, and stop all others */
+        JOB_FLUSH,               /* Flush out all other queued jobs when queing this one */
+        JOB_IGNORE_DEPENDENCIES, /* Ignore both requirement and ordering dependencies */
+        JOB_IGNORE_REQUIREMENTS, /* Ignore requirement dependencies */
+        _JOB_MODE_MAX,
+        _JOB_MODE_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+enum JobResult {
+        JOB_DONE,                /* Job completed successfully */
+        JOB_CANCELED,            /* Job canceled by a conflicting job installation or by explicit cancel request */
+        JOB_TIMEOUT,             /* Job timeout elapsed */
+        JOB_FAILED,              /* Job failed */
+        JOB_DEPENDENCY,          /* A required dependency job did not result in JOB_DONE */
+        JOB_SKIPPED,             /* Negative result of JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE */
+        JOB_INVALID,             /* JOB_RELOAD of inactive unit */
+        JOB_ASSERT,              /* Couldn't start a unit, because an assert didn't hold */
+        JOB_UNSUPPORTED,         /* Couldn't start a unit, because the unit type is not supported on the system */
+        _JOB_RESULT_MAX,
+        _JOB_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+struct JobDependency {
+        /* Encodes that the 'subject' job needs the 'object' job in
+         * some way. This structure is used only while building a transaction. */
+        Job *subject;
+        Job *object;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(JobDependency, subject);
+        LIST_FIELDS(JobDependency, object);
+
+        bool matters;
+        bool conflicts;
+};
+
+struct Job {
+        Manager *manager;
+        Unit *unit;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(Job, transaction);
+        LIST_FIELDS(Job, run_queue);
+        LIST_FIELDS(Job, dbus_queue);
+
+        LIST_HEAD(JobDependency, subject_list);
+        LIST_HEAD(JobDependency, object_list);
+
+        /* Used for graph algs as a "I have been here" marker */
+        Job* marker;
+        unsigned generation;
+
+        uint32_t id;
+
+        JobType type;
+        JobState state;
+
+        sd_event_source *timer_event_source;
+        usec_t begin_usec;
+
+        /*
+         * This tracks where to send signals, and also which clients
+         * are allowed to call DBus methods on the job (other than
+         * root).
+         *
+         * There can be more than one client, because of job merging.
+         */
+        sd_bus_track *clients;
+        char **deserialized_clients;
+
+        JobResult result;
+
+        bool installed:1;
+        bool in_run_queue:1;
+        bool matters_to_anchor:1;
+        bool in_dbus_queue:1;
+        bool sent_dbus_new_signal:1;
+        bool ignore_order:1;
+        bool irreversible:1;
+};
+
+Job* job_new(Unit *unit, JobType type);
+Job* job_new_raw(Unit *unit);
+void job_free(Job *job);
+Job* job_install(Job *j);
+int job_install_deserialized(Job *j);
+void job_uninstall(Job *j);
+void job_dump(Job *j, FILE*f, const char *prefix);
+int job_serialize(Job *j, FILE *f, FDSet *fds);
+int job_deserialize(Job *j, FILE *f, FDSet *fds);
+int job_coldplug(Job *j);
+
+JobDependency* job_dependency_new(Job *subject, Job *object, bool matters, bool conflicts);
+void job_dependency_free(JobDependency *l);
+
+int job_merge(Job *j, Job *other);
+
+JobType job_type_lookup_merge(JobType a, JobType b) _pure_;
+
+_pure_ static inline bool job_type_is_mergeable(JobType a, JobType b) {
+        return job_type_lookup_merge(a, b) >= 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static inline bool job_type_is_conflicting(JobType a, JobType b) {
+        return a != JOB_NOP && b != JOB_NOP && !job_type_is_mergeable(a, b);
+}
+
+_pure_ static inline bool job_type_is_superset(JobType a, JobType b) {
+        /* Checks whether operation a is a "superset" of b in its actions */
+        if (b == JOB_NOP)
+                return true;
+        if (a == JOB_NOP)
+                return false;
+        return a == job_type_lookup_merge(a, b);
+}
+
+bool job_type_is_redundant(JobType a, UnitActiveState b) _pure_;
+
+/* Collapses a state-dependent job type into a simpler type by observing
+ * the state of the unit which it is going to be applied to. */
+JobType job_type_collapse(JobType t, Unit *u);
+
+int job_type_merge_and_collapse(JobType *a, JobType b, Unit *u);
+
+void job_add_to_run_queue(Job *j);
+void job_add_to_dbus_queue(Job *j);
+
+int job_start_timer(Job *j);
+
+int job_run_and_invalidate(Job *j);
+int job_finish_and_invalidate(Job *j, JobResult result, bool recursive);
+
+char *job_dbus_path(Job *j);
+
+void job_shutdown_magic(Job *j);
+
+int job_get_timeout(Job *j, usec_t *timeout) _pure_;
+
+const char* job_type_to_string(JobType t) _const_;
+JobType job_type_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* job_state_to_string(JobState t) _const_;
+JobState job_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* job_mode_to_string(JobMode t) _const_;
+JobMode job_mode_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* job_result_to_string(JobResult t) _const_;
+JobResult job_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* job_type_to_access_method(JobType t);
diff --git a/src/libcore/kill.c b/src/libcore/kill.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6854587d54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/kill.c
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "kill.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+void kill_context_init(KillContext *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        c->kill_signal = SIGTERM;
+        c->send_sigkill = true;
+        c->send_sighup = false;
+}
+
+void kill_context_dump(KillContext *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (!prefix)
+                prefix = "";
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sKillMode: %s\n"
+                "%sKillSignal: SIG%s\n"
+                "%sSendSIGKILL: %s\n"
+                "%sSendSIGHUP:  %s\n",
+                prefix, kill_mode_to_string(c->kill_mode),
+                prefix, signal_to_string(c->kill_signal),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->send_sigkill),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->send_sighup));
+}
+
+static const char* const kill_mode_table[_KILL_MODE_MAX] = {
+        [KILL_CONTROL_GROUP] = "control-group",
+        [KILL_PROCESS] = "process",
+        [KILL_MIXED] = "mixed",
+        [KILL_NONE] = "none"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(kill_mode, KillMode);
+
+static const char* const kill_who_table[_KILL_WHO_MAX] = {
+        [KILL_MAIN] = "main",
+        [KILL_CONTROL] = "control",
+        [KILL_ALL] = "all",
+        [KILL_MAIN_FAIL] = "main-fail",
+        [KILL_CONTROL_FAIL] = "control-fail",
+        [KILL_ALL_FAIL] = "all-fail"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(kill_who, KillWho);
diff --git a/src/libcore/kill.h b/src/libcore/kill.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3d2056cb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/kill.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct KillContext KillContext;
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+
+typedef enum KillMode {
+        /* The kill mode is a property of a unit. */
+        KILL_CONTROL_GROUP = 0,
+        KILL_PROCESS,
+        KILL_MIXED,
+        KILL_NONE,
+        _KILL_MODE_MAX,
+        _KILL_MODE_INVALID = -1
+} KillMode;
+
+struct KillContext {
+        KillMode kill_mode;
+        int kill_signal;
+        bool send_sigkill;
+        bool send_sighup;
+};
+
+typedef enum KillWho {
+        /* Kill who is a property of an operation */
+        KILL_MAIN,
+        KILL_CONTROL,
+        KILL_ALL,
+        KILL_MAIN_FAIL,
+        KILL_CONTROL_FAIL,
+        KILL_ALL_FAIL,
+        _KILL_WHO_MAX,
+        _KILL_WHO_INVALID = -1
+} KillWho;
+
+void kill_context_init(KillContext *c);
+void kill_context_dump(KillContext *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+
+const char *kill_mode_to_string(KillMode k) _const_;
+KillMode kill_mode_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char *kill_who_to_string(KillWho k) _const_;
+KillWho kill_who_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libcore/killall.c b/src/libcore/killall.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09378f7085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/killall.c
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 ProFUSION embedded systems
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "killall.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#define TIMEOUT_USEC (10 * USEC_PER_SEC)
+
+static bool ignore_proc(pid_t pid, bool warn_rootfs) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        char c;
+        const char *p;
+        size_t count;
+        uid_t uid;
+        int r;
+
+        /* We are PID 1, let's not commit suicide */
+        if (pid == 1)
+                return true;
+
+        r = get_process_uid(pid, &uid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return true; /* not really, but better safe than sorry */
+
+        /* Non-root processes otherwise are always subject to be killed */
+        if (uid != 0)
+                return false;
+
+        p = procfs_file_alloca(pid, "cmdline");
+        f = fopen(p, "re");
+        if (!f)
+                return true; /* not really, but has the desired effect */
+
+        count = fread(&c, 1, 1, f);
+
+        /* Kernel threads have an empty cmdline */
+        if (count <= 0)
+                return true;
+
+        /* Processes with argv[0][0] = '@' we ignore from the killing
+         * spree.
+         *
+         * http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/RootStorageDaemons */
+        if (c == '@' && warn_rootfs) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *comm = NULL;
+
+                r = pid_from_same_root_fs(pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return true;
+
+                get_process_comm(pid, &comm);
+
+                if (r)
+                        log_notice("Process " PID_FMT " (%s) has been been marked to be excluded from killing. It is "
+                                   "running from the root file system, and thus likely to block re-mounting of the "
+                                   "root file system to read-only. Please consider moving it into an initrd file "
+                                   "system instead.", pid, strna(comm));
+                return true;
+        } else if (c == '@')
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static void wait_for_children(Set *pids, sigset_t *mask) {
+        usec_t until;
+
+        assert(mask);
+
+        if (set_isempty(pids))
+                return;
+
+        until = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) + TIMEOUT_USEC;
+        for (;;) {
+                struct timespec ts;
+                int k;
+                usec_t n;
+                void *p;
+                Iterator i;
+
+                /* First, let the kernel inform us about killed
+                 * children. Most processes will probably be our
+                 * children, but some are not (might be our
+                 * grandchildren instead...). */
+                for (;;) {
+                        pid_t pid;
+
+                        pid = waitpid(-1, NULL, WNOHANG);
+                        if (pid == 0)
+                                break;
+                        if (pid < 0) {
+                                if (errno == ECHILD)
+                                        break;
+
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "waitpid() failed: %m");
+                                return;
+                        }
+
+                        (void) set_remove(pids, PID_TO_PTR(pid));
+                }
+
+                /* Now explicitly check who might be remaining, who
+                 * might not be our child. */
+                SET_FOREACH(p, pids, i) {
+
+                        /* We misuse getpgid as a check whether a
+                         * process still exists. */
+                        if (getpgid(PTR_TO_PID(p)) >= 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (errno != ESRCH)
+                                continue;
+
+                        set_remove(pids, p);
+                }
+
+                if (set_isempty(pids))
+                        return;
+
+                n = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+                if (n >= until)
+                        return;
+
+                timespec_store(&ts, until - n);
+                k = sigtimedwait(mask, NULL, &ts);
+                if (k != SIGCHLD) {
+
+                        if (k < 0 && errno != EAGAIN) {
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "sigtimedwait() failed: %m");
+                                return;
+                        }
+
+                        if (k >= 0)
+                                log_warning("sigtimedwait() returned unexpected signal.");
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+static int killall(int sig, Set *pids, bool send_sighup) {
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *dir = NULL;
+        struct dirent *d;
+
+        dir = opendir("/proc");
+        if (!dir)
+                return -errno;
+
+        while ((d = readdir(dir))) {
+                pid_t pid;
+                int r;
+
+                if (d->d_type != DT_DIR &&
+                    d->d_type != DT_UNKNOWN)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (parse_pid(d->d_name, &pid) < 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (ignore_proc(pid, sig == SIGKILL && !in_initrd()))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (sig == SIGKILL) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+
+                        get_process_comm(pid, &s);
+                        log_notice("Sending SIGKILL to PID "PID_FMT" (%s).", pid, strna(s));
+                }
+
+                if (kill(pid, sig) >= 0) {
+                        if (pids) {
+                                r = set_put(pids, PID_TO_PTR(pid));
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        log_oom();
+                        }
+                } else if (errno != ENOENT)
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Could not kill %d: %m", pid);
+
+                if (send_sighup) {
+                        /* Optionally, also send a SIGHUP signal, but
+                        only if the process has a controlling
+                        tty. This is useful to allow handling of
+                        shells which ignore SIGTERM but react to
+                        SIGHUP. We do not send this to processes that
+                        have no controlling TTY since we don't want to
+                        trigger reloads of daemon processes. Also we
+                        make sure to only send this after SIGTERM so
+                        that SIGTERM is always first in the queue. */
+
+
+                        if (get_ctty_devnr(pid, NULL) >= 0)
+                                kill(pid, SIGHUP);
+                }
+        }
+
+        return set_size(pids);
+}
+
+void broadcast_signal(int sig, bool wait_for_exit, bool send_sighup) {
+        sigset_t mask, oldmask;
+        _cleanup_set_free_ Set *pids = NULL;
+
+        if (wait_for_exit)
+                pids = set_new(NULL);
+
+        assert_se(sigemptyset(&mask) == 0);
+        assert_se(sigaddset(&mask, SIGCHLD) == 0);
+        assert_se(sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, &oldmask) == 0);
+
+        if (kill(-1, SIGSTOP) < 0 && errno != ESRCH)
+                log_warning_errno(errno, "kill(-1, SIGSTOP) failed: %m");
+
+        killall(sig, pids, send_sighup);
+
+        if (kill(-1, SIGCONT) < 0 && errno != ESRCH)
+                log_warning_errno(errno, "kill(-1, SIGCONT) failed: %m");
+
+        if (wait_for_exit)
+                wait_for_children(pids, &mask);
+
+        assert_se(sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &oldmask, NULL) == 0);
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/killall.h b/src/libcore/killall.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..acc2439f00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/killall.h
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+void broadcast_signal(int sig, bool wait_for_exit, bool send_sighup);
diff --git a/src/libcore/kmod-setup.c b/src/libcore/kmod-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3503db52ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/kmod-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_KMOD
+#include <libkmod.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "capability-util.h"
+#include "kmod-setup.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_KMOD
+static void systemd_kmod_log(
+                void *data,
+                int priority,
+                const char *file, int line,
+                const char *fn,
+                const char *format,
+                va_list args) {
+
+        /* library logging is enabled at debug only */
+        DISABLE_WARNING_FORMAT_NONLITERAL;
+        log_internalv(LOG_DEBUG, 0, file, line, fn, format, args);
+        REENABLE_WARNING;
+}
+#endif
+
+int kmod_setup(void) {
+#ifdef HAVE_KMOD
+
+        static const struct {
+                const char *module;
+                const char *path;
+                bool warn_if_unavailable:1;
+                bool warn_if_module:1;
+                bool (*condition_fn)(void);
+        } kmod_table[] = {
+                /* auto-loading on use doesn't work before udev is up */
+                { "autofs4",   "/sys/class/misc/autofs",    true,   false,   NULL      },
+
+                /* early configure of ::1 on the loopback device */
+                { "ipv6",      "/sys/module/ipv6",          false,  true,    NULL      },
+
+                /* this should never be a module */
+                { "unix",      "/proc/net/unix",            true,   true,    NULL      },
+
+                /* IPC is needed before we bring up any other services */
+                { "kdbus",     "/sys/fs/kdbus",             false,  false,   is_kdbus_wanted },
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBIPTC
+                /* netfilter is needed by networkd, nspawn among others, and cannot be autoloaded */
+                { "ip_tables", "/proc/net/ip_tables_names", false,  false,   NULL      },
+#endif
+        };
+        struct kmod_ctx *ctx = NULL;
+        unsigned int i;
+        int r;
+
+        if (have_effective_cap(CAP_SYS_MODULE) == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(kmod_table); i++) {
+                struct kmod_module *mod;
+
+                if (kmod_table[i].path && access(kmod_table[i].path, F_OK) >= 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (kmod_table[i].condition_fn && !kmod_table[i].condition_fn())
+                        continue;
+
+                if (kmod_table[i].warn_if_module)
+                        log_debug("Your kernel apparently lacks built-in %s support. Might be "
+                                  "a good idea to compile it in. We'll now try to work around "
+                                  "this by loading the module...", kmod_table[i].module);
+
+                if (!ctx) {
+                        ctx = kmod_new(NULL, NULL);
+                        if (!ctx)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        kmod_set_log_fn(ctx, systemd_kmod_log, NULL);
+                        kmod_load_resources(ctx);
+                }
+
+                r = kmod_module_new_from_name(ctx, kmod_table[i].module, &mod);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to lookup module '%s'", kmod_table[i].module);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = kmod_module_probe_insert_module(mod, KMOD_PROBE_APPLY_BLACKLIST, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        log_debug("Inserted module '%s'", kmod_module_get_name(mod));
+                else if (r == KMOD_PROBE_APPLY_BLACKLIST)
+                        log_info("Module '%s' is blacklisted", kmod_module_get_name(mod));
+                else {
+                        bool print_warning = kmod_table[i].warn_if_unavailable || (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT);
+
+                        log_full_errno(print_warning ? LOG_WARNING : LOG_DEBUG, r,
+                                       "Failed to insert module '%s': %m", kmod_module_get_name(mod));
+                }
+
+                kmod_module_unref(mod);
+        }
+
+        if (ctx)
+                kmod_unref(ctx);
+
+#endif
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/kmod-setup.h b/src/libcore/kmod-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..685f4df301
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/kmod-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int kmod_setup(void);
diff --git a/src/libcore/linux/auto_dev-ioctl.h b/src/libcore/linux/auto_dev-ioctl.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aeaeb3ea7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/linux/auto_dev-ioctl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2008 Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright 2008 Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
+ *
+ * This file is part of the Linux kernel and is made available under
+ * the terms of the GNU General Public License, version 2, or at your
+ * option, any later version, incorporated herein by reference.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LINUX_AUTO_DEV_IOCTL_H
+#define _LINUX_AUTO_DEV_IOCTL_H
+
+#include <linux/auto_fs.h>
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+#include <linux/string.h>
+#else
+#include <string.h>
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEVICE_NAME		"autofs"
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_VERSION_MAJOR	1
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_VERSION_MINOR	0
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEVID_LEN		16
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_SIZE		sizeof(struct autofs_dev_ioctl)
+
+/*
+ * An ioctl interface for autofs mount point control.
+ */
+
+struct args_protover {
+	__u32	version;
+};
+
+struct args_protosubver {
+	__u32	sub_version;
+};
+
+struct args_openmount {
+	__u32	devid;
+};
+
+struct args_ready {
+	__u32	token;
+};
+
+struct args_fail {
+	__u32	token;
+	__s32	status;
+};
+
+struct args_setpipefd {
+	__s32	pipefd;
+};
+
+struct args_timeout {
+	__u64	timeout;
+};
+
+struct args_requester {
+	__u32	uid;
+	__u32	gid;
+};
+
+struct args_expire {
+	__u32	how;
+};
+
+struct args_askumount {
+	__u32	may_umount;
+};
+
+struct args_ismountpoint {
+	union {
+		struct args_in {
+			__u32	type;
+		} in;
+		struct args_out {
+			__u32	devid;
+			__u32	magic;
+		} out;
+	};
+};
+
+/*
+ * All the ioctls use this structure.
+ * When sending a path size must account for the total length
+ * of the chunk of memory otherwise is is the size of the
+ * structure.
+ */
+
+struct autofs_dev_ioctl {
+	__u32 ver_major;
+	__u32 ver_minor;
+	__u32 size;		/* total size of data passed in
+				 * including this struct */
+	__s32 ioctlfd;		/* automount command fd */
+
+	/* Command parameters */
+
+	union {
+		struct args_protover		protover;
+		struct args_protosubver		protosubver;
+		struct args_openmount		openmount;
+		struct args_ready		ready;
+		struct args_fail		fail;
+		struct args_setpipefd		setpipefd;
+		struct args_timeout		timeout;
+		struct args_requester		requester;
+		struct args_expire		expire;
+		struct args_askumount		askumount;
+		struct args_ismountpoint	ismountpoint;
+	};
+
+	char path[0];
+};
+
+static inline void init_autofs_dev_ioctl(struct autofs_dev_ioctl *in) {
+	memset(in, 0, sizeof(struct autofs_dev_ioctl));
+	in->ver_major = AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_VERSION_MAJOR;
+	in->ver_minor = AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_VERSION_MINOR;
+	in->size = sizeof(struct autofs_dev_ioctl);
+	in->ioctlfd = -1;
+	return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * If you change this make sure you make the corresponding change
+ * to autofs-dev-ioctl.c:lookup_ioctl()
+ */
+enum {
+	/* Get various version info */
+	AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_VERSION_CMD = 0x71,
+	AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_PROTOVER_CMD,
+	AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_PROTOSUBVER_CMD,
+
+	/* Open mount ioctl fd */
+	AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_OPENMOUNT_CMD,
+
+	/* Close mount ioctl fd */
+	AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_CLOSEMOUNT_CMD,
+
+	/* Mount/expire status returns */
+	AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_READY_CMD,
+	AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_FAIL_CMD,
+
+	/* Activate/deactivate autofs mount */
+	AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_SETPIPEFD_CMD,
+	AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_CATATONIC_CMD,
+
+	/* Expiry timeout */
+	AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_TIMEOUT_CMD,
+
+	/* Get mount last requesting uid and gid */
+	AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_REQUESTER_CMD,
+
+	/* Check for eligible expire candidates */
+	AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_EXPIRE_CMD,
+
+	/* Request busy status */
+	AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_ASKUMOUNT_CMD,
+
+	/* Check if path is a mountpoint */
+	AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_ISMOUNTPOINT_CMD,
+};
+
+#define AUTOFS_IOCTL 0x93
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_VERSION \
+	_IOWR(AUTOFS_IOCTL, \
+	      AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_VERSION_CMD, struct autofs_dev_ioctl)
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_PROTOVER \
+	_IOWR(AUTOFS_IOCTL, \
+	      AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_PROTOVER_CMD, struct autofs_dev_ioctl)
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_PROTOSUBVER \
+	_IOWR(AUTOFS_IOCTL, \
+	      AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_PROTOSUBVER_CMD, struct autofs_dev_ioctl)
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_OPENMOUNT \
+	_IOWR(AUTOFS_IOCTL, \
+	      AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_OPENMOUNT_CMD, struct autofs_dev_ioctl)
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_CLOSEMOUNT \
+	_IOWR(AUTOFS_IOCTL, \
+	      AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_CLOSEMOUNT_CMD, struct autofs_dev_ioctl)
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_READY \
+	_IOWR(AUTOFS_IOCTL, \
+	      AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_READY_CMD, struct autofs_dev_ioctl)
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_FAIL \
+	_IOWR(AUTOFS_IOCTL, \
+	      AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_FAIL_CMD, struct autofs_dev_ioctl)
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_SETPIPEFD \
+	_IOWR(AUTOFS_IOCTL, \
+	      AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_SETPIPEFD_CMD, struct autofs_dev_ioctl)
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_CATATONIC \
+	_IOWR(AUTOFS_IOCTL, \
+	      AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_CATATONIC_CMD, struct autofs_dev_ioctl)
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_TIMEOUT \
+	_IOWR(AUTOFS_IOCTL, \
+	      AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_TIMEOUT_CMD, struct autofs_dev_ioctl)
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_REQUESTER \
+	_IOWR(AUTOFS_IOCTL, \
+	      AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_REQUESTER_CMD, struct autofs_dev_ioctl)
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_EXPIRE \
+	_IOWR(AUTOFS_IOCTL, \
+	      AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_EXPIRE_CMD, struct autofs_dev_ioctl)
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_ASKUMOUNT \
+	_IOWR(AUTOFS_IOCTL, \
+	      AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_ASKUMOUNT_CMD, struct autofs_dev_ioctl)
+
+#define AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_ISMOUNTPOINT \
+	_IOWR(AUTOFS_IOCTL, \
+	      AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_ISMOUNTPOINT_CMD, struct autofs_dev_ioctl)
+
+#endif	/* _LINUX_AUTO_DEV_IOCTL_H */
diff --git a/src/libcore/load-dropin.c b/src/libcore/load-dropin.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..22b71b6f5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/load-dropin.c
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+
+#include "conf-parser.h"
+#include "load-dropin.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+static int add_dependency_consumer(
+                UnitDependency dependency,
+                const char *entry,
+                const char* filepath,
+                void *arg) {
+        Unit *u = arg;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, dependency, entry, filepath, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_error_errno(r, "Cannot add dependency %s to %s, ignoring: %m", entry, u->id);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_load_dropin(Unit *u) {
+        Iterator i;
+        char *t, **f;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Load dependencies from supplementary drop-in directories */
+
+        SET_FOREACH(t, u->names, i) {
+                char **p;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(p, u->manager->lookup_paths.unit_path) {
+                        unit_file_process_dir(u->manager->unit_path_cache, *p, t, ".wants", UNIT_WANTS,
+                                              add_dependency_consumer, u, NULL);
+                        unit_file_process_dir(u->manager->unit_path_cache, *p, t, ".requires", UNIT_REQUIRES,
+                                              add_dependency_consumer, u, NULL);
+                }
+        }
+
+        u->dropin_paths = strv_free(u->dropin_paths);
+        r = unit_find_dropin_paths(u, &u->dropin_paths);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(f, u->dropin_paths) {
+                config_parse(u->id, *f, NULL,
+                             UNIT_VTABLE(u)->sections,
+                             config_item_perf_lookup, load_fragment_gperf_lookup,
+                             false, false, false, u);
+        }
+
+        u->dropin_mtime = now(CLOCK_REALTIME);
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/load-dropin.h b/src/libcore/load-dropin.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d8a4aefbb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/load-dropin.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "dropin.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+/* Read service data supplementary drop-in directories */
+
+static inline int unit_find_dropin_paths(Unit *u, char ***paths) {
+        return unit_file_find_dropin_paths(u->manager->lookup_paths.unit_path,
+                                           u->manager->unit_path_cache,
+                                           u->names,
+                                           paths);
+}
+
+int unit_load_dropin(Unit *u);
diff --git a/src/libcore/load-fragment-gperf.gperf.m4 b/src/libcore/load-fragment-gperf.gperf.m4
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5024fd19a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/load-fragment-gperf.gperf.m4
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+%{
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include "conf-parser.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+%}
+struct ConfigPerfItem;
+%null_strings
+%language=ANSI-C
+%define slot-name section_and_lvalue
+%define hash-function-name load_fragment_gperf_hash
+%define lookup-function-name load_fragment_gperf_lookup
+%readonly-tables
+%omit-struct-type
+%struct-type
+%includes
+%%
+m4_dnl Define the context options only once
+m4_define(`EXEC_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS',
+`$1.WorkingDirectory,            config_parse_working_directory,     0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.RootDirectory,                config_parse_unit_path_printf,      0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.root_directory)
+$1.User,                         config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.user)
+$1.Group,                        config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.group)
+$1.SupplementaryGroups,          config_parse_strv,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.supplementary_groups)
+$1.Nice,                         config_parse_exec_nice,             0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.OOMScoreAdjust,               config_parse_exec_oom_score_adjust, 0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.IOSchedulingClass,            config_parse_exec_io_class,         0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.IOSchedulingPriority,         config_parse_exec_io_priority,      0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.CPUSchedulingPolicy,          config_parse_exec_cpu_sched_policy, 0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.CPUSchedulingPriority,        config_parse_exec_cpu_sched_prio,   0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.CPUSchedulingResetOnFork,     config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.cpu_sched_reset_on_fork)
+$1.CPUAffinity,                  config_parse_exec_cpu_affinity,     0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.UMask,                        config_parse_mode,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.umask)
+$1.Environment,                  config_parse_environ,               0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.environment)
+$1.EnvironmentFile,              config_parse_unit_env_file,         0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.environment_files)
+$1.PassEnvironment,              config_parse_pass_environ,          0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.pass_environment)
+$1.StandardInput,                config_parse_input,                 0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.std_input)
+$1.StandardOutput,               config_parse_output,                0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.std_output)
+$1.StandardError,                config_parse_output,                0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.std_error)
+$1.TTYPath,                      config_parse_unit_path_printf,      0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.tty_path)
+$1.TTYReset,                     config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.tty_reset)
+$1.TTYVHangup,                   config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.tty_vhangup)
+$1.TTYVTDisallocate,             config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.tty_vt_disallocate)
+$1.SyslogIdentifier,             config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.syslog_identifier)
+$1.SyslogFacility,               config_parse_log_facility,          0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.syslog_priority)
+$1.SyslogLevel,                  config_parse_log_level,             0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.syslog_priority)
+$1.SyslogLevelPrefix,            config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.syslog_level_prefix)
+$1.Capabilities,                 config_parse_exec_capabilities,     0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.SecureBits,                   config_parse_exec_secure_bits,      0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.CapabilityBoundingSet,        config_parse_capability_set,        0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.capability_bounding_set)
+$1.AmbientCapabilities,          config_parse_capability_set,        0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.capability_ambient_set)
+$1.TimerSlackNSec,               config_parse_nsec,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.timer_slack_nsec)
+$1.NoNewPrivileges,              config_parse_no_new_privileges,     0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+m4_ifdef(`HAVE_SECCOMP',
+`$1.SystemCallFilter,            config_parse_syscall_filter,        0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.SystemCallArchitectures,      config_parse_syscall_archs,         0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.syscall_archs)
+$1.SystemCallErrorNumber,        config_parse_syscall_errno,         0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.RestrictAddressFamilies,      config_parse_address_families,      0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)',
+`$1.SystemCallFilter,            config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0
+$1.SystemCallArchitectures,      config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0
+$1.SystemCallErrorNumber,        config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0
+$1.RestrictAddressFamilies,      config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0')
+$1.LimitCPU,                     config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_CPU,                    offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitFSIZE,                   config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_FSIZE,                  offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitDATA,                    config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_DATA,                   offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitSTACK,                   config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_STACK,                  offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitCORE,                    config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_CORE,                   offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitRSS,                     config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_RSS,                    offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitNOFILE,                  config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_NOFILE,                 offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitAS,                      config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_AS,                     offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitNPROC,                   config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_NPROC,                  offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitMEMLOCK,                 config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_MEMLOCK,                offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitLOCKS,                   config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_LOCKS,                  offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitSIGPENDING,              config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_SIGPENDING,             offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitMSGQUEUE,                config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE,               offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitNICE,                    config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_NICE,                   offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitRTPRIO,                  config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_RTPRIO,                 offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitRTTIME,                  config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_RTTIME,                 offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.ReadWriteDirectories,         config_parse_namespace_path_strv,   0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.read_write_dirs)
+$1.ReadOnlyDirectories,          config_parse_namespace_path_strv,   0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.read_only_dirs)
+$1.InaccessibleDirectories,      config_parse_namespace_path_strv,   0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.inaccessible_dirs)
+$1.PrivateTmp,                   config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.private_tmp)
+$1.PrivateNetwork,               config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.private_network)
+$1.PrivateDevices,               config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.private_devices)
+$1.ProtectSystem,                config_parse_protect_system,        0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.ProtectHome,                  config_parse_protect_home,          0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.MountFlags,                   config_parse_exec_mount_flags,      0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.Personality,                  config_parse_personality,           0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.personality)
+$1.RuntimeDirectoryMode,         config_parse_mode,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.runtime_directory_mode)
+$1.RuntimeDirectory,             config_parse_runtime_directory,     0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.runtime_directory)
+m4_ifdef(`HAVE_PAM',
+`$1.PAMName,                     config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.pam_name)',
+`$1.PAMName,                     config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0')
+$1.IgnoreSIGPIPE,                config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.ignore_sigpipe)
+$1.UtmpIdentifier,               config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.utmp_id)
+$1.UtmpMode,                     config_parse_exec_utmp_mode,        0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.utmp_mode)
+m4_ifdef(`HAVE_SELINUX',
+`$1.SELinuxContext,              config_parse_exec_selinux_context,  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)',
+`$1.SELinuxContext,              config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0')
+m4_ifdef(`HAVE_APPARMOR',
+`$1.AppArmorProfile,             config_parse_exec_apparmor_profile, 0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)',
+`$1.AppArmorProfile,             config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0')
+m4_ifdef(`HAVE_SMACK',
+`$1.SmackProcessLabel,           config_parse_exec_smack_process_label, 0,                          offsetof($1, exec_context)',
+`$1.SmackProcessLabel,           config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0')'
+)m4_dnl
+m4_define(`KILL_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS',
+`$1.SendSIGKILL,                 config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, kill_context.send_sigkill)
+$1.SendSIGHUP,                   config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, kill_context.send_sighup)
+$1.KillMode,                     config_parse_kill_mode,             0,                             offsetof($1, kill_context.kill_mode)
+$1.KillSignal,                   config_parse_signal,                0,                             offsetof($1, kill_context.kill_signal)'
+)m4_dnl
+m4_define(`CGROUP_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS',
+`$1.Slice,                       config_parse_unit_slice,            0,                             0
+$1.CPUAccounting,                config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context.cpu_accounting)
+$1.CPUShares,                    config_parse_cpu_shares,            0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context.cpu_shares)
+$1.StartupCPUShares,             config_parse_cpu_shares,            0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context.startup_cpu_shares)
+$1.CPUQuota,                     config_parse_cpu_quota,             0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context)
+$1.MemoryAccounting,             config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context.memory_accounting)
+$1.MemoryLimit,                  config_parse_memory_limit,          0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context)
+$1.DeviceAllow,                  config_parse_device_allow,          0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context)
+$1.DevicePolicy,                 config_parse_device_policy,         0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context.device_policy)
+$1.BlockIOAccounting,            config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context.blockio_accounting)
+$1.BlockIOWeight,                config_parse_blockio_weight,        0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context.blockio_weight)
+$1.StartupBlockIOWeight,         config_parse_blockio_weight,        0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context.startup_blockio_weight)
+$1.BlockIODeviceWeight,          config_parse_blockio_device_weight, 0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context)
+$1.BlockIOReadBandwidth,         config_parse_blockio_bandwidth,     0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context)
+$1.BlockIOWriteBandwidth,        config_parse_blockio_bandwidth,     0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context)
+$1.TasksAccounting,              config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context.tasks_accounting)
+$1.TasksMax,                     config_parse_tasks_max,             0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context.tasks_max)
+$1.Delegate,                     config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context.delegate)
+$1.NetClass,                     config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_LEGACY,               0'
+)m4_dnl
+Unit.Description,                config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof(Unit, description)
+Unit.Documentation,              config_parse_documentation,         0,                             offsetof(Unit, documentation)
+Unit.SourcePath,                 config_parse_path,                  0,                             offsetof(Unit, source_path)
+Unit.Requires,                   config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_REQUIRES,                 0
+Unit.Requisite,                  config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_REQUISITE,                0
+Unit.Wants,                      config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_WANTS,                    0
+Unit.BindsTo,                    config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_BINDS_TO,                 0
+Unit.BindTo,                     config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_BINDS_TO,                 0
+Unit.Conflicts,                  config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_CONFLICTS,                0
+Unit.Before,                     config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_BEFORE,                   0
+Unit.After,                      config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_AFTER,                    0
+Unit.OnFailure,                  config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_ON_FAILURE,               0
+Unit.PropagatesReloadTo,         config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_PROPAGATES_RELOAD_TO,     0
+Unit.PropagateReloadTo,          config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_PROPAGATES_RELOAD_TO,     0
+Unit.ReloadPropagatedFrom,       config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_RELOAD_PROPAGATED_FROM,   0
+Unit.PropagateReloadFrom,        config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_RELOAD_PROPAGATED_FROM,   0
+Unit.PartOf,                     config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_PART_OF,                  0
+Unit.JoinsNamespaceOf,           config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_JOINS_NAMESPACE_OF,       0
+Unit.RequiresOverridable,        config_parse_obsolete_unit_deps,    UNIT_REQUIRES,                 0
+Unit.RequisiteOverridable,       config_parse_obsolete_unit_deps,    UNIT_REQUISITE,    0
+Unit.RequiresMountsFor,          config_parse_unit_requires_mounts_for, 0,                          0
+Unit.StopWhenUnneeded,           config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Unit, stop_when_unneeded)
+Unit.RefuseManualStart,          config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Unit, refuse_manual_start)
+Unit.RefuseManualStop,           config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Unit, refuse_manual_stop)
+Unit.AllowIsolate,               config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Unit, allow_isolate)
+Unit.DefaultDependencies,        config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Unit, default_dependencies)
+Unit.OnFailureJobMode,           config_parse_job_mode,              0,                             offsetof(Unit, on_failure_job_mode)
+Unit.OnFailureIsolate,           config_parse_job_mode_isolate,      0,                             offsetof(Unit, on_failure_job_mode)
+Unit.IgnoreOnIsolate,            config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Unit, ignore_on_isolate)
+Unit.IgnoreOnSnapshot,           config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_LEGACY,               0
+Unit.JobTimeoutSec,              config_parse_sec_fix_0,             0,                             offsetof(Unit, job_timeout)
+Unit.JobTimeoutAction,           config_parse_failure_action,        0,                             offsetof(Unit, job_timeout_action)
+Unit.JobTimeoutRebootArgument,   config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Unit, job_timeout_reboot_arg)
+Unit.StartLimitInterval,         config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Unit, start_limit.interval)
+Unit.StartLimitBurst,            config_parse_unsigned,              0,                             offsetof(Unit, start_limit.burst)
+Unit.StartLimitAction,           config_parse_failure_action,        0,                             offsetof(Unit, start_limit_action)
+Unit.RebootArgument,             config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Unit, reboot_arg)
+Unit.ConditionPathExists,        config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS,         offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionPathExistsGlob,    config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS_GLOB,    offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionPathIsDirectory,   config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_IS_DIRECTORY,   offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink,config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_IS_SYMBOLIC_LINK,offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionPathIsMountPoint,  config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_IS_MOUNT_POINT, offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionPathIsReadWrite,   config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_IS_READ_WRITE,  offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty, config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY, offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionFileNotEmpty,      config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_FILE_NOT_EMPTY,      offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionFileIsExecutable,  config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_FILE_IS_EXECUTABLE,  offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionNeedsUpdate,       config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_NEEDS_UPDATE,        offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionFirstBoot,         config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_FIRST_BOOT,          offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionKernelCommandLine, config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_KERNEL_COMMAND_LINE, offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionArchitecture,      config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_ARCHITECTURE,        offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionVirtualization,    config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_VIRTUALIZATION,      offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionSecurity,          config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_SECURITY,            offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionCapability,        config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_CAPABILITY,          offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionHost,              config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_HOST,                offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionACPower,           config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_AC_POWER,            offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.ConditionNull,              config_parse_unit_condition_null,   0,                             offsetof(Unit, conditions)
+Unit.AssertPathExists,           config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS,         offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertPathExistsGlob,       config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS_GLOB,    offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertPathIsDirectory,      config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_IS_DIRECTORY,   offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertPathIsSymbolicLink,   config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_IS_SYMBOLIC_LINK,offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertPathIsMountPoint,     config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_IS_MOUNT_POINT, offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertPathIsReadWrite,      config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_IS_READ_WRITE,  offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertDirectoryNotEmpty,    config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY, offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertFileNotEmpty,         config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_FILE_NOT_EMPTY,      offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertFileIsExecutable,     config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_FILE_IS_EXECUTABLE,  offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertNeedsUpdate,          config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_NEEDS_UPDATE,        offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertFirstBoot,            config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_FIRST_BOOT,          offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertKernelCommandLine,    config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_KERNEL_COMMAND_LINE, offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertArchitecture,         config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_ARCHITECTURE,        offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertVirtualization,       config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_VIRTUALIZATION,      offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertSecurity,             config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_SECURITY,            offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertCapability,           config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_CAPABILITY,          offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertHost,                 config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_HOST,                offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertACPower,              config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_AC_POWER,            offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+Unit.AssertNull,                 config_parse_unit_condition_null,   0,                             offsetof(Unit, asserts)
+m4_dnl
+Service.PIDFile,                 config_parse_unit_path_printf,      0,                             offsetof(Service, pid_file)
+Service.ExecStartPre,            config_parse_exec,                  SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE,        offsetof(Service, exec_command)
+Service.ExecStart,               config_parse_exec,                  SERVICE_EXEC_START,            offsetof(Service, exec_command)
+Service.ExecStartPost,           config_parse_exec,                  SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST,       offsetof(Service, exec_command)
+Service.ExecReload,              config_parse_exec,                  SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD,           offsetof(Service, exec_command)
+Service.ExecStop,                config_parse_exec,                  SERVICE_EXEC_STOP,             offsetof(Service, exec_command)
+Service.ExecStopPost,            config_parse_exec,                  SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST,        offsetof(Service, exec_command)
+Service.RestartSec,              config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Service, restart_usec)
+Service.TimeoutSec,              config_parse_service_timeout,       0,                             0
+Service.TimeoutStartSec,         config_parse_service_timeout,       0,                             0
+Service.TimeoutStopSec,          config_parse_service_timeout,       0,                             0
+Service.RuntimeMaxSec,           config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Service, runtime_max_usec)
+Service.WatchdogSec,             config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Service, watchdog_usec)
+Service.StartLimitInterval,      config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Unit, start_limit.interval)
+Service.StartLimitBurst,         config_parse_unsigned,              0,                             offsetof(Unit, start_limit.burst)
+Service.StartLimitAction,        config_parse_failure_action,        0,                             offsetof(Unit, start_limit_action)
+Service.RebootArgument,          config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Unit, reboot_arg)
+Service.FailureAction,           config_parse_failure_action,        0,                             offsetof(Service, failure_action)
+Service.Type,                    config_parse_service_type,          0,                             offsetof(Service, type)
+Service.Restart,                 config_parse_service_restart,       0,                             offsetof(Service, restart)
+Service.PermissionsStartOnly,    config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Service, permissions_start_only)
+Service.RootDirectoryStartOnly,  config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Service, root_directory_start_only)
+Service.RemainAfterExit,         config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Service, remain_after_exit)
+Service.GuessMainPID,            config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Service, guess_main_pid)
+Service.RestartPreventExitStatus, config_parse_set_status,           0,                             offsetof(Service, restart_prevent_status)
+Service.RestartForceExitStatus,  config_parse_set_status,            0,                             offsetof(Service, restart_force_status)
+Service.SuccessExitStatus,       config_parse_set_status,            0,                             offsetof(Service, success_status)
+Service.SysVStartPriority,       config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_LEGACY,               0
+Service.NonBlocking,             config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Service, exec_context.non_blocking)
+Service.BusName,                 config_parse_bus_name,              0,                             offsetof(Service, bus_name)
+Service.FileDescriptorStoreMax,  config_parse_unsigned,              0,                             offsetof(Service, n_fd_store_max)
+Service.NotifyAccess,            config_parse_notify_access,         0,                             offsetof(Service, notify_access)
+Service.Sockets,                 config_parse_service_sockets,       0,                             0
+Service.BusPolicy,               config_parse_bus_endpoint_policy,   0,                             offsetof(Service, exec_context)
+Service.USBFunctionDescriptors,  config_parse_path,                  0,                             offsetof(Service, usb_function_descriptors)
+Service.USBFunctionStrings,      config_parse_path,                  0,                             offsetof(Service, usb_function_strings)
+EXEC_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Service)m4_dnl
+CGROUP_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Service)m4_dnl
+KILL_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Service)m4_dnl
+m4_dnl
+Socket.ListenStream,             config_parse_socket_listen,         SOCKET_SOCKET,                 0
+Socket.ListenDatagram,           config_parse_socket_listen,         SOCKET_SOCKET,                 0
+Socket.ListenSequentialPacket,   config_parse_socket_listen,         SOCKET_SOCKET,                 0
+Socket.ListenFIFO,               config_parse_socket_listen,         SOCKET_FIFO,                   0
+Socket.ListenNetlink,            config_parse_socket_listen,         SOCKET_SOCKET,                 0
+Socket.ListenSpecial,            config_parse_socket_listen,         SOCKET_SPECIAL,                0
+Socket.ListenMessageQueue,       config_parse_socket_listen,         SOCKET_MQUEUE,                 0
+Socket.ListenUSBFunction,        config_parse_socket_listen,         SOCKET_USB_FUNCTION,           0
+Socket.SocketProtocol,           config_parse_socket_protocol,       0,                             0
+Socket.BindIPv6Only,             config_parse_socket_bind,           0,                             0,
+Socket.Backlog,                  config_parse_unsigned,              0,                             offsetof(Socket, backlog)
+Socket.BindToDevice,             config_parse_socket_bindtodevice,   0,                             0
+Socket.ExecStartPre,             config_parse_exec,                  SOCKET_EXEC_START_PRE,         offsetof(Socket, exec_command)
+Socket.ExecStartPost,            config_parse_exec,                  SOCKET_EXEC_START_POST,        offsetof(Socket, exec_command)
+Socket.ExecStopPre,              config_parse_exec,                  SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_PRE,          offsetof(Socket, exec_command)
+Socket.ExecStopPost,             config_parse_exec,                  SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_POST,         offsetof(Socket, exec_command)
+Socket.TimeoutSec,               config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Socket, timeout_usec)
+Socket.SocketUser,               config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof(Socket, user)
+Socket.SocketGroup,              config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof(Socket, group)
+Socket.SocketMode,               config_parse_mode,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, socket_mode)
+Socket.DirectoryMode,            config_parse_mode,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, directory_mode)
+Socket.Accept,                   config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, accept)
+Socket.Writable,                 config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, writable)
+Socket.MaxConnections,           config_parse_unsigned,              0,                             offsetof(Socket, max_connections)
+Socket.KeepAlive,                config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, keep_alive)
+Socket.KeepAliveTimeSec,         config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Socket, keep_alive_time)
+Socket.KeepAliveIntervalSec,     config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Socket, keep_alive_interval)
+Socket.KeepAliveProbes,          config_parse_unsigned,              0,                             offsetof(Socket, keep_alive_cnt)
+Socket.DeferAcceptSec,           config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Socket, defer_accept)
+Socket.NoDelay,                  config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, no_delay)
+Socket.Priority,                 config_parse_int,                   0,                             offsetof(Socket, priority)
+Socket.ReceiveBuffer,            config_parse_iec_size,              0,                             offsetof(Socket, receive_buffer)
+Socket.SendBuffer,               config_parse_iec_size,              0,                             offsetof(Socket, send_buffer)
+Socket.IPTOS,                    config_parse_ip_tos,                0,                             offsetof(Socket, ip_tos)
+Socket.IPTTL,                    config_parse_int,                   0,                             offsetof(Socket, ip_ttl)
+Socket.Mark,                     config_parse_int,                   0,                             offsetof(Socket, mark)
+Socket.PipeSize,                 config_parse_iec_size,              0,                             offsetof(Socket, pipe_size)
+Socket.FreeBind,                 config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, free_bind)
+Socket.Transparent,              config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, transparent)
+Socket.Broadcast,                config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, broadcast)
+Socket.PassCredentials,          config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, pass_cred)
+Socket.PassSecurity,             config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, pass_sec)
+Socket.TCPCongestion,            config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Socket, tcp_congestion)
+Socket.ReusePort,                config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, reuse_port)
+Socket.MessageQueueMaxMessages,  config_parse_long,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, mq_maxmsg)
+Socket.MessageQueueMessageSize,  config_parse_long,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, mq_msgsize)
+Socket.RemoveOnStop,             config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, remove_on_stop)
+Socket.Symlinks,                 config_parse_unit_path_strv_printf, 0,                             offsetof(Socket, symlinks)
+Socket.FileDescriptorName,       config_parse_fdname,                0,                             0
+Socket.Service,                  config_parse_socket_service,        0,                             0
+m4_ifdef(`HAVE_SMACK',
+`Socket.SmackLabel,              config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Socket, smack)
+Socket.SmackLabelIPIn,           config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Socket, smack_ip_in)
+Socket.SmackLabelIPOut,          config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Socket, smack_ip_out)',
+`Socket.SmackLabel,              config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0
+Socket.SmackLabelIPIn,           config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0
+Socket.SmackLabelIPOut,          config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0')
+m4_ifdef(`HAVE_SELINUX',
+`Socket.SELinuxContextFromNet,   config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, selinux_context_from_net)',
+`Socket.SELinuxContextFromNet,   config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0')
+EXEC_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Socket)m4_dnl
+CGROUP_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Socket)m4_dnl
+KILL_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Socket)m4_dnl
+m4_dnl
+BusName.Name,                    config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(BusName, name)
+BusName.Activating,              config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(BusName, activating)
+BusName.Service,                 config_parse_busname_service,       0,                             0
+BusName.AllowUser,               config_parse_bus_policy,            0,                             0
+BusName.AllowGroup,              config_parse_bus_policy,            0,                             0
+BusName.AllowWorld,              config_parse_bus_policy_world,      0,                             offsetof(BusName, policy_world)
+BusName.SELinuxContext,          config_parse_exec_selinux_context,  0,                             0
+BusName.AcceptFileDescriptors,   config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(BusName, accept_fd)
+m4_dnl
+Mount.What,                      config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Mount, parameters_fragment.what)
+Mount.Where,                     config_parse_path,                  0,                             offsetof(Mount, where)
+Mount.Options,                   config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Mount, parameters_fragment.options)
+Mount.Type,                      config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Mount, parameters_fragment.fstype)
+Mount.TimeoutSec,                config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Mount, timeout_usec)
+Mount.DirectoryMode,             config_parse_mode,                  0,                             offsetof(Mount, directory_mode)
+Mount.SloppyOptions,             config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Mount, sloppy_options)
+EXEC_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Mount)m4_dnl
+CGROUP_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Mount)m4_dnl
+KILL_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Mount)m4_dnl
+m4_dnl
+Automount.Where,                 config_parse_path,                  0,                             offsetof(Automount, where)
+Automount.DirectoryMode,         config_parse_mode,                  0,                             offsetof(Automount, directory_mode)
+Automount.TimeoutIdleSec,        config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Automount, timeout_idle_usec)
+m4_dnl
+Swap.What,                       config_parse_path,                  0,                             offsetof(Swap, parameters_fragment.what)
+Swap.Priority,                   config_parse_int,                   0,                             offsetof(Swap, parameters_fragment.priority)
+Swap.Options,                    config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Swap, parameters_fragment.options)
+Swap.TimeoutSec,                 config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Swap, timeout_usec)
+EXEC_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Swap)m4_dnl
+CGROUP_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Swap)m4_dnl
+KILL_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Swap)m4_dnl
+m4_dnl
+Timer.OnCalendar,                config_parse_timer,                 0,                             0
+Timer.OnActiveSec,               config_parse_timer,                 0,                             0
+Timer.OnBootSec,                 config_parse_timer,                 0,                             0
+Timer.OnStartupSec,              config_parse_timer,                 0,                             0
+Timer.OnUnitActiveSec,           config_parse_timer,                 0,                             0
+Timer.OnUnitInactiveSec,         config_parse_timer,                 0,                             0
+Timer.Persistent,                config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Timer, persistent)
+Timer.WakeSystem,                config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Timer, wake_system)
+Timer.RemainAfterElapse,         config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Timer, remain_after_elapse)
+Timer.AccuracySec,               config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Timer, accuracy_usec)
+Timer.RandomizedDelaySec,        config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Timer, random_usec)
+Timer.Unit,                      config_parse_trigger_unit,          0,                             0
+m4_dnl
+Path.PathExists,                 config_parse_path_spec,             0,                             0
+Path.PathExistsGlob,             config_parse_path_spec,             0,                             0
+Path.PathChanged,                config_parse_path_spec,             0,                             0
+Path.PathModified,               config_parse_path_spec,             0,                             0
+Path.DirectoryNotEmpty,          config_parse_path_spec,             0,                             0
+Path.Unit,                       config_parse_trigger_unit,          0,                             0
+Path.MakeDirectory,              config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Path, make_directory)
+Path.DirectoryMode,              config_parse_mode,                  0,                             offsetof(Path, directory_mode)
+m4_dnl
+CGROUP_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Slice)m4_dnl
+m4_dnl
+CGROUP_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Scope)m4_dnl
+KILL_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Scope)m4_dnl
+Scope.TimeoutStopSec,            config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Scope, timeout_stop_usec)
+m4_dnl The [Install] section is ignored here.
+Install.Alias,                   NULL,                               0,                             0
+Install.WantedBy,                NULL,                               0,                             0
+Install.RequiredBy,              NULL,                               0,                             0
+Install.Also,                    NULL,                               0,                             0
+Install.DefaultInstance,         NULL,                               0,                             0
diff --git a/src/libcore/load-fragment.c b/src/libcore/load-fragment.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8804b3ac41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/load-fragment.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3939 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright 2012 Holger Hans Peter Freyther
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/oom.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+#include <seccomp.h>
+#endif
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+#include "af-list.h"
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-internal.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "cap-list.h"
+#include "capability-util.h"
+#include "cgroup.h"
+#include "conf-parser.h"
+#include "cpu-set-util.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "errno-list.h"
+#include "escape.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "ioprio.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "rlimit-util.h"
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+#include "seccomp-util.h"
+#endif
+#include "securebits.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "stat-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit-printf.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+#include "web-util.h"
+
+int config_parse_warn_compat(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+        Disabled reason = ltype;
+
+        switch(reason) {
+        case DISABLED_CONFIGURATION:
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_DEBUG, filename, line, 0,
+                           "Support for option %s= has been disabled at compile time and it is ignored", lvalue);
+                break;
+        case DISABLED_LEGACY:
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_INFO, filename, line, 0,
+                           "Support for option %s= has been removed and it is ignored", lvalue);
+                break;
+        case DISABLED_EXPERIMENTAL:
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_INFO, filename, line, 0,
+                           "Support for option %s= has not yet been enabled and it is ignored", lvalue);
+                break;
+        };
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_deps(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        UnitDependency d = ltype;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        const char *p;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+
+        p = rvalue;
+        for(;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL, *k = NULL;
+                int r;
+
+                r = extract_first_word(&p, &word, NULL, EXTRACT_RETAIN_ESCAPE);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+                if (r == -ENOMEM)
+                        return log_oom();
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Invalid syntax, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                r = unit_name_printf(u, word, &k);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve specifiers, ignoring: %m");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, d, k, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to add dependency on %s, ignoring: %m", k);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_obsolete_unit_deps(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        log_syntax(unit, LOG_WARNING, filename, line, 0,
+                   "Unit dependency type %s= is obsolete, replacing by %s=, please update your unit file", lvalue, unit_dependency_to_string(ltype));
+
+        return config_parse_unit_deps(unit, filename, line, section, section_line, lvalue, ltype, rvalue, data, userdata);
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_string_printf(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue, &k);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s, ignoring: %m", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return config_parse_string(unit, filename, line, section, section_line, lvalue, ltype, k, data, userdata);
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_strv_printf(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue, &k);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s, ignoring: %m", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return config_parse_strv(unit, filename, line, section, section_line, lvalue, ltype, k, data, userdata);
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_path_printf(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue, &k);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s, ignoring: %m", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return config_parse_path(unit, filename, line, section, section_line, lvalue, ltype, k, data, userdata);
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_path_strv_printf(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        char ***x = data;
+        const char *word, *state;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        size_t l;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(u);
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(word, l, rvalue, state) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+                char t[l+1];
+
+                memcpy(t, word, l);
+                t[l] = 0;
+
+                r = unit_full_printf(u, t, &k);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s, ignoring: %m", t);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                if (!utf8_is_valid(k)) {
+                        log_syntax_invalid_utf8(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                if (!path_is_absolute(k)) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Symlink path %s is not absolute, ignoring: %m", k);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                path_kill_slashes(k);
+
+                r = strv_push(x, k);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                k = NULL;
+        }
+        if (!isempty(state))
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Invalid syntax, ignoring.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_socket_listen(const char *unit,
+                               const char *filename,
+                               unsigned line,
+                               const char *section,
+                               unsigned section_line,
+                               const char *lvalue,
+                               int ltype,
+                               const char *rvalue,
+                               void *data,
+                               void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ SocketPort *p = NULL;
+        SocketPort *tail;
+        Socket *s;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        s = SOCKET(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* An empty assignment removes all ports */
+                socket_free_ports(s);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        p = new0(SocketPort, 1);
+        if (!p)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (ltype != SOCKET_SOCKET) {
+
+                p->type = ltype;
+                r = unit_full_printf(UNIT(s), rvalue, &p->path);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s, ignoring: %m", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                path_kill_slashes(p->path);
+
+        } else if (streq(lvalue, "ListenNetlink")) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char  *k = NULL;
+
+                p->type = SOCKET_SOCKET;
+                r = unit_full_printf(UNIT(s), rvalue, &k);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s, ignoring: %m", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                r = socket_address_parse_netlink(&p->address, k);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse address value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+        } else {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+
+                p->type = SOCKET_SOCKET;
+                r = unit_full_printf(UNIT(s), rvalue, &k);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r,"Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s, ignoring: %m", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                r = socket_address_parse_and_warn(&p->address, k);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse address value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                if (streq(lvalue, "ListenStream"))
+                        p->address.type = SOCK_STREAM;
+                else if (streq(lvalue, "ListenDatagram"))
+                        p->address.type = SOCK_DGRAM;
+                else {
+                        assert(streq(lvalue, "ListenSequentialPacket"));
+                        p->address.type = SOCK_SEQPACKET;
+                }
+
+                if (socket_address_family(&p->address) != AF_LOCAL && p->address.type == SOCK_SEQPACKET) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Address family not supported, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        p->fd = -1;
+        p->auxiliary_fds = NULL;
+        p->n_auxiliary_fds = 0;
+        p->socket = s;
+
+        if (s->ports) {
+                LIST_FIND_TAIL(port, s->ports, tail);
+                LIST_INSERT_AFTER(port, s->ports, tail, p);
+        } else
+                LIST_PREPEND(port, s->ports, p);
+        p = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_socket_protocol(const char *unit,
+                                 const char *filename,
+                                 unsigned line,
+                                 const char *section,
+                                 unsigned section_line,
+                                 const char *lvalue,
+                                 int ltype,
+                                 const char *rvalue,
+                                 void *data,
+                                 void *userdata) {
+        Socket *s;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        s = SOCKET(data);
+
+        if (streq(rvalue, "udplite"))
+                s->socket_protocol = IPPROTO_UDPLITE;
+        else if (streq(rvalue, "sctp"))
+                s->socket_protocol = IPPROTO_SCTP;
+        else {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Socket protocol not supported, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_socket_bind(const char *unit,
+                             const char *filename,
+                             unsigned line,
+                             const char *section,
+                             unsigned section_line,
+                             const char *lvalue,
+                             int ltype,
+                             const char *rvalue,
+                             void *data,
+                             void *userdata) {
+
+        Socket *s;
+        SocketAddressBindIPv6Only b;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        s = SOCKET(data);
+
+        b = socket_address_bind_ipv6_only_from_string(rvalue);
+        if (b < 0) {
+                int r;
+
+                r = parse_boolean(rvalue);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse bind IPv6 only value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                s->bind_ipv6_only = r ? SOCKET_ADDRESS_IPV6_ONLY : SOCKET_ADDRESS_BOTH;
+        } else
+                s->bind_ipv6_only = b;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_nice(const char *unit,
+                           const char *filename,
+                           unsigned line,
+                           const char *section,
+                           unsigned section_line,
+                           const char *lvalue,
+                           int ltype,
+                           const char *rvalue,
+                           void *data,
+                           void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int priority, r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = safe_atoi(rvalue, &priority);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse nice priority, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (priority < PRIO_MIN || priority >= PRIO_MAX) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Nice priority out of range, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->nice = priority;
+        c->nice_set = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_oom_score_adjust(const char* unit,
+                                       const char *filename,
+                                       unsigned line,
+                                       const char *section,
+                                       unsigned section_line,
+                                       const char *lvalue,
+                                       int ltype,
+                                       const char *rvalue,
+                                       void *data,
+                                       void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int oa, r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = safe_atoi(rvalue, &oa);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse the OOM score adjust value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (oa < OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN || oa > OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "OOM score adjust value out of range, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->oom_score_adjust = oa;
+        c->oom_score_adjust_set = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecCommand **e = data;
+        const char *p;
+        bool semicolon;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(e);
+
+        e += ltype;
+        rvalue += strspn(rvalue, WHITESPACE);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* An empty assignment resets the list */
+                *e = exec_command_free_list(*e);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        p = rvalue;
+        do {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL, *firstword = NULL;
+                bool separate_argv0 = false, ignore = false;
+                _cleanup_free_ ExecCommand *nce = NULL;
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **n = NULL;
+                size_t nlen = 0, nbufsize = 0;
+                char *f;
+                int i;
+
+                semicolon = false;
+
+                r = extract_first_word_and_warn(&p, &firstword, WHITESPACE, EXTRACT_QUOTES|EXTRACT_CUNESCAPE, unit, filename, line, rvalue);
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                f = firstword;
+                for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+                        /* We accept an absolute path as first argument, or
+                         * alternatively an absolute prefixed with @ to allow
+                         * overriding of argv[0]. */
+                        if (*f == '-' && !ignore)
+                                ignore = true;
+                        else if (*f == '@' && !separate_argv0)
+                                separate_argv0 = true;
+                        else
+                                break;
+                        f ++;
+                }
+
+                if (isempty(f)) {
+                        /* First word is either "-" or "@" with no command. */
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Empty path in command line, ignoring: \"%s\"", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+                if (!string_is_safe(f)) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Executable path contains special characters, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+                if (!path_is_absolute(f)) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Executable path is not absolute, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+                if (endswith(f, "/")) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Executable path specifies a directory, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                if (f == firstword) {
+                        path = firstword;
+                        firstword = NULL;
+                } else {
+                        path = strdup(f);
+                        if (!path)
+                                return log_oom();
+                }
+
+                if (!separate_argv0) {
+                        if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(n, nbufsize, nlen + 2))
+                                return log_oom();
+                        f = strdup(path);
+                        if (!f)
+                                return log_oom();
+                        n[nlen++] = f;
+                        n[nlen] = NULL;
+                }
+
+                path_kill_slashes(path);
+
+                while (!isempty(p)) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
+
+                        /* Check explicitly for an unquoted semicolon as
+                         * command separator token.  */
+                        if (p[0] == ';' && (!p[1] || strchr(WHITESPACE, p[1]))) {
+                                p ++;
+                                p += strspn(p, WHITESPACE);
+                                semicolon = true;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Check for \; explicitly, to not confuse it with \\;
+                         * or "\;" or "\\;" etc.  extract_first_word would
+                         * return the same for all of those.  */
+                        if (p[0] == '\\' && p[1] == ';' && (!p[2] || strchr(WHITESPACE, p[2]))) {
+                                p += 2;
+                                p += strspn(p, WHITESPACE);
+                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(n, nbufsize, nlen + 2))
+                                        return log_oom();
+                                f = strdup(";");
+                                if (!f)
+                                        return log_oom();
+                                n[nlen++] = f;
+                                n[nlen] = NULL;
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        r = extract_first_word_and_warn(&p, &word, WHITESPACE, EXTRACT_QUOTES|EXTRACT_CUNESCAPE, unit, filename, line, rvalue);
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                break;
+                        else if (r < 0)
+                                return 0;
+
+                        if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(n, nbufsize, nlen + 2))
+                                return log_oom();
+                        n[nlen++] = word;
+                        n[nlen] = NULL;
+                        word = NULL;
+                }
+
+                if (!n || !n[0]) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Empty executable name or zeroeth argument, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                nce = new0(ExecCommand, 1);
+                if (!nce)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                nce->argv = n;
+                nce->path = path;
+                nce->ignore = ignore;
+
+                exec_command_append_list(e, nce);
+
+                /* Do not _cleanup_free_ these. */
+                n = NULL;
+                path = NULL;
+                nce = NULL;
+
+                rvalue = p;
+        } while (semicolon);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_service_type, service_type, ServiceType, "Failed to parse service type");
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_service_restart, service_restart, ServiceRestart, "Failed to parse service restart specifier");
+
+int config_parse_socket_bindtodevice(const char* unit,
+                                     const char *filename,
+                                     unsigned line,
+                                     const char *section,
+                                     unsigned section_line,
+                                     const char *lvalue,
+                                     int ltype,
+                                     const char *rvalue,
+                                     void *data,
+                                     void *userdata) {
+
+        Socket *s = data;
+        char *n;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (rvalue[0] && !streq(rvalue, "*")) {
+                n = strdup(rvalue);
+                if (!n)
+                        return log_oom();
+        } else
+                n = NULL;
+
+        free(s->bind_to_device);
+        s->bind_to_device = n;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_output, exec_output, ExecOutput, "Failed to parse output specifier");
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_input, exec_input, ExecInput, "Failed to parse input specifier");
+
+int config_parse_exec_io_class(const char *unit,
+                               const char *filename,
+                               unsigned line,
+                               const char *section,
+                               unsigned section_line,
+                               const char *lvalue,
+                               int ltype,
+                               const char *rvalue,
+                               void *data,
+                               void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int x;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        x = ioprio_class_from_string(rvalue);
+        if (x < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse IO scheduling class, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->ioprio = IOPRIO_PRIO_VALUE(x, IOPRIO_PRIO_DATA(c->ioprio));
+        c->ioprio_set = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_io_priority(const char *unit,
+                                  const char *filename,
+                                  unsigned line,
+                                  const char *section,
+                                  unsigned section_line,
+                                  const char *lvalue,
+                                  int ltype,
+                                  const char *rvalue,
+                                  void *data,
+                                  void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int i, r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = safe_atoi(rvalue, &i);
+        if (r < 0 || i < 0 || i >= IOPRIO_BE_NR) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse IO priority, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->ioprio = IOPRIO_PRIO_VALUE(IOPRIO_PRIO_CLASS(c->ioprio), i);
+        c->ioprio_set = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_cpu_sched_policy(const char *unit,
+                                       const char *filename,
+                                       unsigned line,
+                                       const char *section,
+                                       unsigned section_line,
+                                       const char *lvalue,
+                                       int ltype,
+                                       const char *rvalue,
+                                       void *data,
+                                       void *userdata) {
+
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int x;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        x = sched_policy_from_string(rvalue);
+        if (x < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse CPU scheduling policy, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->cpu_sched_policy = x;
+        /* Moving to or from real-time policy? We need to adjust the priority */
+        c->cpu_sched_priority = CLAMP(c->cpu_sched_priority, sched_get_priority_min(x), sched_get_priority_max(x));
+        c->cpu_sched_set = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_cpu_sched_prio(const char *unit,
+                                     const char *filename,
+                                     unsigned line,
+                                     const char *section,
+                                     unsigned section_line,
+                                     const char *lvalue,
+                                     int ltype,
+                                     const char *rvalue,
+                                     void *data,
+                                     void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int i, min, max, r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = safe_atoi(rvalue, &i);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse CPU scheduling policy, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* On Linux RR/FIFO range from 1 to 99 and OTHER/BATCH may only be 0 */
+        min = sched_get_priority_min(c->cpu_sched_policy);
+        max = sched_get_priority_max(c->cpu_sched_policy);
+
+        if (i < min || i > max) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "CPU scheduling priority is out of range, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->cpu_sched_priority = i;
+        c->cpu_sched_set = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_cpu_affinity(const char *unit,
+                                   const char *filename,
+                                   unsigned line,
+                                   const char *section,
+                                   unsigned section_line,
+                                   const char *lvalue,
+                                   int ltype,
+                                   const char *rvalue,
+                                   void *data,
+                                   void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        _cleanup_cpu_free_ cpu_set_t *cpuset = NULL;
+        int ncpus;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        ncpus = parse_cpu_set_and_warn(rvalue, &cpuset, unit, filename, line, lvalue);
+        if (ncpus < 0)
+                return ncpus;
+
+        if (c->cpuset)
+                CPU_FREE(c->cpuset);
+
+        if (ncpus == 0)
+                /* An empty assignment resets the CPU list */
+                c->cpuset = NULL;
+        else {
+                c->cpuset = cpuset;
+                cpuset = NULL;
+        }
+        c->cpuset_ncpus = ncpus;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_capabilities(const char *unit,
+                                   const char *filename,
+                                   unsigned line,
+                                   const char *section,
+                                   unsigned section_line,
+                                   const char *lvalue,
+                                   int ltype,
+                                   const char *rvalue,
+                                   void *data,
+                                   void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        cap_t cap;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        cap = cap_from_text(rvalue);
+        if (!cap) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, errno, "Failed to parse capabilities, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (c->capabilities)
+                cap_free(c->capabilities);
+        c->capabilities = cap;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_secure_bits(const char *unit,
+                                  const char *filename,
+                                  unsigned line,
+                                  const char *section,
+                                  unsigned section_line,
+                                  const char *lvalue,
+                                  int ltype,
+                                  const char *rvalue,
+                                  void *data,
+                                  void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        size_t l;
+        const char *word, *state;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* An empty assignment resets the field */
+                c->secure_bits = 0;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(word, l, rvalue, state) {
+                if (first_word(word, "keep-caps"))
+                        c->secure_bits |= 1<<SECURE_KEEP_CAPS;
+                else if (first_word(word, "keep-caps-locked"))
+                        c->secure_bits |= 1<<SECURE_KEEP_CAPS_LOCKED;
+                else if (first_word(word, "no-setuid-fixup"))
+                        c->secure_bits |= 1<<SECURE_NO_SETUID_FIXUP;
+                else if (first_word(word, "no-setuid-fixup-locked"))
+                        c->secure_bits |= 1<<SECURE_NO_SETUID_FIXUP_LOCKED;
+                else if (first_word(word, "noroot"))
+                        c->secure_bits |= 1<<SECURE_NOROOT;
+                else if (first_word(word, "noroot-locked"))
+                        c->secure_bits |= 1<<SECURE_NOROOT_LOCKED;
+                else {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse secure bits, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+        if (!isempty(state))
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Invalid syntax, garbage at the end, ignoring.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_capability_set(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        uint64_t *capability_set = data;
+        uint64_t sum = 0, initial = 0;
+        bool invert = false;
+        const char *p;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (rvalue[0] == '~') {
+                invert = true;
+                rvalue++;
+        }
+
+        if (strcmp(lvalue, "CapabilityBoundingSet") == 0)
+                initial = CAP_ALL; /* initialized to all bits on */
+        /* else "AmbientCapabilities" initialized to all bits off */
+
+        p = rvalue;
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
+                int cap, r;
+
+                r = extract_first_word(&p, &word, NULL, EXTRACT_QUOTES);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+                if (r == -ENOMEM)
+                        return log_oom();
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse word, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                cap = capability_from_name(word);
+                if (cap < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse capability in bounding/ambient set, ignoring: %s", word);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                sum |= ((uint64_t) UINT64_C(1)) << (uint64_t) cap;
+        }
+
+        sum = invert ? ~sum : sum;
+
+        if (sum == 0 || *capability_set == initial)
+                /* "" or uninitialized data -> replace */
+                *capability_set = sum;
+        else
+                /* previous data -> merge */
+                *capability_set |= sum;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_limit(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        struct rlimit **rl = data, d = {};
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = rlimit_parse(ltype, rvalue, &d);
+        if (r == -EILSEQ) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_WARNING, filename, line, r, "Soft resource limit chosen higher than hard limit, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse resource value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (rl[ltype])
+                *rl[ltype] = d;
+        else {
+                rl[ltype] = newdup(struct rlimit, &d, 1);
+                if (!rl[ltype])
+                        return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+int config_parse_sysv_priority(const char *unit,
+                               const char *filename,
+                               unsigned line,
+                               const char *section,
+                               unsigned section_line,
+                               const char *lvalue,
+                               int ltype,
+                               const char *rvalue,
+                               void *data,
+                               void *userdata) {
+
+        int *priority = data;
+        int i, r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = safe_atoi(rvalue, &i);
+        if (r < 0 || i < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse SysV start priority, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *priority = (int) i;
+        return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_exec_utmp_mode, exec_utmp_mode, ExecUtmpMode, "Failed to parse utmp mode");
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_kill_mode, kill_mode, KillMode, "Failed to parse kill mode");
+
+int config_parse_exec_mount_flags(const char *unit,
+                                  const char *filename,
+                                  unsigned line,
+                                  const char *section,
+                                  unsigned section_line,
+                                  const char *lvalue,
+                                  int ltype,
+                                  const char *rvalue,
+                                  void *data,
+                                  void *userdata) {
+
+
+        unsigned long flags = 0;
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (streq(rvalue, "shared"))
+                flags = MS_SHARED;
+        else if (streq(rvalue, "slave"))
+                flags = MS_SLAVE;
+        else if (streq(rvalue, "private"))
+                flags = MS_PRIVATE;
+        else {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse mount flag %s, ignoring.", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->mount_flags = flags;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_selinux_context(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        bool ignore;
+        char *k;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                c->selinux_context = mfree(c->selinux_context);
+                c->selinux_context_ignore = false;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (rvalue[0] == '-') {
+                ignore = true;
+                rvalue++;
+        } else
+                ignore = false;
+
+        r = unit_name_printf(u, rvalue, &k);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve specifiers, ignoring: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        free(c->selinux_context);
+        c->selinux_context = k;
+        c->selinux_context_ignore = ignore;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_apparmor_profile(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        bool ignore;
+        char *k;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                c->apparmor_profile = mfree(c->apparmor_profile);
+                c->apparmor_profile_ignore = false;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (rvalue[0] == '-') {
+                ignore = true;
+                rvalue++;
+        } else
+                ignore = false;
+
+        r = unit_name_printf(u, rvalue, &k);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve specifiers, ignoring: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        free(c->apparmor_profile);
+        c->apparmor_profile = k;
+        c->apparmor_profile_ignore = ignore;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_smack_process_label(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        bool ignore;
+        char *k;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                c->smack_process_label = mfree(c->smack_process_label);
+                c->smack_process_label_ignore = false;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (rvalue[0] == '-') {
+                ignore = true;
+                rvalue++;
+        } else
+                ignore = false;
+
+        r = unit_name_printf(u, rvalue, &k);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve specifiers, ignoring: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        free(c->smack_process_label);
+        c->smack_process_label = k;
+        c->smack_process_label_ignore = ignore;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_timer(const char *unit,
+                       const char *filename,
+                       unsigned line,
+                       const char *section,
+                       unsigned section_line,
+                       const char *lvalue,
+                       int ltype,
+                       const char *rvalue,
+                       void *data,
+                       void *userdata) {
+
+        Timer *t = data;
+        usec_t u = 0;
+        TimerValue *v;
+        TimerBase b;
+        CalendarSpec *c = NULL;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets list */
+                timer_free_values(t);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        b = timer_base_from_string(lvalue);
+        if (b < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse timer base, ignoring: %s", lvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (b == TIMER_CALENDAR) {
+                if (calendar_spec_from_string(rvalue, &c) < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse calendar specification, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        } else {
+                if (parse_sec(rvalue, &u) < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse timer value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        v = new0(TimerValue, 1);
+        if (!v) {
+                calendar_spec_free(c);
+                return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        v->base = b;
+        v->value = u;
+        v->calendar_spec = c;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(value, t->values, v);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_trigger_unit(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Unit *u = data;
+        UnitType type;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (!set_isempty(u->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERS])) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Multiple units to trigger specified, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_name_printf(u, rvalue, &p);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve specifiers, ignoring: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        type = unit_name_to_type(p);
+        if (type < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Unit type not valid, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (type == u->type) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Trigger cannot be of same type, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(u, UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, p, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to add trigger on %s, ignoring: %m", p);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_path_spec(const char *unit,
+                           const char *filename,
+                           unsigned line,
+                           const char *section,
+                           unsigned section_line,
+                           const char *lvalue,
+                           int ltype,
+                           const char *rvalue,
+                           void *data,
+                           void *userdata) {
+
+        Path *p = data;
+        PathSpec *s;
+        PathType b;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment clears list */
+                path_free_specs(p);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        b = path_type_from_string(lvalue);
+        if (b < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse path type, ignoring: %s", lvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_full_printf(UNIT(p), rvalue, &k);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(k)) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Path is not absolute, ignoring: %s", k);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        s = new0(PathSpec, 1);
+        if (!s)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        s->unit = UNIT(p);
+        s->path = path_kill_slashes(k);
+        k = NULL;
+        s->type = b;
+        s->inotify_fd = -1;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(spec, p->specs, s);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_socket_service(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Socket *s = data;
+        Unit *x;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = unit_name_printf(UNIT(s), rvalue, &p);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve specifiers, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!endswith(p, ".service")) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Unit must be of type service, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(UNIT(s)->manager, p, NULL, &error, &x);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to load unit %s, ignoring: %s", rvalue, bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        unit_ref_set(&s->service, x);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_fdname(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Socket *s = data;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                s->fdname = mfree(s->fdname);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_name_printf(UNIT(s), rvalue, &p);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve specifiers, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!fdname_is_valid(p)) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Invalid file descriptor name, ignoring: %s", p);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        free(s->fdname);
+        s->fdname = p;
+        p = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_service_sockets(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        Service *s = data;
+        const char *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        p = rvalue;
+        for(;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL, *k = NULL;
+
+                r = extract_first_word(&p, &word, NULL, 0);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+                if (r == -ENOMEM)
+                        return log_oom();
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Trailing garbage in sockets, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                r = unit_name_printf(UNIT(s), word, &k);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve specifiers, ignoring: %m");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!endswith(k, ".socket")) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Unit must be of type socket, ignoring: %s", k);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_WANTS, UNIT_AFTER, k, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to add dependency on %s, ignoring: %m", k);
+
+                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY, k, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to add dependency on %s, ignoring: %m", k);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_bus_name(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue, &k);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s, ignoring: %m", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!service_name_is_valid(k)) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Invalid bus name %s, ignoring.", k);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return config_parse_string(unit, filename, line, section, section_line, lvalue, ltype, k, data, userdata);
+}
+
+int config_parse_service_timeout(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        Service *s = userdata;
+        usec_t usec;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* This is called for three cases: TimeoutSec=, TimeoutStopSec= and TimeoutStartSec=. */
+
+        r = parse_sec(rvalue, &usec);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse %s= parameter, ignoring: %s", lvalue, rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Traditionally, these options accepted 0 to disable the timeouts. However, a timeout of 0 suggests it happens
+         * immediately, hence fix this to become USEC_INFINITY instead. This is in-line with how we internally handle
+         * all other timeouts. */
+        if (usec <= 0)
+                usec = USEC_INFINITY;
+
+        if (!streq(lvalue, "TimeoutStopSec")) {
+                s->start_timeout_defined = true;
+                s->timeout_start_usec = usec;
+        }
+
+        if (!streq(lvalue, "TimeoutStartSec"))
+                s->timeout_stop_usec = usec;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_sec_fix_0(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        usec_t *usec = data;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(usec);
+
+        /* This is pretty much like config_parse_sec(), except that this treats a time of 0 as infinity, for
+         * compatibility with older versions of systemd where 0 instead of infinity was used as indicator to turn off a
+         * timeout. */
+
+        r = parse_sec(rvalue, usec);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse %s= parameter, ignoring: %s", lvalue, rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (*usec <= 0)
+                *usec = USEC_INFINITY;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_busname_service(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        BusName *n = data;
+        int r;
+        Unit *x;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = unit_name_printf(UNIT(n), rvalue, &p);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve specifiers, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!endswith(p, ".service")) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Unit must be of type service, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(UNIT(n)->manager, p, NULL, &error, &x);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to load unit %s, ignoring: %s", rvalue, bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        unit_ref_set(&n->service, x);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_bus_policy_world, bus_policy_access, BusPolicyAccess, "Failed to parse bus name policy access");
+
+int config_parse_bus_policy(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ BusNamePolicy *p = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *id_str = NULL;
+        BusName *busname = data;
+        char *access_str;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        p = new0(BusNamePolicy, 1);
+        if (!p)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (streq(lvalue, "AllowUser"))
+                p->type = BUSNAME_POLICY_TYPE_USER;
+        else if (streq(lvalue, "AllowGroup"))
+                p->type = BUSNAME_POLICY_TYPE_GROUP;
+        else
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown lvalue");
+
+        id_str = strdup(rvalue);
+        if (!id_str)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        access_str = strpbrk(id_str, WHITESPACE);
+        if (!access_str) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Invalid busname policy value '%s'", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *access_str = '\0';
+        access_str++;
+        access_str += strspn(access_str, WHITESPACE);
+
+        p->access = bus_policy_access_from_string(access_str);
+        if (p->access < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Invalid busname policy access type '%s'", access_str);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        p->name = id_str;
+        id_str = NULL;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(policy, busname->policy, p);
+        p = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_bus_endpoint_policy(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL;
+        BusPolicyAccess access;
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        char *access_str;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        name = strdup(rvalue);
+        if (!name)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        access_str = strpbrk(name, WHITESPACE);
+        if (!access_str) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Invalid endpoint policy value '%s'", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *access_str = '\0';
+        access_str++;
+        access_str += strspn(access_str, WHITESPACE);
+
+        access = bus_policy_access_from_string(access_str);
+        if (access <= _BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_INVALID ||
+            access >= _BUS_POLICY_ACCESS_MAX) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Invalid endpoint policy access type '%s'", access_str);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!c->bus_endpoint) {
+                r = bus_endpoint_new(&c->bus_endpoint);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create bus endpoint object: %m");
+        }
+
+        return bus_endpoint_add_policy(c->bus_endpoint, name, access);
+}
+
+int config_parse_working_directory(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        bool missing_ok;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(c);
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (rvalue[0] == '-') {
+                missing_ok = true;
+                rvalue++;
+        } else
+                missing_ok = false;
+
+        if (streq(rvalue, "~")) {
+                c->working_directory_home = true;
+                c->working_directory = mfree(c->working_directory);
+        } else {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+
+                r = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue, &k);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve unit specifiers in working directory path '%s', ignoring: %m", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                path_kill_slashes(k);
+
+                if (!utf8_is_valid(k)) {
+                        log_syntax_invalid_utf8(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                if (!path_is_absolute(k)) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Working directory path '%s' is not absolute, ignoring.", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                free(c->working_directory);
+                c->working_directory = k;
+                k = NULL;
+
+                c->working_directory_home = false;
+        }
+
+        c->working_directory_missing_ok = missing_ok;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_env_file(const char *unit,
+                               const char *filename,
+                               unsigned line,
+                               const char *section,
+                               unsigned section_line,
+                               const char *lvalue,
+                               int ltype,
+                               const char *rvalue,
+                               void *data,
+                               void *userdata) {
+
+        char ***env = data;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment frees the list */
+                *env = strv_free(*env);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue, &n);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve specifiers, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(n[0] == '-' ? n + 1 : n)) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Path '%s' is not absolute, ignoring.", n);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = strv_extend(env, n);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_environ(const char *unit,
+                         const char *filename,
+                         unsigned line,
+                         const char *section,
+                         unsigned section_line,
+                         const char *lvalue,
+                         int ltype,
+                         const char *rvalue,
+                         void *data,
+                         void *userdata) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        char*** env = data;
+        const char *word, *state;
+        size_t l;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+                *env = strv_free(*env);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (u) {
+                r = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue, &k);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve specifiers, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!k) {
+                k = strdup(rvalue);
+                if (!k)
+                        return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(word, l, k, state) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL;
+                char **x;
+
+                r = cunescape_length(word, l, 0, &n);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Couldn't unescape assignment, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!env_assignment_is_valid(n)) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Invalid environment assignment, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                x = strv_env_set(*env, n);
+                if (!x)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                strv_free(*env);
+                *env = x;
+        }
+        if (!isempty(state))
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Trailing garbage, ignoring.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_pass_environ(const char *unit,
+                              const char *filename,
+                              unsigned line,
+                              const char *section,
+                              unsigned section_line,
+                              const char *lvalue,
+                              int ltype,
+                              const char *rvalue,
+                              void *data,
+                              void *userdata) {
+
+        const char *whole_rvalue = rvalue;
+        char*** passenv = data;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **n = NULL;
+        size_t nlen = 0, nbufsize = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+                *passenv = strv_free(*passenv);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
+
+                r = extract_first_word(&rvalue, &word, WHITESPACE, EXTRACT_QUOTES);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+                if (r == -ENOMEM)
+                        return log_oom();
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r,
+                                   "Trailing garbage in %s, ignoring: %s", lvalue, whole_rvalue);
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                if (!env_name_is_valid(word)) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Invalid environment name for %s, ignoring: %s", lvalue, word);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(n, nbufsize, nlen + 2))
+                        return log_oom();
+                n[nlen++] = word;
+                n[nlen] = NULL;
+                word = NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (n) {
+                r = strv_extend_strv(passenv, n, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_ip_tos(const char *unit,
+                        const char *filename,
+                        unsigned line,
+                        const char *section,
+                        unsigned section_line,
+                        const char *lvalue,
+                        int ltype,
+                        const char *rvalue,
+                        void *data,
+                        void *userdata) {
+
+        int *ip_tos = data, x;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        x = ip_tos_from_string(rvalue);
+        if (x < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse IP TOS value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *ip_tos = x;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_condition_path(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Condition **list = data, *c;
+        ConditionType t = ltype;
+        bool trigger, negate;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+                *list = condition_free_list(*list);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        trigger = rvalue[0] == '|';
+        if (trigger)
+                rvalue++;
+
+        negate = rvalue[0] == '!';
+        if (negate)
+                rvalue++;
+
+        r = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue, &p);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve specifiers, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(p)) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Path in condition not absolute, ignoring: %s", p);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c = condition_new(t, p, trigger, negate);
+        if (!c)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(conditions, *list, c);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_condition_string(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+        Condition **list = data, *c;
+        ConditionType t = ltype;
+        bool trigger, negate;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+                *list = condition_free_list(*list);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        trigger = rvalue[0] == '|';
+        if (trigger)
+                rvalue++;
+
+        negate = rvalue[0] == '!';
+        if (negate)
+                rvalue++;
+
+        r = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue, &s);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve specifiers, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c = condition_new(t, s, trigger, negate);
+        if (!c)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(conditions, *list, c);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_condition_null(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        Condition **list = data, *c;
+        bool trigger, negate;
+        int b;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+                *list = condition_free_list(*list);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        trigger = rvalue[0] == '|';
+        if (trigger)
+                rvalue++;
+
+        negate = rvalue[0] == '!';
+        if (negate)
+                rvalue++;
+
+        b = parse_boolean(rvalue);
+        if (b < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, b, "Failed to parse boolean value in condition, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!b)
+                negate = !negate;
+
+        c = condition_new(CONDITION_NULL, NULL, trigger, negate);
+        if (!c)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(conditions, *list, c);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_notify_access, notify_access, NotifyAccess, "Failed to parse notify access specifier");
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_failure_action, failure_action, FailureAction, "Failed to parse failure action specifier");
+
+int config_parse_unit_requires_mounts_for(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        const char *word, *state;
+        size_t l;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(word, l, rvalue, state) {
+                int r;
+                _cleanup_free_ char *n;
+
+                n = strndup(word, l);
+                if (!n)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (!utf8_is_valid(n)) {
+                        log_syntax_invalid_utf8(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, rvalue);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = unit_require_mounts_for(u, n);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to add required mount for, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        continue;
+                }
+        }
+        if (!isempty(state))
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Trailing garbage, ignoring.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_documentation(const char *unit,
+                               const char *filename,
+                               unsigned line,
+                               const char *section,
+                               unsigned section_line,
+                               const char *lvalue,
+                               int ltype,
+                               const char *rvalue,
+                               void *data,
+                               void *userdata) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+        char **a, **b;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+                u->documentation = strv_free(u->documentation);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = config_parse_unit_strv_printf(unit, filename, line, section, section_line, lvalue, ltype,
+                                          rvalue, data, userdata);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (a = b = u->documentation; a && *a; a++) {
+
+                if (documentation_url_is_valid(*a))
+                        *(b++) = *a;
+                else {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Invalid URL, ignoring: %s", *a);
+                        free(*a);
+                }
+        }
+        if (b)
+                *b = NULL;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+int config_parse_syscall_filter(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        static const char default_syscalls[] =
+                "execve\0"
+                "exit\0"
+                "exit_group\0"
+                "rt_sigreturn\0"
+                "sigreturn\0";
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        bool invert = false;
+        const char *word, *state;
+        size_t l;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+                c->syscall_filter = set_free(c->syscall_filter);
+                c->syscall_whitelist = false;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (rvalue[0] == '~') {
+                invert = true;
+                rvalue++;
+        }
+
+        if (!c->syscall_filter) {
+                c->syscall_filter = set_new(NULL);
+                if (!c->syscall_filter)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (invert)
+                        /* Allow everything but the ones listed */
+                        c->syscall_whitelist = false;
+                else {
+                        const char *i;
+
+                        /* Allow nothing but the ones listed */
+                        c->syscall_whitelist = true;
+
+                        /* Accept default syscalls if we are on a whitelist */
+                        NULSTR_FOREACH(i, default_syscalls)  {
+                                int id;
+
+                                id = seccomp_syscall_resolve_name(i);
+                                if (id < 0)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                r = set_put(c->syscall_filter, INT_TO_PTR(id + 1));
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        continue;
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_oom();
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(word, l, rvalue, state) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+                int id;
+
+                t = strndup(word, l);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                id = seccomp_syscall_resolve_name(t);
+                if (id < 0)  {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse system call, ignoring: %s", t);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* If we previously wanted to forbid a syscall and now
+                 * we want to allow it, then remove it from the list
+                 */
+                if (!invert == c->syscall_whitelist)  {
+                        r = set_put(c->syscall_filter, INT_TO_PTR(id + 1));
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+                } else
+                        set_remove(c->syscall_filter, INT_TO_PTR(id + 1));
+        }
+        if (!isempty(state))
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Trailing garbage, ignoring.");
+
+        /* Turn on NNP, but only if it wasn't configured explicitly
+         * before, and only if we are in user mode. */
+        if (!c->no_new_privileges_set && u->manager->running_as == MANAGER_USER)
+                c->no_new_privileges = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_syscall_archs(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        Set **archs = data;
+        const char *word, *state;
+        size_t l;
+        int r;
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                *archs = set_free(*archs);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(archs, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(word, l, rvalue, state) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+                uint32_t a;
+
+                t = strndup(word, l);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = seccomp_arch_from_string(t, &a);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse system call architecture, ignoring: %s", t);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = set_put(*archs, UINT32_TO_PTR(a + 1));
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+        }
+        if (!isempty(state))
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Trailing garbage, ignoring.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_syscall_errno(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int e;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets to KILL */
+                c->syscall_errno = 0;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        e = errno_from_name(rvalue);
+        if (e < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse error number, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->syscall_errno = e;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_address_families(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        bool invert = false;
+        const char *word, *state;
+        size_t l;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+                c->address_families = set_free(c->address_families);
+                c->address_families_whitelist = false;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (rvalue[0] == '~') {
+                invert = true;
+                rvalue++;
+        }
+
+        if (!c->address_families) {
+                c->address_families = set_new(NULL);
+                if (!c->address_families)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                c->address_families_whitelist = !invert;
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(word, l, rvalue, state) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+                int af;
+
+                t = strndup(word, l);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                af = af_from_name(t);
+                if (af <= 0)  {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse address family, ignoring: %s", t);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* If we previously wanted to forbid an address family and now
+                 * we want to allow it, then remove it from the list
+                 */
+                if (!invert == c->address_families_whitelist)  {
+                        r = set_put(c->address_families, INT_TO_PTR(af));
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                continue;
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+                } else
+                        set_remove(c->address_families, INT_TO_PTR(af));
+        }
+        if (!isempty(state))
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Trailing garbage, ignoring.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+int config_parse_unit_slice(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+        Unit *u = userdata, *slice = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = unit_name_printf(u, rvalue, &k);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(u->manager, k, NULL, NULL, &slice);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to load slice unit %s. Ignoring.", k);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_set_slice(u, slice);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to assign slice %s to unit %s. Ignoring.", slice->id, u->id);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_device_policy, cgroup_device_policy, CGroupDevicePolicy, "Failed to parse device policy");
+
+int config_parse_cpu_shares(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        uint64_t *shares = data;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+
+        r = cg_cpu_shares_parse(rvalue, shares);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "CPU shares '%s' invalid. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_cpu_quota(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        CGroupContext *c = data;
+        double percent;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec = USEC_INFINITY;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!endswith(rvalue, "%")) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "CPU quota '%s' not ending in '%%'. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (sscanf(rvalue, "%lf%%", &percent) != 1 || percent <= 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "CPU quota '%s' invalid. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec = (usec_t) (percent * USEC_PER_SEC / 100);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_memory_limit(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        CGroupContext *c = data;
+        uint64_t bytes;
+        int r;
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue) || streq(rvalue, "infinity")) {
+                c->memory_limit = (uint64_t) -1;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = parse_size(rvalue, 1024, &bytes);
+        if (r < 0 || bytes < 1) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Memory limit '%s' invalid. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->memory_limit = bytes;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_tasks_max(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        uint64_t *tasks_max = data, u;
+        int r;
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue) || streq(rvalue, "infinity")) {
+                *tasks_max = (uint64_t) -1;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = safe_atou64(rvalue, &u);
+        if (r < 0 || u < 1) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Maximum tasks value '%s' invalid. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *tasks_max = u;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_device_allow(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        CGroupContext *c = data;
+        CGroupDeviceAllow *a;
+        const char *m;
+        size_t n;
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                while (c->device_allow)
+                        cgroup_context_free_device_allow(c, c->device_allow);
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        n = strcspn(rvalue, WHITESPACE);
+        path = strndup(rvalue, n);
+        if (!path)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (!startswith(path, "/dev/") &&
+            !startswith(path, "block-") &&
+            !startswith(path, "char-")) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Invalid device node path '%s'. Ignoring.", path);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        m = rvalue + n + strspn(rvalue + n, WHITESPACE);
+        if (isempty(m))
+                m = "rwm";
+
+        if (!in_charset(m, "rwm")) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Invalid device rights '%s'. Ignoring.", m);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        a = new0(CGroupDeviceAllow, 1);
+        if (!a)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        a->path = path;
+        path = NULL;
+        a->r = !!strchr(m, 'r');
+        a->w = !!strchr(m, 'w');
+        a->m = !!strchr(m, 'm');
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(device_allow, c->device_allow, a);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_blockio_weight(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        uint64_t *weight = data;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+
+        r = cg_blkio_weight_parse(rvalue, weight);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Block IO weight '%s' invalid. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_blockio_device_weight(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight *w;
+        CGroupContext *c = data;
+        const char *weight;
+        uint64_t u;
+        size_t n;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                while (c->blockio_device_weights)
+                        cgroup_context_free_blockio_device_weight(c, c->blockio_device_weights);
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        n = strcspn(rvalue, WHITESPACE);
+        weight = rvalue + n;
+        weight += strspn(weight, WHITESPACE);
+
+        if (isempty(weight)) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Expected block device and device weight. Ignoring.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        path = strndup(rvalue, n);
+        if (!path)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (!path_startswith(path, "/dev")) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Invalid device node path '%s'. Ignoring.", path);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = cg_blkio_weight_parse(weight, &u);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Block IO weight '%s' invalid. Ignoring.", weight);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        assert(u != CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID);
+
+        w = new0(CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight, 1);
+        if (!w)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        w->path = path;
+        path = NULL;
+
+        w->weight = u;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(device_weights, c->blockio_device_weights, w);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_blockio_bandwidth(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth *b;
+        CGroupContext *c = data;
+        const char *bandwidth;
+        uint64_t bytes;
+        bool read;
+        size_t n;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+
+        read = streq("BlockIOReadBandwidth", lvalue);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth *next;
+
+                LIST_FOREACH_SAFE (device_bandwidths, b, next, c->blockio_device_bandwidths)
+                        if (b->read == read)
+                                cgroup_context_free_blockio_device_bandwidth(c, b);
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        n = strcspn(rvalue, WHITESPACE);
+        bandwidth = rvalue + n;
+        bandwidth += strspn(bandwidth, WHITESPACE);
+
+        if (!*bandwidth) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Expected space separated pair of device node and bandwidth. Ignoring.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        path = strndup(rvalue, n);
+        if (!path)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (!path_startswith(path, "/dev")) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Invalid device node path '%s'. Ignoring.", path);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = parse_size(bandwidth, 1000, &bytes);
+        if (r < 0 || bytes <= 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Block IO Bandwidth '%s' invalid. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        b = new0(CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth, 1);
+        if (!b)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        b->path = path;
+        path = NULL;
+        b->bandwidth = bytes;
+        b->read = read;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(device_bandwidths, c->blockio_device_bandwidths, b);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_job_mode, job_mode, JobMode, "Failed to parse job mode");
+
+int config_parse_job_mode_isolate(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        JobMode *m = data;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+
+        r = parse_boolean(rvalue);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse boolean, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *m = r ? JOB_ISOLATE : JOB_REPLACE;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_runtime_directory(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        char***rt = data;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        const char *word, *state;
+        size_t l;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+                *rt = strv_free(*rt);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(word, l, rvalue, state) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL, *n = NULL;
+
+                t = strndup(word, l);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = unit_name_printf(u, t, &n);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to resolve specifiers, ignoring: %m");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!filename_is_valid(n)) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Runtime directory is not valid, ignoring assignment: %s", rvalue);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = strv_push(rt, n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                n = NULL;
+        }
+        if (!isempty(state))
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Trailing garbage, ignoring.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_set_status(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        size_t l;
+        const char *word, *state;
+        int r;
+        ExitStatusSet *status_set = data;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                exit_status_set_free(status_set);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_WORD(word, l, rvalue, state) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *temp;
+                int val;
+                Set **set;
+
+                temp = strndup(word, l);
+                if (!temp)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = safe_atoi(temp, &val);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        val = signal_from_string_try_harder(temp);
+
+                        if (val <= 0) {
+                                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse value, ignoring: %s", word);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+                        set = &status_set->signal;
+                } else {
+                        if (val < 0 || val > 255) {
+                                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Value %d is outside range 0-255, ignoring", val);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+                        set = &status_set->status;
+                }
+
+                r = set_ensure_allocated(set, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = set_put(*set, INT_TO_PTR(val));
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Unable to store: %s", word);
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+        if (!isempty(state))
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Trailing garbage, ignoring.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_namespace_path_strv(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        char*** sv = data;
+        const char *prev;
+        const char *cur;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+                *sv = strv_free(*sv);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        prev = cur = rvalue;
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
+                int offset;
+
+                r = extract_first_word(&cur, &word, NULL, EXTRACT_QUOTES);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+                if (r == -ENOMEM)
+                        return log_oom();
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Trailing garbage, ignoring: %s", prev);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                if (!utf8_is_valid(word)) {
+                        log_syntax_invalid_utf8(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, word);
+                        prev = cur;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                offset = word[0] == '-';
+                if (!path_is_absolute(word + offset)) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Not an absolute path, ignoring: %s", word);
+                        prev = cur;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                path_kill_slashes(word + offset);
+
+                r = strv_push(sv, word);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                prev = cur;
+                word = NULL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_no_new_privileges(
+                const char* unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int k;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        k = parse_boolean(rvalue);
+        if (k < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, k, "Failed to parse boolean value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->no_new_privileges = !!k;
+        c->no_new_privileges_set = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_protect_home(
+                const char* unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int k;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        /* Our enum shall be a superset of booleans, hence first try
+         * to parse as as boolean, and then as enum */
+
+        k = parse_boolean(rvalue);
+        if (k > 0)
+                c->protect_home = PROTECT_HOME_YES;
+        else if (k == 0)
+                c->protect_home = PROTECT_HOME_NO;
+        else {
+                ProtectHome h;
+
+                h = protect_home_from_string(rvalue);
+                if (h < 0){
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse protect home value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                c->protect_home = h;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_protect_system(
+                const char* unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int k;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        /* Our enum shall be a superset of booleans, hence first try
+         * to parse as as boolean, and then as enum */
+
+        k = parse_boolean(rvalue);
+        if (k > 0)
+                c->protect_system = PROTECT_SYSTEM_YES;
+        else if (k == 0)
+                c->protect_system = PROTECT_SYSTEM_NO;
+        else {
+                ProtectSystem s;
+
+                s = protect_system_from_string(rvalue);
+                if (s < 0){
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse protect system value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                c->protect_system = s;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#define FOLLOW_MAX 8
+
+static int open_follow(char **filename, FILE **_f, Set *names, char **_final) {
+        unsigned c = 0;
+        int fd, r;
+        FILE *f;
+        char *id = NULL;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(*filename);
+        assert(_f);
+        assert(names);
+
+        /* This will update the filename pointer if the loaded file is
+         * reached by a symlink. The old string will be freed. */
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char *target, *name;
+
+                if (c++ >= FOLLOW_MAX)
+                        return -ELOOP;
+
+                path_kill_slashes(*filename);
+
+                /* Add the file name we are currently looking at to
+                 * the names of this unit, but only if it is a valid
+                 * unit name. */
+                name = basename(*filename);
+
+                if (unit_name_is_valid(name, UNIT_NAME_ANY)) {
+
+                        id = set_get(names, name);
+                        if (!id) {
+                                id = strdup(name);
+                                if (!id)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                r = set_consume(names, id);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* Try to open the file name, but don't if its a symlink */
+                fd = open(*filename, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW);
+                if (fd >= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (errno != ELOOP)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                /* Hmm, so this is a symlink. Let's read the name, and follow it manually */
+                r = readlink_and_make_absolute(*filename, &target);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                free(*filename);
+                *filename = target;
+        }
+
+        f = fdopen(fd, "re");
+        if (!f) {
+                safe_close(fd);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        *_f = f;
+        *_final = id;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int merge_by_names(Unit **u, Set *names, const char *id) {
+        char *k;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(*u);
+        assert(names);
+
+        /* Let's try to add in all symlink names we found */
+        while ((k = set_steal_first(names))) {
+
+                /* First try to merge in the other name into our
+                 * unit */
+                r = unit_merge_by_name(*u, k);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        Unit *other;
+
+                        /* Hmm, we couldn't merge the other unit into
+                         * ours? Then let's try it the other way
+                         * round */
+
+                        other = manager_get_unit((*u)->manager, k);
+                        free(k);
+
+                        if (other) {
+                                r = unit_merge(other, *u);
+                                if (r >= 0) {
+                                        *u = other;
+                                        return merge_by_names(u, names, NULL);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                if (id == k)
+                        unit_choose_id(*u, id);
+
+                free(k);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int load_from_path(Unit *u, const char *path) {
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_set_free_free_ Set *symlink_names = NULL;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *filename = NULL;
+        char *id = NULL;
+        Unit *merged;
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(path);
+
+        symlink_names = set_new(&string_hash_ops);
+        if (!symlink_names)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (path_is_absolute(path)) {
+
+                filename = strdup(path);
+                if (!filename)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = open_follow(&filename, &f, symlink_names, &id);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        filename = mfree(filename);
+                        if (r != -ENOENT)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+        } else  {
+                char **p;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(p, u->manager->lookup_paths.unit_path) {
+
+                        /* Instead of opening the path right away, we manually
+                         * follow all symlinks and add their name to our unit
+                         * name set while doing so */
+                        filename = path_make_absolute(path, *p);
+                        if (!filename)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        if (u->manager->unit_path_cache &&
+                            !set_get(u->manager->unit_path_cache, filename))
+                                r = -ENOENT;
+                        else
+                                r = open_follow(&filename, &f, symlink_names, &id);
+
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                filename = mfree(filename);
+                                if (r != -ENOENT)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                /* Empty the symlink names for the next run */
+                                set_clear_free(symlink_names);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!filename)
+                /* Hmm, no suitable file found? */
+                return 0;
+
+        merged = u;
+        r = merge_by_names(&merged, symlink_names, id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (merged != u) {
+                u->load_state = UNIT_MERGED;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (fstat(fileno(f), &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (null_or_empty(&st))
+                u->load_state = UNIT_MASKED;
+        else {
+                u->load_state = UNIT_LOADED;
+
+                /* Now, parse the file contents */
+                r = config_parse(u->id, filename, f,
+                                 UNIT_VTABLE(u)->sections,
+                                 config_item_perf_lookup, load_fragment_gperf_lookup,
+                                 false, true, false, u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        free(u->fragment_path);
+        u->fragment_path = filename;
+        filename = NULL;
+
+        u->fragment_mtime = timespec_load(&st.st_mtim);
+
+        if (u->source_path) {
+                if (stat(u->source_path, &st) >= 0)
+                        u->source_mtime = timespec_load(&st.st_mtim);
+                else
+                        u->source_mtime = 0;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_load_fragment(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+        Iterator i;
+        const char *t;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+        assert(u->id);
+
+        if (u->transient) {
+                u->load_state = UNIT_LOADED;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* First, try to find the unit under its id. We always look
+         * for unit files in the default directories, to make it easy
+         * to override things by placing things in /etc/systemd/system */
+        r = load_from_path(u, u->id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Try to find an alias we can load this with */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB) {
+                SET_FOREACH(t, u->names, i) {
+
+                        if (t == u->id)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = load_from_path(u, t);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (u->load_state != UNIT_STUB)
+                                break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* And now, try looking for it under the suggested (originally linked) path */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB && u->fragment_path) {
+
+                r = load_from_path(u, u->fragment_path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB)
+                        /* Hmm, this didn't work? Then let's get rid
+                         * of the fragment path stored for us, so that
+                         * we don't point to an invalid location. */
+                        u->fragment_path = mfree(u->fragment_path);
+        }
+
+        /* Look for a template */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB && u->instance) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+
+                r = unit_name_template(u->id, &k);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = load_from_path(u, k);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB) {
+                        SET_FOREACH(t, u->names, i) {
+                                _cleanup_free_ char *z = NULL;
+
+                                if (t == u->id)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                r = unit_name_template(t, &z);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                r = load_from_path(u, z);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                if (u->load_state != UNIT_STUB)
+                                        break;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void unit_dump_config_items(FILE *f) {
+        static const struct {
+                const ConfigParserCallback callback;
+                const char *rvalue;
+        } table[] = {
+#if !defined(HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT) || !defined(HAVE_SECCOMP) || !defined(HAVE_PAM) || !defined(HAVE_SELINUX) || !defined(HAVE_SMACK) || !defined(HAVE_APPARMOR)
+                { config_parse_warn_compat,           "NOTSUPPORTED" },
+#endif
+                { config_parse_int,                   "INTEGER" },
+                { config_parse_unsigned,              "UNSIGNED" },
+                { config_parse_iec_size,              "SIZE" },
+                { config_parse_iec_uint64,            "SIZE" },
+                { config_parse_si_size,               "SIZE" },
+                { config_parse_bool,                  "BOOLEAN" },
+                { config_parse_string,                "STRING" },
+                { config_parse_path,                  "PATH" },
+                { config_parse_unit_path_printf,      "PATH" },
+                { config_parse_strv,                  "STRING [...]" },
+                { config_parse_exec_nice,             "NICE" },
+                { config_parse_exec_oom_score_adjust, "OOMSCOREADJUST" },
+                { config_parse_exec_io_class,         "IOCLASS" },
+                { config_parse_exec_io_priority,      "IOPRIORITY" },
+                { config_parse_exec_cpu_sched_policy, "CPUSCHEDPOLICY" },
+                { config_parse_exec_cpu_sched_prio,   "CPUSCHEDPRIO" },
+                { config_parse_exec_cpu_affinity,     "CPUAFFINITY" },
+                { config_parse_mode,                  "MODE" },
+                { config_parse_unit_env_file,         "FILE" },
+                { config_parse_output,                "OUTPUT" },
+                { config_parse_input,                 "INPUT" },
+                { config_parse_log_facility,          "FACILITY" },
+                { config_parse_log_level,             "LEVEL" },
+                { config_parse_exec_capabilities,     "CAPABILITIES" },
+                { config_parse_exec_secure_bits,      "SECUREBITS" },
+                { config_parse_capability_set,        "BOUNDINGSET" },
+                { config_parse_limit,                 "LIMIT" },
+                { config_parse_unit_deps,             "UNIT [...]" },
+                { config_parse_exec,                  "PATH [ARGUMENT [...]]" },
+                { config_parse_service_type,          "SERVICETYPE" },
+                { config_parse_service_restart,       "SERVICERESTART" },
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+                { config_parse_sysv_priority,         "SYSVPRIORITY" },
+#endif
+                { config_parse_kill_mode,             "KILLMODE" },
+                { config_parse_signal,                "SIGNAL" },
+                { config_parse_socket_listen,         "SOCKET [...]" },
+                { config_parse_socket_bind,           "SOCKETBIND" },
+                { config_parse_socket_bindtodevice,   "NETWORKINTERFACE" },
+                { config_parse_sec,                   "SECONDS" },
+                { config_parse_nsec,                  "NANOSECONDS" },
+                { config_parse_namespace_path_strv,   "PATH [...]" },
+                { config_parse_unit_requires_mounts_for, "PATH [...]" },
+                { config_parse_exec_mount_flags,      "MOUNTFLAG [...]" },
+                { config_parse_unit_string_printf,    "STRING" },
+                { config_parse_trigger_unit,          "UNIT" },
+                { config_parse_timer,                 "TIMER" },
+                { config_parse_path_spec,             "PATH" },
+                { config_parse_notify_access,         "ACCESS" },
+                { config_parse_ip_tos,                "TOS" },
+                { config_parse_unit_condition_path,   "CONDITION" },
+                { config_parse_unit_condition_string, "CONDITION" },
+                { config_parse_unit_condition_null,   "CONDITION" },
+                { config_parse_unit_slice,            "SLICE" },
+                { config_parse_documentation,         "URL" },
+                { config_parse_service_timeout,       "SECONDS" },
+                { config_parse_failure_action,        "ACTION" },
+                { config_parse_set_status,            "STATUS" },
+                { config_parse_service_sockets,       "SOCKETS" },
+                { config_parse_environ,               "ENVIRON" },
+#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+                { config_parse_syscall_filter,        "SYSCALLS" },
+                { config_parse_syscall_archs,         "ARCHS" },
+                { config_parse_syscall_errno,         "ERRNO" },
+                { config_parse_address_families,      "FAMILIES" },
+#endif
+                { config_parse_cpu_shares,            "SHARES" },
+                { config_parse_memory_limit,          "LIMIT" },
+                { config_parse_device_allow,          "DEVICE" },
+                { config_parse_device_policy,         "POLICY" },
+                { config_parse_blockio_bandwidth,     "BANDWIDTH" },
+                { config_parse_blockio_weight,        "WEIGHT" },
+                { config_parse_blockio_device_weight, "DEVICEWEIGHT" },
+                { config_parse_long,                  "LONG" },
+                { config_parse_socket_service,        "SERVICE" },
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+                { config_parse_exec_selinux_context,  "LABEL" },
+#endif
+                { config_parse_job_mode,              "MODE" },
+                { config_parse_job_mode_isolate,      "BOOLEAN" },
+                { config_parse_personality,           "PERSONALITY" },
+        };
+
+        const char *prev = NULL;
+        const char *i;
+
+        assert(f);
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH(i, load_fragment_gperf_nulstr) {
+                const char *rvalue = "OTHER", *lvalue;
+                unsigned j;
+                size_t prefix_len;
+                const char *dot;
+                const ConfigPerfItem *p;
+
+                assert_se(p = load_fragment_gperf_lookup(i, strlen(i)));
+
+                dot = strchr(i, '.');
+                lvalue = dot ? dot + 1 : i;
+                prefix_len = dot-i;
+
+                if (dot)
+                        if (!prev || !strneq(prev, i, prefix_len+1)) {
+                                if (prev)
+                                        fputc('\n', f);
+
+                                fprintf(f, "[%.*s]\n", (int) prefix_len, i);
+                        }
+
+                for (j = 0; j < ELEMENTSOF(table); j++)
+                        if (p->parse == table[j].callback) {
+                                rvalue = table[j].rvalue;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                fprintf(f, "%s=%s\n", lvalue, rvalue);
+                prev = i;
+        }
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/load-fragment.h b/src/libcore/load-fragment.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5fb5910919
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/load-fragment.h
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+/* Read service data from .desktop file style configuration fragments */
+
+int unit_load_fragment(Unit *u);
+
+void unit_dump_config_items(FILE *f);
+
+int config_parse_warn_compat(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_deps(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_obsolete_unit_deps(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_string_printf(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_strv_printf(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_path_printf(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_path_strv_printf(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_documentation(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_socket_listen(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_socket_protocol(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_socket_bind(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_nice(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_oom_score_adjust(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_service_timeout(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_service_type(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_service_restart(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_socket_bindtodevice(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_output(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_input(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_io_class(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_io_priority(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_cpu_sched_policy(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_cpu_sched_prio(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_cpu_affinity(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_capabilities(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_secure_bits(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_capability_set(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_limit(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_sysv_priority(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_kill_signal(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_mount_flags(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_timer(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_trigger_unit(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_path_spec(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_socket_service(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_service_sockets(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_busname_service(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_bus_policy(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_bus_policy_world(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_bus_endpoint_policy(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_env_file(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_ip_tos(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_condition_path(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_condition_string(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_condition_null(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_kill_mode(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_notify_access(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_failure_action(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_requires_mounts_for(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_syscall_filter(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_syscall_archs(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_syscall_errno(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_environ(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_pass_environ(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_slice(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_cpu_shares(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_memory_limit(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_tasks_max(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_device_policy(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_device_allow(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_blockio_weight(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_blockio_device_weight(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_blockio_bandwidth(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_netclass(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_job_mode(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_job_mode_isolate(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_selinux_context(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_apparmor_profile(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_smack_process_label(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_address_families(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_runtime_directory(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_set_status(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_namespace_path_strv(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_no_new_privileges(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_cpu_quota(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_protect_home(const char* unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_protect_system(const char* unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_bus_name(const char* unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_utmp_mode(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_working_directory(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_fdname(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_sec_fix_0(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+
+/* gperf prototypes */
+const struct ConfigPerfItem* load_fragment_gperf_lookup(const char *key, unsigned length);
+extern const char load_fragment_gperf_nulstr[];
+
+typedef enum Disabled {
+        DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,
+        DISABLED_LEGACY,
+        DISABLED_EXPERIMENTAL,
+} Disabled;
diff --git a/src/libcore/locale-setup.c b/src/libcore/locale-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ccf61d29fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/locale-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "locale-setup.h"
+#include "locale-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+
+int locale_setup(char ***environment) {
+        char **add;
+        char *variables[_VARIABLE_LC_MAX] = {};
+        int r = 0, i;
+
+        if (detect_container() <= 0) {
+                r = parse_env_file("/proc/cmdline", WHITESPACE,
+                                   "locale.LANG",              &variables[VARIABLE_LANG],
+                                   "locale.LANGUAGE",          &variables[VARIABLE_LANGUAGE],
+                                   "locale.LC_CTYPE",          &variables[VARIABLE_LC_CTYPE],
+                                   "locale.LC_NUMERIC",        &variables[VARIABLE_LC_NUMERIC],
+                                   "locale.LC_TIME",           &variables[VARIABLE_LC_TIME],
+                                   "locale.LC_COLLATE",        &variables[VARIABLE_LC_COLLATE],
+                                   "locale.LC_MONETARY",       &variables[VARIABLE_LC_MONETARY],
+                                   "locale.LC_MESSAGES",       &variables[VARIABLE_LC_MESSAGES],
+                                   "locale.LC_PAPER",          &variables[VARIABLE_LC_PAPER],
+                                   "locale.LC_NAME",           &variables[VARIABLE_LC_NAME],
+                                   "locale.LC_ADDRESS",        &variables[VARIABLE_LC_ADDRESS],
+                                   "locale.LC_TELEPHONE",      &variables[VARIABLE_LC_TELEPHONE],
+                                   "locale.LC_MEASUREMENT",    &variables[VARIABLE_LC_MEASUREMENT],
+                                   "locale.LC_IDENTIFICATION", &variables[VARIABLE_LC_IDENTIFICATION],
+                                   NULL);
+
+                if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to read /proc/cmdline: %m");
+        }
+
+        /* Hmm, nothing set on the kernel cmd line? Then let's
+         * try /etc/locale.conf */
+        if (r <= 0) {
+                r = parse_env_file("/etc/locale.conf", NEWLINE,
+                                   "LANG",              &variables[VARIABLE_LANG],
+                                   "LANGUAGE",          &variables[VARIABLE_LANGUAGE],
+                                   "LC_CTYPE",          &variables[VARIABLE_LC_CTYPE],
+                                   "LC_NUMERIC",        &variables[VARIABLE_LC_NUMERIC],
+                                   "LC_TIME",           &variables[VARIABLE_LC_TIME],
+                                   "LC_COLLATE",        &variables[VARIABLE_LC_COLLATE],
+                                   "LC_MONETARY",       &variables[VARIABLE_LC_MONETARY],
+                                   "LC_MESSAGES",       &variables[VARIABLE_LC_MESSAGES],
+                                   "LC_PAPER",          &variables[VARIABLE_LC_PAPER],
+                                   "LC_NAME",           &variables[VARIABLE_LC_NAME],
+                                   "LC_ADDRESS",        &variables[VARIABLE_LC_ADDRESS],
+                                   "LC_TELEPHONE",      &variables[VARIABLE_LC_TELEPHONE],
+                                   "LC_MEASUREMENT",    &variables[VARIABLE_LC_MEASUREMENT],
+                                   "LC_IDENTIFICATION", &variables[VARIABLE_LC_IDENTIFICATION],
+                                   NULL);
+
+                if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to read /etc/locale.conf: %m");
+        }
+
+        add = NULL;
+        for (i = 0; i < _VARIABLE_LC_MAX; i++) {
+                char *s;
+
+                if (!variables[i])
+                        continue;
+
+                s = strjoin(locale_variable_to_string(i), "=", variables[i], NULL);
+                if (!s) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (strv_consume(&add, s) < 0) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(add)) {
+                char **e;
+
+                e = strv_env_merge(2, *environment, add);
+                if (!e) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                strv_free(*environment);
+                *environment = e;
+        }
+
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        strv_free(add);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < _VARIABLE_LC_MAX; i++)
+                free(variables[i]);
+
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/locale-setup.h b/src/libcore/locale-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b97497afe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/locale-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int locale_setup(char ***environment);
diff --git a/src/libcore/loopback-setup.c b/src/libcore/loopback-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d56bbfa6fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/loopback-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <net/if.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-netlink.h>
+
+#include "loopback-setup.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "netlink-util.h"
+
+static int start_loopback(sd_netlink *rtnl) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_netlink_message_unrefp) sd_netlink_message *req = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        r = sd_rtnl_message_new_link(rtnl, &req, RTM_SETLINK, LOOPBACK_IFINDEX);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_rtnl_message_link_set_flags(req, IFF_UP, IFF_UP);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_netlink_call(rtnl, req, 0, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool check_loopback(sd_netlink *rtnl) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_netlink_message_unrefp) sd_netlink_message *req = NULL, *reply = NULL;
+        unsigned flags;
+        int r;
+
+        r = sd_rtnl_message_new_link(rtnl, &req, RTM_GETLINK, LOOPBACK_IFINDEX);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return false;
+
+        r = sd_netlink_call(rtnl, req, 0, &reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return false;
+
+        r = sd_rtnl_message_link_get_flags(reply, &flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return false;
+
+        return flags & IFF_UP;
+}
+
+int loopback_setup(void) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_netlink_unrefp) sd_netlink *rtnl = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        r = sd_netlink_open(&rtnl);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = start_loopback(rtnl);
+        if (r < 0) {
+
+                /* If we lack the permissions to configure the
+                 * loopback device, but we find it to be already
+                 * configured, let's exit cleanly, in order to
+                 * supported unprivileged containers. */
+                if (r == -EPERM && check_loopback(rtnl))
+                        return 0;
+
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to configure loopback device: %m");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/loopback-setup.h b/src/libcore/loopback-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7547b8a26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/loopback-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int loopback_setup(void);
diff --git a/src/libcore/machine-id-setup.c b/src/libcore/machine-id-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..30f27ffc67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/machine-id-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-id128.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "hexdecoct.h"
+#include "io-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "machine-id-setup.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "mount-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "stat-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "umask-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+
+static int shorten_uuid(char destination[34], const char source[36]) {
+        unsigned i, j;
+
+        assert(destination);
+        assert(source);
+
+        /* Converts a UUID into a machine ID, by lowercasing it and
+         * removing dashes. Validates everything. */
+
+        for (i = 0, j = 0; i < 36 && j < 32; i++) {
+                int t;
+
+                t = unhexchar(source[i]);
+                if (t < 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                destination[j++] = hexchar(t);
+        }
+
+        if (i != 36 || j != 32)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        destination[32] = '\n';
+        destination[33] = 0;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int read_machine_id(int fd, char id[34]) {
+        char id_to_validate[34];
+        int r;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(id);
+
+        /* Reads a machine ID from a file, validates it, and returns
+         * it. The returned ID ends in a newline. */
+
+        r = loop_read_exact(fd, id_to_validate, 33, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (id_to_validate[32] != '\n')
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        id_to_validate[32] = 0;
+
+        if (!id128_is_valid(id_to_validate))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        memcpy(id, id_to_validate, 32);
+        id[32] = '\n';
+        id[33] = 0;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int write_machine_id(int fd, char id[34]) {
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(id);
+
+        if (lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return loop_write(fd, id, 33, false);
+}
+
+static int generate_machine_id(char id[34], const char *root) {
+        int fd, r;
+        unsigned char *p;
+        sd_id128_t buf;
+        char  *q;
+        const char *dbus_machine_id;
+
+        assert(id);
+
+        if (isempty(root))
+                dbus_machine_id = "/var/lib/dbus/machine-id";
+        else
+                dbus_machine_id = strjoina(root, "/var/lib/dbus/machine-id");
+
+        /* First, try reading the D-Bus machine id, unless it is a symlink */
+        fd = open(dbus_machine_id, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW);
+        if (fd >= 0) {
+                r = read_machine_id(fd, id);
+                safe_close(fd);
+
+                if (r >= 0) {
+                        log_info("Initializing machine ID from D-Bus machine ID.");
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (isempty(root)) {
+                /* If that didn't work, see if we are running in a container,
+                 * and a machine ID was passed in via $container_uuid the way
+                 * libvirt/LXC does it */
+
+                if (detect_container() > 0) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
+
+                        r = getenv_for_pid(1, "container_uuid", &e);
+                        if (r > 0) {
+                                r = shorten_uuid(id, e);
+                                if (r >= 0) {
+                                        log_info("Initializing machine ID from container UUID.");
+                                        return 0;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                } else if (detect_vm() == VIRTUALIZATION_KVM) {
+
+                        /* If we are not running in a container, see if we are
+                         * running in qemu/kvm and a machine ID was passed in
+                         * via -uuid on the qemu/kvm command line */
+
+                        char uuid[36];
+
+                        fd = open("/sys/class/dmi/id/product_uuid", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW);
+                        if (fd >= 0) {
+                                r = loop_read_exact(fd, uuid, 36, false);
+                                safe_close(fd);
+
+                                if (r >= 0) {
+                                        r = shorten_uuid(id, uuid);
+                                        if (r >= 0) {
+                                                log_info("Initializing machine ID from KVM UUID.");
+                                                return 0;
+                                        }
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* If that didn't work, generate a random machine id */
+        r = sd_id128_randomize(&buf);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open /dev/urandom: %m");
+
+        for (p = buf.bytes, q = id; p < buf.bytes + sizeof(buf); p++, q += 2) {
+                q[0] = hexchar(*p >> 4);
+                q[1] = hexchar(*p & 15);
+        }
+
+        id[32] = '\n';
+        id[33] = 0;
+
+        log_info("Initializing machine ID from random generator.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int machine_id_setup(const char *root, sd_id128_t machine_id) {
+        const char *etc_machine_id, *run_machine_id;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        bool writable = true;
+        char id[34]; /* 32 + \n + \0 */
+        int r;
+
+        if (isempty(root))  {
+                etc_machine_id = "/etc/machine-id";
+                run_machine_id = "/run/machine-id";
+        } else {
+                char *x;
+
+                x = strjoina(root, "/etc/machine-id");
+                etc_machine_id = path_kill_slashes(x);
+
+                x = strjoina(root, "/run/machine-id");
+                run_machine_id = path_kill_slashes(x);
+        }
+
+        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0000) {
+                /* We create this 0444, to indicate that this isn't really
+                 * something you should ever modify. Of course, since the file
+                 * will be owned by root it doesn't matter much, but maybe
+                 * people look. */
+
+                mkdir_parents(etc_machine_id, 0755);
+                fd = open(etc_machine_id, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY, 0444);
+                if (fd < 0) {
+                        int old_errno = errno;
+
+                        fd = open(etc_machine_id, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
+                        if (fd < 0) {
+                                if (old_errno == EROFS && errno == ENOENT)
+                                        log_error_errno(errno,
+                                                  "System cannot boot: Missing /etc/machine-id and /etc is mounted read-only.\n"
+                                                  "Booting up is supported only when:\n"
+                                                  "1) /etc/machine-id exists and is populated.\n"
+                                                  "2) /etc/machine-id exists and is empty.\n"
+                                                  "3) /etc/machine-id is missing and /etc is writable.\n");
+                                else
+                                        log_error_errno(errno, "Cannot open %s: %m", etc_machine_id);
+
+                                return -errno;
+                        }
+
+                        writable = false;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* A machine id argument overrides all other machined-ids */
+        if (!sd_id128_is_null(machine_id)) {
+                sd_id128_to_string(machine_id, id);
+                id[32] = '\n';
+                id[33] = 0;
+        } else {
+                if (read_machine_id(fd, id) >= 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                /* Hmm, so, the id currently stored is not useful, then let's
+                 * generate one */
+
+                r = generate_machine_id(id, root);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (writable)
+                if (write_machine_id(fd, id) >= 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+        fd = safe_close(fd);
+
+        /* Hmm, we couldn't write it? So let's write it to
+         * /run/machine-id as a replacement */
+
+        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0022) {
+                r = write_string_file(run_machine_id, id, WRITE_STRING_FILE_CREATE);
+        }
+        if (r < 0) {
+                (void) unlink(run_machine_id);
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Cannot write %s: %m", run_machine_id);
+        }
+
+        /* And now, let's mount it over */
+        if (mount(run_machine_id, etc_machine_id, NULL, MS_BIND, NULL) < 0) {
+                (void) unlink_noerrno(run_machine_id);
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to mount %s: %m", etc_machine_id);
+        }
+
+        log_info("Installed transient %s file.", etc_machine_id);
+
+        /* Mark the mount read-only */
+        if (mount(NULL, etc_machine_id, NULL, MS_BIND|MS_RDONLY|MS_REMOUNT, NULL) < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to make transient %s read-only: %m", etc_machine_id);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int machine_id_commit(const char *root) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1, initial_mntns_fd = -1;
+        const char *etc_machine_id;
+        char id[34]; /* 32 + \n + \0 */
+        int r;
+
+        if (isempty(root))
+                etc_machine_id = "/etc/machine-id";
+        else {
+                char *x;
+
+                x = strjoina(root, "/etc/machine-id");
+                etc_machine_id = path_kill_slashes(x);
+        }
+
+        r = path_is_mount_point(etc_machine_id, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine whether %s is a mount point: %m", etc_machine_id);
+        if (r == 0) {
+                log_debug("%s is is not a mount point. Nothing to do.", etc_machine_id);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Read existing machine-id */
+        fd = open(etc_machine_id, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Cannot open %s: %m", etc_machine_id);
+
+        r = read_machine_id(fd, id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "We didn't find a valid machine ID in %s.", etc_machine_id);
+
+        r = fd_is_temporary_fs(fd);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine whether %s is on a temporary file system: %m", etc_machine_id);
+        if (r == 0) {
+                log_error("%s is not on a temporary file system.", etc_machine_id);
+                return -EROFS;
+        }
+
+        fd = safe_close(fd);
+
+        /* Store current mount namespace */
+        r = namespace_open(0, NULL, &initial_mntns_fd, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Can't fetch current mount namespace: %m");
+
+        /* Switch to a new mount namespace, isolate ourself and unmount etc_machine_id in our new namespace */
+        if (unshare(CLONE_NEWNS) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to enter new namespace: %m");
+
+        if (mount(NULL, "/", NULL, MS_SLAVE | MS_REC, NULL) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Couldn't make-rslave / mountpoint in our private namespace: %m");
+
+        if (umount(etc_machine_id) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to unmount transient %s file in our private namespace: %m", etc_machine_id);
+
+        /* Update a persistent version of etc_machine_id */
+        fd = open(etc_machine_id, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY, 0444);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Cannot open for writing %s. This is mandatory to get a persistent machine-id: %m", etc_machine_id);
+
+        r = write_machine_id(fd, id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Cannot write %s: %m", etc_machine_id);
+
+        fd = safe_close(fd);
+
+        /* Return to initial namespace and proceed a lazy tmpfs unmount */
+        r = namespace_enter(-1, initial_mntns_fd, -1, -1, -1);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to switch back to initial mount namespace: %m.\nWe'll keep transient %s file until next reboot.", etc_machine_id);
+
+        if (umount2(etc_machine_id, MNT_DETACH) < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to unmount transient %s file: %m.\nWe keep that mount until next reboot.", etc_machine_id);
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/machine-id-setup.h b/src/libcore/machine-id-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7e7678ed9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/machine-id-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int machine_id_commit(const char *root);
+int machine_id_setup(const char *root, sd_id128_t machine_id);
diff --git a/src/libcore/manager.c b/src/libcore/manager.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a34742cf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/manager.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3124 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/kd.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <sys/inotify.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/reboot.h>
+#include <sys/timerfd.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+#include <libaudit.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <systemd/sd-daemon.h>
+#include <systemd/sd-messages.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "audit-fd.h"
+#include "boot-timestamps.h"
+#include "bus-common-errors.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-kernel.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "dbus-job.h"
+#include "dbus-manager.h"
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "escape.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "io-util.h"
+#include "locale-setup.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "manager.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-lookup.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "ratelimit.h"
+#include "rm-rf.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "stat-util.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+#include "transaction.h"
+#include "umask-util.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+#include "watchdog.h"
+
+#define NOTIFY_RCVBUF_SIZE (8*1024*1024)
+
+/* Initial delay and the interval for printing status messages about running jobs */
+#define JOBS_IN_PROGRESS_WAIT_USEC (5*USEC_PER_SEC)
+#define JOBS_IN_PROGRESS_PERIOD_USEC (USEC_PER_SEC / 3)
+#define JOBS_IN_PROGRESS_PERIOD_DIVISOR 3
+
+static int manager_dispatch_notify_fd(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata);
+static int manager_dispatch_signal_fd(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata);
+static int manager_dispatch_time_change_fd(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata);
+static int manager_dispatch_idle_pipe_fd(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata);
+static int manager_dispatch_jobs_in_progress(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata);
+static int manager_dispatch_run_queue(sd_event_source *source, void *userdata);
+static int manager_run_generators(Manager *m);
+static void manager_undo_generators(Manager *m);
+
+static void manager_watch_jobs_in_progress(Manager *m) {
+        usec_t next;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->jobs_in_progress_event_source)
+                return;
+
+        next = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) + JOBS_IN_PROGRESS_WAIT_USEC;
+        r = sd_event_add_time(
+                        m->event,
+                        &m->jobs_in_progress_event_source,
+                        CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
+                        next, 0,
+                        manager_dispatch_jobs_in_progress, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->jobs_in_progress_event_source, "manager-jobs-in-progress");
+}
+
+#define CYLON_BUFFER_EXTRA (2*(sizeof(ANSI_RED)-1) + sizeof(ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED)-1 + 2*(sizeof(ANSI_NORMAL)-1))
+
+static void draw_cylon(char buffer[], size_t buflen, unsigned width, unsigned pos) {
+        char *p = buffer;
+
+        assert(buflen >= CYLON_BUFFER_EXTRA + width + 1);
+        assert(pos <= width+1); /* 0 or width+1 mean that the center light is behind the corner */
+
+        if (pos > 1) {
+                if (pos > 2)
+                        p = mempset(p, ' ', pos-2);
+                p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_RED);
+                *p++ = '*';
+        }
+
+        if (pos > 0 && pos <= width) {
+                p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED);
+                *p++ = '*';
+        }
+
+        p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_NORMAL);
+
+        if (pos < width) {
+                p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_RED);
+                *p++ = '*';
+                if (pos < width-1)
+                        p = mempset(p, ' ', width-1-pos);
+                strcpy(p, ANSI_NORMAL);
+        }
+}
+
+void manager_flip_auto_status(Manager *m, bool enable) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (enable) {
+                if (m->show_status == SHOW_STATUS_AUTO)
+                        manager_set_show_status(m, SHOW_STATUS_TEMPORARY);
+        } else {
+                if (m->show_status == SHOW_STATUS_TEMPORARY)
+                        manager_set_show_status(m, SHOW_STATUS_AUTO);
+        }
+}
+
+static void manager_print_jobs_in_progress(Manager *m) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *job_of_n = NULL;
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
+        unsigned counter = 0, print_nr;
+        char cylon[6 + CYLON_BUFFER_EXTRA + 1];
+        unsigned cylon_pos;
+        char time[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX], limit[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX] = "no limit";
+        uint64_t x;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(m->n_running_jobs > 0);
+
+        manager_flip_auto_status(m, true);
+
+        print_nr = (m->jobs_in_progress_iteration / JOBS_IN_PROGRESS_PERIOD_DIVISOR) % m->n_running_jobs;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i)
+                if (j->state == JOB_RUNNING && counter++ == print_nr)
+                        break;
+
+        /* m->n_running_jobs must be consistent with the contents of m->jobs,
+         * so the above loop must have succeeded in finding j. */
+        assert(counter == print_nr + 1);
+        assert(j);
+
+        cylon_pos = m->jobs_in_progress_iteration % 14;
+        if (cylon_pos >= 8)
+                cylon_pos = 14 - cylon_pos;
+        draw_cylon(cylon, sizeof(cylon), 6, cylon_pos);
+
+        m->jobs_in_progress_iteration++;
+
+        if (m->n_running_jobs > 1) {
+                if (asprintf(&job_of_n, "(%u of %u) ", counter, m->n_running_jobs) < 0)
+                        job_of_n = NULL;
+        }
+
+        format_timespan(time, sizeof(time), now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - j->begin_usec, 1*USEC_PER_SEC);
+        if (job_get_timeout(j, &x) > 0)
+                format_timespan(limit, sizeof(limit), x - j->begin_usec, 1*USEC_PER_SEC);
+
+        manager_status_printf(m, STATUS_TYPE_EPHEMERAL, cylon,
+                              "%sA %s job is running for %s (%s / %s)",
+                              strempty(job_of_n),
+                              job_type_to_string(j->type),
+                              unit_description(j->unit),
+                              time, limit);
+}
+
+static int have_ask_password(void) {
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *dir;
+
+        dir = opendir("/run/systemd/ask-password");
+        if (!dir) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return false;
+                else
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                struct dirent *de;
+
+                errno = 0;
+                de = readdir(dir);
+                if (!de && errno > 0)
+                        return -errno;
+                if (!de)
+                        return false;
+
+                if (startswith(de->d_name, "ask."))
+                        return true;
+        }
+}
+
+static int manager_dispatch_ask_password_fd(sd_event_source *source,
+                                            int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        flush_fd(fd);
+
+        m->have_ask_password = have_ask_password();
+        if (m->have_ask_password < 0)
+                /* Log error but continue. Negative have_ask_password
+                 * is treated as unknown status. */
+                log_error_errno(m->have_ask_password, "Failed to list /run/systemd/ask-password: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void manager_close_ask_password(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->ask_password_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->ask_password_event_source);
+        m->ask_password_inotify_fd = safe_close(m->ask_password_inotify_fd);
+        m->have_ask_password = -EINVAL;
+}
+
+static int manager_check_ask_password(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (!m->ask_password_event_source) {
+                assert(m->ask_password_inotify_fd < 0);
+
+                mkdir_p_label("/run/systemd/ask-password", 0755);
+
+                m->ask_password_inotify_fd = inotify_init1(IN_NONBLOCK|IN_CLOEXEC);
+                if (m->ask_password_inotify_fd < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "inotify_init1() failed: %m");
+
+                if (inotify_add_watch(m->ask_password_inotify_fd, "/run/systemd/ask-password", IN_CREATE|IN_DELETE|IN_MOVE) < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to add watch on /run/systemd/ask-password: %m");
+                        manager_close_ask_password(m);
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->ask_password_event_source,
+                                    m->ask_password_inotify_fd, EPOLLIN,
+                                    manager_dispatch_ask_password_fd, m);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to add event source for /run/systemd/ask-password: %m");
+                        manager_close_ask_password(m);
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->ask_password_event_source, "manager-ask-password");
+
+                /* Queries might have been added meanwhile... */
+                manager_dispatch_ask_password_fd(m->ask_password_event_source,
+                                                 m->ask_password_inotify_fd, EPOLLIN, m);
+        }
+
+        return m->have_ask_password;
+}
+
+static int manager_watch_idle_pipe(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->idle_pipe_event_source)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (m->idle_pipe[2] < 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->idle_pipe_event_source, m->idle_pipe[2], EPOLLIN, manager_dispatch_idle_pipe_fd, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to watch idle pipe: %m");
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->idle_pipe_event_source, "manager-idle-pipe");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void manager_close_idle_pipe(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->idle_pipe_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->idle_pipe_event_source);
+
+        safe_close_pair(m->idle_pipe);
+        safe_close_pair(m->idle_pipe + 2);
+}
+
+static int manager_setup_time_change(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        /* We only care for the cancellation event, hence we set the
+         * timeout to the latest possible value. */
+        struct itimerspec its = {
+                .it_value.tv_sec = TIME_T_MAX,
+        };
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert_cc(sizeof(time_t) == sizeof(TIME_T_MAX));
+
+        if (m->test_run)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Uses TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET to get notifications whenever
+         * CLOCK_REALTIME makes a jump relative to CLOCK_MONOTONIC */
+
+        m->time_change_fd = timerfd_create(CLOCK_REALTIME, TFD_NONBLOCK|TFD_CLOEXEC);
+        if (m->time_change_fd < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create timerfd: %m");
+
+        if (timerfd_settime(m->time_change_fd, TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME|TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET, &its, NULL) < 0) {
+                log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to set up TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET, ignoring: %m");
+                m->time_change_fd = safe_close(m->time_change_fd);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->time_change_event_source, m->time_change_fd, EPOLLIN, manager_dispatch_time_change_fd, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create time change event source: %m");
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->time_change_event_source, "manager-time-change");
+
+        log_debug("Set up TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET timerfd.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int enable_special_signals(Manager *m) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->test_run)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Enable that we get SIGINT on control-alt-del. In containers
+         * this will fail with EPERM (older) or EINVAL (newer), so
+         * ignore that. */
+        if (reboot(RB_DISABLE_CAD) < 0 && errno != EPERM && errno != EINVAL)
+                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to enable ctrl-alt-del handling: %m");
+
+        fd = open_terminal("/dev/tty0", O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                /* Support systems without virtual console */
+                if (fd != -ENOENT)
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open /dev/tty0: %m");
+        } else {
+                /* Enable that we get SIGWINCH on kbrequest */
+                if (ioctl(fd, KDSIGACCEPT, SIGWINCH) < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to enable kbrequest handling: %m");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_setup_signals(Manager *m) {
+        struct sigaction sa = {
+                .sa_handler = SIG_DFL,
+                .sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP|SA_RESTART,
+        };
+        sigset_t mask;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        assert_se(sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL) == 0);
+
+        /* We make liberal use of realtime signals here. On
+         * Linux/glibc we have 30 of them (with the exception of Linux
+         * on hppa, see below), between SIGRTMIN+0 ... SIGRTMIN+30
+         * (aka SIGRTMAX). */
+
+        assert_se(sigemptyset(&mask) == 0);
+        sigset_add_many(&mask,
+                        SIGCHLD,     /* Child died */
+                        SIGTERM,     /* Reexecute daemon */
+                        SIGHUP,      /* Reload configuration */
+                        SIGUSR1,     /* systemd/upstart: reconnect to D-Bus */
+                        SIGUSR2,     /* systemd: dump status */
+                        SIGINT,      /* Kernel sends us this on control-alt-del */
+                        SIGWINCH,    /* Kernel sends us this on kbrequest (alt-arrowup) */
+                        SIGPWR,      /* Some kernel drivers and upsd send us this on power failure */
+
+                        SIGRTMIN+0,  /* systemd: start default.target */
+                        SIGRTMIN+1,  /* systemd: isolate rescue.target */
+                        SIGRTMIN+2,  /* systemd: isolate emergency.target */
+                        SIGRTMIN+3,  /* systemd: start halt.target */
+                        SIGRTMIN+4,  /* systemd: start poweroff.target */
+                        SIGRTMIN+5,  /* systemd: start reboot.target */
+                        SIGRTMIN+6,  /* systemd: start kexec.target */
+
+                        /* ... space for more special targets ... */
+
+                        SIGRTMIN+13, /* systemd: Immediate halt */
+                        SIGRTMIN+14, /* systemd: Immediate poweroff */
+                        SIGRTMIN+15, /* systemd: Immediate reboot */
+                        SIGRTMIN+16, /* systemd: Immediate kexec */
+
+                        /* ... space for more immediate system state changes ... */
+
+                        SIGRTMIN+20, /* systemd: enable status messages */
+                        SIGRTMIN+21, /* systemd: disable status messages */
+                        SIGRTMIN+22, /* systemd: set log level to LOG_DEBUG */
+                        SIGRTMIN+23, /* systemd: set log level to LOG_INFO */
+                        SIGRTMIN+24, /* systemd: Immediate exit (--user only) */
+
+                        /* .. one free signal here ... */
+
+#if !defined(__hppa64__) && !defined(__hppa__)
+                        /* Apparently Linux on hppa has fewer RT
+                         * signals (SIGRTMAX is SIGRTMIN+25 there),
+                         * hence let's not try to make use of them
+                         * here. Since these commands are accessible
+                         * by different means and only really a safety
+                         * net, the missing functionality on hppa
+                         * shouldn't matter. */
+
+                        SIGRTMIN+26, /* systemd: set log target to journal-or-kmsg */
+                        SIGRTMIN+27, /* systemd: set log target to console */
+                        SIGRTMIN+28, /* systemd: set log target to kmsg */
+                        SIGRTMIN+29, /* systemd: set log target to syslog-or-kmsg (obsolete) */
+
+                        /* ... one free signal here SIGRTMIN+30 ... */
+#endif
+                        -1);
+        assert_se(sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &mask, NULL) == 0);
+
+        m->signal_fd = signalfd(-1, &mask, SFD_NONBLOCK|SFD_CLOEXEC);
+        if (m->signal_fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->signal_event_source, m->signal_fd, EPOLLIN, manager_dispatch_signal_fd, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->signal_event_source, "manager-signal");
+
+        /* Process signals a bit earlier than the rest of things, but
+         * later than notify_fd processing, so that the notify
+         * processing can still figure out to which process/service a
+         * message belongs, before we reap the process. */
+        r = sd_event_source_set_priority(m->signal_event_source, SD_EVENT_PRIORITY_NORMAL-5);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return enable_special_signals(m);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void manager_clean_environment(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Let's remove some environment variables that we
+         * need ourselves to communicate with our clients */
+        strv_env_unset_many(
+                        m->environment,
+                        "NOTIFY_SOCKET",
+                        "MAINPID",
+                        "MANAGERPID",
+                        "LISTEN_PID",
+                        "LISTEN_FDS",
+                        "LISTEN_FDNAMES",
+                        "WATCHDOG_PID",
+                        "WATCHDOG_USEC",
+                        NULL);
+}
+
+static int manager_default_environment(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+                /* The system manager always starts with a clean
+                 * environment for its children. It does not import
+                 * the kernel or the parents exported variables.
+                 *
+                 * The initial passed environ is untouched to keep
+                 * /proc/self/environ valid; it is used for tagging
+                 * the init process inside containers. */
+                m->environment = strv_new("PATH=" DEFAULT_PATH,
+                                          NULL);
+
+                /* Import locale variables LC_*= from configuration */
+                locale_setup(&m->environment);
+        } else {
+                /* The user manager passes its own environment
+                 * along to its children. */
+                m->environment = strv_copy(environ);
+        }
+
+        if (!m->environment)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        manager_clean_environment(m);
+        strv_sort(m->environment);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+
+int manager_new(ManagerRunningAs running_as, bool test_run, Manager **_m) {
+
+        static const char * const unit_log_fields[_MANAGER_RUNNING_AS_MAX] = {
+                [MANAGER_SYSTEM] = "UNIT=",
+                [MANAGER_USER] = "USER_UNIT=",
+        };
+
+        static const char * const unit_log_format_strings[_MANAGER_RUNNING_AS_MAX] = {
+                [MANAGER_SYSTEM] = "UNIT=%s",
+                [MANAGER_USER] = "USER_UNIT=%s",
+        };
+
+        Manager *m;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(_m);
+        assert(running_as >= 0);
+        assert(running_as < _MANAGER_RUNNING_AS_MAX);
+
+        m = new0(Manager, 1);
+        if (!m)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+#ifdef ENABLE_EFI
+        if (running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM && detect_container() <= 0)
+                boot_timestamps(&m->userspace_timestamp, &m->firmware_timestamp, &m->loader_timestamp);
+#endif
+
+        m->running_as = running_as;
+        m->exit_code = _MANAGER_EXIT_CODE_INVALID;
+        m->default_timer_accuracy_usec = USEC_PER_MINUTE;
+        m->default_tasks_accounting = true;
+        m->default_tasks_max = UINT64_C(512);
+
+        /* Prepare log fields we can use for structured logging */
+        m->unit_log_field = unit_log_fields[running_as];
+        m->unit_log_format_string = unit_log_format_strings[running_as];
+
+        m->idle_pipe[0] = m->idle_pipe[1] = m->idle_pipe[2] = m->idle_pipe[3] = -1;
+
+        m->pin_cgroupfs_fd = m->notify_fd = m->signal_fd = m->time_change_fd =
+                m->dev_autofs_fd = m->private_listen_fd = m->kdbus_fd = m->cgroup_inotify_fd = -1;
+
+        m->current_job_id = 1; /* start as id #1, so that we can leave #0 around as "null-like" value */
+
+        m->ask_password_inotify_fd = -1;
+        m->have_ask_password = -EINVAL; /* we don't know */
+        m->first_boot = -1;
+
+        m->test_run = test_run;
+
+        /* Reboot immediately if the user hits C-A-D more often than 7x per 2s */
+        RATELIMIT_INIT(m->ctrl_alt_del_ratelimit, 2 * USEC_PER_SEC, 7);
+
+        r = manager_default_environment(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&m->units, &string_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&m->jobs, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&m->cgroup_unit, &string_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&m->watch_bus, &string_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_event_default(&m->event);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_event_add_defer(m->event, &m->run_queue_event_source, manager_dispatch_run_queue, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_event_source_set_priority(m->run_queue_event_source, SD_EVENT_PRIORITY_IDLE);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = sd_event_source_set_enabled(m->run_queue_event_source, SD_EVENT_OFF);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->run_queue_event_source, "manager-run-queue");
+
+        r = manager_setup_signals(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = manager_setup_cgroup(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = manager_setup_time_change(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        m->udev = udev_new();
+        if (!m->udev) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* Note that we set up neither kdbus, nor the notify fd
+         * here. We do that after deserialization, since they might
+         * have gotten serialized across the reexec. */
+
+        m->taint_usr = dir_is_empty("/usr") > 0;
+
+        *_m = m;
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        manager_free(m);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int manager_setup_notify(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (m->test_run)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (m->notify_fd < 0) {
+                _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+                union sockaddr_union sa = {
+                        .sa.sa_family = AF_UNIX,
+                };
+                static const int one = 1;
+
+                /* First free all secondary fields */
+                m->notify_socket = mfree(m->notify_socket);
+                m->notify_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->notify_event_source);
+
+                fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+                if (fd < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to allocate notification socket: %m");
+
+                fd_inc_rcvbuf(fd, NOTIFY_RCVBUF_SIZE);
+
+                if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                        m->notify_socket = strdup("/run/systemd/notify");
+                else {
+                        const char *e;
+
+                        e = getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");
+                        if (!e) {
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is not set: %m");
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        m->notify_socket = strappend(e, "/systemd/notify");
+                }
+                if (!m->notify_socket)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                (void) mkdir_parents_label(m->notify_socket, 0755);
+                (void) unlink(m->notify_socket);
+
+                strncpy(sa.un.sun_path, m->notify_socket, sizeof(sa.un.sun_path)-1);
+                r = bind(fd, &sa.sa, offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(sa.un.sun_path));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "bind(%s) failed: %m", sa.un.sun_path);
+
+                r = setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PASSCRED, &one, sizeof(one));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "SO_PASSCRED failed: %m");
+
+                m->notify_fd = fd;
+                fd = -1;
+
+                log_debug("Using notification socket %s", m->notify_socket);
+        }
+
+        if (!m->notify_event_source) {
+                r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->notify_event_source, m->notify_fd, EPOLLIN, manager_dispatch_notify_fd, m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to allocate notify event source: %m");
+
+                /* Process signals a bit earlier than SIGCHLD, so that we can
+                 * still identify to which service an exit message belongs */
+                r = sd_event_source_set_priority(m->notify_event_source, SD_EVENT_PRIORITY_NORMAL-7);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set priority of notify event source: %m");
+
+                (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->notify_event_source, "manager-notify");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_setup_kdbus(Manager *m) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->test_run || m->kdbus_fd >= 0)
+                return 0;
+        if (!is_kdbus_available())
+                return -ESOCKTNOSUPPORT;
+
+        m->kdbus_fd = bus_kernel_create_bus(
+                        m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? "system" : "user",
+                        m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM, &p);
+
+        if (m->kdbus_fd < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(m->kdbus_fd, "Failed to set up kdbus: %m");
+
+        log_debug("Successfully set up kdbus on %s", p);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_connect_bus(Manager *m, bool reexecuting) {
+        bool try_bus_connect;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->test_run)
+                return 0;
+
+        try_bus_connect =
+                m->kdbus_fd >= 0 ||
+                reexecuting ||
+                (m->running_as == MANAGER_USER && getenv("DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS"));
+
+        /* Try to connect to the buses, if possible. */
+        return bus_init(m, try_bus_connect);
+}
+
+static unsigned manager_dispatch_cleanup_queue(Manager *m) {
+        Unit *u;
+        unsigned n = 0;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        while ((u = m->cleanup_queue)) {
+                assert(u->in_cleanup_queue);
+
+                unit_free(u);
+                n++;
+        }
+
+        return n;
+}
+
+enum {
+        GC_OFFSET_IN_PATH,  /* This one is on the path we were traveling */
+        GC_OFFSET_UNSURE,   /* No clue */
+        GC_OFFSET_GOOD,     /* We still need this unit */
+        GC_OFFSET_BAD,      /* We don't need this unit anymore */
+        _GC_OFFSET_MAX
+};
+
+static void unit_gc_sweep(Unit *u, unsigned gc_marker) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+        bool is_bad;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_GOOD ||
+            u->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_BAD ||
+            u->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_IN_PATH)
+                return;
+
+        if (u->in_cleanup_queue)
+                goto bad;
+
+        if (unit_check_gc(u))
+                goto good;
+
+        u->gc_marker = gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_IN_PATH;
+
+        is_bad = true;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_REFERENCED_BY], i) {
+                unit_gc_sweep(other, gc_marker);
+
+                if (other->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_GOOD)
+                        goto good;
+
+                if (other->gc_marker != gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_BAD)
+                        is_bad = false;
+        }
+
+        if (is_bad)
+                goto bad;
+
+        /* We were unable to find anything out about this entry, so
+         * let's investigate it later */
+        u->gc_marker = gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_UNSURE;
+        unit_add_to_gc_queue(u);
+        return;
+
+bad:
+        /* We definitely know that this one is not useful anymore, so
+         * let's mark it for deletion */
+        u->gc_marker = gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_BAD;
+        unit_add_to_cleanup_queue(u);
+        return;
+
+good:
+        u->gc_marker = gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_GOOD;
+}
+
+static unsigned manager_dispatch_gc_queue(Manager *m) {
+        Unit *u;
+        unsigned n = 0;
+        unsigned gc_marker;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* log_debug("Running GC..."); */
+
+        m->gc_marker += _GC_OFFSET_MAX;
+        if (m->gc_marker + _GC_OFFSET_MAX <= _GC_OFFSET_MAX)
+                m->gc_marker = 1;
+
+        gc_marker = m->gc_marker;
+
+        while ((u = m->gc_queue)) {
+                assert(u->in_gc_queue);
+
+                unit_gc_sweep(u, gc_marker);
+
+                LIST_REMOVE(gc_queue, m->gc_queue, u);
+                u->in_gc_queue = false;
+
+                n++;
+
+                if (u->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_BAD ||
+                    u->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_UNSURE) {
+                        if (u->id)
+                                log_unit_debug(u, "Collecting.");
+                        u->gc_marker = gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_BAD;
+                        unit_add_to_cleanup_queue(u);
+                }
+        }
+
+        m->n_in_gc_queue = 0;
+
+        return n;
+}
+
+static void manager_clear_jobs_and_units(Manager *m) {
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        while ((u = hashmap_first(m->units)))
+                unit_free(u);
+
+        manager_dispatch_cleanup_queue(m);
+
+        assert(!m->load_queue);
+        assert(!m->run_queue);
+        assert(!m->dbus_unit_queue);
+        assert(!m->dbus_job_queue);
+        assert(!m->cleanup_queue);
+        assert(!m->gc_queue);
+
+        assert(hashmap_isempty(m->jobs));
+        assert(hashmap_isempty(m->units));
+
+        m->n_on_console = 0;
+        m->n_running_jobs = 0;
+}
+
+Manager* manager_free(Manager *m) {
+        UnitType c;
+        int i;
+
+        if (!m)
+                return NULL;
+
+        manager_clear_jobs_and_units(m);
+
+        for (c = 0; c < _UNIT_TYPE_MAX; c++)
+                if (unit_vtable[c]->shutdown)
+                        unit_vtable[c]->shutdown(m);
+
+        /* If we reexecute ourselves, we keep the root cgroup
+         * around */
+        manager_shutdown_cgroup(m, m->exit_code != MANAGER_REEXECUTE);
+
+        manager_undo_generators(m);
+
+        bus_done(m);
+
+        hashmap_free(m->units);
+        hashmap_free(m->jobs);
+        hashmap_free(m->watch_pids1);
+        hashmap_free(m->watch_pids2);
+        hashmap_free(m->watch_bus);
+
+        set_free(m->startup_units);
+        set_free(m->failed_units);
+
+        sd_event_source_unref(m->signal_event_source);
+        sd_event_source_unref(m->notify_event_source);
+        sd_event_source_unref(m->time_change_event_source);
+        sd_event_source_unref(m->jobs_in_progress_event_source);
+        sd_event_source_unref(m->run_queue_event_source);
+
+        safe_close(m->signal_fd);
+        safe_close(m->notify_fd);
+        safe_close(m->time_change_fd);
+        safe_close(m->kdbus_fd);
+
+        manager_close_ask_password(m);
+
+        manager_close_idle_pipe(m);
+
+        udev_unref(m->udev);
+        sd_event_unref(m->event);
+
+        free(m->notify_socket);
+
+        lookup_paths_free(&m->lookup_paths);
+        strv_free(m->environment);
+
+        hashmap_free(m->cgroup_unit);
+        set_free_free(m->unit_path_cache);
+
+        free(m->switch_root);
+        free(m->switch_root_init);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < _RLIMIT_MAX; i++)
+                m->rlimit[i] = mfree(m->rlimit[i]);
+
+        assert(hashmap_isempty(m->units_requiring_mounts_for));
+        hashmap_free(m->units_requiring_mounts_for);
+
+        free(m);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+void manager_enumerate(Manager *m) {
+        UnitType c;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Let's ask every type to load all units from disk/kernel
+         * that it might know */
+        for (c = 0; c < _UNIT_TYPE_MAX; c++) {
+                if (!unit_type_supported(c)) {
+                        log_debug("Unit type .%s is not supported on this system.", unit_type_to_string(c));
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!unit_vtable[c]->enumerate)
+                        continue;
+
+                unit_vtable[c]->enumerate(m);
+        }
+
+        manager_dispatch_load_queue(m);
+}
+
+static void manager_coldplug(Manager *m) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+        char *k;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Then, let's set up their initial state. */
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(u, k, m->units, i) {
+
+                /* ignore aliases */
+                if (u->id != k)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = unit_coldplug(u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "We couldn't coldplug %s, proceeding anyway: %m", u->id);
+        }
+}
+
+static void manager_build_unit_path_cache(Manager *m) {
+        char **i;
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        set_free_free(m->unit_path_cache);
+
+        m->unit_path_cache = set_new(&string_hash_ops);
+        if (!m->unit_path_cache) {
+                log_error("Failed to allocate unit path cache.");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        /* This simply builds a list of files we know exist, so that
+         * we don't always have to go to disk */
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, m->lookup_paths.unit_path) {
+                struct dirent *de;
+
+                d = opendir(*i);
+                if (!d) {
+                        if (errno != ENOENT)
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open directory %s: %m", *i);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                while ((de = readdir(d))) {
+                        char *p;
+
+                        if (hidden_file(de->d_name))
+                                continue;
+
+                        p = strjoin(streq(*i, "/") ? "" : *i, "/", de->d_name, NULL);
+                        if (!p) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+
+                        r = set_consume(m->unit_path_cache, p);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                }
+
+                d = safe_closedir(d);
+        }
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to build unit path cache: %m");
+
+        set_free_free(m->unit_path_cache);
+        m->unit_path_cache = NULL;
+}
+
+
+static void manager_distribute_fds(Manager *m, FDSet *fds) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(u, m->units, i) {
+
+                if (fdset_size(fds) <= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->distribute_fds)
+                        continue;
+
+                UNIT_VTABLE(u)->distribute_fds(u, fds);
+        }
+}
+
+int manager_startup(Manager *m, FILE *serialization, FDSet *fds) {
+        int r, q;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        dual_timestamp_get(&m->generators_start_timestamp);
+        r = manager_run_generators(m);
+        dual_timestamp_get(&m->generators_finish_timestamp);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = lookup_paths_init(
+                        &m->lookup_paths, m->running_as, true,
+                        NULL,
+                        m->generator_unit_path,
+                        m->generator_unit_path_early,
+                        m->generator_unit_path_late);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        manager_build_unit_path_cache(m);
+
+        /* If we will deserialize make sure that during enumeration
+         * this is already known, so we increase the counter here
+         * already */
+        if (serialization)
+                m->n_reloading ++;
+
+        /* First, enumerate what we can from all config files */
+        dual_timestamp_get(&m->units_load_start_timestamp);
+        manager_enumerate(m);
+        dual_timestamp_get(&m->units_load_finish_timestamp);
+
+        /* Second, deserialize if there is something to deserialize */
+        if (serialization)
+                r = manager_deserialize(m, serialization, fds);
+
+        /* Any fds left? Find some unit which wants them. This is
+         * useful to allow container managers to pass some file
+         * descriptors to us pre-initialized. This enables
+         * socket-based activation of entire containers. */
+        manager_distribute_fds(m, fds);
+
+        /* We might have deserialized the notify fd, but if we didn't
+         * then let's create the bus now */
+        q = manager_setup_notify(m);
+        if (q < 0 && r == 0)
+                r = q;
+
+        /* We might have deserialized the kdbus control fd, but if we
+         * didn't, then let's create the bus now. */
+        manager_setup_kdbus(m);
+        manager_connect_bus(m, !!serialization);
+        bus_track_coldplug(m, &m->subscribed, &m->deserialized_subscribed);
+
+        /* Third, fire things up! */
+        manager_coldplug(m);
+
+        if (serialization) {
+                assert(m->n_reloading > 0);
+                m->n_reloading --;
+
+                /* Let's wait for the UnitNew/JobNew messages being
+                 * sent, before we notify that the reload is
+                 * finished */
+                m->send_reloading_done = true;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int manager_add_job(Manager *m, JobType type, Unit *unit, JobMode mode, sd_bus_error *e, Job **_ret) {
+        int r;
+        Transaction *tr;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+        assert(unit);
+        assert(mode < _JOB_MODE_MAX);
+
+        if (mode == JOB_ISOLATE && type != JOB_START)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(e, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Isolate is only valid for start.");
+
+        if (mode == JOB_ISOLATE && !unit->allow_isolate)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(e, BUS_ERROR_NO_ISOLATION, "Operation refused, unit may not be isolated.");
+
+        log_unit_debug(unit, "Trying to enqueue job %s/%s/%s", unit->id, job_type_to_string(type), job_mode_to_string(mode));
+
+        type = job_type_collapse(type, unit);
+
+        tr = transaction_new(mode == JOB_REPLACE_IRREVERSIBLY);
+        if (!tr)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, type, unit, NULL, true, false,
+                                                 mode == JOB_IGNORE_DEPENDENCIES || mode == JOB_IGNORE_REQUIREMENTS,
+                                                 mode == JOB_IGNORE_DEPENDENCIES, e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto tr_abort;
+
+        if (mode == JOB_ISOLATE) {
+                r = transaction_add_isolate_jobs(tr, m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto tr_abort;
+        }
+
+        r = transaction_activate(tr, m, mode, e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto tr_abort;
+
+        log_unit_debug(unit,
+                       "Enqueued job %s/%s as %u", unit->id,
+                       job_type_to_string(type), (unsigned) tr->anchor_job->id);
+
+        if (_ret)
+                *_ret = tr->anchor_job;
+
+        transaction_free(tr);
+        return 0;
+
+tr_abort:
+        transaction_abort(tr);
+        transaction_free(tr);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int manager_add_job_by_name(Manager *m, JobType type, const char *name, JobMode mode, sd_bus_error *e, Job **ret) {
+        Unit *unit;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(mode < _JOB_MODE_MAX);
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(m, name, NULL, NULL, &unit);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return manager_add_job(m, type, unit, mode, e, ret);
+}
+
+int manager_add_job_by_name_and_warn(Manager *m, JobType type, const char *name, JobMode mode, Job **ret) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(mode < _JOB_MODE_MAX);
+
+        r = manager_add_job_by_name(m, type, name, mode, &error, ret);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to enqueue %s job for %s: %s", job_mode_to_string(mode), name, bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+Job *manager_get_job(Manager *m, uint32_t id) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        return hashmap_get(m->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(id));
+}
+
+Unit *manager_get_unit(Manager *m, const char *name) {
+        assert(m);
+        assert(name);
+
+        return hashmap_get(m->units, name);
+}
+
+unsigned manager_dispatch_load_queue(Manager *m) {
+        Unit *u;
+        unsigned n = 0;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Make sure we are not run recursively */
+        if (m->dispatching_load_queue)
+                return 0;
+
+        m->dispatching_load_queue = true;
+
+        /* Dispatches the load queue. Takes a unit from the queue and
+         * tries to load its data until the queue is empty */
+
+        while ((u = m->load_queue)) {
+                assert(u->in_load_queue);
+
+                unit_load(u);
+                n++;
+        }
+
+        m->dispatching_load_queue = false;
+        return n;
+}
+
+int manager_load_unit_prepare(
+                Manager *m,
+                const char *name,
+                const char *path,
+                sd_bus_error *e,
+                Unit **_ret) {
+
+        Unit *ret;
+        UnitType t;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(name || path);
+
+        /* This will prepare the unit for loading, but not actually
+         * load anything from disk. */
+
+        if (path && !is_path(path))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(e, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Path %s is not absolute.", path);
+
+        if (!name)
+                name = basename(path);
+
+        t = unit_name_to_type(name);
+
+        if (t == _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID || !unit_name_is_valid(name, UNIT_NAME_PLAIN|UNIT_NAME_INSTANCE))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(e, SD_BUS_ERROR_INVALID_ARGS, "Unit name %s is not valid.", name);
+
+        ret = manager_get_unit(m, name);
+        if (ret) {
+                *_ret = ret;
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        ret = unit_new(m, unit_vtable[t]->object_size);
+        if (!ret)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (path) {
+                ret->fragment_path = strdup(path);
+                if (!ret->fragment_path) {
+                        unit_free(ret);
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = unit_add_name(ret, name);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                unit_free(ret);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        unit_add_to_load_queue(ret);
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(ret);
+        unit_add_to_gc_queue(ret);
+
+        if (_ret)
+                *_ret = ret;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_load_unit(
+                Manager *m,
+                const char *name,
+                const char *path,
+                sd_bus_error *e,
+                Unit **_ret) {
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* This will load the service information files, but not actually
+         * start any services or anything. */
+
+        r = manager_load_unit_prepare(m, name, path, e, _ret);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        manager_dispatch_load_queue(m);
+
+        if (_ret)
+                *_ret = unit_follow_merge(*_ret);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void manager_dump_jobs(Manager *s, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, s->jobs, i)
+                job_dump(j, f, prefix);
+}
+
+void manager_dump_units(Manager *s, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+        const char *t;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(u, t, s->units, i)
+                if (u->id == t)
+                        unit_dump(u, f, prefix);
+}
+
+void manager_clear_jobs(Manager *m) {
+        Job *j;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        while ((j = hashmap_first(m->jobs)))
+                /* No need to recurse. We're cancelling all jobs. */
+                job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_CANCELED, false);
+}
+
+static int manager_dispatch_run_queue(sd_event_source *source, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        Job *j;
+
+        assert(source);
+        assert(m);
+
+        while ((j = m->run_queue)) {
+                assert(j->installed);
+                assert(j->in_run_queue);
+
+                job_run_and_invalidate(j);
+        }
+
+        if (m->n_running_jobs > 0)
+                manager_watch_jobs_in_progress(m);
+
+        if (m->n_on_console > 0)
+                manager_watch_idle_pipe(m);
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static unsigned manager_dispatch_dbus_queue(Manager *m) {
+        Job *j;
+        Unit *u;
+        unsigned n = 0;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->dispatching_dbus_queue)
+                return 0;
+
+        m->dispatching_dbus_queue = true;
+
+        while ((u = m->dbus_unit_queue)) {
+                assert(u->in_dbus_queue);
+
+                bus_unit_send_change_signal(u);
+                n++;
+        }
+
+        while ((j = m->dbus_job_queue)) {
+                assert(j->in_dbus_queue);
+
+                bus_job_send_change_signal(j);
+                n++;
+        }
+
+        m->dispatching_dbus_queue = false;
+
+        if (m->send_reloading_done) {
+                m->send_reloading_done = false;
+
+                bus_manager_send_reloading(m, false);
+        }
+
+        if (m->queued_message)
+                bus_send_queued_message(m);
+
+        return n;
+}
+
+static void manager_invoke_notify_message(Manager *m, Unit *u, pid_t pid, const char *buf, size_t n, FDSet *fds) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **tags = NULL;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(u);
+        assert(buf);
+        assert(n > 0);
+
+        tags = strv_split(buf, "\n\r");
+        if (!tags) {
+                log_oom();
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->notify_message)
+                UNIT_VTABLE(u)->notify_message(u, pid, tags, fds);
+        else
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Got notification message for unit. Ignoring.");
+}
+
+static int manager_dispatch_notify_fd(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_fdset_free_ FDSet *fds = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        char buf[NOTIFY_BUFFER_MAX+1];
+        struct iovec iovec = {
+                .iov_base = buf,
+                .iov_len = sizeof(buf)-1,
+        };
+        union {
+                struct cmsghdr cmsghdr;
+                uint8_t buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(struct ucred)) +
+                            CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int) * NOTIFY_FD_MAX)];
+        } control = {};
+        struct msghdr msghdr = {
+                .msg_iov = &iovec,
+                .msg_iovlen = 1,
+                .msg_control = &control,
+                .msg_controllen = sizeof(control),
+        };
+
+        struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
+        struct ucred *ucred = NULL;
+        bool found = false;
+        Unit *u1, *u2, *u3;
+        int r, *fd_array = NULL;
+        unsigned n_fds = 0;
+        ssize_t n;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(m->notify_fd == fd);
+
+        if (revents != EPOLLIN) {
+                log_warning("Got unexpected poll event for notify fd.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        n = recvmsg(m->notify_fd, &msghdr, MSG_DONTWAIT|MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC);
+        if (n < 0) {
+                if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        CMSG_FOREACH(cmsg, &msghdr) {
+                if (cmsg->cmsg_level == SOL_SOCKET && cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_RIGHTS) {
+
+                        fd_array = (int*) CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
+                        n_fds = (cmsg->cmsg_len - CMSG_LEN(0)) / sizeof(int);
+
+                } else if (cmsg->cmsg_level == SOL_SOCKET &&
+                           cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_CREDENTIALS &&
+                           cmsg->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct ucred))) {
+
+                        ucred = (struct ucred*) CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (n_fds > 0) {
+                assert(fd_array);
+
+                r = fdset_new_array(&fds, fd_array, n_fds);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        close_many(fd_array, n_fds);
+                        return log_oom();
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!ucred || ucred->pid <= 0) {
+                log_warning("Received notify message without valid credentials. Ignoring.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if ((size_t) n >= sizeof(buf)) {
+                log_warning("Received notify message exceeded maximum size. Ignoring.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        buf[n] = 0;
+
+        /* Notify every unit that might be interested, but try
+         * to avoid notifying the same one multiple times. */
+        u1 = manager_get_unit_by_pid_cgroup(m, ucred->pid);
+        if (u1) {
+                manager_invoke_notify_message(m, u1, ucred->pid, buf, n, fds);
+                found = true;
+        }
+
+        u2 = hashmap_get(m->watch_pids1, PID_TO_PTR(ucred->pid));
+        if (u2 && u2 != u1) {
+                manager_invoke_notify_message(m, u2, ucred->pid, buf, n, fds);
+                found = true;
+        }
+
+        u3 = hashmap_get(m->watch_pids2, PID_TO_PTR(ucred->pid));
+        if (u3 && u3 != u2 && u3 != u1) {
+                manager_invoke_notify_message(m, u3, ucred->pid, buf, n, fds);
+                found = true;
+        }
+
+        if (!found)
+                log_warning("Cannot find unit for notify message of PID "PID_FMT".", ucred->pid);
+
+        if (fdset_size(fds) > 0)
+                log_warning("Got auxiliary fds with notification message, closing all.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void invoke_sigchld_event(Manager *m, Unit *u, const siginfo_t *si) {
+        assert(m);
+        assert(u);
+        assert(si);
+
+        log_unit_debug(u, "Child "PID_FMT" belongs to %s", si->si_pid, u->id);
+
+        unit_unwatch_pid(u, si->si_pid);
+        UNIT_VTABLE(u)->sigchld_event(u, si->si_pid, si->si_code, si->si_status);
+}
+
+static int manager_dispatch_sigchld(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                siginfo_t si = {};
+
+                /* First we call waitd() for a PID and do not reap the
+                 * zombie. That way we can still access /proc/$PID for
+                 * it while it is a zombie. */
+                if (waitid(P_ALL, 0, &si, WEXITED|WNOHANG|WNOWAIT) < 0) {
+
+                        if (errno == ECHILD)
+                                break;
+
+                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                continue;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                if (si.si_pid <= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (si.si_code == CLD_EXITED || si.si_code == CLD_KILLED || si.si_code == CLD_DUMPED) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL;
+                        Unit *u1, *u2, *u3;
+
+                        get_process_comm(si.si_pid, &name);
+
+                        log_debug("Child "PID_FMT" (%s) died (code=%s, status=%i/%s)",
+                                  si.si_pid, strna(name),
+                                  sigchld_code_to_string(si.si_code),
+                                  si.si_status,
+                                  strna(si.si_code == CLD_EXITED
+                                        ? exit_status_to_string(si.si_status, EXIT_STATUS_FULL)
+                                        : signal_to_string(si.si_status)));
+
+                        /* And now figure out the unit this belongs
+                         * to, it might be multiple... */
+                        u1 = manager_get_unit_by_pid_cgroup(m, si.si_pid);
+                        if (u1)
+                                invoke_sigchld_event(m, u1, &si);
+                        u2 = hashmap_get(m->watch_pids1, PID_TO_PTR(si.si_pid));
+                        if (u2 && u2 != u1)
+                                invoke_sigchld_event(m, u2, &si);
+                        u3 = hashmap_get(m->watch_pids2, PID_TO_PTR(si.si_pid));
+                        if (u3 && u3 != u2 && u3 != u1)
+                                invoke_sigchld_event(m, u3, &si);
+                }
+
+                /* And now, we actually reap the zombie. */
+                if (waitid(P_PID, si.si_pid, &si, WEXITED) < 0) {
+                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                continue;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_start_target(Manager *m, const char *name, JobMode mode) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        log_debug("Activating special unit %s", name);
+
+        r = manager_add_job_by_name(m, JOB_START, name, mode, &error, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_error("Failed to enqueue %s job: %s", name, bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int manager_dispatch_signal_fd(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        ssize_t n;
+        struct signalfd_siginfo sfsi;
+        bool sigchld = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(m->signal_fd == fd);
+
+        if (revents != EPOLLIN) {
+                log_warning("Got unexpected events from signal file descriptor.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                n = read(m->signal_fd, &sfsi, sizeof(sfsi));
+                if (n != sizeof(sfsi)) {
+
+                        if (n >= 0)
+                                return -EIO;
+
+                        if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN)
+                                break;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                log_received_signal(sfsi.ssi_signo == SIGCHLD ||
+                                    (sfsi.ssi_signo == SIGTERM && m->running_as == MANAGER_USER)
+                                    ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_INFO,
+                                    &sfsi);
+
+                switch (sfsi.ssi_signo) {
+
+                case SIGCHLD:
+                        sigchld = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case SIGTERM:
+                        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+                                /* This is for compatibility with the
+                                 * original sysvinit */
+                                m->exit_code = MANAGER_REEXECUTE;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Fall through */
+
+                case SIGINT:
+                        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+
+                                /* If the user presses C-A-D more than
+                                 * 7 times within 2s, we reboot
+                                 * immediately. */
+
+                                if (ratelimit_test(&m->ctrl_alt_del_ratelimit))
+                                        manager_start_target(m, SPECIAL_CTRL_ALT_DEL_TARGET, JOB_REPLACE_IRREVERSIBLY);
+                                else {
+                                        log_notice("Ctrl-Alt-Del was pressed more than 7 times within 2s, rebooting immediately.");
+                                        status_printf(NULL, true, false, "Ctrl-Alt-Del was pressed more than 7 times within 2s, rebooting immediately.");
+                                        m->exit_code = MANAGER_REBOOT;
+                                }
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Run the exit target if there is one, if not, just exit. */
+                        if (manager_start_target(m, SPECIAL_EXIT_TARGET, JOB_REPLACE) < 0) {
+                                m->exit_code = MANAGER_EXIT;
+                                return 0;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case SIGWINCH:
+                        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                                manager_start_target(m, SPECIAL_KBREQUEST_TARGET, JOB_REPLACE);
+
+                        /* This is a nop on non-init */
+                        break;
+
+                case SIGPWR:
+                        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                                manager_start_target(m, SPECIAL_SIGPWR_TARGET, JOB_REPLACE);
+
+                        /* This is a nop on non-init */
+                        break;
+
+                case SIGUSR1: {
+                        Unit *u;
+
+                        u = manager_get_unit(m, SPECIAL_DBUS_SERVICE);
+
+                        if (!u || UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(unit_active_state(u))) {
+                                log_info("Trying to reconnect to bus...");
+                                bus_init(m, true);
+                        }
+
+                        if (!u || !UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u))) {
+                                log_info("Loading D-Bus service...");
+                                manager_start_target(m, SPECIAL_DBUS_SERVICE, JOB_REPLACE);
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case SIGUSR2: {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *dump = NULL;
+                        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+                        size_t size;
+
+                        f = open_memstream(&dump, &size);
+                        if (!f) {
+                                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to allocate memory stream: %m");
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        manager_dump_units(m, f, "\t");
+                        manager_dump_jobs(m, f, "\t");
+
+                        r = fflush_and_check(f);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to write status stream: %m");
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        log_dump(LOG_INFO, dump);
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case SIGHUP:
+                        m->exit_code = MANAGER_RELOAD;
+                        break;
+
+                default: {
+
+                        /* Starting SIGRTMIN+0 */
+                        static const char * const target_table[] = {
+                                [0] = SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET,
+                                [1] = SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
+                                [2] = SPECIAL_EMERGENCY_TARGET,
+                                [3] = SPECIAL_HALT_TARGET,
+                                [4] = SPECIAL_POWEROFF_TARGET,
+                                [5] = SPECIAL_REBOOT_TARGET,
+                                [6] = SPECIAL_KEXEC_TARGET
+                        };
+
+                        /* Starting SIGRTMIN+13, so that target halt and system halt are 10 apart */
+                        static const ManagerExitCode code_table[] = {
+                                [0] = MANAGER_HALT,
+                                [1] = MANAGER_POWEROFF,
+                                [2] = MANAGER_REBOOT,
+                                [3] = MANAGER_KEXEC
+                        };
+
+                        if ((int) sfsi.ssi_signo >= SIGRTMIN+0 &&
+                            (int) sfsi.ssi_signo < SIGRTMIN+(int) ELEMENTSOF(target_table)) {
+                                int idx = (int) sfsi.ssi_signo - SIGRTMIN;
+                                manager_start_target(m, target_table[idx],
+                                                     (idx == 1 || idx == 2) ? JOB_ISOLATE : JOB_REPLACE);
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        if ((int) sfsi.ssi_signo >= SIGRTMIN+13 &&
+                            (int) sfsi.ssi_signo < SIGRTMIN+13+(int) ELEMENTSOF(code_table)) {
+                                m->exit_code = code_table[sfsi.ssi_signo - SIGRTMIN - 13];
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        switch (sfsi.ssi_signo - SIGRTMIN) {
+
+                        case 20:
+                                manager_set_show_status(m, SHOW_STATUS_YES);
+                                break;
+
+                        case 21:
+                                manager_set_show_status(m, SHOW_STATUS_NO);
+                                break;
+
+                        case 22:
+                                log_set_max_level(LOG_DEBUG);
+                                log_info("Setting log level to debug.");
+                                break;
+
+                        case 23:
+                                log_set_max_level(LOG_INFO);
+                                log_info("Setting log level to info.");
+                                break;
+
+                        case 24:
+                                if (m->running_as == MANAGER_USER) {
+                                        m->exit_code = MANAGER_EXIT;
+                                        return 0;
+                                }
+
+                                /* This is a nop on init */
+                                break;
+
+                        case 26:
+                        case 29: /* compatibility: used to be mapped to LOG_TARGET_SYSLOG_OR_KMSG */
+                                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_JOURNAL_OR_KMSG);
+                                log_notice("Setting log target to journal-or-kmsg.");
+                                break;
+
+                        case 27:
+                                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_CONSOLE);
+                                log_notice("Setting log target to console.");
+                                break;
+
+                        case 28:
+                                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_KMSG);
+                                log_notice("Setting log target to kmsg.");
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                log_warning("Got unhandled signal <%s>.", signal_to_string(sfsi.ssi_signo));
+                        }
+                }
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (sigchld)
+                manager_dispatch_sigchld(m);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_dispatch_time_change_fd(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(m->time_change_fd == fd);
+
+        log_struct(LOG_INFO,
+                   LOG_MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_TIME_CHANGE),
+                   LOG_MESSAGE("Time has been changed"),
+                   NULL);
+
+        /* Restart the watch */
+        m->time_change_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->time_change_event_source);
+        m->time_change_fd = safe_close(m->time_change_fd);
+
+        manager_setup_time_change(m);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(u, m->units, i)
+                if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->time_change)
+                        UNIT_VTABLE(u)->time_change(u);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_dispatch_idle_pipe_fd(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(m->idle_pipe[2] == fd);
+
+        m->no_console_output = m->n_on_console > 0;
+
+        manager_close_idle_pipe(m);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_dispatch_jobs_in_progress(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        int r;
+        uint64_t next;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(source);
+
+        manager_print_jobs_in_progress(m);
+
+        next = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) + JOBS_IN_PROGRESS_PERIOD_USEC;
+        r = sd_event_source_set_time(source, next);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_event_source_set_enabled(source, SD_EVENT_ONESHOT);
+}
+
+int manager_loop(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        RATELIMIT_DEFINE(rl, 1*USEC_PER_SEC, 50000);
+
+        assert(m);
+        m->exit_code = MANAGER_OK;
+
+        /* Release the path cache */
+        m->unit_path_cache = set_free_free(m->unit_path_cache);
+
+        manager_check_finished(m);
+
+        /* There might still be some zombies hanging around from
+         * before we were exec()'ed. Let's reap them. */
+        r = manager_dispatch_sigchld(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        while (m->exit_code == MANAGER_OK) {
+                usec_t wait_usec;
+
+                if (m->runtime_watchdog > 0 && m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                        watchdog_ping();
+
+                if (!ratelimit_test(&rl)) {
+                        /* Yay, something is going seriously wrong, pause a little */
+                        log_warning("Looping too fast. Throttling execution a little.");
+                        sleep(1);
+                }
+
+                if (manager_dispatch_load_queue(m) > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (manager_dispatch_gc_queue(m) > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (manager_dispatch_cleanup_queue(m) > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (manager_dispatch_cgroup_queue(m) > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (manager_dispatch_dbus_queue(m) > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Sleep for half the watchdog time */
+                if (m->runtime_watchdog > 0 && m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+                        wait_usec = m->runtime_watchdog / 2;
+                        if (wait_usec <= 0)
+                                wait_usec = 1;
+                } else
+                        wait_usec = USEC_INFINITY;
+
+                r = sd_event_run(m->event, wait_usec);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to run event loop: %m");
+        }
+
+        return m->exit_code;
+}
+
+int manager_load_unit_from_dbus_path(Manager *m, const char *s, sd_bus_error *e, Unit **_u) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(s);
+        assert(_u);
+
+        r = unit_name_from_dbus_path(s, &n);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(m, n, NULL, e, &u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *_u = u;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_get_job_from_dbus_path(Manager *m, const char *s, Job **_j) {
+        const char *p;
+        unsigned id;
+        Job *j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(s);
+        assert(_j);
+
+        p = startswith(s, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/job/");
+        if (!p)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = safe_atou(p, &id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        j = manager_get_job(m, id);
+        if (!j)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        *_j = j;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void manager_send_unit_audit(Manager *m, Unit *u, int type, bool success) {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        const char *msg;
+        int audit_fd, r;
+
+        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return;
+
+        audit_fd = get_audit_fd();
+        if (audit_fd < 0)
+                return;
+
+        /* Don't generate audit events if the service was already
+         * started and we're just deserializing */
+        if (m->n_reloading > 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (u->type != UNIT_SERVICE)
+                return;
+
+        r = unit_name_to_prefix_and_instance(u->id, &p);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to extract prefix and instance of unit name: %m");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        msg = strjoina("unit=", p);
+        if (audit_log_user_comm_message(audit_fd, type, msg, "systemd", NULL, NULL, NULL, success) < 0) {
+                if (errno == EPERM)
+                        /* We aren't allowed to send audit messages?
+                         * Then let's not retry again. */
+                        close_audit_fd();
+                else
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to send audit message: %m");
+        }
+#endif
+
+}
+
+void manager_send_unit_plymouth(Manager *m, Unit *u) {
+        union sockaddr_union sa = PLYMOUTH_SOCKET;
+
+        int n = 0;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *message = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+
+        /* Don't generate plymouth events if the service was already
+         * started and we're just deserializing */
+        if (m->n_reloading > 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return;
+
+        if (detect_container() > 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (u->type != UNIT_SERVICE &&
+            u->type != UNIT_MOUNT &&
+            u->type != UNIT_SWAP)
+                return;
+
+        /* We set SOCK_NONBLOCK here so that we rather drop the
+         * message then wait for plymouth */
+        fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(errno, "socket() failed: %m");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (connect(fd, &sa.sa, offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + 1 + strlen(sa.un.sun_path+1)) < 0) {
+
+                if (!IN_SET(errno, EPIPE, EAGAIN, ENOENT, ECONNREFUSED, ECONNRESET, ECONNABORTED))
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "connect() failed: %m");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (asprintf(&message, "U\002%c%s%n", (int) (strlen(u->id) + 1), u->id, &n) < 0) {
+                log_oom();
+                return;
+        }
+
+        errno = 0;
+        if (write(fd, message, n + 1) != n + 1)
+                if (!IN_SET(errno, EPIPE, EAGAIN, ENOENT, ECONNREFUSED, ECONNRESET, ECONNABORTED))
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to write Plymouth message: %m");
+}
+
+int manager_open_serialization(Manager *m, FILE **_f) {
+        const char *path;
+        int fd = -1;
+        FILE *f;
+
+        assert(_f);
+
+        path = m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? "/run/systemd" : "/tmp";
+        fd = open_tmpfile(path, O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        log_debug("Serializing state to %s", path);
+
+        f = fdopen(fd, "w+");
+        if (!f) {
+                safe_close(fd);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        *_f = f;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_serialize(Manager *m, FILE *f, FDSet *fds, bool switching_root) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+        const char *t;
+        char **e;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        m->n_reloading ++;
+
+        fprintf(f, "current-job-id=%"PRIu32"\n", m->current_job_id);
+        fprintf(f, "taint-usr=%s\n", yes_no(m->taint_usr));
+        fprintf(f, "n-installed-jobs=%u\n", m->n_installed_jobs);
+        fprintf(f, "n-failed-jobs=%u\n", m->n_failed_jobs);
+
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "firmware-timestamp", &m->firmware_timestamp);
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "loader-timestamp", &m->loader_timestamp);
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "kernel-timestamp", &m->kernel_timestamp);
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "initrd-timestamp", &m->initrd_timestamp);
+
+        if (!in_initrd()) {
+                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "userspace-timestamp", &m->userspace_timestamp);
+                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "finish-timestamp", &m->finish_timestamp);
+                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "security-start-timestamp", &m->security_start_timestamp);
+                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "security-finish-timestamp", &m->security_finish_timestamp);
+                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "generators-start-timestamp", &m->generators_start_timestamp);
+                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "generators-finish-timestamp", &m->generators_finish_timestamp);
+                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "units-load-start-timestamp", &m->units_load_start_timestamp);
+                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "units-load-finish-timestamp", &m->units_load_finish_timestamp);
+        }
+
+        if (!switching_root) {
+                STRV_FOREACH(e, m->environment) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *ce;
+
+                        ce = cescape(*e);
+                        if (!ce)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        fprintf(f, "env=%s\n", *e);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (m->notify_fd >= 0) {
+                int copy;
+
+                copy = fdset_put_dup(fds, m->notify_fd);
+                if (copy < 0)
+                        return copy;
+
+                fprintf(f, "notify-fd=%i\n", copy);
+                fprintf(f, "notify-socket=%s\n", m->notify_socket);
+        }
+
+        if (m->kdbus_fd >= 0) {
+                int copy;
+
+                copy = fdset_put_dup(fds, m->kdbus_fd);
+                if (copy < 0)
+                        return copy;
+
+                fprintf(f, "kdbus-fd=%i\n", copy);
+        }
+
+        bus_track_serialize(m->subscribed, f);
+
+        fputc('\n', f);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(u, t, m->units, i) {
+                if (u->id != t)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Start marker */
+                fputs(u->id, f);
+                fputc('\n', f);
+
+                r = unit_serialize(u, f, fds, !switching_root);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        m->n_reloading --;
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        assert(m->n_reloading > 0);
+        m->n_reloading --;
+
+        if (ferror(f))
+                return -EIO;
+
+        r = bus_fdset_add_all(m, fds);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_deserialize(Manager *m, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(f);
+
+        log_debug("Deserializing state...");
+
+        m->n_reloading ++;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char line[LINE_MAX], *l;
+
+                if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                r = 0;
+                        else
+                                r = -errno;
+
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                char_array_0(line);
+                l = strstrip(line);
+
+                if (l[0] == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (startswith(l, "current-job-id=")) {
+                        uint32_t id;
+
+                        if (safe_atou32(l+15, &id) < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse current job id value %s", l+15);
+                        else
+                                m->current_job_id = MAX(m->current_job_id, id);
+
+                } else if (startswith(l, "n-installed-jobs=")) {
+                        uint32_t n;
+
+                        if (safe_atou32(l+17, &n) < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse installed jobs counter %s", l+17);
+                        else
+                                m->n_installed_jobs += n;
+
+                } else if (startswith(l, "n-failed-jobs=")) {
+                        uint32_t n;
+
+                        if (safe_atou32(l+14, &n) < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse failed jobs counter %s", l+14);
+                        else
+                                m->n_failed_jobs += n;
+
+                } else if (startswith(l, "taint-usr=")) {
+                        int b;
+
+                        b = parse_boolean(l+10);
+                        if (b < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse taint /usr flag %s", l+10);
+                        else
+                                m->taint_usr = m->taint_usr || b;
+
+                } else if (startswith(l, "firmware-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+19, &m->firmware_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "loader-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+17, &m->loader_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "kernel-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+17, &m->kernel_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "initrd-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+17, &m->initrd_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "userspace-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+20, &m->userspace_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "finish-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+17, &m->finish_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "security-start-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+25, &m->security_start_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "security-finish-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+26, &m->security_finish_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "generators-start-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+27, &m->generators_start_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "generators-finish-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+28, &m->generators_finish_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "units-load-start-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+27, &m->units_load_start_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "units-load-finish-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+28, &m->units_load_finish_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "env=")) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *uce = NULL;
+                        char **e;
+
+                        r = cunescape(l + 4, UNESCAPE_RELAX, &uce);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
+                        e = strv_env_set(m->environment, uce);
+                        if (!e) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                        strv_free(m->environment);
+                        m->environment = e;
+
+                } else if (startswith(l, "notify-fd=")) {
+                        int fd;
+
+                        if (safe_atoi(l + 10, &fd) < 0 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse notify fd: %s", l + 10);
+                        else {
+                                m->notify_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->notify_event_source);
+                                safe_close(m->notify_fd);
+                                m->notify_fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                        }
+
+                } else if (startswith(l, "notify-socket=")) {
+                        char *n;
+
+                        n = strdup(l+14);
+                        if (!n) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                        free(m->notify_socket);
+                        m->notify_socket = n;
+
+                } else if (startswith(l, "kdbus-fd=")) {
+                        int fd;
+
+                        if (safe_atoi(l + 9, &fd) < 0 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse kdbus fd: %s", l + 9);
+                        else {
+                                safe_close(m->kdbus_fd);
+                                m->kdbus_fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                        }
+
+                } else {
+                        int k;
+
+                        k = bus_track_deserialize_item(&m->deserialized_subscribed, l);
+                        if (k < 0)
+                                log_debug_errno(k, "Failed to deserialize bus tracker object: %m");
+                        else if (k == 0)
+                                log_debug("Unknown serialization item '%s'", l);
+                }
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                Unit *u;
+                char name[UNIT_NAME_MAX+2];
+
+                /* Start marker */
+                if (!fgets(name, sizeof(name), f)) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                r = 0;
+                        else
+                                r = -errno;
+
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                char_array_0(name);
+
+                r = manager_load_unit(m, strstrip(name), NULL, NULL, &u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                r = unit_deserialize(u, f, fds);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+finish:
+        if (ferror(f))
+                r = -EIO;
+
+        assert(m->n_reloading > 0);
+        m->n_reloading --;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int manager_reload(Manager *m) {
+        int r, q;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        _cleanup_fdset_free_ FDSet *fds = NULL;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = manager_open_serialization(m, &f);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        m->n_reloading ++;
+        bus_manager_send_reloading(m, true);
+
+        fds = fdset_new();
+        if (!fds) {
+                m->n_reloading --;
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        r = manager_serialize(m, f, fds, false);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                m->n_reloading --;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (fseeko(f, 0, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
+                m->n_reloading --;
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        /* From here on there is no way back. */
+        manager_clear_jobs_and_units(m);
+        manager_undo_generators(m);
+        lookup_paths_free(&m->lookup_paths);
+
+        /* Find new unit paths */
+        q = manager_run_generators(m);
+        if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
+                r = q;
+
+        q = lookup_paths_init(
+                        &m->lookup_paths, m->running_as, true,
+                        NULL,
+                        m->generator_unit_path,
+                        m->generator_unit_path_early,
+                        m->generator_unit_path_late);
+        if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
+                r = q;
+
+        manager_build_unit_path_cache(m);
+
+        /* First, enumerate what we can from all config files */
+        manager_enumerate(m);
+
+        /* Second, deserialize our stored data */
+        q = manager_deserialize(m, f, fds);
+        if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
+                r = q;
+
+        fclose(f);
+        f = NULL;
+
+        /* Re-register notify_fd as event source */
+        q = manager_setup_notify(m);
+        if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
+                r = q;
+
+        /* Third, fire things up! */
+        manager_coldplug(m);
+
+        /* Sync current state of bus names with our set of listening units */
+        if (m->api_bus)
+                manager_sync_bus_names(m, m->api_bus);
+
+        assert(m->n_reloading > 0);
+        m->n_reloading--;
+
+        m->send_reloading_done = true;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+bool manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        return m->n_reloading != 0;
+}
+
+void manager_reset_failed(Manager *m) {
+        Unit *u;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(u, m->units, i)
+                unit_reset_failed(u);
+}
+
+bool manager_unit_inactive_or_pending(Manager *m, const char *name) {
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(name);
+
+        /* Returns true if the unit is inactive or going down */
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, name);
+        if (!u)
+                return true;
+
+        return unit_inactive_or_pending(u);
+}
+
+static void manager_notify_finished(Manager *m) {
+        char userspace[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX], initrd[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX], kernel[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX], sum[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+        usec_t firmware_usec, loader_usec, kernel_usec, initrd_usec, userspace_usec, total_usec;
+
+        if (m->test_run)
+                return;
+
+        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM && detect_container() <= 0) {
+
+                /* Note that m->kernel_usec.monotonic is always at 0,
+                 * and m->firmware_usec.monotonic and
+                 * m->loader_usec.monotonic should be considered
+                 * negative values. */
+
+                firmware_usec = m->firmware_timestamp.monotonic - m->loader_timestamp.monotonic;
+                loader_usec = m->loader_timestamp.monotonic - m->kernel_timestamp.monotonic;
+                userspace_usec = m->finish_timestamp.monotonic - m->userspace_timestamp.monotonic;
+                total_usec = m->firmware_timestamp.monotonic + m->finish_timestamp.monotonic;
+
+                if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&m->initrd_timestamp)) {
+
+                        kernel_usec = m->initrd_timestamp.monotonic - m->kernel_timestamp.monotonic;
+                        initrd_usec = m->userspace_timestamp.monotonic - m->initrd_timestamp.monotonic;
+
+                        log_struct(LOG_INFO,
+                                   LOG_MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_STARTUP_FINISHED),
+                                   "KERNEL_USEC="USEC_FMT, kernel_usec,
+                                   "INITRD_USEC="USEC_FMT, initrd_usec,
+                                   "USERSPACE_USEC="USEC_FMT, userspace_usec,
+                                   LOG_MESSAGE("Startup finished in %s (kernel) + %s (initrd) + %s (userspace) = %s.",
+                                               format_timespan(kernel, sizeof(kernel), kernel_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC),
+                                               format_timespan(initrd, sizeof(initrd), initrd_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC),
+                                               format_timespan(userspace, sizeof(userspace), userspace_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC),
+                                               format_timespan(sum, sizeof(sum), total_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC)),
+                                   NULL);
+                } else {
+                        kernel_usec = m->userspace_timestamp.monotonic - m->kernel_timestamp.monotonic;
+                        initrd_usec = 0;
+
+                        log_struct(LOG_INFO,
+                                   LOG_MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_STARTUP_FINISHED),
+                                   "KERNEL_USEC="USEC_FMT, kernel_usec,
+                                   "USERSPACE_USEC="USEC_FMT, userspace_usec,
+                                   LOG_MESSAGE("Startup finished in %s (kernel) + %s (userspace) = %s.",
+                                               format_timespan(kernel, sizeof(kernel), kernel_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC),
+                                               format_timespan(userspace, sizeof(userspace), userspace_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC),
+                                               format_timespan(sum, sizeof(sum), total_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC)),
+                                   NULL);
+                }
+        } else {
+                firmware_usec = loader_usec = initrd_usec = kernel_usec = 0;
+                total_usec = userspace_usec = m->finish_timestamp.monotonic - m->userspace_timestamp.monotonic;
+
+                log_struct(LOG_INFO,
+                           LOG_MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_STARTUP_FINISHED),
+                           "USERSPACE_USEC="USEC_FMT, userspace_usec,
+                           LOG_MESSAGE("Startup finished in %s.",
+                                       format_timespan(sum, sizeof(sum), total_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC)),
+                           NULL);
+        }
+
+        bus_manager_send_finished(m, firmware_usec, loader_usec, kernel_usec, initrd_usec, userspace_usec, total_usec);
+
+        sd_notifyf(false,
+                   "READY=1\n"
+                   "STATUS=Startup finished in %s.",
+                   format_timespan(sum, sizeof(sum), total_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC));
+}
+
+void manager_check_finished(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->n_reloading > 0)
+                return;
+
+        /* Verify that we are actually running currently. Initially
+         * the exit code is set to invalid, and during operation it is
+         * then set to MANAGER_OK */
+        if (m->exit_code != MANAGER_OK)
+                return;
+
+        if (hashmap_size(m->jobs) > 0) {
+                if (m->jobs_in_progress_event_source)
+                        /* Ignore any failure, this is only for feedback */
+                        (void) sd_event_source_set_time(m->jobs_in_progress_event_source, now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) + JOBS_IN_PROGRESS_WAIT_USEC);
+
+                return;
+        }
+
+        manager_flip_auto_status(m, false);
+
+        /* Notify Type=idle units that we are done now */
+        manager_close_idle_pipe(m);
+
+        /* Turn off confirm spawn now */
+        m->confirm_spawn = false;
+
+        /* No need to update ask password status when we're going non-interactive */
+        manager_close_ask_password(m);
+
+        /* This is no longer the first boot */
+        manager_set_first_boot(m, false);
+
+        if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&m->finish_timestamp))
+                return;
+
+        dual_timestamp_get(&m->finish_timestamp);
+
+        manager_notify_finished(m);
+
+        manager_invalidate_startup_units(m);
+}
+
+static int create_generator_dir(Manager *m, char **generator, const char *name) {
+        char *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(generator);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (*generator)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM && getpid() == 1) {
+                /* systemd --system, not running --test */
+
+                p = strappend("/run/systemd/", name);
+                if (!p)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = mkdir_p_label(p, 0755);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create generator directory %s: %m", p);
+                        free(p);
+                        return r;
+                }
+        } else if (m->running_as == MANAGER_USER) {
+                const char *s = NULL;
+
+                s = getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");
+                if (!s)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                p = strjoin(s, "/systemd/", name, NULL);
+                if (!p)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = mkdir_p_label(p, 0755);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create generator directory %s: %m", p);
+                        free(p);
+                        return r;
+                }
+        } else {
+                /* systemd --system --test */
+
+                p = strjoin("/tmp/systemd-", name, ".XXXXXX", NULL);
+                if (!p)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (!mkdtemp(p)) {
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create generator directory %s: %m", p);
+                        free(p);
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+        }
+
+        *generator = p;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void trim_generator_dir(Manager *m, char **generator) {
+        assert(m);
+        assert(generator);
+
+        if (!*generator)
+                return;
+
+        if (rmdir(*generator) >= 0)
+                *generator = mfree(*generator);
+
+        return;
+}
+
+static int manager_run_generators(Manager *m) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **paths = NULL;
+        const char *argv[5];
+        char **path;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->test_run)
+                return 0;
+
+        paths = generator_paths(m->running_as);
+        if (!paths)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        /* Optimize by skipping the whole process by not creating output directories
+         * if no generators are found. */
+        STRV_FOREACH(path, paths) {
+                r = access(*path, F_OK);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        goto found;
+                if (errno != ENOENT)
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open generator directory %s: %m", *path);
+        }
+        return 0;
+
+ found:
+        r = create_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path, "generator");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = create_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path_early, "generator.early");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = create_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path_late, "generator.late");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        argv[0] = NULL; /* Leave this empty, execute_directory() will fill something in */
+        argv[1] = m->generator_unit_path;
+        argv[2] = m->generator_unit_path_early;
+        argv[3] = m->generator_unit_path_late;
+        argv[4] = NULL;
+
+        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0022)
+                execute_directories((const char* const*) paths, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_USEC, (char**) argv);
+
+finish:
+        trim_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path);
+        trim_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path_early);
+        trim_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path_late);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void remove_generator_dir(Manager *m, char **generator) {
+        assert(m);
+        assert(generator);
+
+        if (!*generator)
+                return;
+
+        strv_remove(m->lookup_paths.unit_path, *generator);
+        (void) rm_rf(*generator, REMOVE_ROOT);
+
+        *generator = mfree(*generator);
+}
+
+static void manager_undo_generators(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        remove_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path);
+        remove_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path_early);
+        remove_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path_late);
+}
+
+int manager_environment_add(Manager *m, char **minus, char **plus) {
+        char **a = NULL, **b = NULL, **l;
+        assert(m);
+
+        l = m->environment;
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(minus)) {
+                a = strv_env_delete(l, 1, minus);
+                if (!a)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                l = a;
+        }
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(plus)) {
+                b = strv_env_merge(2, l, plus);
+                if (!b) {
+                        strv_free(a);
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                l = b;
+        }
+
+        if (m->environment != l)
+                strv_free(m->environment);
+        if (a != l)
+                strv_free(a);
+        if (b != l)
+                strv_free(b);
+
+        m->environment = l;
+        manager_clean_environment(m);
+        strv_sort(m->environment);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_set_default_rlimits(Manager *m, struct rlimit **default_rlimit) {
+        int i;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < _RLIMIT_MAX; i++) {
+                m->rlimit[i] = mfree(m->rlimit[i]);
+
+                if (!default_rlimit[i])
+                        continue;
+
+                m->rlimit[i] = newdup(struct rlimit, default_rlimit[i], 1);
+                if (!m->rlimit[i])
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void manager_recheck_journal(Manager *m) {
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return;
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, SPECIAL_JOURNALD_SOCKET);
+        if (u && SOCKET(u)->state != SOCKET_RUNNING) {
+                log_close_journal();
+                return;
+        }
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, SPECIAL_JOURNALD_SERVICE);
+        if (u && SERVICE(u)->state != SERVICE_RUNNING) {
+                log_close_journal();
+                return;
+        }
+
+        /* Hmm, OK, so the socket is fully up and the service is up
+         * too, then let's make use of the thing. */
+        log_open();
+}
+
+void manager_set_show_status(Manager *m, ShowStatus mode) {
+        assert(m);
+        assert(IN_SET(mode, SHOW_STATUS_AUTO, SHOW_STATUS_NO, SHOW_STATUS_YES, SHOW_STATUS_TEMPORARY));
+
+        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return;
+
+        if (m->show_status != mode)
+                log_debug("%s showing of status.",
+                          mode == SHOW_STATUS_NO ? "Disabling" : "Enabling");
+        m->show_status = mode;
+
+        if (mode > 0)
+                (void) touch("/run/systemd/show-status");
+        else
+                (void) unlink("/run/systemd/show-status");
+}
+
+static bool manager_get_show_status(Manager *m, StatusType type) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return false;
+
+        if (m->no_console_output)
+                return false;
+
+        if (!IN_SET(manager_state(m), MANAGER_INITIALIZING, MANAGER_STARTING, MANAGER_STOPPING))
+                return false;
+
+        /* If we cannot find out the status properly, just proceed. */
+        if (type != STATUS_TYPE_EMERGENCY && manager_check_ask_password(m) > 0)
+                return false;
+
+        if (m->show_status > 0)
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+void manager_set_first_boot(Manager *m, bool b) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return;
+
+        if (m->first_boot != (int) b) {
+                if (b)
+                        (void) touch("/run/systemd/first-boot");
+                else
+                        (void) unlink("/run/systemd/first-boot");
+        }
+
+        m->first_boot = b;
+}
+
+void manager_status_printf(Manager *m, StatusType type, const char *status, const char *format, ...) {
+        va_list ap;
+
+        /* If m is NULL, assume we're after shutdown and let the messages through. */
+
+        if (m && !manager_get_show_status(m, type))
+                return;
+
+        /* XXX We should totally drop the check for ephemeral here
+         * and thus effectively make 'Type=idle' pointless. */
+        if (type == STATUS_TYPE_EPHEMERAL && m && m->n_on_console > 0)
+                return;
+
+        va_start(ap, format);
+        status_vprintf(status, true, type == STATUS_TYPE_EPHEMERAL, format, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+}
+
+Set *manager_get_units_requiring_mounts_for(Manager *m, const char *path) {
+        char p[strlen(path)+1];
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(path);
+
+        strcpy(p, path);
+        path_kill_slashes(p);
+
+        return hashmap_get(m->units_requiring_mounts_for, streq(p, "/") ? "" : p);
+}
+
+const char *manager_get_runtime_prefix(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        return m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ?
+               "/run" :
+               getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");
+}
+
+int manager_update_failed_units(Manager *m, Unit *u, bool failed) {
+        unsigned size;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(u->manager == m);
+
+        size = set_size(m->failed_units);
+
+        if (failed) {
+                r = set_ensure_allocated(&m->failed_units, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (set_put(m->failed_units, u) < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+        } else
+                (void) set_remove(m->failed_units, u);
+
+        if (set_size(m->failed_units) != size)
+                bus_manager_send_change_signal(m);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+ManagerState manager_state(Manager *m) {
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Did we ever finish booting? If not then we are still starting up */
+        if (!dual_timestamp_is_set(&m->finish_timestamp)) {
+
+                u = manager_get_unit(m, SPECIAL_BASIC_TARGET);
+                if (!u || !UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(unit_active_state(u)))
+                        return MANAGER_INITIALIZING;
+
+                return MANAGER_STARTING;
+        }
+
+        /* Is the special shutdown target queued? If so, we are in shutdown state */
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET);
+        if (u && u->job && IN_SET(u->job->type, JOB_START, JOB_RESTART, JOB_RELOAD_OR_START))
+                return MANAGER_STOPPING;
+
+        /* Are the rescue or emergency targets active or queued? If so we are in maintenance state */
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET);
+        if (u && (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u)) ||
+                  (u->job && IN_SET(u->job->type, JOB_START, JOB_RESTART, JOB_RELOAD_OR_START))))
+                return MANAGER_MAINTENANCE;
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, SPECIAL_EMERGENCY_TARGET);
+        if (u && (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u)) ||
+                  (u->job && IN_SET(u->job->type, JOB_START, JOB_RESTART, JOB_RELOAD_OR_START))))
+                return MANAGER_MAINTENANCE;
+
+        /* Are there any failed units? If so, we are in degraded mode */
+        if (set_size(m->failed_units) > 0)
+                return MANAGER_DEGRADED;
+
+        return MANAGER_RUNNING;
+}
+
+static const char *const manager_state_table[_MANAGER_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [MANAGER_INITIALIZING] = "initializing",
+        [MANAGER_STARTING] = "starting",
+        [MANAGER_RUNNING] = "running",
+        [MANAGER_DEGRADED] = "degraded",
+        [MANAGER_MAINTENANCE] = "maintenance",
+        [MANAGER_STOPPING] = "stopping",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(manager_state, ManagerState);
diff --git a/src/libcore/manager.h b/src/libcore/manager.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d6c97d8f3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/manager.h
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <libmount.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+#include <systemd/sd-event.h>
+
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "fdset.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "list.h"
+#include "ratelimit.h"
+
+/* Enforce upper limit how many names we allow */
+#define MANAGER_MAX_NAMES 131072 /* 128K */
+
+typedef struct Manager Manager;
+
+typedef enum ManagerState {
+        MANAGER_INITIALIZING,
+        MANAGER_STARTING,
+        MANAGER_RUNNING,
+        MANAGER_DEGRADED,
+        MANAGER_MAINTENANCE,
+        MANAGER_STOPPING,
+        _MANAGER_STATE_MAX,
+        _MANAGER_STATE_INVALID = -1
+} ManagerState;
+
+typedef enum ManagerExitCode {
+        MANAGER_OK,
+        MANAGER_EXIT,
+        MANAGER_RELOAD,
+        MANAGER_REEXECUTE,
+        MANAGER_REBOOT,
+        MANAGER_POWEROFF,
+        MANAGER_HALT,
+        MANAGER_KEXEC,
+        MANAGER_SWITCH_ROOT,
+        _MANAGER_EXIT_CODE_MAX,
+        _MANAGER_EXIT_CODE_INVALID = -1
+} ManagerExitCode;
+
+typedef enum StatusType {
+        STATUS_TYPE_EPHEMERAL,
+        STATUS_TYPE_NORMAL,
+        STATUS_TYPE_EMERGENCY,
+} StatusType;
+
+#include "execute.h"
+#include "job.h"
+#include "path-lookup.h"
+#include "show-status.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+
+struct Manager {
+        /* Note that the set of units we know of is allowed to be
+         * inconsistent. However the subset of it that is loaded may
+         * not, and the list of jobs may neither. */
+
+        /* Active jobs and units */
+        Hashmap *units;  /* name string => Unit object n:1 */
+        Hashmap *jobs;   /* job id => Job object 1:1 */
+
+        /* To make it easy to iterate through the units of a specific
+         * type we maintain a per type linked list */
+        LIST_HEAD(Unit, units_by_type[_UNIT_TYPE_MAX]);
+
+        /* Units that need to be loaded */
+        LIST_HEAD(Unit, load_queue); /* this is actually more a stack than a queue, but uh. */
+
+        /* Jobs that need to be run */
+        LIST_HEAD(Job, run_queue);   /* more a stack than a queue, too */
+
+        /* Units and jobs that have not yet been announced via
+         * D-Bus. When something about a job changes it is added here
+         * if it is not in there yet. This allows easy coalescing of
+         * D-Bus change signals. */
+        LIST_HEAD(Unit, dbus_unit_queue);
+        LIST_HEAD(Job, dbus_job_queue);
+
+        /* Units to remove */
+        LIST_HEAD(Unit, cleanup_queue);
+
+        /* Units to check when doing GC */
+        LIST_HEAD(Unit, gc_queue);
+
+        /* Units that should be realized */
+        LIST_HEAD(Unit, cgroup_queue);
+
+        sd_event *event;
+
+        /* We use two hash tables here, since the same PID might be
+         * watched by two different units: once the unit that forked
+         * it off, and possibly a different unit to which it was
+         * joined as cgroup member. Since we know that it is either
+         * one or two units for each PID we just use to hashmaps
+         * here. */
+        Hashmap *watch_pids1;  /* pid => Unit object n:1 */
+        Hashmap *watch_pids2;  /* pid => Unit object n:1 */
+
+        /* A set contains all units which cgroup should be refreshed after startup */
+        Set *startup_units;
+
+        /* A set which contains all currently failed units */
+        Set *failed_units;
+
+        sd_event_source *run_queue_event_source;
+
+        char *notify_socket;
+        int notify_fd;
+        sd_event_source *notify_event_source;
+
+        int signal_fd;
+        sd_event_source *signal_event_source;
+
+        int time_change_fd;
+        sd_event_source *time_change_event_source;
+
+        sd_event_source *jobs_in_progress_event_source;
+
+        LookupPaths lookup_paths;
+        Set *unit_path_cache;
+
+        char **environment;
+
+        usec_t runtime_watchdog;
+        usec_t shutdown_watchdog;
+
+        dual_timestamp firmware_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp loader_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp kernel_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp initrd_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp userspace_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp finish_timestamp;
+
+        dual_timestamp security_start_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp security_finish_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp generators_start_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp generators_finish_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp units_load_start_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp units_load_finish_timestamp;
+
+        char *generator_unit_path;
+        char *generator_unit_path_early;
+        char *generator_unit_path_late;
+
+        struct udev* udev;
+
+        /* Data specific to the device subsystem */
+        struct udev_monitor* udev_monitor;
+        sd_event_source *udev_event_source;
+        Hashmap *devices_by_sysfs;
+
+        /* Data specific to the mount subsystem */
+        struct libmnt_monitor *mount_monitor;
+        sd_event_source *mount_event_source;
+
+        /* Data specific to the swap filesystem */
+        FILE *proc_swaps;
+        sd_event_source *swap_event_source;
+        Hashmap *swaps_by_devnode;
+
+        /* Data specific to the D-Bus subsystem */
+        sd_bus *api_bus, *system_bus;
+        Set *private_buses;
+        int private_listen_fd;
+        sd_event_source *private_listen_event_source;
+
+        /* Contains all the clients that are subscribed to signals via
+        the API bus. Note that private bus connections are always
+        considered subscribes, since they last for very short only,
+        and it is much simpler that way. */
+        sd_bus_track *subscribed;
+        char **deserialized_subscribed;
+
+        /* This is used during reloading: before the reload we queue
+         * the reply message here, and afterwards we send it */
+        sd_bus_message *queued_message;
+
+        Hashmap *watch_bus;  /* D-Bus names => Unit object n:1 */
+
+        bool send_reloading_done;
+
+        uint32_t current_job_id;
+        uint32_t default_unit_job_id;
+
+        /* Data specific to the Automount subsystem */
+        int dev_autofs_fd;
+
+        /* Data specific to the cgroup subsystem */
+        Hashmap *cgroup_unit;
+        CGroupMask cgroup_supported;
+        char *cgroup_root;
+
+        /* Notifications from cgroups, when the unified hierarchy is
+         * used is done via inotify. */
+        int cgroup_inotify_fd;
+        sd_event_source *cgroup_inotify_event_source;
+        Hashmap *cgroup_inotify_wd_unit;
+
+        /* Make sure the user cannot accidentally unmount our cgroup
+         * file system */
+        int pin_cgroupfs_fd;
+
+        int gc_marker;
+        unsigned n_in_gc_queue;
+
+        /* Flags */
+        ManagerRunningAs running_as;
+        ManagerExitCode exit_code:5;
+
+        bool dispatching_load_queue:1;
+        bool dispatching_dbus_queue:1;
+
+        bool taint_usr:1;
+
+        bool test_run:1;
+
+        /* If non-zero, exit with the following value when the systemd
+         * process terminate. Useful for containers: systemd-nspawn could get
+         * the return value. */
+        uint8_t return_value;
+
+        ShowStatus show_status;
+        bool confirm_spawn;
+        bool no_console_output;
+
+        ExecOutput default_std_output, default_std_error;
+
+        usec_t default_restart_usec, default_timeout_start_usec, default_timeout_stop_usec;
+
+        usec_t default_start_limit_interval;
+        unsigned default_start_limit_burst;
+
+        bool default_cpu_accounting;
+        bool default_memory_accounting;
+        bool default_blockio_accounting;
+        bool default_tasks_accounting;
+
+        uint64_t default_tasks_max;
+        usec_t default_timer_accuracy_usec;
+
+        struct rlimit *rlimit[_RLIMIT_MAX];
+
+        /* non-zero if we are reloading or reexecuting, */
+        int n_reloading;
+
+        unsigned n_installed_jobs;
+        unsigned n_failed_jobs;
+
+        /* Jobs in progress watching */
+        unsigned n_running_jobs;
+        unsigned n_on_console;
+        unsigned jobs_in_progress_iteration;
+
+        /* Do we have any outstanding password prompts? */
+        int have_ask_password;
+        int ask_password_inotify_fd;
+        sd_event_source *ask_password_event_source;
+
+        /* Type=idle pipes */
+        int idle_pipe[4];
+        sd_event_source *idle_pipe_event_source;
+
+        char *switch_root;
+        char *switch_root_init;
+
+        /* This maps all possible path prefixes to the units needing
+         * them. It's a hashmap with a path string as key and a Set as
+         * value where Unit objects are contained. */
+        Hashmap *units_requiring_mounts_for;
+
+        /* Reference to the kdbus bus control fd */
+        int kdbus_fd;
+
+        /* Used for processing polkit authorization responses */
+        Hashmap *polkit_registry;
+
+        /* When the user hits C-A-D more than 7 times per 2s, reboot immediately... */
+        RateLimit ctrl_alt_del_ratelimit;
+
+        const char *unit_log_field;
+        const char *unit_log_format_string;
+
+        int first_boot;
+};
+
+int manager_new(ManagerRunningAs running_as, bool test_run, Manager **m);
+Manager* manager_free(Manager *m);
+
+void manager_enumerate(Manager *m);
+int manager_startup(Manager *m, FILE *serialization, FDSet *fds);
+
+Job *manager_get_job(Manager *m, uint32_t id);
+Unit *manager_get_unit(Manager *m, const char *name);
+
+int manager_get_job_from_dbus_path(Manager *m, const char *s, Job **_j);
+
+int manager_load_unit_prepare(Manager *m, const char *name, const char *path, sd_bus_error *e, Unit **_ret);
+int manager_load_unit(Manager *m, const char *name, const char *path, sd_bus_error *e, Unit **_ret);
+int manager_load_unit_from_dbus_path(Manager *m, const char *s, sd_bus_error *e, Unit **_u);
+
+int manager_add_job(Manager *m, JobType type, Unit *unit, JobMode mode, sd_bus_error *e, Job **_ret);
+int manager_add_job_by_name(Manager *m, JobType type, const char *name, JobMode mode, sd_bus_error *e, Job **_ret);
+int manager_add_job_by_name_and_warn(Manager *m, JobType type, const char *name, JobMode mode, Job **ret);
+
+void manager_dump_units(Manager *s, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+void manager_dump_jobs(Manager *s, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+
+void manager_clear_jobs(Manager *m);
+
+unsigned manager_dispatch_load_queue(Manager *m);
+
+int manager_environment_add(Manager *m, char **minus, char **plus);
+int manager_set_default_rlimits(Manager *m, struct rlimit **default_rlimit);
+
+int manager_loop(Manager *m);
+
+int manager_open_serialization(Manager *m, FILE **_f);
+
+int manager_serialize(Manager *m, FILE *f, FDSet *fds, bool switching_root);
+int manager_deserialize(Manager *m, FILE *f, FDSet *fds);
+
+int manager_reload(Manager *m);
+
+bool manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(Manager *m) _pure_;
+
+void manager_reset_failed(Manager *m);
+
+void manager_send_unit_audit(Manager *m, Unit *u, int type, bool success);
+void manager_send_unit_plymouth(Manager *m, Unit *u);
+
+bool manager_unit_inactive_or_pending(Manager *m, const char *name);
+
+void manager_check_finished(Manager *m);
+
+void manager_recheck_journal(Manager *m);
+
+void manager_set_show_status(Manager *m, ShowStatus mode);
+void manager_set_first_boot(Manager *m, bool b);
+
+void manager_status_printf(Manager *m, StatusType type, const char *status, const char *format, ...) _printf_(4,5);
+void manager_flip_auto_status(Manager *m, bool enable);
+
+Set *manager_get_units_requiring_mounts_for(Manager *m, const char *path);
+
+const char *manager_get_runtime_prefix(Manager *m);
+
+ManagerState manager_state(Manager *m);
+
+int manager_update_failed_units(Manager *m, Unit *u, bool failed);
+
+const char *manager_state_to_string(ManagerState m) _const_;
+ManagerState manager_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libcore/mount-setup.c b/src/libcore/mount-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de1a361cc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/mount-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <ftw.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "dev-setup.h"
+#include "efivars.h"
+#include "label.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "mount-setup.h"
+#include "mount-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "smack-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+
+typedef enum MountMode {
+        MNT_NONE  =        0,
+        MNT_FATAL =        1 <<  0,
+        MNT_IN_CONTAINER = 1 <<  1,
+} MountMode;
+
+typedef struct MountPoint {
+        const char *what;
+        const char *where;
+        const char *type;
+        const char *options;
+        unsigned long flags;
+        bool (*condition_fn)(void);
+        MountMode mode;
+} MountPoint;
+
+/* The first three entries we might need before SELinux is up. The
+ * fourth (securityfs) is needed by IMA to load a custom policy. The
+ * other ones we can delay until SELinux and IMA are loaded. When
+ * SMACK is enabled we need smackfs, too, so it's a fifth one. */
+#ifdef HAVE_SMACK
+#define N_EARLY_MOUNT 5
+#else
+#define N_EARLY_MOUNT 4
+#endif
+
+static const MountPoint mount_table[] = {
+        { "sysfs",       "/sys",                      "sysfs",      NULL,                      MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          NULL,          MNT_FATAL|MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+        { "proc",        "/proc",                     "proc",       NULL,                      MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          NULL,          MNT_FATAL|MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+        { "devtmpfs",    "/dev",                      "devtmpfs",   "mode=755",                MS_NOSUID|MS_STRICTATIME,
+          NULL,          MNT_FATAL|MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+        { "securityfs",  "/sys/kernel/security",      "securityfs", NULL,                      MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          NULL,          MNT_NONE                   },
+#ifdef HAVE_SMACK
+        { "smackfs",     "/sys/fs/smackfs",           "smackfs",    "smackfsdef=*",            MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          mac_smack_use, MNT_FATAL                  },
+        { "tmpfs",       "/dev/shm",                  "tmpfs",      "mode=1777,smackfsroot=*", MS_NOSUID|MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME,
+          mac_smack_use, MNT_FATAL                  },
+#endif
+        { "tmpfs",       "/dev/shm",                  "tmpfs",      "mode=1777",               MS_NOSUID|MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME,
+          NULL,          MNT_FATAL|MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+        { "devpts",      "/dev/pts",                  "devpts",     "mode=620,gid=" STRINGIFY(TTY_GID), MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC,
+          NULL,          MNT_IN_CONTAINER           },
+#ifdef HAVE_SMACK
+        { "tmpfs",       "/run",                      "tmpfs",      "mode=755,smackfsroot=*",  MS_NOSUID|MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME,
+          mac_smack_use, MNT_FATAL                  },
+#endif
+        { "tmpfs",       "/run",                      "tmpfs",      "mode=755",                MS_NOSUID|MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME,
+          NULL,          MNT_FATAL|MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+        { "cgroup",      "/sys/fs/cgroup",            "cgroup",     "__DEVEL__sane_behavior",  MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          cg_is_unified_wanted, MNT_FATAL|MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+        { "tmpfs",       "/sys/fs/cgroup",            "tmpfs",      "mode=755",                MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME,
+          cg_is_legacy_wanted, MNT_FATAL|MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+        { "cgroup",      "/sys/fs/cgroup/systemd",    "cgroup",     "none,name=systemd,xattr", MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          cg_is_legacy_wanted, MNT_IN_CONTAINER           },
+        { "cgroup",      "/sys/fs/cgroup/systemd",    "cgroup",     "none,name=systemd",       MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          cg_is_legacy_wanted, MNT_FATAL|MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+        { "pstore",      "/sys/fs/pstore",            "pstore",     NULL,                      MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          NULL,          MNT_NONE                   },
+#ifdef ENABLE_EFI
+        { "efivarfs",    "/sys/firmware/efi/efivars", "efivarfs",   NULL,                      MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          is_efi_boot,   MNT_NONE                   },
+#endif
+        { "kdbusfs",    "/sys/fs/kdbus",             "kdbusfs",    NULL, MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          is_kdbus_wanted,       MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+};
+
+/* These are API file systems that might be mounted by other software,
+ * we just list them here so that we know that we should ignore them */
+
+static const char ignore_paths[] =
+        /* SELinux file systems */
+        "/sys/fs/selinux\0"
+        /* Container bind mounts */
+        "/proc/sys\0"
+        "/dev/console\0"
+        "/proc/kmsg\0";
+
+bool mount_point_is_api(const char *path) {
+        unsigned i;
+
+        /* Checks if this mount point is considered "API", and hence
+         * should be ignored */
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(mount_table); i ++)
+                if (path_equal(path, mount_table[i].where))
+                        return true;
+
+        return path_startswith(path, "/sys/fs/cgroup/");
+}
+
+bool mount_point_ignore(const char *path) {
+        const char *i;
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH(i, ignore_paths)
+                if (path_equal(path, i))
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int mount_one(const MountPoint *p, bool relabel) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (p->condition_fn && !p->condition_fn())
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Relabel first, just in case */
+        if (relabel)
+                (void) label_fix(p->where, true, true);
+
+        r = path_is_mount_point(p->where, AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW);
+        if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT) {
+                log_full_errno((p->mode & MNT_FATAL) ? LOG_ERR : LOG_DEBUG, r, "Failed to determine whether %s is a mount point: %m", p->where);
+                return (p->mode & MNT_FATAL) ? r : 0;
+        }
+        if (r > 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Skip securityfs in a container */
+        if (!(p->mode & MNT_IN_CONTAINER) && detect_container() > 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* The access mode here doesn't really matter too much, since
+         * the mounted file system will take precedence anyway. */
+        if (relabel)
+                (void) mkdir_p_label(p->where, 0755);
+        else
+                (void) mkdir_p(p->where, 0755);
+
+        log_debug("Mounting %s to %s of type %s with options %s.",
+                  p->what,
+                  p->where,
+                  p->type,
+                  strna(p->options));
+
+        if (mount(p->what,
+                  p->where,
+                  p->type,
+                  p->flags,
+                  p->options) < 0) {
+                log_full_errno((p->mode & MNT_FATAL) ? LOG_ERR : LOG_DEBUG, errno, "Failed to mount %s at %s: %m", p->type, p->where);
+                return (p->mode & MNT_FATAL) ? -errno : 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Relabel again, since we now mounted something fresh here */
+        if (relabel)
+                (void) label_fix(p->where, false, false);
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int mount_points_setup(unsigned n, bool loaded_policy) {
+        unsigned i;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i ++) {
+                int j;
+
+                j = mount_one(mount_table + i, loaded_policy);
+                if (j != 0 && r >= 0)
+                        r = j;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int mount_setup_early(void) {
+        assert_cc(N_EARLY_MOUNT <= ELEMENTSOF(mount_table));
+
+        /* Do a minimal mount of /proc and friends to enable the most
+         * basic stuff, such as SELinux */
+        return mount_points_setup(N_EARLY_MOUNT, false);
+}
+
+int mount_cgroup_controllers(char ***join_controllers) {
+        _cleanup_set_free_free_ Set *controllers = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        if (!cg_is_legacy_wanted())
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Mount all available cgroup controllers that are built into the kernel. */
+
+        controllers = set_new(&string_hash_ops);
+        if (!controllers)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = cg_kernel_controllers(controllers);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to enumerate cgroup controllers: %m");
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *options = NULL, *controller = NULL, *where = NULL;
+                MountPoint p = {
+                        .what = "cgroup",
+                        .type = "cgroup",
+                        .flags = MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+                        .mode = MNT_IN_CONTAINER,
+                };
+                char ***k = NULL;
+
+                controller = set_steal_first(controllers);
+                if (!controller)
+                        break;
+
+                if (join_controllers)
+                        for (k = join_controllers; *k; k++)
+                                if (strv_find(*k, controller))
+                                        break;
+
+                if (k && *k) {
+                        char **i, **j;
+
+                        for (i = *k, j = *k; *i; i++) {
+
+                                if (!streq(*i, controller)) {
+                                        _cleanup_free_ char *t;
+
+                                        t = set_remove(controllers, *i);
+                                        if (!t) {
+                                                free(*i);
+                                                continue;
+                                        }
+                                }
+
+                                *(j++) = *i;
+                        }
+
+                        *j = NULL;
+
+                        options = strv_join(*k, ",");
+                        if (!options)
+                                return log_oom();
+                } else {
+                        options = controller;
+                        controller = NULL;
+                }
+
+                where = strappend("/sys/fs/cgroup/", options);
+                if (!where)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                p.where = where;
+                p.options = options;
+
+                r = mount_one(&p, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (r > 0 && k && *k) {
+                        char **i;
+
+                        for (i = *k; *i; i++) {
+                                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+
+                                t = strappend("/sys/fs/cgroup/", *i);
+                                if (!t)
+                                        return log_oom();
+
+                                r = symlink(options, t);
+                                if (r >= 0) {
+#ifdef SMACK_RUN_LABEL
+                                        _cleanup_free_ char *src;
+                                        src = strappend("/sys/fs/cgroup/", options);
+                                        if (!src)
+                                                return log_oom();
+                                        r = mac_smack_copy(t, src);
+                                        if (r < 0 && r != -EOPNOTSUPP)
+                                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to copy smack label from %s to %s: %m", src, t);
+#endif
+                                } else if (errno != EEXIST)
+                                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create symlink %s: %m", t);
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Now that we mounted everything, let's make the tmpfs the
+         * cgroup file systems are mounted into read-only. */
+        (void) mount("tmpfs", "/sys/fs/cgroup", "tmpfs", MS_REMOUNT|MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME|MS_RDONLY, "mode=755");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#if defined(HAVE_SELINUX) || defined(HAVE_SMACK)
+static int nftw_cb(
+                const char *fpath,
+                const struct stat *sb,
+                int tflag,
+                struct FTW *ftwbuf) {
+
+        /* No need to label /dev twice in a row... */
+        if (_unlikely_(ftwbuf->level == 0))
+                return FTW_CONTINUE;
+
+        label_fix(fpath, false, false);
+
+        /* /run/initramfs is static data and big, no need to
+         * dynamically relabel its contents at boot... */
+        if (_unlikely_(ftwbuf->level == 1 &&
+                      tflag == FTW_D &&
+                      streq(fpath, "/run/initramfs")))
+                return FTW_SKIP_SUBTREE;
+
+        return FTW_CONTINUE;
+};
+#endif
+
+int mount_setup(bool loaded_policy) {
+        int r = 0;
+
+        r = mount_points_setup(ELEMENTSOF(mount_table), loaded_policy);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+#if defined(HAVE_SELINUX) || defined(HAVE_SMACK)
+        /* Nodes in devtmpfs and /run need to be manually updated for
+         * the appropriate labels, after mounting. The other virtual
+         * API file systems like /sys and /proc do not need that, they
+         * use the same label for all their files. */
+        if (loaded_policy) {
+                usec_t before_relabel, after_relabel;
+                char timespan[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+
+                before_relabel = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+                nftw("/dev", nftw_cb, 64, FTW_MOUNT|FTW_PHYS|FTW_ACTIONRETVAL);
+                nftw("/run", nftw_cb, 64, FTW_MOUNT|FTW_PHYS|FTW_ACTIONRETVAL);
+
+                after_relabel = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+                log_info("Relabelled /dev and /run in %s.",
+                         format_timespan(timespan, sizeof(timespan), after_relabel - before_relabel, 0));
+        }
+#endif
+
+        /* Create a few default symlinks, which are normally created
+         * by udevd, but some scripts might need them before we start
+         * udevd. */
+        dev_setup(NULL, UID_INVALID, GID_INVALID);
+
+        /* Mark the root directory as shared in regards to mount
+         * propagation. The kernel defaults to "private", but we think
+         * it makes more sense to have a default of "shared" so that
+         * nspawn and the container tools work out of the box. If
+         * specific setups need other settings they can reset the
+         * propagation mode to private if needed. */
+        if (detect_container() <= 0)
+                if (mount(NULL, "/", NULL, MS_REC|MS_SHARED, NULL) < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to set up the root directory for shared mount propagation: %m");
+
+        /* Create a few directories we always want around, Note that
+         * sd_booted() checks for /run/systemd/system, so this mkdir
+         * really needs to stay for good, otherwise software that
+         * copied sd-daemon.c into their sources will misdetect
+         * systemd. */
+        mkdir_label("/run/systemd", 0755);
+        mkdir_label("/run/systemd/system", 0755);
+        mkdir_label("/run/systemd/inaccessible", 0000);
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/mount-setup.h b/src/libcore/mount-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..647bd770ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/mount-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+int mount_setup_early(void);
+int mount_setup(bool loaded_policy);
+
+int mount_cgroup_controllers(char ***join_controllers);
+
+bool mount_point_is_api(const char *path);
+bool mount_point_ignore(const char *path);
diff --git a/src/libcore/mount.c b/src/libcore/mount.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d573e92759
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/mount.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1873 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-messages.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "dbus-mount.h"
+#include "escape.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "fstab-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "manager.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "mount-setup.h"
+#include "mount-util.h"
+#include "mount.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+#define RETRY_UMOUNT_MAX 32
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(struct libmnt_table*, mnt_free_table);
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(struct libmnt_iter*, mnt_free_iter);
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_MOUNT_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [MOUNT_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [MOUNT_MOUNTING] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [MOUNT_MOUNTED] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [MOUNT_REMOUNTING] = UNIT_RELOADING,
+        [MOUNT_UNMOUNTING] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM] = UNIT_RELOADING,
+        [MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL] = UNIT_RELOADING,
+        [MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [MOUNT_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED
+};
+
+static int mount_dispatch_timer(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata);
+static int mount_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata);
+
+static bool mount_needs_network(const char *options, const char *fstype) {
+        if (fstab_test_option(options, "_netdev\0"))
+                return true;
+
+        if (fstype && fstype_is_network(fstype))
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static bool mount_is_network(const MountParameters *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        return mount_needs_network(p->options, p->fstype);
+}
+
+static bool mount_is_bind(const MountParameters *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (fstab_test_option(p->options, "bind\0" "rbind\0"))
+                return true;
+
+        if (p->fstype && STR_IN_SET(p->fstype, "bind", "rbind"))
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static bool mount_is_auto(const MountParameters *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        return !fstab_test_option(p->options, "noauto\0");
+}
+
+static bool needs_quota(const MountParameters *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        /* Quotas are not enabled on network filesystems,
+         * but we want them, for example, on storage connected via iscsi */
+        if (p->fstype && fstype_is_network(p->fstype))
+                return false;
+
+        if (mount_is_bind(p))
+                return false;
+
+        return fstab_test_option(p->options,
+                                 "usrquota\0" "grpquota\0" "quota\0" "usrjquota\0" "grpjquota\0");
+}
+
+static void mount_init(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        m->timeout_usec = u->manager->default_timeout_start_usec;
+        m->directory_mode = 0755;
+
+        if (unit_has_name(u, "-.mount")) {
+                /* Don't allow start/stop for root directory */
+                u->refuse_manual_start = true;
+                u->refuse_manual_stop = true;
+        } else {
+                /* The stdio/kmsg bridge socket is on /, in order to avoid a
+                 * dep loop, don't use kmsg logging for -.mount */
+                m->exec_context.std_output = u->manager->default_std_output;
+                m->exec_context.std_error = u->manager->default_std_error;
+        }
+
+        /* We need to make sure that /usr/bin/mount is always called
+         * in the same process group as us, so that the autofs kernel
+         * side doesn't send us another mount request while we are
+         * already trying to comply its last one. */
+        m->exec_context.same_pgrp = true;
+
+        m->control_command_id = _MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+
+        u->ignore_on_isolate = true;
+}
+
+static int mount_arm_timer(Mount *m, usec_t usec) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->timer_event_source) {
+                r = sd_event_source_set_time(m->timer_event_source, usec);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return sd_event_source_set_enabled(m->timer_event_source, SD_EVENT_ONESHOT);
+        }
+
+        if (usec == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_event_add_time(
+                        UNIT(m)->manager->event,
+                        &m->timer_event_source,
+                        CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
+                        usec, 0,
+                        mount_dispatch_timer, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->timer_event_source, "mount-timer");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void mount_unwatch_control_pid(Mount *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->control_pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        unit_unwatch_pid(UNIT(m), m->control_pid);
+        m->control_pid = 0;
+}
+
+static void mount_parameters_done(MountParameters *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        free(p->what);
+        free(p->options);
+        free(p->fstype);
+
+        p->what = p->options = p->fstype = NULL;
+}
+
+static void mount_done(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->where = mfree(m->where);
+
+        mount_parameters_done(&m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo);
+        mount_parameters_done(&m->parameters_fragment);
+
+        m->exec_runtime = exec_runtime_unref(m->exec_runtime);
+        exec_command_done_array(m->exec_command, _MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX);
+        m->control_command = NULL;
+
+        mount_unwatch_control_pid(m);
+
+        m->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->timer_event_source);
+}
+
+_pure_ static MountParameters* get_mount_parameters_fragment(Mount *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->from_fragment)
+                return &m->parameters_fragment;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+_pure_ static MountParameters* get_mount_parameters(Mount *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                return &m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo;
+
+        return get_mount_parameters_fragment(m);
+}
+
+static int mount_add_mount_links(Mount *m) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *parent = NULL;
+        MountParameters *pm;
+        Unit *other;
+        Iterator i;
+        Set *s;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (!path_equal(m->where, "/")) {
+                /* Adds in links to other mount points that might lie further
+                 * up in the hierarchy */
+
+                parent = dirname_malloc(m->where);
+                if (!parent)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = unit_require_mounts_for(UNIT(m), parent);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Adds in links to other mount points that might be needed
+         * for the source path (if this is a bind mount) to be
+         * available. */
+        pm = get_mount_parameters_fragment(m);
+        if (pm && pm->what &&
+            path_is_absolute(pm->what) &&
+            !mount_is_network(pm)) {
+
+                r = unit_require_mounts_for(UNIT(m), pm->what);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Adds in links to other units that use this path or paths
+         * further down in the hierarchy */
+        s = manager_get_units_requiring_mounts_for(UNIT(m)->manager, m->where);
+        SET_FOREACH(other, s, i) {
+
+                if (other->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (other == UNIT(m))
+                        continue;
+
+                r = unit_add_dependency(other, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT(m), true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (UNIT(m)->fragment_path) {
+                        /* If we have fragment configuration, then make this dependency required */
+                        r = unit_add_dependency(other, UNIT_REQUIRES, UNIT(m), true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_add_device_links(Mount *m) {
+        MountParameters *p;
+        bool device_wants_mount = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        p = get_mount_parameters(m);
+        if (!p)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!p->what)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (mount_is_bind(p))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!is_device_path(p->what))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* /dev/root is a really weird thing, it's not a real device,
+         * but just a path the kernel exports for the root file system
+         * specified on the kernel command line. Ignore it here. */
+        if (path_equal(p->what, "/dev/root"))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (path_equal(m->where, "/"))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (mount_is_auto(p) && UNIT(m)->manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                device_wants_mount = true;
+
+        r = unit_add_node_link(UNIT(m), p->what, device_wants_mount, m->from_fragment ? UNIT_BINDS_TO : UNIT_REQUIRES);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_add_quota_links(Mount *m) {
+        int r;
+        MountParameters *p;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (UNIT(m)->manager->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return 0;
+
+        p = get_mount_parameters_fragment(m);
+        if (!p)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!needs_quota(p))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(m), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_WANTS, SPECIAL_QUOTACHECK_SERVICE, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(m), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_WANTS, SPECIAL_QUOTAON_SERVICE, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool should_umount(Mount *m) {
+        MountParameters *p;
+
+        if (path_equal(m->where, "/") ||
+            path_equal(m->where, "/usr"))
+                return false;
+
+        p = get_mount_parameters(m);
+        if (p && fstab_test_option(p->options, "x-initrd.mount\0") &&
+            !in_initrd())
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static int mount_add_default_dependencies(Mount *m) {
+        MountParameters *p;
+        const char *after;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (!UNIT(m)->default_dependencies)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (UNIT(m)->manager->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* We do not add any default dependencies to / and /usr, since
+         * they are guaranteed to stay mounted the whole time, since
+         * our system is on it. Also, don't bother with anything
+         * mounted below virtual file systems, it's also going to be
+         * virtual, and hence not worth the effort. */
+        if (path_equal(m->where, "/") ||
+            path_equal(m->where, "/usr") ||
+            path_startswith(m->where, "/proc") ||
+            path_startswith(m->where, "/sys") ||
+            path_startswith(m->where, "/dev"))
+                return 0;
+
+        p = get_mount_parameters(m);
+        if (!p)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (mount_is_network(p)) {
+                /* We order ourselves after network.target. This is
+                 * primarily useful at shutdown: services that take
+                 * down the network should order themselves before
+                 * network.target, so that they are shut down only
+                 * after this mount unit is stopped. */
+
+                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(m), UNIT_AFTER, SPECIAL_NETWORK_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* We pull in network-online.target, and order
+                 * ourselves after it. This is useful at start-up to
+                 * actively pull in tools that want to be started
+                 * before we start mounting network file systems, and
+                 * whose purpose it is to delay this until the network
+                 * is "up". */
+
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(m), UNIT_WANTS, UNIT_AFTER, SPECIAL_NETWORK_ONLINE_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                after = SPECIAL_REMOTE_FS_PRE_TARGET;
+        } else
+                after = SPECIAL_LOCAL_FS_PRE_TARGET;
+
+        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(m), UNIT_AFTER, after, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (should_umount(m)) {
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(m), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_UMOUNT_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_verify(Mount *m) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (UNIT(m)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!m->from_fragment && !m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        r = unit_name_from_path(m->where, ".mount", &e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(m), r, "Failed to generate unit name from mount path: %m");
+
+        if (!unit_has_name(UNIT(m), e)) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(m), "Where= setting doesn't match unit name. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (mount_point_is_api(m->where) || mount_point_ignore(m->where)) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(m), "Cannot create mount unit for API file system %s. Refusing.", m->where);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (UNIT(m)->fragment_path && !m->parameters_fragment.what) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(m), "What= setting is missing. Refusing.");
+                return -EBADMSG;
+        }
+
+        if (m->exec_context.pam_name && m->kill_context.kill_mode != KILL_CONTROL_GROUP) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(m), "Unit has PAM enabled. Kill mode must be set to control-group'. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_add_extras(Mount *m) {
+        Unit *u = UNIT(m);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (u->fragment_path)
+                m->from_fragment = true;
+
+        if (!m->where) {
+                r = unit_name_to_path(u->id, &m->where);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        path_kill_slashes(m->where);
+
+        if (!u->description) {
+                r = unit_set_description(u, m->where);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = mount_add_device_links(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = mount_add_mount_links(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = mount_add_quota_links(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_patch_contexts(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_add_exec_dependencies(u, &m->exec_context);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_set_default_slice(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = mount_add_default_dependencies(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_load(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin_optional(u);
+        else
+                r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(u);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* This is a new unit? Then let's add in some extras */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+                r = mount_add_extras(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return mount_verify(m);
+}
+
+static int mount_notify_automount(Mount *m, MountState old_state, MountState state) {
+        Unit *p;
+        int r;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(p, UNIT(m)->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY], i)
+                if (p->type == UNIT_AUTOMOUNT) {
+                         r = automount_update_mount(AUTOMOUNT(p), old_state, state);
+                         if (r < 0)
+                                 return r;
+                }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void mount_set_state(Mount *m, MountState state) {
+        MountState old_state;
+        assert(m);
+
+        old_state = m->state;
+        m->state = state;
+
+        if (state != MOUNT_MOUNTING &&
+            state != MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE &&
+            state != MOUNT_REMOUNTING &&
+            state != MOUNT_UNMOUNTING &&
+            state != MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM &&
+            state != MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL &&
+            state != MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM &&
+            state != MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL &&
+            state != MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM &&
+            state != MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL) {
+                m->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->timer_event_source);
+                mount_unwatch_control_pid(m);
+                m->control_command = NULL;
+                m->control_command_id = _MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+        }
+
+        mount_notify_automount(m, old_state, state);
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(m), "Changed %s -> %s", mount_state_to_string(old_state), mount_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(m), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], m->reload_result == MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+        m->reload_result = MOUNT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int mount_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+        MountState new_state = MOUNT_DEAD;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(m->state == MOUNT_DEAD);
+
+        if (m->deserialized_state != m->state)
+                new_state = m->deserialized_state;
+        else if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                new_state = MOUNT_MOUNTED;
+
+        if (new_state == m->state)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (m->control_pid > 0 &&
+            pid_is_unwaited(m->control_pid) &&
+            IN_SET(new_state,
+                   MOUNT_MOUNTING,
+                   MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE,
+                   MOUNT_REMOUNTING,
+                   MOUNT_UNMOUNTING,
+                   MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM,
+                   MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL,
+                   MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM,
+                   MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL,
+                   MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM,
+                   MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL)) {
+
+                r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(m), m->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = mount_arm_timer(m, usec_add(u->state_change_timestamp.monotonic, m->timeout_usec));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        mount_set_state(m, new_state);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void mount_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+        MountParameters *p;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(f);
+
+        p = get_mount_parameters(m);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sMount State: %s\n"
+                "%sResult: %s\n"
+                "%sWhere: %s\n"
+                "%sWhat: %s\n"
+                "%sFile System Type: %s\n"
+                "%sOptions: %s\n"
+                "%sFrom /proc/self/mountinfo: %s\n"
+                "%sFrom fragment: %s\n"
+                "%sDirectoryMode: %04o\n",
+                prefix, mount_state_to_string(m->state),
+                prefix, mount_result_to_string(m->result),
+                prefix, m->where,
+                prefix, p ? strna(p->what) : "n/a",
+                prefix, p ? strna(p->fstype) : "n/a",
+                prefix, p ? strna(p->options) : "n/a",
+                prefix, yes_no(m->from_proc_self_mountinfo),
+                prefix, yes_no(m->from_fragment),
+                prefix, m->directory_mode);
+
+        if (m->control_pid > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sControl PID: "PID_FMT"\n",
+                        prefix, m->control_pid);
+
+        exec_context_dump(&m->exec_context, f, prefix);
+        kill_context_dump(&m->kill_context, f, prefix);
+}
+
+static int mount_spawn(Mount *m, ExecCommand *c, pid_t *_pid) {
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+        ExecParameters exec_params = {
+                .apply_permissions = true,
+                .apply_chroot      = true,
+                .apply_tty_stdin   = true,
+                .bus_endpoint_fd   = -1,
+                .stdin_fd          = -1,
+                .stdout_fd         = -1,
+                .stderr_fd         = -1,
+        };
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(c);
+        assert(_pid);
+
+        (void) unit_realize_cgroup(UNIT(m));
+        if (m->reset_cpu_usage) {
+                (void) unit_reset_cpu_usage(UNIT(m));
+                m->reset_cpu_usage = false;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_setup_exec_runtime(UNIT(m));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = mount_arm_timer(m, usec_add(now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), m->timeout_usec));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        exec_params.environment = UNIT(m)->manager->environment;
+        exec_params.confirm_spawn = UNIT(m)->manager->confirm_spawn;
+        exec_params.cgroup_supported = UNIT(m)->manager->cgroup_supported;
+        exec_params.cgroup_path = UNIT(m)->cgroup_path;
+        exec_params.cgroup_delegate = m->cgroup_context.delegate;
+        exec_params.runtime_prefix = manager_get_runtime_prefix(UNIT(m)->manager);
+
+        r = exec_spawn(UNIT(m),
+                       c,
+                       &m->exec_context,
+                       &exec_params,
+                       m->exec_runtime,
+                       &pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(m), pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                /* FIXME: we need to do something here */
+                return r;
+
+        *_pid = pid;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void mount_enter_dead(Mount *m, MountResult f) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (f != MOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                m->result = f;
+
+        exec_runtime_destroy(m->exec_runtime);
+        m->exec_runtime = exec_runtime_unref(m->exec_runtime);
+
+        exec_context_destroy_runtime_directory(&m->exec_context, manager_get_runtime_prefix(UNIT(m)->manager));
+
+        mount_set_state(m, m->result != MOUNT_SUCCESS ? MOUNT_FAILED : MOUNT_DEAD);
+}
+
+static void mount_enter_mounted(Mount *m, MountResult f) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (f != MOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                m->result = f;
+
+        mount_set_state(m, MOUNT_MOUNTED);
+}
+
+static void mount_enter_signal(Mount *m, MountState state, MountResult f) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (f != MOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                m->result = f;
+
+        r = unit_kill_context(
+                        UNIT(m),
+                        &m->kill_context,
+                        (state != MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM && state != MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM && state != MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM) ?
+                        KILL_KILL : KILL_TERMINATE,
+                        -1,
+                        m->control_pid,
+                        false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (r > 0) {
+                r = mount_arm_timer(m, usec_add(now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), m->timeout_usec));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                mount_set_state(m, state);
+        } else if (state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM)
+                mount_enter_signal(m, MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+        else if (state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL)
+                mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+        else if (state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM)
+                mount_enter_signal(m, MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+        else if (state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM)
+                mount_enter_signal(m, MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+        else
+                mount_enter_dead(m, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(m), r, "Failed to kill processes: %m");
+
+        if (state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM || state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL)
+                mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        else
+                mount_enter_dead(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void mount_enter_unmounting(Mount *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Start counting our attempts */
+        if (!IN_SET(m->state,
+                    MOUNT_UNMOUNTING,
+                    MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM,
+                    MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL))
+                m->n_retry_umount = 0;
+
+        m->control_command_id = MOUNT_EXEC_UNMOUNT;
+        m->control_command = m->exec_command + MOUNT_EXEC_UNMOUNT;
+
+        r = exec_command_set(m->control_command, UMOUNT_PATH, m->where, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        mount_unwatch_control_pid(m);
+
+        r = mount_spawn(m, m->control_command, &m->control_pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        mount_set_state(m, MOUNT_UNMOUNTING);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(m), r, "Failed to run 'umount' task: %m");
+        mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static int mount_get_opts(Mount *m, char **ret) {
+        return fstab_filter_options(m->parameters_fragment.options,
+                                    "nofail\0" "noauto\0" "auto\0", NULL, NULL, ret);
+}
+
+static void mount_enter_mounting(Mount *m) {
+        int r;
+        MountParameters *p;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->control_command_id = MOUNT_EXEC_MOUNT;
+        m->control_command = m->exec_command + MOUNT_EXEC_MOUNT;
+
+        r = unit_fail_if_symlink(UNIT(m), m->where);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        (void) mkdir_p_label(m->where, m->directory_mode);
+
+        unit_warn_if_dir_nonempty(UNIT(m), m->where);
+
+        /* Create the source directory for bind-mounts if needed */
+        p = get_mount_parameters_fragment(m);
+        if (p && mount_is_bind(p))
+                (void) mkdir_p_label(p->what, m->directory_mode);
+
+        if (m->from_fragment) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *opts = NULL;
+
+                r = mount_get_opts(m, &opts);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = exec_command_set(m->control_command, MOUNT_PATH,
+                                     m->parameters_fragment.what, m->where, NULL);
+                if (r >= 0 && m->sloppy_options)
+                        r = exec_command_append(m->control_command, "-s", NULL);
+                if (r >= 0 && m->parameters_fragment.fstype)
+                        r = exec_command_append(m->control_command, "-t", m->parameters_fragment.fstype, NULL);
+                if (r >= 0 && !isempty(opts))
+                        r = exec_command_append(m->control_command, "-o", opts, NULL);
+        } else
+                r = -ENOENT;
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        mount_unwatch_control_pid(m);
+
+        r = mount_spawn(m, m->control_command, &m->control_pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        mount_set_state(m, MOUNT_MOUNTING);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(m), r, "Failed to run 'mount' task: %m");
+        mount_enter_dead(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void mount_enter_remounting(Mount *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->control_command_id = MOUNT_EXEC_REMOUNT;
+        m->control_command = m->exec_command + MOUNT_EXEC_REMOUNT;
+
+        if (m->from_fragment) {
+                const char *o;
+
+                if (m->parameters_fragment.options)
+                        o = strjoina("remount,", m->parameters_fragment.options);
+                else
+                        o = "remount";
+
+                r = exec_command_set(m->control_command, MOUNT_PATH,
+                                     m->parameters_fragment.what, m->where,
+                                     "-o", o, NULL);
+                if (r >= 0 && m->sloppy_options)
+                        r = exec_command_append(m->control_command, "-s", NULL);
+                if (r >= 0 && m->parameters_fragment.fstype)
+                        r = exec_command_append(m->control_command, "-t", m->parameters_fragment.fstype, NULL);
+        } else
+                r = -ENOENT;
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        mount_unwatch_control_pid(m);
+
+        r = mount_spawn(m, m->control_command, &m->control_pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        mount_set_state(m, MOUNT_REMOUNTING);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(m), r, "Failed to run 'remount' task: %m");
+        m->reload_result = MOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES;
+        mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+static int mount_start(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* We cannot fulfill this request right now, try again later
+         * please! */
+        if (m->state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING ||
+            m->state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM ||
+            m->state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL ||
+            m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM ||
+            m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL)
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        /* Already on it! */
+        if (m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTING)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(m->state == MOUNT_DEAD || m->state == MOUNT_FAILED);
+
+        m->result = MOUNT_SUCCESS;
+        m->reload_result = MOUNT_SUCCESS;
+        m->reset_cpu_usage = true;
+
+        mount_enter_mounting(m);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int mount_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Already on it */
+        if (m->state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING ||
+            m->state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL ||
+            m->state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM ||
+            m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM ||
+            m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTING ||
+               m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE ||
+               m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTED ||
+               m->state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING ||
+               m->state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM ||
+               m->state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL);
+
+        mount_enter_unmounting(m);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int mount_reload(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE)
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        assert(m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTED);
+
+        mount_enter_remounting(m);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int mount_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", mount_state_to_string(m->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "result", mount_result_to_string(m->result));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "reload-result", mount_result_to_string(m->reload_result));
+
+        if (m->control_pid > 0)
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "control-pid", PID_FMT, m->control_pid);
+
+        if (m->control_command_id >= 0)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "control-command", mount_exec_command_to_string(m->control_command_id));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                MountState state;
+
+                if ((state = mount_state_from_string(value)) < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse state value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        m->deserialized_state = state;
+        } else if (streq(key, "result")) {
+                MountResult f;
+
+                f = mount_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse result value: %s", value);
+                else if (f != MOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                        m->result = f;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "reload-result")) {
+                MountResult f;
+
+                f = mount_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse reload result value: %s", value);
+                else if (f != MOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                        m->reload_result = f;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-pid")) {
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                if (parse_pid(value, &pid) < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse control-pid value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        m->control_pid = pid;
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-command")) {
+                MountExecCommand id;
+
+                id = mount_exec_command_from_string(value);
+                if (id < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse exec-command value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        m->control_command_id = id;
+                        m->control_command = m->exec_command + id;
+                }
+        } else
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Unknown serialization key: %s", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState mount_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[MOUNT(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *mount_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return mount_state_to_string(MOUNT(u)->state);
+}
+
+_pure_ static bool mount_check_gc(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        return m->from_proc_self_mountinfo;
+}
+
+static void mount_sigchld_event(Unit *u, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+        MountResult f;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(pid >= 0);
+
+        if (pid != m->control_pid)
+                return;
+
+        m->control_pid = 0;
+
+        if (is_clean_exit(code, status, NULL))
+                f = MOUNT_SUCCESS;
+        else if (code == CLD_EXITED)
+                f = MOUNT_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE;
+        else if (code == CLD_KILLED)
+                f = MOUNT_FAILURE_SIGNAL;
+        else if (code == CLD_DUMPED)
+                f = MOUNT_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP;
+        else
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown code");
+
+        if (f != MOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                m->result = f;
+
+        if (m->control_command) {
+                exec_status_exit(&m->control_command->exec_status, &m->exec_context, pid, code, status);
+
+                m->control_command = NULL;
+                m->control_command_id = _MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+        }
+
+        log_unit_full(u, f == MOUNT_SUCCESS ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_NOTICE, 0,
+                      "Mount process exited, code=%s status=%i", sigchld_code_to_string(code), status);
+
+        /* Note that mount(8) returning and the kernel sending us a
+         * mount table change event might happen out-of-order. If an
+         * operation succeed we assume the kernel will follow soon too
+         * and already change into the resulting state.  If it fails
+         * we check if the kernel still knows about the mount. and
+         * change state accordingly. */
+
+        switch (m->state) {
+
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTING:
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE:
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+
+                if (f == MOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                        mount_enter_mounted(m, f);
+                else if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                        mount_enter_mounted(m, f);
+                else
+                        mount_enter_dead(m, f);
+                break;
+
+        case MOUNT_REMOUNTING:
+        case MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+        case MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+
+                m->reload_result = f;
+                if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                        mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+                else
+                        mount_enter_dead(m, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+
+                break;
+
+        case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING:
+        case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+        case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+
+                if (f == MOUNT_SUCCESS) {
+
+                        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo) {
+
+                                /* Still a mount point? If so, let's
+                                 * try again. Most likely there were
+                                 * multiple mount points stacked on
+                                 * top of each other. Note that due to
+                                 * the io event priority logic we can
+                                 * be sure the new mountinfo is loaded
+                                 * before we process the SIGCHLD for
+                                 * the mount command. */
+
+                                if (m->n_retry_umount < RETRY_UMOUNT_MAX) {
+                                        log_unit_debug(u, "Mount still present, trying again.");
+                                        m->n_retry_umount++;
+                                        mount_enter_unmounting(m);
+                                } else {
+                                        log_unit_debug(u, "Mount still present after %u attempts to unmount, giving up.", m->n_retry_umount);
+                                        mount_enter_mounted(m, f);
+                                }
+                        } else
+                                mount_enter_dead(m, f);
+
+                } else if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                        mount_enter_mounted(m, f);
+                else
+                        mount_enter_dead(m, f);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Uh, control process died at wrong time.");
+        }
+
+        /* Notify clients about changed exit status */
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+}
+
+static int mount_dispatch_timer(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(userdata);
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(m->timer_event_source == source);
+
+        switch (m->state) {
+
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTING:
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(m), "Mounting timed out. Stopping.");
+                mount_enter_signal(m, MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case MOUNT_REMOUNTING:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(m), "Remounting timed out. Stopping.");
+                m->reload_result = MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT;
+                mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+                break;
+
+        case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(m), "Unmounting timed out. Stopping.");
+                mount_enter_signal(m, MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+                if (m->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(m), "Mounting timed out. Killing.");
+                        mount_enter_signal(m, MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(m), "Mounting timed out. Skipping SIGKILL. Ignoring.");
+
+                        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                                mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                        else
+                                mount_enter_dead(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+                if (m->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(m), "Remounting timed out. Killing.");
+                        mount_enter_signal(m, MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(m), "Remounting timed out. Skipping SIGKILL. Ignoring.");
+
+                        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                                mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                        else
+                                mount_enter_dead(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+                if (m->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(m), "Unmounting timed out. Killing.");
+                        mount_enter_signal(m, MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(m), "Unmounting timed out. Skipping SIGKILL. Ignoring.");
+
+                        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                                mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                        else
+                                mount_enter_dead(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+        case MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+        case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(m),"Mount process still around after SIGKILL. Ignoring.");
+
+                if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                        mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                else
+                        mount_enter_dead(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Timeout at wrong time.");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_setup_unit(
+                Manager *m,
+                const char *what,
+                const char *where,
+                const char *options,
+                const char *fstype,
+                bool set_flags) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL, *w = NULL, *o = NULL, *f = NULL;
+        bool load_extras = false;
+        MountParameters *p;
+        bool delete, changed = false;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(what);
+        assert(where);
+        assert(options);
+        assert(fstype);
+
+        /* Ignore API mount points. They should never be referenced in
+         * dependencies ever. */
+        if (mount_point_is_api(where) || mount_point_ignore(where))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (streq(fstype, "autofs"))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* probably some kind of swap, ignore */
+        if (!is_path(where))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_name_from_path(where, ".mount", &e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, e);
+        if (!u) {
+                delete = true;
+
+                u = unit_new(m, sizeof(Mount));
+                if (!u)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = unit_add_name(u, e);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                MOUNT(u)->where = strdup(where);
+                if (!MOUNT(u)->where) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                u->source_path = strdup("/proc/self/mountinfo");
+                if (!u->source_path) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+                        const char* target;
+
+                        target = mount_needs_network(options, fstype) ?  SPECIAL_REMOTE_FS_TARGET : SPECIAL_LOCAL_FS_TARGET;
+                        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, UNIT_BEFORE, target, NULL, true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        if (should_umount(MOUNT(u))) {
+                                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_UMOUNT_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        goto fail;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                unit_add_to_load_queue(u);
+                changed = true;
+        } else {
+                delete = false;
+
+                if (!MOUNT(u)->where) {
+                        MOUNT(u)->where = strdup(where);
+                        if (!MOUNT(u)->where) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM &&
+                    mount_needs_network(options, fstype)) {
+                        /* _netdev option may have shown up late, or on a
+                         * remount. Add remote-fs dependencies, even though
+                         * local-fs ones may already be there. */
+                        unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, UNIT_BEFORE, SPECIAL_REMOTE_FS_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                        load_extras = true;
+                }
+
+                if (u->load_state == UNIT_NOT_FOUND) {
+                        u->load_state = UNIT_LOADED;
+                        u->load_error = 0;
+
+                        /* Load in the extras later on, after we
+                         * finished initialization of the unit */
+                        load_extras = true;
+                        changed = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        w = strdup(what);
+        o = strdup(options);
+        f = strdup(fstype);
+        if (!w || !o || !f) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        p = &MOUNT(u)->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo;
+
+        changed = changed ||
+                !streq_ptr(p->options, options) ||
+                !streq_ptr(p->what, what) ||
+                !streq_ptr(p->fstype, fstype);
+
+        if (set_flags) {
+                MOUNT(u)->is_mounted = true;
+                MOUNT(u)->just_mounted = !MOUNT(u)->from_proc_self_mountinfo;
+                MOUNT(u)->just_changed = changed;
+        }
+
+        MOUNT(u)->from_proc_self_mountinfo = true;
+
+        free(p->what);
+        p->what = w;
+        w = NULL;
+
+        free(p->options);
+        p->options = o;
+        o = NULL;
+
+        free(p->fstype);
+        p->fstype = f;
+        f = NULL;
+
+        if (load_extras) {
+                r = mount_add_extras(MOUNT(u));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (changed)
+                unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to set up mount unit: %m");
+
+        if (delete && u)
+                unit_free(u);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int mount_load_proc_self_mountinfo(Manager *m, bool set_flags) {
+        _cleanup_(mnt_free_tablep) struct libmnt_table *t = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(mnt_free_iterp) struct libmnt_iter *i = NULL;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        t = mnt_new_table();
+        if (!t)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        i = mnt_new_iter(MNT_ITER_FORWARD);
+        if (!i)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = mnt_table_parse_mtab(t, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse /proc/self/mountinfo: %m");
+
+        r = 0;
+        for (;;) {
+                const char *device, *path, *options, *fstype;
+                _cleanup_free_ char *d = NULL, *p = NULL;
+                struct libmnt_fs *fs;
+                int k;
+
+                k = mnt_table_next_fs(t, i, &fs);
+                if (k == 1)
+                        break;
+                if (k < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(k, "Failed to get next entry from /proc/self/mountinfo: %m");
+
+                device = mnt_fs_get_source(fs);
+                path = mnt_fs_get_target(fs);
+                options = mnt_fs_get_options(fs);
+                fstype = mnt_fs_get_fstype(fs);
+
+                if (!device || !path)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (cunescape(device, UNESCAPE_RELAX, &d) < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (cunescape(path, UNESCAPE_RELAX, &p) < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                (void) device_found_node(m, d, true, DEVICE_FOUND_MOUNT, set_flags);
+
+                k = mount_setup_unit(m, d, p, options, fstype, set_flags);
+                if (r == 0 && k < 0)
+                        r = k;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void mount_shutdown(Manager *m) {
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->mount_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->mount_event_source);
+
+        mnt_unref_monitor(m->mount_monitor);
+        m->mount_monitor = NULL;
+}
+
+static int mount_get_timeout(Unit *u, usec_t *timeout) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+        usec_t t;
+        int r;
+
+        if (!m->timer_event_source)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_event_source_get_time(m->timer_event_source, &t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (t == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+
+        *timeout = t;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static void mount_enumerate(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        mnt_init_debug(0);
+
+        if (!m->mount_monitor) {
+                int fd;
+
+                m->mount_monitor = mnt_new_monitor();
+                if (!m->mount_monitor) {
+                        log_oom();
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = mnt_monitor_enable_kernel(m->mount_monitor, 1);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to enable watching of kernel mount events: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = mnt_monitor_enable_userspace(m->mount_monitor, 1, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to enable watching of userspace mount events: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                /* mnt_unref_monitor() will close the fd */
+                fd = r = mnt_monitor_get_fd(m->mount_monitor);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to acquire watch file descriptor: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->mount_event_source, fd, EPOLLIN, mount_dispatch_io, m);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to watch mount file descriptor: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_event_source_set_priority(m->mount_event_source, -10);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to adjust mount watch priority: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->mount_event_source, "mount-monitor-dispatch");
+        }
+
+        r = mount_load_proc_self_mountinfo(m, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        mount_shutdown(m);
+}
+
+static int mount_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_set_free_ Set *around = NULL, *gone = NULL;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        const char *what;
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(revents & EPOLLIN);
+
+        if (fd == mnt_monitor_get_fd(m->mount_monitor)) {
+                bool rescan = false;
+
+                /* Drain all events and verify that the event is valid.
+                 *
+                 * Note that libmount also monitors /run/mount mkdir if the
+                 * directory does not exist yet. The mkdir may generate event
+                 * which is irrelevant for us.
+                 *
+                 * error: r < 0; valid: r == 0, false positive: rc == 1 */
+                do {
+                        r = mnt_monitor_next_change(m->mount_monitor, NULL, NULL);
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                rescan = true;
+                        else if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to drain libmount events");
+                } while (r == 0);
+
+                log_debug("libmount event [rescan: %s]", yes_no(rescan));
+                if (!rescan)
+                        return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = mount_load_proc_self_mountinfo(m, true);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                /* Reset flags, just in case, for later calls */
+                LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, u, m->units_by_type[UNIT_MOUNT]) {
+                        Mount *mount = MOUNT(u);
+
+                        mount->is_mounted = mount->just_mounted = mount->just_changed = false;
+                }
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        manager_dispatch_load_queue(m);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, u, m->units_by_type[UNIT_MOUNT]) {
+                Mount *mount = MOUNT(u);
+
+                if (!mount->is_mounted) {
+
+                        /* A mount point is not around right now. It
+                         * might be gone, or might never have
+                         * existed. */
+
+                        if (mount->from_proc_self_mountinfo &&
+                            mount->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.what) {
+
+                                /* Remember that this device might just have disappeared */
+                                if (set_ensure_allocated(&gone, &string_hash_ops) < 0 ||
+                                    set_put(gone, mount->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.what) < 0)
+                                        log_oom(); /* we don't care too much about OOM here... */
+                        }
+
+                        mount->from_proc_self_mountinfo = false;
+
+                        switch (mount->state) {
+
+                        case MOUNT_MOUNTED:
+                                /* This has just been unmounted by
+                                 * somebody else, follow the state
+                                 * change. */
+                                mount_enter_dead(mount, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                } else if (mount->just_mounted || mount->just_changed) {
+
+                        /* A mount point was added or changed */
+
+                        switch (mount->state) {
+
+                        case MOUNT_DEAD:
+                        case MOUNT_FAILED:
+                                /* This has just been mounted by
+                                 * somebody else, follow the state
+                                 * change. */
+                                mount_enter_mounted(mount, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+                                break;
+
+                        case MOUNT_MOUNTING:
+                                mount_set_state(mount, MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE);
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                /* Nothing really changed, but let's
+                                 * issue an notification call
+                                 * nonetheless, in case somebody is
+                                 * waiting for this. (e.g. file system
+                                 * ro/rw remounts.) */
+                                mount_set_state(mount, mount->state);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (mount->is_mounted &&
+                    mount->from_proc_self_mountinfo &&
+                    mount->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.what) {
+
+                        if (set_ensure_allocated(&around, &string_hash_ops) < 0 ||
+                            set_put(around, mount->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.what) < 0)
+                                log_oom();
+                }
+
+                /* Reset the flags for later calls */
+                mount->is_mounted = mount->just_mounted = mount->just_changed = false;
+        }
+
+        SET_FOREACH(what, gone, i) {
+                if (set_contains(around, what))
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Let the device units know that the device is no longer mounted */
+                (void) device_found_node(m, what, false, DEVICE_FOUND_MOUNT, true);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void mount_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->state == MOUNT_FAILED)
+                mount_set_state(m, MOUNT_DEAD);
+
+        m->result = MOUNT_SUCCESS;
+        m->reload_result = MOUNT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int mount_kill(Unit *u, KillWho who, int signo, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return unit_kill_common(u, who, signo, -1, MOUNT(u)->control_pid, error);
+}
+
+static const char* const mount_exec_command_table[_MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX] = {
+        [MOUNT_EXEC_MOUNT] = "ExecMount",
+        [MOUNT_EXEC_UNMOUNT] = "ExecUnmount",
+        [MOUNT_EXEC_REMOUNT] = "ExecRemount",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(mount_exec_command, MountExecCommand);
+
+static const char* const mount_result_table[_MOUNT_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [MOUNT_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [MOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources",
+        [MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT] = "timeout",
+        [MOUNT_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE] = "exit-code",
+        [MOUNT_FAILURE_SIGNAL] = "signal",
+        [MOUNT_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP] = "core-dump"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(mount_result, MountResult);
+
+const UnitVTable mount_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Mount),
+        .exec_context_offset = offsetof(Mount, exec_context),
+        .cgroup_context_offset = offsetof(Mount, cgroup_context),
+        .kill_context_offset = offsetof(Mount, kill_context),
+        .exec_runtime_offset = offsetof(Mount, exec_runtime),
+
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Mount\0"
+                "Install\0",
+        .private_section = "Mount",
+
+        .no_alias = true,
+        .no_instances = true,
+
+        .init = mount_init,
+        .load = mount_load,
+        .done = mount_done,
+
+        .coldplug = mount_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = mount_dump,
+
+        .start = mount_start,
+        .stop = mount_stop,
+        .reload = mount_reload,
+
+        .kill = mount_kill,
+
+        .serialize = mount_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = mount_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = mount_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = mount_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .check_gc = mount_check_gc,
+
+        .sigchld_event = mount_sigchld_event,
+
+        .reset_failed = mount_reset_failed,
+
+        .bus_vtable = bus_mount_vtable,
+        .bus_set_property = bus_mount_set_property,
+        .bus_commit_properties = bus_mount_commit_properties,
+
+        .get_timeout = mount_get_timeout,
+
+        .can_transient = true,
+
+        .enumerate = mount_enumerate,
+        .shutdown = mount_shutdown,
+
+        .status_message_formats = {
+                .starting_stopping = {
+                        [0] = "Mounting %s...",
+                        [1] = "Unmounting %s...",
+                },
+                .finished_start_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Mounted %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed to mount %s.",
+                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out mounting %s.",
+                },
+                .finished_stop_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Unmounted %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed unmounting %s.",
+                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out unmounting %s.",
+                },
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/mount.h b/src/libcore/mount.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b343c6b1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/mount.h
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Mount Mount;
+
+#include "execute.h"
+#include "kill.h"
+
+typedef enum MountExecCommand {
+        MOUNT_EXEC_MOUNT,
+        MOUNT_EXEC_UNMOUNT,
+        MOUNT_EXEC_REMOUNT,
+        _MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX,
+        _MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID = -1
+} MountExecCommand;
+
+typedef enum MountResult {
+        MOUNT_SUCCESS,
+        MOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES,
+        MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT,
+        MOUNT_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE,
+        MOUNT_FAILURE_SIGNAL,
+        MOUNT_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP,
+        _MOUNT_RESULT_MAX,
+        _MOUNT_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} MountResult;
+
+typedef struct MountParameters {
+        char *what;
+        char *options;
+        char *fstype;
+} MountParameters;
+
+struct Mount {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        char *where;
+
+        MountParameters parameters_proc_self_mountinfo;
+        MountParameters parameters_fragment;
+
+        bool from_proc_self_mountinfo:1;
+        bool from_fragment:1;
+
+        /* Used while looking for mount points that vanished or got
+         * added from/to /proc/self/mountinfo */
+        bool is_mounted:1;
+        bool just_mounted:1;
+        bool just_changed:1;
+
+        bool reset_cpu_usage:1;
+
+        bool sloppy_options;
+
+        MountResult result;
+        MountResult reload_result;
+
+        mode_t directory_mode;
+
+        usec_t timeout_usec;
+
+        ExecCommand exec_command[_MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX];
+
+        ExecContext exec_context;
+        KillContext kill_context;
+        CGroupContext cgroup_context;
+
+        ExecRuntime *exec_runtime;
+
+        MountState state, deserialized_state;
+
+        ExecCommand* control_command;
+        MountExecCommand control_command_id;
+        pid_t control_pid;
+
+        sd_event_source *timer_event_source;
+
+        unsigned n_retry_umount;
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable mount_vtable;
+
+void mount_fd_event(Manager *m, int events);
+
+const char* mount_exec_command_to_string(MountExecCommand i) _const_;
+MountExecCommand mount_exec_command_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* mount_result_to_string(MountResult i) _const_;
+MountResult mount_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libcore/namespace.c b/src/libcore/namespace.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4fa381db5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/namespace.c
@@ -0,0 +1,727 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "dev-setup.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "loopback-setup.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "mount-util.h"
+#include "namespace.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "selinux-util.h"
+#include "socket-util.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "umask-util.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+typedef enum MountMode {
+        /* This is ordered by priority! */
+        INACCESSIBLE,
+        READONLY,
+        PRIVATE_TMP,
+        PRIVATE_VAR_TMP,
+        PRIVATE_DEV,
+        PRIVATE_BUS_ENDPOINT,
+        READWRITE
+} MountMode;
+
+typedef struct BindMount {
+        const char *path;
+        MountMode mode;
+        bool done;
+        bool ignore;
+} BindMount;
+
+static int append_mounts(BindMount **p, char **strv, MountMode mode) {
+        char **i;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, strv) {
+
+                (*p)->ignore = false;
+                (*p)->done = false;
+
+                if ((mode == INACCESSIBLE || mode == READONLY || mode == READWRITE) && (*i)[0] == '-') {
+                        (*p)->ignore = true;
+                        (*i)++;
+                }
+
+                if (!path_is_absolute(*i))
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                (*p)->path = *i;
+                (*p)->mode = mode;
+                (*p)++;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_path_compare(const void *a, const void *b) {
+        const BindMount *p = a, *q = b;
+        int d;
+
+        d = path_compare(p->path, q->path);
+
+        if (d == 0) {
+                /* If the paths are equal, check the mode */
+                if (p->mode < q->mode)
+                        return -1;
+
+                if (p->mode > q->mode)
+                        return 1;
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* If the paths are not equal, then order prefixes first */
+        return d;
+}
+
+static void drop_duplicates(BindMount *m, unsigned *n) {
+        BindMount *f, *t, *previous;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(n);
+
+        for (f = m, t = m, previous = NULL; f < m+*n; f++) {
+
+                /* The first one wins */
+                if (previous && path_equal(f->path, previous->path))
+                        continue;
+
+                *t = *f;
+
+                previous = t;
+
+                t++;
+        }
+
+        *n = t - m;
+}
+
+static int mount_dev(BindMount *m) {
+        static const char devnodes[] =
+                "/dev/null\0"
+                "/dev/zero\0"
+                "/dev/full\0"
+                "/dev/random\0"
+                "/dev/urandom\0"
+                "/dev/tty\0";
+
+        char temporary_mount[] = "/tmp/namespace-dev-XXXXXX";
+        const char *d, *dev = NULL, *devpts = NULL, *devshm = NULL, *devhugepages = NULL, *devmqueue = NULL, *devlog = NULL, *devptmx = NULL;
+        _cleanup_umask_ mode_t u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        u = umask(0000);
+
+        if (!mkdtemp(temporary_mount))
+                return -errno;
+
+        dev = strjoina(temporary_mount, "/dev");
+        (void) mkdir(dev, 0755);
+        if (mount("tmpfs", dev, "tmpfs", MS_NOSUID|MS_STRICTATIME, "mode=755") < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        devpts = strjoina(temporary_mount, "/dev/pts");
+        (void) mkdir(devpts, 0755);
+        if (mount("/dev/pts", devpts, NULL, MS_BIND, NULL) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        devptmx = strjoina(temporary_mount, "/dev/ptmx");
+        if (symlink("pts/ptmx", devptmx) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        devshm = strjoina(temporary_mount, "/dev/shm");
+        (void) mkdir(devshm, 01777);
+        r = mount("/dev/shm", devshm, NULL, MS_BIND, NULL);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        devmqueue = strjoina(temporary_mount, "/dev/mqueue");
+        (void) mkdir(devmqueue, 0755);
+        (void) mount("/dev/mqueue", devmqueue, NULL, MS_BIND, NULL);
+
+        devhugepages = strjoina(temporary_mount, "/dev/hugepages");
+        (void) mkdir(devhugepages, 0755);
+        (void) mount("/dev/hugepages", devhugepages, NULL, MS_BIND, NULL);
+
+        devlog = strjoina(temporary_mount, "/dev/log");
+        (void) symlink("/run/systemd/journal/dev-log", devlog);
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH(d, devnodes) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *dn = NULL;
+                struct stat st;
+
+                r = stat(d, &st);
+                if (r < 0) {
+
+                        if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                if (!S_ISBLK(st.st_mode) &&
+                    !S_ISCHR(st.st_mode)) {
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                if (st.st_rdev == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                dn = strappend(temporary_mount, d);
+                if (!dn) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(d, st.st_mode);
+                r = mknod(dn, st.st_mode, st.st_rdev);
+                mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+        }
+
+        dev_setup(temporary_mount, UID_INVALID, GID_INVALID);
+
+        /* Create the /dev directory if missing. It is more likely to be
+         * missing when the service is started with RootDirectory. This is
+         * consistent with mount units creating the mount points when missing.
+         */
+        (void) mkdir_p_label(m->path, 0755);
+
+        if (mount(dev, m->path, NULL, MS_MOVE, NULL) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        rmdir(dev);
+        rmdir(temporary_mount);
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (devpts)
+                umount(devpts);
+
+        if (devshm)
+                umount(devshm);
+
+        if (devhugepages)
+                umount(devhugepages);
+
+        if (devmqueue)
+                umount(devmqueue);
+
+        umount(dev);
+        rmdir(dev);
+        rmdir(temporary_mount);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int mount_kdbus(BindMount *m) {
+
+        char temporary_mount[] = "/tmp/kdbus-dev-XXXXXX";
+        _cleanup_free_ char *basepath = NULL;
+        _cleanup_umask_ mode_t u;
+        char *busnode = NULL, *root;
+        struct stat st;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        u = umask(0000);
+
+        if (!mkdtemp(temporary_mount))
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed create temp dir: %m");
+
+        root = strjoina(temporary_mount, "/kdbus");
+        (void) mkdir(root, 0755);
+        if (mount("tmpfs", root, "tmpfs", MS_NOSUID|MS_STRICTATIME, "mode=777") < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* create a new /dev/null dev node copy so we have some fodder to
+         * bind-mount the custom endpoint over. */
+        if (stat("/dev/null", &st) < 0) {
+                r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to stat /dev/null: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        busnode = strjoina(root, "/bus");
+        if (mknod(busnode, (st.st_mode & ~07777) | 0600, st.st_rdev) < 0) {
+                r = log_error_errno(errno, "mknod() for %s failed: %m",
+                                    busnode);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = mount(m->path, busnode, NULL, MS_BIND, NULL);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = log_error_errno(errno, "bind mount of %s failed: %m",
+                                    m->path);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        basepath = dirname_malloc(m->path);
+        if (!basepath) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (mount(root, basepath, NULL, MS_MOVE, NULL) < 0) {
+                r = log_error_errno(errno, "bind mount of %s failed: %m",
+                                    basepath);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        rmdir(temporary_mount);
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (busnode) {
+                umount(busnode);
+                unlink(busnode);
+        }
+
+        umount(root);
+        rmdir(root);
+        rmdir(temporary_mount);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int apply_mount(
+                BindMount *m,
+                const char *tmp_dir,
+                const char *var_tmp_dir) {
+
+        const char *what;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        switch (m->mode) {
+
+        case INACCESSIBLE:
+
+                /* First, get rid of everything that is below if there
+                 * is anything... Then, overmount it with an
+                 * inaccessible directory. */
+                umount_recursive(m->path, 0);
+
+                what = "/run/systemd/inaccessible";
+                break;
+
+        case READONLY:
+        case READWRITE:
+                /* Nothing to mount here, we just later toggle the
+                 * MS_RDONLY bit for the mount point */
+                return 0;
+
+        case PRIVATE_TMP:
+                what = tmp_dir;
+                break;
+
+        case PRIVATE_VAR_TMP:
+                what = var_tmp_dir;
+                break;
+
+        case PRIVATE_DEV:
+                return mount_dev(m);
+
+        case PRIVATE_BUS_ENDPOINT:
+                return mount_kdbus(m);
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown mode");
+        }
+
+        assert(what);
+
+        r = mount(what, m->path, NULL, MS_BIND|MS_REC, NULL);
+        if (r >= 0)
+                log_debug("Successfully mounted %s to %s", what, m->path);
+        else if (m->ignore && errno == ENOENT)
+                return 0;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int make_read_only(BindMount *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (IN_SET(m->mode, INACCESSIBLE, READONLY))
+                r = bind_remount_recursive(m->path, true);
+        else if (IN_SET(m->mode, READWRITE, PRIVATE_TMP, PRIVATE_VAR_TMP, PRIVATE_DEV))
+                r = bind_remount_recursive(m->path, false);
+        else
+                r = 0;
+
+        if (m->ignore && r == -ENOENT)
+                return 0;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int setup_namespace(
+                const char* root_directory,
+                char** read_write_dirs,
+                char** read_only_dirs,
+                char** inaccessible_dirs,
+                const char* tmp_dir,
+                const char* var_tmp_dir,
+                const char* bus_endpoint_path,
+                bool private_dev,
+                ProtectHome protect_home,
+                ProtectSystem protect_system,
+                unsigned long mount_flags) {
+
+        BindMount *m, *mounts = NULL;
+        unsigned n;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        if (mount_flags == 0)
+                mount_flags = MS_SHARED;
+
+        if (unshare(CLONE_NEWNS) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        n = !!tmp_dir + !!var_tmp_dir + !!bus_endpoint_path +
+                strv_length(read_write_dirs) +
+                strv_length(read_only_dirs) +
+                strv_length(inaccessible_dirs) +
+                private_dev +
+                (protect_home != PROTECT_HOME_NO ? 3 : 0) +
+                (protect_system != PROTECT_SYSTEM_NO ? 2 : 0) +
+                (protect_system == PROTECT_SYSTEM_FULL ? 1 : 0);
+
+        if (n > 0) {
+                m = mounts = (BindMount *) alloca0(n * sizeof(BindMount));
+                r = append_mounts(&m, read_write_dirs, READWRITE);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = append_mounts(&m, read_only_dirs, READONLY);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = append_mounts(&m, inaccessible_dirs, INACCESSIBLE);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (tmp_dir) {
+                        m->path = prefix_roota(root_directory, "/tmp");
+                        m->mode = PRIVATE_TMP;
+                        m++;
+                }
+
+                if (var_tmp_dir) {
+                        m->path = prefix_roota(root_directory, "/var/tmp");
+                        m->mode = PRIVATE_VAR_TMP;
+                        m++;
+                }
+
+                if (private_dev) {
+                        m->path = prefix_roota(root_directory, "/dev");
+                        m->mode = PRIVATE_DEV;
+                        m++;
+                }
+
+                if (bus_endpoint_path) {
+                        m->path = prefix_roota(root_directory, bus_endpoint_path);
+                        m->mode = PRIVATE_BUS_ENDPOINT;
+                        m++;
+                }
+
+                if (protect_home != PROTECT_HOME_NO) {
+                        const char *home_dir, *run_user_dir, *root_dir;
+
+                        home_dir = prefix_roota(root_directory, "/home");
+                        home_dir = strjoina("-", home_dir);
+                        run_user_dir = prefix_roota(root_directory, "/run/user");
+                        run_user_dir = strjoina("-", run_user_dir);
+                        root_dir = prefix_roota(root_directory, "/root");
+                        root_dir = strjoina("-", root_dir);
+
+                        r = append_mounts(&m, STRV_MAKE(home_dir, run_user_dir, root_dir),
+                                protect_home == PROTECT_HOME_READ_ONLY ? READONLY : INACCESSIBLE);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                if (protect_system != PROTECT_SYSTEM_NO) {
+                        const char *usr_dir, *boot_dir, *etc_dir;
+
+                        usr_dir = prefix_roota(root_directory, "/usr");
+                        boot_dir = prefix_roota(root_directory, "/boot");
+                        boot_dir = strjoina("-", boot_dir);
+                        etc_dir = prefix_roota(root_directory, "/etc");
+
+                        r = append_mounts(&m, protect_system == PROTECT_SYSTEM_FULL
+                                ? STRV_MAKE(usr_dir, boot_dir, etc_dir)
+                                : STRV_MAKE(usr_dir, boot_dir), READONLY);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                assert(mounts + n == m);
+
+                qsort(mounts, n, sizeof(BindMount), mount_path_compare);
+                drop_duplicates(mounts, &n);
+        }
+
+        if (n > 0 || root_directory) {
+                /* Remount / as SLAVE so that nothing now mounted in the namespace
+                   shows up in the parent */
+                if (mount(NULL, "/", NULL, MS_SLAVE|MS_REC, NULL) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (root_directory) {
+                /* Turn directory into bind mount */
+                if (mount(root_directory, root_directory, NULL, MS_BIND|MS_REC, NULL) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (n > 0) {
+                for (m = mounts; m < mounts + n; ++m) {
+                        r = apply_mount(m, tmp_dir, var_tmp_dir);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                }
+
+                for (m = mounts; m < mounts + n; ++m) {
+                        r = make_read_only(m);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (root_directory) {
+                /* MS_MOVE does not work on MS_SHARED so the remount MS_SHARED will be done later */
+                r = mount_move_root(root_directory);
+
+                /* at this point, we cannot rollback */
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Remount / as the desired mode. Not that this will not
+         * reestablish propagation from our side to the host, since
+         * what's disconnected is disconnected. */
+        if (mount(NULL, "/", NULL, mount_flags | MS_REC, NULL) < 0)
+                /* at this point, we cannot rollback */
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (n > 0) {
+                for (m = mounts; m < mounts + n; ++m)
+                        if (m->done)
+                                (void) umount2(m->path, MNT_DETACH);
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int setup_one_tmp_dir(const char *id, const char *prefix, char **path) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *x = NULL;
+        char bid[SD_ID128_STRING_MAX];
+        sd_id128_t boot_id;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(id);
+        assert(prefix);
+        assert(path);
+
+        /* We include the boot id in the directory so that after a
+         * reboot we can easily identify obsolete directories. */
+
+        r = sd_id128_get_boot(&boot_id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        x = strjoin(prefix, "/systemd-private-", sd_id128_to_string(boot_id, bid), "-", id, "-XXXXXX", NULL);
+        if (!x)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0077)
+                if (!mkdtemp(x))
+                        return -errno;
+
+        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0000) {
+                char *y;
+
+                y = strjoina(x, "/tmp");
+
+                if (mkdir(y, 0777 | S_ISVTX) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        *path = x;
+        x = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int setup_tmp_dirs(const char *id, char **tmp_dir, char **var_tmp_dir) {
+        char *a, *b;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(id);
+        assert(tmp_dir);
+        assert(var_tmp_dir);
+
+        r = setup_one_tmp_dir(id, "/tmp", &a);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = setup_one_tmp_dir(id, "/var/tmp", &b);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                char *t;
+
+                t = strjoina(a, "/tmp");
+                rmdir(t);
+                rmdir(a);
+
+                free(a);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        *tmp_dir = a;
+        *var_tmp_dir = b;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int setup_netns(int netns_storage_socket[2]) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int netns = -1;
+        int r, q;
+
+        assert(netns_storage_socket);
+        assert(netns_storage_socket[0] >= 0);
+        assert(netns_storage_socket[1] >= 0);
+
+        /* We use the passed socketpair as a storage buffer for our
+         * namespace reference fd. Whatever process runs this first
+         * shall create a new namespace, all others should just join
+         * it. To serialize that we use a file lock on the socket
+         * pair.
+         *
+         * It's a bit crazy, but hey, works great! */
+
+        if (lockf(netns_storage_socket[0], F_LOCK, 0) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        netns = receive_one_fd(netns_storage_socket[0], MSG_DONTWAIT);
+        if (netns == -EAGAIN) {
+                /* Nothing stored yet, so let's create a new namespace */
+
+                if (unshare(CLONE_NEWNET) < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                loopback_setup();
+
+                netns = open("/proc/self/ns/net", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
+                if (netns < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = 1;
+
+        } else if (netns < 0) {
+                r = netns;
+                goto fail;
+
+        } else {
+                /* Yay, found something, so let's join the namespace */
+                if (setns(netns, CLONE_NEWNET) < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = 0;
+        }
+
+        q = send_one_fd(netns_storage_socket[1], netns, MSG_DONTWAIT);
+        if (q < 0) {
+                r = q;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+fail:
+        lockf(netns_storage_socket[0], F_ULOCK, 0);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static const char *const protect_home_table[_PROTECT_HOME_MAX] = {
+        [PROTECT_HOME_NO] = "no",
+        [PROTECT_HOME_YES] = "yes",
+        [PROTECT_HOME_READ_ONLY] = "read-only",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(protect_home, ProtectHome);
+
+static const char *const protect_system_table[_PROTECT_SYSTEM_MAX] = {
+        [PROTECT_SYSTEM_NO] = "no",
+        [PROTECT_SYSTEM_YES] = "yes",
+        [PROTECT_SYSTEM_FULL] = "full",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(protect_system, ProtectSystem);
diff --git a/src/libcore/namespace.h b/src/libcore/namespace.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40bee74e2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/namespace.h
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+
+typedef enum ProtectHome {
+        PROTECT_HOME_NO,
+        PROTECT_HOME_YES,
+        PROTECT_HOME_READ_ONLY,
+        _PROTECT_HOME_MAX,
+        _PROTECT_HOME_INVALID = -1
+} ProtectHome;
+
+typedef enum ProtectSystem {
+        PROTECT_SYSTEM_NO,
+        PROTECT_SYSTEM_YES,
+        PROTECT_SYSTEM_FULL,
+        _PROTECT_SYSTEM_MAX,
+        _PROTECT_SYSTEM_INVALID = -1
+} ProtectSystem;
+
+int setup_namespace(const char *chroot,
+                    char **read_write_dirs,
+                    char **read_only_dirs,
+                    char **inaccessible_dirs,
+                    const char *tmp_dir,
+                    const char *var_tmp_dir,
+                    const char *endpoint_path,
+                    bool private_dev,
+                    ProtectHome protect_home,
+                    ProtectSystem protect_system,
+                    unsigned long mount_flags);
+
+int setup_tmp_dirs(const char *id,
+                  char **tmp_dir,
+                  char **var_tmp_dir);
+
+int setup_netns(int netns_storage_socket[2]);
+
+const char* protect_home_to_string(ProtectHome p) _const_;
+ProtectHome protect_home_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* protect_system_to_string(ProtectSystem p) _const_;
+ProtectSystem protect_system_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libcore/path.c b/src/libcore/path.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..460c1d3bf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/path.c
@@ -0,0 +1,778 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <sys/inotify.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "dbus-path.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "glob-util.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "path.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "stat-util.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_PATH_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [PATH_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [PATH_WAITING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [PATH_RUNNING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [PATH_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED
+};
+
+static int path_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata);
+
+int path_spec_watch(PathSpec *s, sd_event_io_handler_t handler) {
+
+        static const int flags_table[_PATH_TYPE_MAX] = {
+                [PATH_EXISTS] = IN_DELETE_SELF|IN_MOVE_SELF|IN_ATTRIB,
+                [PATH_EXISTS_GLOB] = IN_DELETE_SELF|IN_MOVE_SELF|IN_ATTRIB,
+                [PATH_CHANGED] = IN_DELETE_SELF|IN_MOVE_SELF|IN_ATTRIB|IN_CLOSE_WRITE|IN_CREATE|IN_DELETE|IN_MOVED_FROM|IN_MOVED_TO,
+                [PATH_MODIFIED] = IN_DELETE_SELF|IN_MOVE_SELF|IN_ATTRIB|IN_CLOSE_WRITE|IN_CREATE|IN_DELETE|IN_MOVED_FROM|IN_MOVED_TO|IN_MODIFY,
+                [PATH_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY] = IN_DELETE_SELF|IN_MOVE_SELF|IN_ATTRIB|IN_CREATE|IN_MOVED_TO
+        };
+
+        bool exists = false;
+        char *slash, *oldslash = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->unit);
+        assert(handler);
+
+        path_spec_unwatch(s);
+
+        s->inotify_fd = inotify_init1(IN_NONBLOCK|IN_CLOEXEC);
+        if (s->inotify_fd < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(s->unit->manager->event, &s->event_source, s->inotify_fd, EPOLLIN, handler, s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(s->event_source, "path");
+
+        /* This assumes the path was passed through path_kill_slashes()! */
+
+        for (slash = strchr(s->path, '/'); ; slash = strchr(slash+1, '/')) {
+                char *cut = NULL;
+                int flags;
+                char tmp;
+
+                if (slash) {
+                        cut = slash + (slash == s->path);
+                        tmp = *cut;
+                        *cut = '\0';
+
+                        flags = IN_MOVE_SELF | IN_DELETE_SELF | IN_ATTRIB | IN_CREATE | IN_MOVED_TO;
+                } else
+                        flags = flags_table[s->type];
+
+                r = inotify_add_watch(s->inotify_fd, s->path, flags);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (errno == EACCES || errno == ENOENT) {
+                                if (cut)
+                                        *cut = tmp;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to add watch on %s: %s", s->path, errno == ENOSPC ? "too many watches" : strerror(-r));
+                        if (cut)
+                                *cut = tmp;
+                        goto fail;
+                } else {
+                        exists = true;
+
+                        /* Path exists, we don't need to watch parent
+                           too closely. */
+                        if (oldslash) {
+                                char *cut2 = oldslash + (oldslash == s->path);
+                                char tmp2 = *cut2;
+                                *cut2 = '\0';
+
+                                inotify_add_watch(s->inotify_fd, s->path, IN_MOVE_SELF);
+                                /* Error is ignored, the worst can happen is
+                                   we get spurious events. */
+
+                                *cut2 = tmp2;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (cut)
+                        *cut = tmp;
+
+                if (slash)
+                        oldslash = slash;
+                else {
+                        /* whole path has been iterated over */
+                        s->primary_wd = r;
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!exists) {
+                r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to add watch on any of the components of %s: %m", s->path);
+                /* either EACCESS or ENOENT */
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        path_spec_unwatch(s);
+        return r;
+}
+
+void path_spec_unwatch(PathSpec *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        s->event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->event_source);
+        s->inotify_fd = safe_close(s->inotify_fd);
+}
+
+int path_spec_fd_event(PathSpec *s, uint32_t revents) {
+        union inotify_event_buffer buffer;
+        struct inotify_event *e;
+        ssize_t l;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        if (revents != EPOLLIN) {
+                log_error("Got invalid poll event on inotify.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        l = read(s->inotify_fd, &buffer, sizeof(buffer));
+        if (l < 0) {
+                if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read inotify event: %m");
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_INOTIFY_EVENT(e, buffer, l) {
+                if ((s->type == PATH_CHANGED || s->type == PATH_MODIFIED) &&
+                    s->primary_wd == e->wd)
+                        r = 1;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static bool path_spec_check_good(PathSpec *s, bool initial) {
+        bool good = false;
+
+        switch (s->type) {
+
+        case PATH_EXISTS:
+                good = access(s->path, F_OK) >= 0;
+                break;
+
+        case PATH_EXISTS_GLOB:
+                good = glob_exists(s->path) > 0;
+                break;
+
+        case PATH_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY: {
+                int k;
+
+                k = dir_is_empty(s->path);
+                good = !(k == -ENOENT || k > 0);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case PATH_CHANGED:
+        case PATH_MODIFIED: {
+                bool b;
+
+                b = access(s->path, F_OK) >= 0;
+                good = !initial && b != s->previous_exists;
+                s->previous_exists = b;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        default:
+                ;
+        }
+
+        return good;
+}
+
+static void path_spec_mkdir(PathSpec *s, mode_t mode) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (s->type == PATH_EXISTS || s->type == PATH_EXISTS_GLOB)
+                return;
+
+        r = mkdir_p_label(s->path, mode);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "mkdir(%s) failed: %m", s->path);
+}
+
+static void path_spec_dump(PathSpec *s, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%s%s: %s\n",
+                prefix,
+                path_type_to_string(s->type),
+                s->path);
+}
+
+void path_spec_done(PathSpec *s) {
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->inotify_fd == -1);
+
+        free(s->path);
+}
+
+static void path_init(Unit *u) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        p->directory_mode = 0755;
+}
+
+void path_free_specs(Path *p) {
+        PathSpec *s;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        while ((s = p->specs)) {
+                path_spec_unwatch(s);
+                LIST_REMOVE(spec, p->specs, s);
+                path_spec_done(s);
+                free(s);
+        }
+}
+
+static void path_done(Unit *u) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        path_free_specs(p);
+}
+
+static int path_add_mount_links(Path *p) {
+        PathSpec *s;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(spec, s, p->specs) {
+                r = unit_require_mounts_for(UNIT(p), s->path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int path_verify(Path *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (UNIT(p)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!p->specs) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(p), "Path unit lacks path setting. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int path_add_default_dependencies(Path *p) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (!UNIT(p)->default_dependencies)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(p), UNIT_BEFORE, SPECIAL_PATHS_TARGET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (UNIT(p)->manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(p), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES, SPECIAL_SYSINIT_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(p), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET, NULL, true);
+}
+
+static int path_load(Unit *u) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+
+                if (set_isempty(u->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERS])) {
+                        Unit *x;
+
+                        r = unit_load_related_unit(u, ".service", &x);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = unit_add_two_dependencies(u, UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, x, true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = path_add_mount_links(p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = path_add_default_dependencies(p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return path_verify(p);
+}
+
+static void path_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+        Unit *trigger;
+        PathSpec *s;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(f);
+
+        trigger = UNIT_TRIGGER(u);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sPath State: %s\n"
+                "%sResult: %s\n"
+                "%sUnit: %s\n"
+                "%sMakeDirectory: %s\n"
+                "%sDirectoryMode: %04o\n",
+                prefix, path_state_to_string(p->state),
+                prefix, path_result_to_string(p->result),
+                prefix, trigger ? trigger->id : "n/a",
+                prefix, yes_no(p->make_directory),
+                prefix, p->directory_mode);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(spec, s, p->specs)
+                path_spec_dump(s, f, prefix);
+}
+
+static void path_unwatch(Path *p) {
+        PathSpec *s;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(spec, s, p->specs)
+                path_spec_unwatch(s);
+}
+
+static int path_watch(Path *p) {
+        int r;
+        PathSpec *s;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(spec, s, p->specs) {
+                r = path_spec_watch(s, path_dispatch_io);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void path_set_state(Path *p, PathState state) {
+        PathState old_state;
+        assert(p);
+
+        old_state = p->state;
+        p->state = state;
+
+        if (state != PATH_WAITING &&
+            (state != PATH_RUNNING || p->inotify_triggered))
+                path_unwatch(p);
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(p), "Changed %s -> %s", path_state_to_string(old_state), path_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(p), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static void path_enter_waiting(Path *p, bool initial, bool recheck);
+
+static int path_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(p->state == PATH_DEAD);
+
+        if (p->deserialized_state != p->state) {
+
+                if (p->deserialized_state == PATH_WAITING ||
+                    p->deserialized_state == PATH_RUNNING)
+                        path_enter_waiting(p, true, true);
+                else
+                        path_set_state(p, p->deserialized_state);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void path_enter_dead(Path *p, PathResult f) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (f != PATH_SUCCESS)
+                p->result = f;
+
+        path_set_state(p, p->result != PATH_SUCCESS ? PATH_FAILED : PATH_DEAD);
+}
+
+static void path_enter_running(Path *p) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        Unit *trigger;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        /* Don't start job if we are supposed to go down */
+        if (unit_stop_pending(UNIT(p)))
+                return;
+
+        trigger = UNIT_TRIGGER(UNIT(p));
+        if (!trigger) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(p), "Unit to trigger vanished.");
+                path_enter_dead(p, TIMER_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        r = manager_add_job(UNIT(p)->manager, JOB_START, trigger, JOB_REPLACE, &error, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        p->inotify_triggered = false;
+
+        r = path_watch(p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        path_set_state(p, PATH_RUNNING);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning(UNIT(p), "Failed to queue unit startup job: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+        path_enter_dead(p, PATH_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static bool path_check_good(Path *p, bool initial) {
+        PathSpec *s;
+        bool good = false;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(spec, s, p->specs) {
+                good = path_spec_check_good(s, initial);
+
+                if (good)
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        return good;
+}
+
+static void path_enter_waiting(Path *p, bool initial, bool recheck) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (recheck)
+                if (path_check_good(p, initial)) {
+                        log_unit_debug(UNIT(p), "Got triggered.");
+                        path_enter_running(p);
+                        return;
+                }
+
+        r = path_watch(p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* Hmm, so now we have created inotify watches, but the file
+         * might have appeared/been removed by now, so we must
+         * recheck */
+
+        if (recheck)
+                if (path_check_good(p, false)) {
+                        log_unit_debug(UNIT(p), "Got triggered.");
+                        path_enter_running(p);
+                        return;
+                }
+
+        path_set_state(p, PATH_WAITING);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(p), r, "Failed to enter waiting state: %m");
+        path_enter_dead(p, PATH_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void path_mkdir(Path *p) {
+        PathSpec *s;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (!p->make_directory)
+                return;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(spec, s, p->specs)
+                path_spec_mkdir(s, p->directory_mode);
+}
+
+static int path_start(Unit *u) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+        Unit *trigger;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(p->state == PATH_DEAD || p->state == PATH_FAILED);
+
+        trigger = UNIT_TRIGGER(u);
+        if (!trigger || trigger->load_state != UNIT_LOADED) {
+                log_unit_error(u, "Refusing to start, unit to trigger not loaded.");
+                return -ENOENT;
+        }
+
+        path_mkdir(p);
+
+        p->result = PATH_SUCCESS;
+        path_enter_waiting(p, true, true);
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int path_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(p->state == PATH_WAITING || p->state == PATH_RUNNING);
+
+        path_enter_dead(p, PATH_SUCCESS);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int path_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", path_state_to_string(p->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "result", path_result_to_string(p->result));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int path_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                PathState state;
+
+                state = path_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse state value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        p->deserialized_state = state;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "result")) {
+                PathResult f;
+
+                f = path_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse result value: %s", value);
+                else if (f != PATH_SUCCESS)
+                        p->result = f;
+
+        } else
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Unknown serialization key: %s", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState path_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[PATH(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *path_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return path_state_to_string(PATH(u)->state);
+}
+
+static int path_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        PathSpec *s = userdata;
+        Path *p;
+        int changed;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->unit);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        p = PATH(s->unit);
+
+        if (p->state != PATH_WAITING &&
+            p->state != PATH_RUNNING)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* log_debug("inotify wakeup on %s.", u->id); */
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(spec, s, p->specs)
+                if (path_spec_owns_inotify_fd(s, fd))
+                        break;
+
+        if (!s) {
+                log_error("Got event on unknown fd.");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        changed = path_spec_fd_event(s, revents);
+        if (changed < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* If we are already running, then remember that one event was
+         * dispatched so that we restart the service only if something
+         * actually changed on disk */
+        p->inotify_triggered = true;
+
+        if (changed)
+                path_enter_running(p);
+        else
+                path_enter_waiting(p, false, true);
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        path_enter_dead(p, PATH_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void path_trigger_notify(Unit *u, Unit *other) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(other);
+
+        /* Invoked whenever the unit we trigger changes state or gains
+         * or loses a job */
+
+        if (other->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return;
+
+        if (p->state == PATH_RUNNING &&
+            UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(unit_active_state(other))) {
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(p), "Got notified about unit deactivation.");
+
+                /* Hmm, so inotify was triggered since the
+                 * last activation, so I guess we need to
+                 * recheck what is going on. */
+                path_enter_waiting(p, false, p->inotify_triggered);
+        }
+}
+
+static void path_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (p->state == PATH_FAILED)
+                path_set_state(p, PATH_DEAD);
+
+        p->result = PATH_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static const char* const path_type_table[_PATH_TYPE_MAX] = {
+        [PATH_EXISTS] = "PathExists",
+        [PATH_EXISTS_GLOB] = "PathExistsGlob",
+        [PATH_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY] = "DirectoryNotEmpty",
+        [PATH_CHANGED] = "PathChanged",
+        [PATH_MODIFIED] = "PathModified",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(path_type, PathType);
+
+static const char* const path_result_table[_PATH_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [PATH_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [PATH_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(path_result, PathResult);
+
+const UnitVTable path_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Path),
+
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Path\0"
+                "Install\0",
+
+        .init = path_init,
+        .done = path_done,
+        .load = path_load,
+
+        .coldplug = path_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = path_dump,
+
+        .start = path_start,
+        .stop = path_stop,
+
+        .serialize = path_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = path_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = path_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = path_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .trigger_notify = path_trigger_notify,
+
+        .reset_failed = path_reset_failed,
+
+        .bus_vtable = bus_path_vtable
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/path.h b/src/libcore/path.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bbbcebd78e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/path.h
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Path Path;
+typedef struct PathSpec PathSpec;
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+typedef enum PathType {
+        PATH_EXISTS,
+        PATH_EXISTS_GLOB,
+        PATH_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY,
+        PATH_CHANGED,
+        PATH_MODIFIED,
+        _PATH_TYPE_MAX,
+        _PATH_TYPE_INVALID = -1
+} PathType;
+
+typedef struct PathSpec {
+        Unit *unit;
+
+        char *path;
+
+        sd_event_source *event_source;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(struct PathSpec, spec);
+
+        PathType type;
+        int inotify_fd;
+        int primary_wd;
+
+        bool previous_exists;
+} PathSpec;
+
+int path_spec_watch(PathSpec *s, sd_event_io_handler_t handler);
+void path_spec_unwatch(PathSpec *s);
+int path_spec_fd_event(PathSpec *s, uint32_t events);
+void path_spec_done(PathSpec *s);
+
+static inline bool path_spec_owns_inotify_fd(PathSpec *s, int fd) {
+        return s->inotify_fd == fd;
+}
+
+typedef enum PathResult {
+        PATH_SUCCESS,
+        PATH_FAILURE_RESOURCES,
+        _PATH_RESULT_MAX,
+        _PATH_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} PathResult;
+
+struct Path {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        LIST_HEAD(PathSpec, specs);
+
+        PathState state, deserialized_state;
+
+        bool inotify_triggered;
+
+        bool make_directory;
+        mode_t directory_mode;
+
+        PathResult result;
+};
+
+void path_free_specs(Path *p);
+
+extern const UnitVTable path_vtable;
+
+const char* path_type_to_string(PathType i) _const_;
+PathType path_type_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* path_result_to_string(PathResult i) _const_;
+PathResult path_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libcore/scope.c b/src/libcore/scope.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5d0ecef04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/scope.c
@@ -0,0 +1,610 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "dbus-scope.h"
+#include "load-dropin.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "scope.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_SCOPE_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [SCOPE_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [SCOPE_RUNNING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SCOPE_ABANDONED] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SCOPE_STOP_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SCOPE_STOP_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SCOPE_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED
+};
+
+static int scope_dispatch_timer(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata);
+
+static void scope_init(Unit *u) {
+        Scope *s = SCOPE(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        s->timeout_stop_usec = u->manager->default_timeout_stop_usec;
+
+        UNIT(s)->ignore_on_isolate = true;
+}
+
+static void scope_done(Unit *u) {
+        Scope *s = SCOPE(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        free(s->controller);
+
+        s->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->timer_event_source);
+}
+
+static int scope_arm_timer(Scope *s, usec_t usec) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->timer_event_source) {
+                r = sd_event_source_set_time(s->timer_event_source, usec);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return sd_event_source_set_enabled(s->timer_event_source, SD_EVENT_ONESHOT);
+        }
+
+        if (usec == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_event_add_time(
+                        UNIT(s)->manager->event,
+                        &s->timer_event_source,
+                        CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
+                        usec, 0,
+                        scope_dispatch_timer, s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(s->timer_event_source, "scope-timer");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void scope_set_state(Scope *s, ScopeState state) {
+        ScopeState old_state;
+        assert(s);
+
+        old_state = s->state;
+        s->state = state;
+
+        if (!IN_SET(state, SCOPE_STOP_SIGTERM, SCOPE_STOP_SIGKILL))
+                s->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->timer_event_source);
+
+        if (IN_SET(state, SCOPE_DEAD, SCOPE_FAILED))
+                unit_unwatch_all_pids(UNIT(s));
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_debug("%s changed %s -> %s", UNIT(s)->id, scope_state_to_string(old_state), scope_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(s), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static int scope_add_default_dependencies(Scope *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!UNIT(s)->default_dependencies)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Make sure scopes are unloaded on shutdown */
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(
+                        UNIT(s),
+                        UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS,
+                        SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int scope_verify(Scope *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (set_isempty(UNIT(s)->pids) &&
+            !manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(UNIT(s)->manager) &&
+            !unit_has_name(UNIT(s), SPECIAL_INIT_SCOPE)) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Scope has no PIDs. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int scope_load(Unit *u) {
+        Scope *s = SCOPE(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        if (!u->transient && !manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(u->manager))
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        u->load_state = UNIT_LOADED;
+
+        r = unit_load_dropin(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_patch_contexts(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_set_default_slice(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = scope_add_default_dependencies(s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return scope_verify(s);
+}
+
+static int scope_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Scope *s = SCOPE(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->state == SCOPE_DEAD);
+
+        if (s->deserialized_state == s->state)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (IN_SET(s->deserialized_state, SCOPE_STOP_SIGKILL, SCOPE_STOP_SIGTERM)) {
+                r = scope_arm_timer(s, usec_add(u->state_change_timestamp.monotonic, s->timeout_stop_usec));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (!IN_SET(s->deserialized_state, SCOPE_DEAD, SCOPE_FAILED))
+                unit_watch_all_pids(UNIT(s));
+
+        scope_set_state(s, s->deserialized_state);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void scope_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Scope *s = SCOPE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sScope State: %s\n"
+                "%sResult: %s\n",
+                prefix, scope_state_to_string(s->state),
+                prefix, scope_result_to_string(s->result));
+
+        cgroup_context_dump(&s->cgroup_context, f, prefix);
+        kill_context_dump(&s->kill_context, f, prefix);
+}
+
+static void scope_enter_dead(Scope *s, ScopeResult f) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SCOPE_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        scope_set_state(s, s->result != SCOPE_SUCCESS ? SCOPE_FAILED : SCOPE_DEAD);
+}
+
+static void scope_enter_signal(Scope *s, ScopeState state, ScopeResult f) {
+        bool skip_signal = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SCOPE_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        unit_watch_all_pids(UNIT(s));
+
+        /* If we have a controller set let's ask the controller nicely
+         * to terminate the scope, instead of us going directly into
+         * SIGTERM beserk mode */
+        if (state == SCOPE_STOP_SIGTERM)
+                skip_signal = bus_scope_send_request_stop(s) > 0;
+
+        if (!skip_signal) {
+                r = unit_kill_context(
+                                UNIT(s),
+                                &s->kill_context,
+                                state != SCOPE_STOP_SIGTERM ? KILL_KILL : KILL_TERMINATE,
+                                -1, -1, false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        } else
+                r = 1;
+
+        if (r > 0) {
+                r = scope_arm_timer(s, usec_add(now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), s->timeout_stop_usec));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                scope_set_state(s, state);
+        } else if (state == SCOPE_STOP_SIGTERM)
+                scope_enter_signal(s, SCOPE_STOP_SIGKILL, SCOPE_SUCCESS);
+        else
+                scope_enter_dead(s, SCOPE_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to kill processes: %m");
+
+        scope_enter_dead(s, SCOPE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static int scope_start(Unit *u) {
+        Scope *s = SCOPE(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (unit_has_name(u, SPECIAL_INIT_SCOPE))
+                return -EPERM;
+
+        if (s->state == SCOPE_FAILED)
+                return -EPERM;
+
+        /* We can't fulfill this right now, please try again later */
+        if (s->state == SCOPE_STOP_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SCOPE_STOP_SIGKILL)
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        assert(s->state == SCOPE_DEAD);
+
+        if (!u->transient && !manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(u->manager))
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        (void) unit_realize_cgroup(u);
+        (void) unit_reset_cpu_usage(u);
+
+        r = unit_attach_pids_to_cgroup(u);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to add PIDs to scope's control group: %m");
+                scope_enter_dead(s, SCOPE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        s->result = SCOPE_SUCCESS;
+
+        scope_set_state(s, SCOPE_RUNNING);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int scope_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Scope *s = SCOPE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->state == SCOPE_STOP_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SCOPE_STOP_SIGKILL)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(s->state == SCOPE_RUNNING ||
+               s->state == SCOPE_ABANDONED);
+
+        scope_enter_signal(s, SCOPE_STOP_SIGTERM, SCOPE_SUCCESS);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static void scope_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        Scope *s = SCOPE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->state == SCOPE_FAILED)
+                scope_set_state(s, SCOPE_DEAD);
+
+        s->result = SCOPE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int scope_kill(Unit *u, KillWho who, int signo, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return unit_kill_common(u, who, signo, -1, -1, error);
+}
+
+static int scope_get_timeout(Unit *u, usec_t *timeout) {
+        Scope *s = SCOPE(u);
+        usec_t t;
+        int r;
+
+        if (!s->timer_event_source)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_event_source_get_time(s->timer_event_source, &t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (t == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+
+        *timeout = t;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int scope_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Scope *s = SCOPE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", scope_state_to_string(s->state));
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int scope_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Scope *s = SCOPE(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                ScopeState state;
+
+                state = scope_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse state value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->deserialized_state = state;
+
+        } else
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Unknown serialization key: %s", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool scope_check_gc(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Never clean up scopes that still have a process around,
+         * even if the scope is formally dead. */
+
+        if (!u->cgroup_path)
+                return false;
+
+        return cg_is_empty_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, u->cgroup_path) <= 0;
+}
+
+static void scope_notify_cgroup_empty_event(Unit *u) {
+        Scope *s = SCOPE(u);
+        assert(u);
+
+        log_unit_debug(u, "cgroup is empty");
+
+        if (IN_SET(s->state, SCOPE_RUNNING, SCOPE_ABANDONED, SCOPE_STOP_SIGTERM, SCOPE_STOP_SIGKILL))
+                scope_enter_dead(s, SCOPE_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+static void scope_sigchld_event(Unit *u, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
+
+        /* If we get a SIGCHLD event for one of the processes we were
+           interested in, then we look for others to watch, under the
+           assumption that we'll sooner or later get a SIGCHLD for
+           them, as the original process we watched was probably the
+           parent of them, and they are hence now our children. */
+
+        unit_tidy_watch_pids(u, 0, 0);
+        unit_watch_all_pids(u);
+
+        /* If the PID set is empty now, then let's finish this off */
+        if (set_isempty(u->pids))
+                scope_notify_cgroup_empty_event(u);
+}
+
+static int scope_dispatch_timer(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        Scope *s = SCOPE(userdata);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->timer_event_source == source);
+
+        switch (s->state) {
+
+        case SCOPE_STOP_SIGTERM:
+                if (s->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Stopping timed out. Killing.");
+                        scope_enter_signal(s, SCOPE_STOP_SIGKILL, SCOPE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Stopping timed out. Skipping SIGKILL.");
+                        scope_enter_dead(s, SCOPE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+
+                break;
+
+        case SCOPE_STOP_SIGKILL:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Still around after SIGKILL. Ignoring.");
+                scope_enter_dead(s, SCOPE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Timeout at wrong time.");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int scope_abandon(Scope *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (unit_has_name(UNIT(s), SPECIAL_INIT_SCOPE))
+                return -EPERM;
+
+        if (!IN_SET(s->state, SCOPE_RUNNING, SCOPE_ABANDONED))
+                return -ESTALE;
+
+        s->controller = mfree(s->controller);
+
+        /* The client is no longer watching the remaining processes,
+         * so let's step in here, under the assumption that the
+         * remaining processes will be sooner or later reassigned to
+         * us as parent. */
+
+        unit_tidy_watch_pids(UNIT(s), 0, 0);
+        unit_watch_all_pids(UNIT(s));
+
+        /* If the PID set is empty now, then let's finish this off */
+        if (set_isempty(UNIT(s)->pids))
+                scope_notify_cgroup_empty_event(UNIT(s));
+        else
+                scope_set_state(s, SCOPE_ABANDONED);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState scope_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[SCOPE(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *scope_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return scope_state_to_string(SCOPE(u)->state);
+}
+
+static void scope_enumerate(Manager *m) {
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Let's unconditionally add the "init.scope" special unit
+         * that encapsulates PID 1. Note that PID 1 already is in the
+         * cgroup for this, we hence just need to allocate the object
+         * for it and that's it. */
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, SPECIAL_INIT_SCOPE);
+        if (!u) {
+                u = unit_new(m, sizeof(Scope));
+                if (!u) {
+                        log_oom();
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                r = unit_add_name(u, SPECIAL_INIT_SCOPE);
+                if (r < 0)  {
+                        unit_free(u);
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add init.scope name");
+                        return;
+                }
+        }
+
+        u->transient = true;
+        u->default_dependencies = false;
+        u->no_gc = true;
+        u->ignore_on_isolate = true;
+        u->refuse_manual_start = true;
+        u->refuse_manual_stop = true;
+        SCOPE(u)->deserialized_state = SCOPE_RUNNING;
+        SCOPE(u)->kill_context.kill_signal = SIGRTMIN+14;
+
+        /* Prettify things, if we can. */
+        if (!u->description)
+                u->description = strdup("System and Service Manager");
+        if (!u->documentation)
+                (void) strv_extend(&u->documentation, "man:systemd(1)");
+
+        unit_add_to_load_queue(u);
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+}
+
+static const char* const scope_result_table[_SCOPE_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [SCOPE_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [SCOPE_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources",
+        [SCOPE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT] = "timeout",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(scope_result, ScopeResult);
+
+const UnitVTable scope_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Scope),
+        .cgroup_context_offset = offsetof(Scope, cgroup_context),
+        .kill_context_offset = offsetof(Scope, kill_context),
+
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Scope\0"
+                "Install\0",
+        .private_section = "Scope",
+
+        .no_alias = true,
+        .no_instances = true,
+        .can_transient = true,
+
+        .init = scope_init,
+        .load = scope_load,
+        .done = scope_done,
+
+        .coldplug = scope_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = scope_dump,
+
+        .start = scope_start,
+        .stop = scope_stop,
+
+        .kill = scope_kill,
+
+        .get_timeout = scope_get_timeout,
+
+        .serialize = scope_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = scope_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = scope_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = scope_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .check_gc = scope_check_gc,
+
+        .sigchld_event = scope_sigchld_event,
+
+        .reset_failed = scope_reset_failed,
+
+        .notify_cgroup_empty = scope_notify_cgroup_empty_event,
+
+        .bus_vtable = bus_scope_vtable,
+        .bus_set_property = bus_scope_set_property,
+        .bus_commit_properties = bus_scope_commit_properties,
+
+        .enumerate = scope_enumerate,
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/scope.h b/src/libcore/scope.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2dc86325c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/scope.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Scope Scope;
+
+#include "kill.h"
+
+typedef enum ScopeResult {
+        SCOPE_SUCCESS,
+        SCOPE_FAILURE_RESOURCES,
+        SCOPE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT,
+        _SCOPE_RESULT_MAX,
+        _SCOPE_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} ScopeResult;
+
+struct Scope {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        CGroupContext cgroup_context;
+        KillContext kill_context;
+
+        ScopeState state, deserialized_state;
+        ScopeResult result;
+
+        usec_t timeout_stop_usec;
+
+        char *controller;
+
+        sd_event_source *timer_event_source;
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable scope_vtable;
+
+int scope_abandon(Scope *s);
+
+const char* scope_result_to_string(ScopeResult i) _const_;
+ScopeResult scope_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libcore/selinux-access.c b/src/libcore/selinux-access.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76fcc9a6be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/selinux-access.c
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Dan Walsh
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <selinux/avc.h>
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+#include <libaudit.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "audit-fd.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "selinux-util.h"
+#include "stdio-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+static bool initialized = false;
+
+struct audit_info {
+        sd_bus_creds *creds;
+        const char *path;
+        const char *cmdline;
+};
+
+/*
+   Any time an access gets denied this callback will be called
+   with the audit data.  We then need to just copy the audit data into the msgbuf.
+*/
+static int audit_callback(
+                void *auditdata,
+                security_class_t cls,
+                char *msgbuf,
+                size_t msgbufsize) {
+
+        const struct audit_info *audit = auditdata;
+        uid_t uid = 0, login_uid = 0;
+        gid_t gid = 0;
+        char login_uid_buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uid_t) + 1] = "n/a";
+        char uid_buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uid_t) + 1] = "n/a";
+        char gid_buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(gid_t) + 1] = "n/a";
+
+        if (sd_bus_creds_get_audit_login_uid(audit->creds, &login_uid) >= 0)
+                xsprintf(login_uid_buf, UID_FMT, login_uid);
+        if (sd_bus_creds_get_euid(audit->creds, &uid) >= 0)
+                xsprintf(uid_buf, UID_FMT, uid);
+        if (sd_bus_creds_get_egid(audit->creds, &gid) >= 0)
+                xsprintf(gid_buf, GID_FMT, gid);
+
+        snprintf(msgbuf, msgbufsize,
+                 "auid=%s uid=%s gid=%s%s%s%s%s%s%s",
+                 login_uid_buf, uid_buf, gid_buf,
+                 audit->path ? " path=\"" : "", strempty(audit->path), audit->path ? "\"" : "",
+                 audit->cmdline ? " cmdline=\"" : "", strempty(audit->cmdline), audit->cmdline ? "\"" : "");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int callback_type_to_priority(int type) {
+        switch(type) {
+
+        case SELINUX_ERROR:
+                return LOG_ERR;
+
+        case SELINUX_WARNING:
+                return LOG_WARNING;
+
+        case SELINUX_INFO:
+                return LOG_INFO;
+
+        case SELINUX_AVC:
+        default:
+                return LOG_NOTICE;
+        }
+}
+
+/*
+   libselinux uses this callback when access gets denied or other
+   events happen. If audit is turned on, messages will be reported
+   using audit netlink, otherwise they will be logged using the usual
+   channels.
+
+   Code copied from dbus and modified.
+*/
+_printf_(2, 3) static int log_callback(int type, const char *fmt, ...) {
+        va_list ap;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+        int fd;
+
+        fd = get_audit_fd();
+
+        if (fd >= 0) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+                int r;
+
+                va_start(ap, fmt);
+                r = vasprintf(&buf, fmt, ap);
+                va_end(ap);
+
+                if (r >= 0) {
+                        audit_log_user_avc_message(fd, AUDIT_USER_AVC, buf, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+#endif
+
+        va_start(ap, fmt);
+        log_internalv(LOG_AUTH | callback_type_to_priority(type), 0, __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__, fmt, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int access_init(sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        if (!mac_selinux_use())
+                return 0;
+
+        if (initialized)
+                return 1;
+
+        if (avc_open(NULL, 0) != 0) {
+                int enforce, saved_errno = errno;
+
+                enforce = security_getenforce();
+                log_full_errno(enforce != 0 ? LOG_ERR : LOG_WARNING, saved_errno, "Failed to open the SELinux AVC: %m");
+
+                /* If enforcement isn't on, then let's suppress this
+                 * error, and just don't do any AVC checks. The
+                 * warning we printed is hence all the admin will
+                 * see. */
+                if (enforce == 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                /* Return an access denied error, if we couldn't load
+                 * the AVC but enforcing mode was on, or we couldn't
+                 * determine whether it is one. */
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED, "Failed to open the SELinux AVC: %s", strerror(saved_errno));
+        }
+
+        selinux_set_callback(SELINUX_CB_AUDIT, (union selinux_callback) audit_callback);
+        selinux_set_callback(SELINUX_CB_LOG, (union selinux_callback) log_callback);
+
+        initialized = true;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+   This function communicates with the kernel to check whether or not it should
+   allow the access.
+   If the machine is in permissive mode it will return ok.  Audit messages will
+   still be generated if the access would be denied in enforcing mode.
+*/
+int mac_selinux_generic_access_check(
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *permission,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_creds_unrefp) sd_bus_creds *creds = NULL;
+        const char *tclass = NULL, *scon = NULL;
+        struct audit_info audit_info = {};
+        _cleanup_free_ char *cl = NULL;
+        security_context_t fcon = NULL;
+        char **cmdline = NULL;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(permission);
+        assert(error);
+
+        r = access_init(error);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_query_sender_creds(
+                        message,
+                        SD_BUS_CREDS_PID|SD_BUS_CREDS_EUID|SD_BUS_CREDS_EGID|
+                        SD_BUS_CREDS_CMDLINE|SD_BUS_CREDS_AUDIT_LOGIN_UID|
+                        SD_BUS_CREDS_SELINUX_CONTEXT|
+                        SD_BUS_CREDS_AUGMENT /* get more bits from /proc */,
+                        &creds);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        /* The SELinux context is something we really should have
+         * gotten directly from the message or sender, and not be an
+         * augmented field. If it was augmented we cannot use it for
+         * authorization, since this is racy and vulnerable. Let's add
+         * an extra check, just in case, even though this really
+         * shouldn't be possible. */
+        assert_return((sd_bus_creds_get_augmented_mask(creds) & SD_BUS_CREDS_SELINUX_CONTEXT) == 0, -EPERM);
+
+        r = sd_bus_creds_get_selinux_context(creds, &scon);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        if (path) {
+                /* Get the file context of the unit file */
+
+                r = getfilecon_raw(path, &fcon);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        r = sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED, "Failed to get file context on %s.", path);
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                tclass = "service";
+        } else {
+                r = getcon_raw(&fcon);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        r = sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED, "Failed to get current context.");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                tclass = "system";
+        }
+
+        sd_bus_creds_get_cmdline(creds, &cmdline);
+        cl = strv_join(cmdline, " ");
+
+        audit_info.creds = creds;
+        audit_info.path = path;
+        audit_info.cmdline = cl;
+
+        r = selinux_check_access(scon, fcon, tclass, permission, &audit_info);
+        if (r < 0)
+                r = sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED, "SELinux policy denies access.");
+
+        log_debug("SELinux access check scon=%s tcon=%s tclass=%s perm=%s path=%s cmdline=%s: %i", scon, fcon, tclass, permission, path, cl, r);
+
+finish:
+        freecon(fcon);
+
+        if (r < 0 && security_getenforce() != 1) {
+                sd_bus_error_free(error);
+                r = 0;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+#else
+
+int mac_selinux_generic_access_check(
+                sd_bus_message *message,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *permission,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/libcore/selinux-access.h b/src/libcore/selinux-access.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cbf33ef6c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/selinux-access.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Dan Walsh
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "manager.h"
+
+int mac_selinux_generic_access_check(sd_bus_message *message, const char *path, const char *permission, sd_bus_error *error);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+
+#define mac_selinux_access_check(message, permission, error) \
+        mac_selinux_generic_access_check((message), NULL, (permission), (error))
+
+#define mac_selinux_unit_access_check(unit, message, permission, error) \
+        ({                                                              \
+                Unit *_unit = (unit);                                   \
+                mac_selinux_generic_access_check((message), _unit->source_path ?: _unit->fragment_path, (permission), (error)); \
+        })
+
+#else
+
+#define mac_selinux_access_check(message, permission, error) 0
+#define mac_selinux_unit_access_check(unit, message, permission, error) 0
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/libcore/selinux-setup.c b/src/libcore/selinux-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a115a4387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/selinux-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "selinux-setup.h"
+#include "selinux-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+_printf_(2,3)
+static int null_log(int type, const char *fmt, ...) {
+        return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+int mac_selinux_setup(bool *loaded_policy) {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        int enforce = 0;
+        usec_t before_load, after_load;
+        security_context_t con;
+        int r;
+        union selinux_callback cb;
+        bool initialized = false;
+
+        assert(loaded_policy);
+
+        /* Turn off all of SELinux' own logging, we want to do that */
+        cb.func_log = null_log;
+        selinux_set_callback(SELINUX_CB_LOG, cb);
+
+        /* Don't load policy in the initrd if we don't appear to have
+         * it.  For the real root, we check below if we've already
+         * loaded policy, and return gracefully.
+         */
+        if (in_initrd() && access(selinux_path(), F_OK) < 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Already initialized by somebody else? */
+        r = getcon_raw(&con);
+        if (r == 0) {
+                initialized = !streq(con, "kernel");
+                freecon(con);
+        }
+
+        /* Make sure we have no fds open while loading the policy and
+         * transitioning */
+        log_close();
+
+        /* Now load the policy */
+        before_load = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+        r = selinux_init_load_policy(&enforce);
+        if (r == 0) {
+                _cleanup_(mac_selinux_freep) char *label = NULL;
+                char timespan[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+
+                mac_selinux_retest();
+
+                /* Transition to the new context */
+                r = mac_selinux_get_create_label_from_exe(SYSTEMD_BINARY_PATH, &label);
+                if (r < 0 || !label) {
+                        log_open();
+                        log_error("Failed to compute init label, ignoring.");
+                } else {
+                        r = setcon(label);
+
+                        log_open();
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_error("Failed to transition into init label '%s', ignoring.", label);
+                }
+
+                after_load = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+                log_info("Successfully loaded SELinux policy in %s.",
+                         format_timespan(timespan, sizeof(timespan), after_load - before_load, 0));
+
+                *loaded_policy = true;
+
+        } else {
+                log_open();
+
+                if (enforce > 0) {
+                        if (!initialized) {
+                                log_emergency("Failed to load SELinux policy.");
+                                return -EIO;
+                        }
+
+                        log_warning("Failed to load new SELinux policy. Continuing with old policy.");
+                } else
+                        log_debug("Unable to load SELinux policy. Ignoring.");
+        }
+#endif
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/selinux-setup.h b/src/libcore/selinux-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b613249b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/selinux-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+int mac_selinux_setup(bool *loaded_policy);
diff --git a/src/libcore/service.c b/src/libcore/service.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ac7e41d777
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/service.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3366 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "async.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-kernel.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "dbus-service.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "escape.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "load-dropin.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "manager.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "service.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit-printf.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_SERVICE_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [SERVICE_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_START_PRE] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_START] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_START_POST] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_RUNNING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_EXITED] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_RELOAD] = UNIT_RELOADING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP_POST] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED,
+        [SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART] = UNIT_ACTIVATING
+};
+
+/* For Type=idle we never want to delay any other jobs, hence we
+ * consider idle jobs active as soon as we start working on them */
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table_idle[_SERVICE_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [SERVICE_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_START_PRE] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_START] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_START_POST] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_RUNNING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_EXITED] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_RELOAD] = UNIT_RELOADING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP_POST] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED,
+        [SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART] = UNIT_ACTIVATING
+};
+
+static int service_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t events, void *userdata);
+static int service_dispatch_timer(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata);
+static int service_dispatch_watchdog(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata);
+
+static void service_enter_signal(Service *s, ServiceState state, ServiceResult f);
+static void service_enter_reload_by_notify(Service *s);
+
+static void service_init(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        s->timeout_start_usec = u->manager->default_timeout_start_usec;
+        s->timeout_stop_usec = u->manager->default_timeout_stop_usec;
+        s->restart_usec = u->manager->default_restart_usec;
+        s->runtime_max_usec = USEC_INFINITY;
+        s->type = _SERVICE_TYPE_INVALID;
+        s->socket_fd = -1;
+        s->bus_endpoint_fd = -1;
+        s->stdin_fd = s->stdout_fd = s->stderr_fd = -1;
+        s->guess_main_pid = true;
+
+        s->control_command_id = _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+}
+
+static void service_unwatch_control_pid(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->control_pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        unit_unwatch_pid(UNIT(s), s->control_pid);
+        s->control_pid = 0;
+}
+
+static void service_unwatch_main_pid(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->main_pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        unit_unwatch_pid(UNIT(s), s->main_pid);
+        s->main_pid = 0;
+}
+
+static void service_unwatch_pid_file(Service *s) {
+        if (!s->pid_file_pathspec)
+                return;
+
+        log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "Stopping watch for PID file %s", s->pid_file_pathspec->path);
+        path_spec_unwatch(s->pid_file_pathspec);
+        path_spec_done(s->pid_file_pathspec);
+        s->pid_file_pathspec = mfree(s->pid_file_pathspec);
+}
+
+static int service_set_main_pid(Service *s, pid_t pid) {
+        pid_t ppid;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (pid <= 1)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (pid == getpid())
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (s->main_pid == pid && s->main_pid_known)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (s->main_pid != pid) {
+                service_unwatch_main_pid(s);
+                exec_status_start(&s->main_exec_status, pid);
+        }
+
+        s->main_pid = pid;
+        s->main_pid_known = true;
+
+        if (get_process_ppid(pid, &ppid) >= 0 && ppid != getpid()) {
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Supervising process "PID_FMT" which is not our child. We'll most likely not notice when it exits.", pid);
+                s->main_pid_alien = true;
+        } else
+                s->main_pid_alien = false;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void service_close_socket_fd(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        s->socket_fd = asynchronous_close(s->socket_fd);
+}
+
+static void service_connection_unref(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!UNIT_ISSET(s->accept_socket))
+                return;
+
+        socket_connection_unref(SOCKET(UNIT_DEREF(s->accept_socket)));
+        unit_ref_unset(&s->accept_socket);
+}
+
+static void service_stop_watchdog(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        s->watchdog_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->watchdog_event_source);
+        s->watchdog_timestamp = DUAL_TIMESTAMP_NULL;
+}
+
+static void service_start_watchdog(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->watchdog_usec <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (s->watchdog_event_source) {
+                r = sd_event_source_set_time(s->watchdog_event_source, usec_add(s->watchdog_timestamp.monotonic, s->watchdog_usec));
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to reset watchdog timer: %m");
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_event_source_set_enabled(s->watchdog_event_source, SD_EVENT_ONESHOT);
+        } else {
+                r = sd_event_add_time(
+                                UNIT(s)->manager->event,
+                                &s->watchdog_event_source,
+                                CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
+                                usec_add(s->watchdog_timestamp.monotonic, s->watchdog_usec), 0,
+                                service_dispatch_watchdog, s);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to add watchdog timer: %m");
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                (void) sd_event_source_set_description(s->watchdog_event_source, "service-watchdog");
+
+                /* Let's process everything else which might be a sign
+                 * of living before we consider a service died. */
+                r = sd_event_source_set_priority(s->watchdog_event_source, SD_EVENT_PRIORITY_IDLE);
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to install watchdog timer: %m");
+}
+
+static void service_reset_watchdog(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        dual_timestamp_get(&s->watchdog_timestamp);
+        service_start_watchdog(s);
+}
+
+static void service_fd_store_unlink(ServiceFDStore *fs) {
+
+        if (!fs)
+                return;
+
+        if (fs->service) {
+                assert(fs->service->n_fd_store > 0);
+                LIST_REMOVE(fd_store, fs->service->fd_store, fs);
+                fs->service->n_fd_store--;
+        }
+
+        if (fs->event_source) {
+                sd_event_source_set_enabled(fs->event_source, SD_EVENT_OFF);
+                sd_event_source_unref(fs->event_source);
+        }
+
+        free(fs->fdname);
+        safe_close(fs->fd);
+        free(fs);
+}
+
+static void service_release_resources(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!s->fd_store && s->stdin_fd < 0 && s->stdout_fd < 0 && s->stderr_fd < 0)
+                return;
+
+        log_unit_debug(u, "Releasing all resources.");
+
+        s->stdin_fd = safe_close(s->stdin_fd);
+        s->stdout_fd = safe_close(s->stdout_fd);
+        s->stderr_fd = safe_close(s->stderr_fd);
+
+        while (s->fd_store)
+                service_fd_store_unlink(s->fd_store);
+
+        assert(s->n_fd_store == 0);
+}
+
+static void service_done(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        s->pid_file = mfree(s->pid_file);
+        s->status_text = mfree(s->status_text);
+
+        s->exec_runtime = exec_runtime_unref(s->exec_runtime);
+        exec_command_free_array(s->exec_command, _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX);
+        s->control_command = NULL;
+        s->main_command = NULL;
+
+        exit_status_set_free(&s->restart_prevent_status);
+        exit_status_set_free(&s->restart_force_status);
+        exit_status_set_free(&s->success_status);
+
+        /* This will leak a process, but at least no memory or any of
+         * our resources */
+        service_unwatch_main_pid(s);
+        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);
+
+        if (s->bus_name)  {
+                unit_unwatch_bus_name(u, s->bus_name);
+                s->bus_name = mfree(s->bus_name);
+        }
+
+        s->bus_name_owner = mfree(s->bus_name_owner);
+
+        s->bus_endpoint_fd = safe_close(s->bus_endpoint_fd);
+        service_close_socket_fd(s);
+        service_connection_unref(s);
+
+        unit_ref_unset(&s->accept_socket);
+
+        service_stop_watchdog(s);
+
+        s->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->timer_event_source);
+
+        service_release_resources(u);
+}
+
+static int on_fd_store_io(sd_event_source *e, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        ServiceFDStore *fs = userdata;
+
+        assert(e);
+        assert(fs);
+
+        /* If we get either EPOLLHUP or EPOLLERR, it's time to remove this entry from the fd store */
+        service_fd_store_unlink(fs);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_add_fd_store(Service *s, int fd, const char *name) {
+        ServiceFDStore *fs;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        if (s->n_fd_store >= s->n_fd_store_max)
+                return 0;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(fd_store, fs, s->fd_store) {
+                r = same_fd(fs->fd, fd);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        /* Already included */
+                        safe_close(fd);
+                        return 1;
+                }
+        }
+
+        fs = new0(ServiceFDStore, 1);
+        if (!fs)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        fs->fd = fd;
+        fs->service = s;
+        fs->fdname = strdup(name ?: "stored");
+        if (!fs->fdname) {
+                free(fs);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(UNIT(s)->manager->event, &fs->event_source, fd, 0, on_fd_store_io, fs);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                free(fs->fdname);
+                free(fs);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(fs->event_source, "service-fd-store");
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(fd_store, s->fd_store, fs);
+        s->n_fd_store++;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int service_add_fd_store_set(Service *s, FDSet *fds, const char *name) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (fdset_size(fds) <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        while (s->n_fd_store < s->n_fd_store_max) {
+                _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+
+                fd = fdset_steal_first(fds);
+                if (fd < 0)
+                        break;
+
+                r = service_add_fd_store(s, fd, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Couldn't add fd to fd store: %m");
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "Added fd to fd store.");
+                        fd = -1;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (fdset_size(fds) > 0)
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Tried to store more fds than FileDescriptorStoreMax=%u allows, closing remaining.", s->n_fd_store_max);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_arm_timer(Service *s, usec_t usec) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->timer_event_source) {
+                r = sd_event_source_set_time(s->timer_event_source, usec);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return sd_event_source_set_enabled(s->timer_event_source, SD_EVENT_ONESHOT);
+        }
+
+        if (usec == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_event_add_time(
+                        UNIT(s)->manager->event,
+                        &s->timer_event_source,
+                        CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
+                        usec, 0,
+                        service_dispatch_timer, s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(s->timer_event_source, "service-timer");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_verify(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START] && !s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_STOP]) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Service lacks both ExecStart= and ExecStop= setting. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->type != SERVICE_ONESHOT && !s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Service has no ExecStart= setting, which is only allowed for Type=oneshot services. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (!s->remain_after_exit && !s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Service has no ExecStart= setting, which is only allowed for RemainAfterExit=yes services. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->type != SERVICE_ONESHOT && s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]->command_next) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Service has more than one ExecStart= setting, which is only allowed for Type=oneshot services. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT && s->restart != SERVICE_RESTART_NO) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Service has Restart= setting other than no, which isn't allowed for Type=oneshot services. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT && !exit_status_set_is_empty(&s->restart_force_status)) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Service has RestartForceStatus= set, which isn't allowed for Type=oneshot services. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->type == SERVICE_DBUS && !s->bus_name) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Service is of type D-Bus but no D-Bus service name has been specified. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->bus_name && s->type != SERVICE_DBUS)
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Service has a D-Bus service name specified, but is not of type dbus. Ignoring.");
+
+        if (s->exec_context.pam_name && !(s->kill_context.kill_mode == KILL_CONTROL_GROUP || s->kill_context.kill_mode == KILL_MIXED)) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Service has PAM enabled. Kill mode must be set to 'control-group' or 'mixed'. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->usb_function_descriptors && !s->usb_function_strings)
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Service has USBFunctionDescriptors= setting, but no USBFunctionStrings=. Ignoring.");
+
+        if (!s->usb_function_descriptors && s->usb_function_strings)
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Service has USBFunctionStrings= setting, but no USBFunctionDescriptors=. Ignoring.");
+
+        if (s->runtime_max_usec != USEC_INFINITY && s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT)
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "MaxRuntimeSec= has no effect in combination with Type=oneshot. Ignoring.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_add_default_dependencies(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!UNIT(s)->default_dependencies)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Add a number of automatic dependencies useful for the
+         * majority of services. */
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+                /* First, pull in the really early boot stuff, and
+                 * require it, so that we fail if we can't acquire
+                 * it. */
+
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES, SPECIAL_SYSINIT_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else {
+
+                /* In the --user instance there's no sysinit.target,
+                 * in that case require basic.target instead. */
+
+                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_REQUIRES, SPECIAL_BASIC_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Second, if the rest of the base system is in the same
+         * transaction, order us after it, but do not pull it in or
+         * even require it. */
+        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, SPECIAL_BASIC_TARGET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Third, add us in for normal shutdown. */
+        return unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET, NULL, true);
+}
+
+static void service_fix_output(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* If nothing has been explicitly configured, patch default
+         * output in. If input is socket/tty we avoid this however,
+         * since in that case we want output to default to the same
+         * place as we read input from. */
+
+        if (s->exec_context.std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT &&
+            s->exec_context.std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT &&
+            s->exec_context.std_input == EXEC_INPUT_NULL)
+                s->exec_context.std_error = UNIT(s)->manager->default_std_error;
+
+        if (s->exec_context.std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT &&
+            s->exec_context.std_input == EXEC_INPUT_NULL)
+                s->exec_context.std_output = UNIT(s)->manager->default_std_output;
+}
+
+static int service_setup_bus_name(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!s->bus_name)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (is_kdbus_available()) {
+                const char *n;
+
+                n = strjoina(s->bus_name, ".busname");
+                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, n, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to add dependency to .busname unit: %m");
+
+        } else {
+                /* If kdbus is not available, we know the dbus socket is required, hence pull it in, and require it */
+                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_REQUIRES, SPECIAL_DBUS_SOCKET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to add dependency on " SPECIAL_DBUS_SOCKET ": %m");
+        }
+
+        /* Regardless if kdbus is used or not, we always want to be ordered against dbus.socket if both are in the transaction. */
+        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, SPECIAL_DBUS_SOCKET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to add dependency on " SPECIAL_DBUS_SOCKET ": %m");
+
+        r = unit_watch_bus_name(UNIT(s), s->bus_name);
+        if (r == -EEXIST)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Two services allocated for the same bus name %s, refusing operation.", s->bus_name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Cannot watch bus name %s: %m", s->bus_name);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_add_extras(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->type == _SERVICE_TYPE_INVALID) {
+                /* Figure out a type automatically */
+                if (s->bus_name)
+                        s->type = SERVICE_DBUS;
+                else if (s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START])
+                        s->type = SERVICE_SIMPLE;
+                else
+                        s->type = SERVICE_ONESHOT;
+        }
+
+        /* Oneshot services have disabled start timeout by default */
+        if (s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT && !s->start_timeout_defined)
+                s->timeout_start_usec = USEC_INFINITY;
+
+        service_fix_output(s);
+
+        r = unit_patch_contexts(UNIT(s));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_add_exec_dependencies(UNIT(s), &s->exec_context);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_set_default_slice(UNIT(s));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (s->type == SERVICE_NOTIFY && s->notify_access == NOTIFY_NONE)
+                s->notify_access = NOTIFY_MAIN;
+
+        if (s->watchdog_usec > 0 && s->notify_access == NOTIFY_NONE)
+                s->notify_access = NOTIFY_MAIN;
+
+        r = service_add_default_dependencies(s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = service_setup_bus_name(s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_load(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Load a .service file */
+        r = unit_load_fragment(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Still nothing found? Then let's give up */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        /* This is a new unit? Then let's add in some extras */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+
+                /* We were able to load something, then let's add in
+                 * the dropin directories. */
+                r = unit_load_dropin(u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* This is a new unit? Then let's add in some
+                 * extras */
+                r = service_add_extras(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return service_verify(s);
+}
+
+static void service_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        ServiceExecCommand c;
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+        const char *prefix2;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        prefix = strempty(prefix);
+        prefix2 = strjoina(prefix, "\t");
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sService State: %s\n"
+                "%sResult: %s\n"
+                "%sReload Result: %s\n"
+                "%sPermissionsStartOnly: %s\n"
+                "%sRootDirectoryStartOnly: %s\n"
+                "%sRemainAfterExit: %s\n"
+                "%sGuessMainPID: %s\n"
+                "%sType: %s\n"
+                "%sRestart: %s\n"
+                "%sNotifyAccess: %s\n"
+                "%sNotifyState: %s\n",
+                prefix, service_state_to_string(s->state),
+                prefix, service_result_to_string(s->result),
+                prefix, service_result_to_string(s->reload_result),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->permissions_start_only),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->root_directory_start_only),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->remain_after_exit),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->guess_main_pid),
+                prefix, service_type_to_string(s->type),
+                prefix, service_restart_to_string(s->restart),
+                prefix, notify_access_to_string(s->notify_access),
+                prefix, notify_state_to_string(s->notify_state));
+
+        if (s->control_pid > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sControl PID: "PID_FMT"\n",
+                        prefix, s->control_pid);
+
+        if (s->main_pid > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sMain PID: "PID_FMT"\n"
+                        "%sMain PID Known: %s\n"
+                        "%sMain PID Alien: %s\n",
+                        prefix, s->main_pid,
+                        prefix, yes_no(s->main_pid_known),
+                        prefix, yes_no(s->main_pid_alien));
+
+        if (s->pid_file)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sPIDFile: %s\n",
+                        prefix, s->pid_file);
+
+        if (s->bus_name)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sBusName: %s\n"
+                        "%sBus Name Good: %s\n",
+                        prefix, s->bus_name,
+                        prefix, yes_no(s->bus_name_good));
+
+        kill_context_dump(&s->kill_context, f, prefix);
+        exec_context_dump(&s->exec_context, f, prefix);
+
+        for (c = 0; c < _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX; c++) {
+
+                if (!s->exec_command[c])
+                        continue;
+
+                fprintf(f, "%s-> %s:\n",
+                        prefix, service_exec_command_to_string(c));
+
+                exec_command_dump_list(s->exec_command[c], f, prefix2);
+        }
+
+        if (s->status_text)
+                fprintf(f, "%sStatus Text: %s\n",
+                        prefix, s->status_text);
+
+        if (s->n_fd_store_max > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sFile Descriptor Store Max: %u\n"
+                        "%sFile Descriptor Store Current: %u\n",
+                        prefix, s->n_fd_store_max,
+                        prefix, s->n_fd_store);
+}
+
+static int service_load_pid_file(Service *s, bool may_warn) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+        int r;
+        pid_t pid;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!s->pid_file)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        r = read_one_line_file(s->pid_file, &k);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (may_warn)
+                        log_unit_info_errno(UNIT(s), r, "PID file %s not readable (yet?) after %s: %m", s->pid_file, service_state_to_string(s->state));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        r = parse_pid(k, &pid);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (may_warn)
+                        log_unit_info_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to read PID from file %s: %m", s->pid_file);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (!pid_is_alive(pid)) {
+                if (may_warn)
+                        log_unit_info(UNIT(s), "PID "PID_FMT" read from file %s does not exist or is a zombie.", pid, s->pid_file);
+                return -ESRCH;
+        }
+
+        if (s->main_pid_known) {
+                if (pid == s->main_pid)
+                        return 0;
+
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "Main PID changing: "PID_FMT" -> "PID_FMT, s->main_pid, pid);
+
+                service_unwatch_main_pid(s);
+                s->main_pid_known = false;
+        } else
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "Main PID loaded: "PID_FMT, pid);
+
+        r = service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                /* FIXME: we need to do something here */
+                log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to watch PID "PID_FMT" for service: %m", pid);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_search_main_pid(Service *s) {
+        pid_t pid = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* If we know it anyway, don't ever fallback to unreliable
+         * heuristics */
+        if (s->main_pid_known)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!s->guess_main_pid)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(s->main_pid <= 0);
+
+        r = unit_search_main_pid(UNIT(s), &pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "Main PID guessed: "PID_FMT, pid);
+        r = service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                /* FIXME: we need to do something here */
+                log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to watch PID "PID_FMT" from: %m", pid);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void service_set_state(Service *s, ServiceState state) {
+        ServiceState old_state;
+        const UnitActiveState *table;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        table = s->type == SERVICE_IDLE ? state_translation_table_idle : state_translation_table;
+
+        old_state = s->state;
+        s->state = state;
+
+        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(state,
+                    SERVICE_START_PRE, SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST,
+                    SERVICE_RUNNING,
+                    SERVICE_RELOAD,
+                    SERVICE_STOP, SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL, SERVICE_STOP_POST,
+                    SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL,
+                    SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART))
+                s->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->timer_event_source);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(state,
+                    SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST,
+                    SERVICE_RUNNING, SERVICE_RELOAD,
+                    SERVICE_STOP, SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL, SERVICE_STOP_POST,
+                    SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL)) {
+                service_unwatch_main_pid(s);
+                s->main_command = NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (!IN_SET(state,
+                    SERVICE_START_PRE, SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST,
+                    SERVICE_RELOAD,
+                    SERVICE_STOP, SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL, SERVICE_STOP_POST,
+                    SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL)) {
+                service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+                s->control_command = NULL;
+                s->control_command_id = _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+        }
+
+        if (IN_SET(state, SERVICE_DEAD, SERVICE_FAILED, SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART))
+                unit_unwatch_all_pids(UNIT(s));
+
+        if (!IN_SET(state,
+                    SERVICE_START_PRE, SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST,
+                    SERVICE_RUNNING, SERVICE_RELOAD,
+                    SERVICE_STOP, SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL, SERVICE_STOP_POST,
+                    SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL) &&
+            !(state == SERVICE_DEAD && UNIT(s)->job)) {
+                service_close_socket_fd(s);
+                service_connection_unref(s);
+        }
+
+        if (!IN_SET(state, SERVICE_START_POST, SERVICE_RUNNING, SERVICE_RELOAD))
+                service_stop_watchdog(s);
+
+        /* For the inactive states unit_notify() will trim the cgroup,
+         * but for exit we have to do that ourselves... */
+        if (state == SERVICE_EXITED && UNIT(s)->manager->n_reloading <= 0)
+                unit_prune_cgroup(UNIT(s));
+
+        /* For remain_after_exit services, let's see if we can "release" the
+         * hold on the console, since unit_notify() only does that in case of
+         * change of state */
+        if (state == SERVICE_EXITED &&
+            s->remain_after_exit &&
+            UNIT(s)->manager->n_on_console > 0) {
+
+                ExecContext *ec;
+
+                ec = unit_get_exec_context(UNIT(s));
+                if (ec && exec_context_may_touch_console(ec)) {
+                        Manager *m = UNIT(s)->manager;
+
+                        m->n_on_console --;
+                        if (m->n_on_console == 0)
+                                /* unset no_console_output flag, since the console is free */
+                                m->no_console_output = false;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (old_state != state)
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "Changed %s -> %s", service_state_to_string(old_state), service_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(s), table[old_state], table[state], s->reload_result == SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+static usec_t service_coldplug_timeout(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        switch (s->deserialized_state) {
+
+        case SERVICE_START_PRE:
+        case SERVICE_START:
+        case SERVICE_START_POST:
+        case SERVICE_RELOAD:
+                return usec_add(UNIT(s)->state_change_timestamp.monotonic, s->timeout_start_usec);
+
+        case SERVICE_RUNNING:
+                return usec_add(UNIT(s)->active_enter_timestamp.monotonic, s->runtime_max_usec);
+
+        case SERVICE_STOP:
+        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT:
+        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM:
+        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL:
+        case SERVICE_STOP_POST:
+        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM:
+        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL:
+                return usec_add(UNIT(s)->state_change_timestamp.monotonic, s->timeout_stop_usec);
+
+        case SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART:
+                return usec_add(UNIT(s)->inactive_enter_timestamp.monotonic, s->restart_usec);
+
+        default:
+                return USEC_INFINITY;
+        }
+}
+
+static int service_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->state == SERVICE_DEAD);
+
+        if (s->deserialized_state == s->state)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = service_arm_timer(s, service_coldplug_timeout(s));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (s->main_pid > 0 &&
+            pid_is_unwaited(s->main_pid) &&
+            ((s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_START && IN_SET(s->type, SERVICE_FORKING, SERVICE_DBUS, SERVICE_ONESHOT, SERVICE_NOTIFY)) ||
+             IN_SET(s->deserialized_state,
+                    SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST,
+                    SERVICE_RUNNING, SERVICE_RELOAD,
+                    SERVICE_STOP, SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL, SERVICE_STOP_POST,
+                    SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL))) {
+                r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), s->main_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (s->control_pid > 0 &&
+            pid_is_unwaited(s->control_pid) &&
+            IN_SET(s->deserialized_state,
+                   SERVICE_START_PRE, SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST,
+                   SERVICE_RELOAD,
+                   SERVICE_STOP, SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL, SERVICE_STOP_POST,
+                   SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL)) {
+                r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (!IN_SET(s->deserialized_state, SERVICE_DEAD, SERVICE_FAILED, SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART))
+                unit_watch_all_pids(UNIT(s));
+
+        if (IN_SET(s->deserialized_state, SERVICE_START_POST, SERVICE_RUNNING, SERVICE_RELOAD))
+                service_start_watchdog(s);
+
+        service_set_state(s, s->deserialized_state);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_collect_fds(Service *s, int **fds, char ***fd_names) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **rfd_names = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ int *rfds = NULL;
+        int rn_fds = 0, r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fds);
+        assert(fd_names);
+
+        if (s->socket_fd >= 0) {
+
+                /* Pass the per-connection socket */
+
+                rfds = new(int, 1);
+                if (!rfds)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                rfds[0] = s->socket_fd;
+
+                rfd_names = strv_new("connection", NULL);
+                if (!rfd_names)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                rn_fds = 1;
+        } else {
+                Iterator i;
+                Unit *u;
+
+                /* Pass all our configured sockets for singleton services */
+
+                SET_FOREACH(u, UNIT(s)->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY], i) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ int *cfds = NULL;
+                        Socket *sock;
+                        int cn_fds;
+
+                        if (u->type != UNIT_SOCKET)
+                                continue;
+
+                        sock = SOCKET(u);
+
+                        cn_fds = socket_collect_fds(sock, &cfds);
+                        if (cn_fds < 0)
+                                return cn_fds;
+
+                        if (cn_fds <= 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (!rfds) {
+                                rfds = cfds;
+                                rn_fds = cn_fds;
+
+                                cfds = NULL;
+                        } else {
+                                int *t;
+
+                                t = realloc(rfds, (rn_fds + cn_fds) * sizeof(int));
+                                if (!t)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                memcpy(t + rn_fds, cfds, cn_fds * sizeof(int));
+
+                                rfds = t;
+                                rn_fds += cn_fds;
+                        }
+
+                        r = strv_extend_n(&rfd_names, socket_fdname(sock), cn_fds);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (s->n_fd_store > 0) {
+                ServiceFDStore *fs;
+                char **nl;
+                int *t;
+
+                t = realloc(rfds, (rn_fds + s->n_fd_store) * sizeof(int));
+                if (!t)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                rfds = t;
+
+                nl = realloc(rfd_names, (rn_fds + s->n_fd_store + 1) * sizeof(char*));
+                if (!nl)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                rfd_names = nl;
+
+                LIST_FOREACH(fd_store, fs, s->fd_store) {
+                        rfds[rn_fds] = fs->fd;
+                        rfd_names[rn_fds] = strdup(strempty(fs->fdname));
+                        if (!rfd_names[rn_fds])
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        rn_fds++;
+                }
+
+                rfd_names[rn_fds] = NULL;
+        }
+
+        *fds = rfds;
+        *fd_names = rfd_names;
+
+        rfds = NULL;
+        rfd_names = NULL;
+
+        return rn_fds;
+}
+
+static int service_spawn(
+                Service *s,
+                ExecCommand *c,
+                usec_t timeout,
+                bool pass_fds,
+                bool apply_permissions,
+                bool apply_chroot,
+                bool apply_tty_stdin,
+                bool is_control,
+                pid_t *_pid) {
+
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **argv = NULL, **final_env = NULL, **our_env = NULL, **fd_names = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *bus_endpoint_path = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ int *fds = NULL;
+        unsigned n_fds = 0, n_env = 0;
+        const char *path;
+        pid_t pid;
+
+        ExecParameters exec_params = {
+                .apply_permissions = apply_permissions,
+                .apply_chroot      = apply_chroot,
+                .apply_tty_stdin   = apply_tty_stdin,
+                .bus_endpoint_fd   = -1,
+                .stdin_fd          = -1,
+                .stdout_fd         = -1,
+                .stderr_fd         = -1,
+        };
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(c);
+        assert(_pid);
+
+        (void) unit_realize_cgroup(UNIT(s));
+        if (s->reset_cpu_usage) {
+                (void) unit_reset_cpu_usage(UNIT(s));
+                s->reset_cpu_usage = false;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_setup_exec_runtime(UNIT(s));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (pass_fds ||
+            s->exec_context.std_input == EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET ||
+            s->exec_context.std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET ||
+            s->exec_context.std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET) {
+
+                r = service_collect_fds(s, &fds, &fd_names);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                n_fds = r;
+        }
+
+        r = service_arm_timer(s, usec_add(now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), timeout));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_full_printf_strv(UNIT(s), c->argv, &argv);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        our_env = new0(char*, 6);
+        if (!our_env)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (is_control ? s->notify_access == NOTIFY_ALL : s->notify_access != NOTIFY_NONE)
+                if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "NOTIFY_SOCKET=%s", UNIT(s)->manager->notify_socket) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (s->main_pid > 0)
+                if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "MAINPID="PID_FMT, s->main_pid) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->manager->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "MANAGERPID="PID_FMT, getpid()) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (s->socket_fd >= 0) {
+                union sockaddr_union sa;
+                socklen_t salen = sizeof(sa);
+
+                r = getpeername(s->socket_fd, &sa.sa, &salen);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (IN_SET(sa.sa.sa_family, AF_INET, AF_INET6)) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *addr = NULL;
+                        char *t;
+                        int port;
+
+                        r = sockaddr_pretty(&sa.sa, salen, true, false, &addr);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        t = strappend("REMOTE_ADDR=", addr);
+                        if (!t)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                        our_env[n_env++] = t;
+
+                        port = sockaddr_port(&sa.sa);
+                        if (port < 0)
+                                return port;
+
+                        if (asprintf(&t, "REMOTE_PORT=%u", port) < 0)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                        our_env[n_env++] = t;
+                }
+        }
+
+        final_env = strv_env_merge(2, UNIT(s)->manager->environment, our_env, NULL);
+        if (!final_env)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (is_control && UNIT(s)->cgroup_path) {
+                path = strjoina(UNIT(s)->cgroup_path, "/control");
+                (void) cg_create(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, path);
+        } else
+                path = UNIT(s)->cgroup_path;
+
+        if (s->exec_context.bus_endpoint) {
+                r = bus_kernel_create_endpoint(UNIT(s)->manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? "system" : "user",
+                                               UNIT(s)->id, &bus_endpoint_path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* Pass the fd to the exec_params so that the child process can upload the policy.
+                 * Keep a reference to the fd in the service, so the endpoint is kept alive as long
+                 * as the service is running. */
+                exec_params.bus_endpoint_fd = s->bus_endpoint_fd = r;
+        }
+
+        exec_params.argv = argv;
+        exec_params.fds = fds;
+        exec_params.fd_names = fd_names;
+        exec_params.n_fds = n_fds;
+        exec_params.environment = final_env;
+        exec_params.confirm_spawn = UNIT(s)->manager->confirm_spawn;
+        exec_params.cgroup_supported = UNIT(s)->manager->cgroup_supported;
+        exec_params.cgroup_path = path;
+        exec_params.cgroup_delegate = s->cgroup_context.delegate;
+        exec_params.runtime_prefix = manager_get_runtime_prefix(UNIT(s)->manager);
+        exec_params.watchdog_usec = s->watchdog_usec;
+        exec_params.bus_endpoint_path = bus_endpoint_path;
+        exec_params.selinux_context_net = s->socket_fd_selinux_context_net;
+        if (s->type == SERVICE_IDLE)
+                exec_params.idle_pipe = UNIT(s)->manager->idle_pipe;
+        exec_params.stdin_fd = s->stdin_fd;
+        exec_params.stdout_fd = s->stdout_fd;
+        exec_params.stderr_fd = s->stderr_fd;
+
+        r = exec_spawn(UNIT(s),
+                       c,
+                       &s->exec_context,
+                       &exec_params,
+                       s->exec_runtime,
+                       &pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                /* FIXME: we need to do something here */
+                return r;
+
+        *_pid = pid;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int main_pid_good(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Returns 0 if the pid is dead, 1 if it is good, -1 if we
+         * don't know */
+
+        /* If we know the pid file, then let's just check if it is
+         * still valid */
+        if (s->main_pid_known) {
+
+                /* If it's an alien child let's check if it is still
+                 * alive ... */
+                if (s->main_pid_alien && s->main_pid > 0)
+                        return pid_is_alive(s->main_pid);
+
+                /* .. otherwise assume we'll get a SIGCHLD for it,
+                 * which we really should wait for to collect exit
+                 * status and code */
+                return s->main_pid > 0;
+        }
+
+        /* We don't know the pid */
+        return -EAGAIN;
+}
+
+_pure_ static int control_pid_good(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        return s->control_pid > 0;
+}
+
+static int cgroup_good(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!UNIT(s)->cgroup_path)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = cg_is_empty_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, UNIT(s)->cgroup_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return !r;
+}
+
+static bool service_shall_restart(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Don't restart after manual stops */
+        if (s->forbid_restart)
+                return false;
+
+        /* Never restart if this is configured as special exception */
+        if (exit_status_set_test(&s->restart_prevent_status, s->main_exec_status.code, s->main_exec_status.status))
+                return false;
+
+        /* Restart if the exit code/status are configured as restart triggers */
+        if (exit_status_set_test(&s->restart_force_status,  s->main_exec_status.code, s->main_exec_status.status))
+                return true;
+
+        switch (s->restart) {
+
+        case SERVICE_RESTART_NO:
+                return false;
+
+        case SERVICE_RESTART_ALWAYS:
+                return true;
+
+        case SERVICE_RESTART_ON_SUCCESS:
+                return s->result == SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+
+        case SERVICE_RESTART_ON_FAILURE:
+                return s->result != SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+
+        case SERVICE_RESTART_ON_ABNORMAL:
+                return !IN_SET(s->result, SERVICE_SUCCESS, SERVICE_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE);
+
+        case SERVICE_RESTART_ON_WATCHDOG:
+                return s->result == SERVICE_FAILURE_WATCHDOG;
+
+        case SERVICE_RESTART_ON_ABORT:
+                return IN_SET(s->result, SERVICE_FAILURE_SIGNAL, SERVICE_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP);
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("unknown restart setting");
+        }
+}
+
+static void service_enter_dead(Service *s, ServiceResult f, bool allow_restart) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        service_set_state(s, s->result != SERVICE_SUCCESS ? SERVICE_FAILED : SERVICE_DEAD);
+
+        if (s->result != SERVICE_SUCCESS) {
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Failed with result '%s'.", service_result_to_string(s->result));
+                failure_action(UNIT(s)->manager, s->failure_action, UNIT(s)->reboot_arg);
+        }
+
+        if (allow_restart && service_shall_restart(s)) {
+
+                r = service_arm_timer(s, usec_add(now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), s->restart_usec));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART);
+        }
+
+        /* The next restart might not be a manual stop, hence reset the flag indicating manual stops */
+        s->forbid_restart = false;
+
+        /* We want fresh tmpdirs in case service is started again immediately */
+        exec_runtime_destroy(s->exec_runtime);
+        s->exec_runtime = exec_runtime_unref(s->exec_runtime);
+
+        /* Also, remove the runtime directory in */
+        exec_context_destroy_runtime_directory(&s->exec_context, manager_get_runtime_prefix(UNIT(s)->manager));
+
+        /* Try to delete the pid file. At this point it will be
+         * out-of-date, and some software might be confused by it, so
+         * let's remove it. */
+        if (s->pid_file)
+                (void) unlink(s->pid_file);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to run install restart timer: %m");
+        service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES, false);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_stop_post(Service *s, ServiceResult f) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+        unit_watch_all_pids(UNIT(s));
+
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST];
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST;
+
+                r = service_spawn(s,
+                                  s->control_command,
+                                  s->timeout_stop_usec,
+                                  false,
+                                  !s->permissions_start_only,
+                                  !s->root_directory_start_only,
+                                  true,
+                                  true,
+                                  &s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_STOP_POST);
+        } else
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to run 'stop-post' task: %m");
+        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static int state_to_kill_operation(ServiceState state) {
+        switch (state) {
+
+        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT:
+                return KILL_ABORT;
+
+        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM:
+        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM:
+                return KILL_TERMINATE;
+
+        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL:
+        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL:
+                return KILL_KILL;
+
+        default:
+                return _KILL_OPERATION_INVALID;
+        }
+}
+
+static void service_enter_signal(Service *s, ServiceState state, ServiceResult f) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        unit_watch_all_pids(UNIT(s));
+
+        r = unit_kill_context(
+                        UNIT(s),
+                        &s->kill_context,
+                        state_to_kill_operation(state),
+                        s->main_pid,
+                        s->control_pid,
+                        s->main_pid_alien);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (r > 0) {
+                r = service_arm_timer(s, usec_add(now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), s->timeout_stop_usec));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                service_set_state(s, state);
+        } else if (IN_SET(state, SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM) && s->kill_context.send_sigkill)
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+        else if (IN_SET(state, SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL))
+                service_enter_stop_post(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+        else if (state == SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM && s->kill_context.send_sigkill)
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+        else
+                service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS, true);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to kill processes: %m");
+
+        if (IN_SET(state, SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL))
+                service_enter_stop_post(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        else
+                service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES, true);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_stop_by_notify(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        unit_watch_all_pids(UNIT(s));
+
+        service_arm_timer(s, usec_add(now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), s->timeout_stop_usec));
+
+        /* The service told us it's stopping, so it's as if we SIGTERM'd it. */
+        service_set_state(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_stop(Service *s, ServiceResult f) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+        unit_watch_all_pids(UNIT(s));
+
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_STOP];
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_STOP;
+
+                r = service_spawn(s,
+                                  s->control_command,
+                                  s->timeout_stop_usec,
+                                  false,
+                                  !s->permissions_start_only,
+                                  !s->root_directory_start_only,
+                                  false,
+                                  true,
+                                  &s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_STOP);
+        } else
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to run 'stop' task: %m");
+        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static bool service_good(Service *s) {
+        int main_pid_ok;
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->type == SERVICE_DBUS && !s->bus_name_good)
+                return false;
+
+        main_pid_ok = main_pid_good(s);
+        if (main_pid_ok > 0) /* It's alive */
+                return true;
+        if (main_pid_ok == 0) /* It's dead */
+                return false;
+
+        /* OK, we don't know anything about the main PID, maybe
+         * because there is none. Let's check the control group
+         * instead. */
+
+        return cgroup_good(s) != 0;
+}
+
+static void service_enter_running(Service *s, ServiceResult f) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        if (service_good(s)) {
+
+                /* If there are any queued up sd_notify()
+                 * notifications, process them now */
+                if (s->notify_state == NOTIFY_RELOADING)
+                        service_enter_reload_by_notify(s);
+                else if (s->notify_state == NOTIFY_STOPPING)
+                        service_enter_stop_by_notify(s);
+                else {
+                        service_set_state(s, SERVICE_RUNNING);
+                        service_arm_timer(s, usec_add(UNIT(s)->active_enter_timestamp.monotonic, s->runtime_max_usec));
+                }
+
+        } else if (s->remain_after_exit)
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_EXITED);
+        else
+                service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_start_post(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+        service_reset_watchdog(s);
+
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST];
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST;
+
+                r = service_spawn(s,
+                                  s->control_command,
+                                  s->timeout_start_usec,
+                                  false,
+                                  !s->permissions_start_only,
+                                  !s->root_directory_start_only,
+                                  false,
+                                  true,
+                                  &s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_START_POST);
+        } else
+                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to run 'start-post' task: %m");
+        service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void service_kill_control_processes(Service *s) {
+        char *p;
+
+        if (!UNIT(s)->cgroup_path)
+                return;
+
+        p = strjoina(UNIT(s)->cgroup_path, "/control");
+        cg_kill_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, p, SIGKILL, true, true, true, NULL);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_start(Service *s) {
+        ExecCommand *c;
+        usec_t timeout;
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+        service_unwatch_main_pid(s);
+
+        /* We want to ensure that nobody leaks processes from
+         * START_PRE here, so let's go on a killing spree, People
+         * should not spawn long running processes from START_PRE. */
+        service_kill_control_processes(s);
+
+        if (s->type == SERVICE_FORKING) {
+                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_START;
+                c = s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START];
+
+                s->main_command = NULL;
+        } else {
+                s->control_command_id = _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+                s->control_command = NULL;
+
+                c = s->main_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START];
+        }
+
+        if (!c) {
+                assert(s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT);
+                service_enter_start_post(s);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (IN_SET(s->type, SERVICE_SIMPLE, SERVICE_IDLE))
+                /* For simple + idle this is the main process. We don't apply any timeout here, but
+                 * service_enter_running() will later apply the .runtime_max_usec timeout. */
+                timeout = USEC_INFINITY;
+        else
+                timeout = s->timeout_start_usec;
+
+        r = service_spawn(s,
+                          c,
+                          timeout,
+                          true,
+                          true,
+                          true,
+                          true,
+                          false,
+                          &pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (IN_SET(s->type, SERVICE_SIMPLE, SERVICE_IDLE)) {
+                /* For simple services we immediately start
+                 * the START_POST binaries. */
+
+                service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
+                service_enter_start_post(s);
+
+        } else  if (s->type == SERVICE_FORKING) {
+
+                /* For forking services we wait until the start
+                 * process exited. */
+
+                s->control_pid = pid;
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_START);
+
+        } else if (IN_SET(s->type, SERVICE_ONESHOT, SERVICE_DBUS, SERVICE_NOTIFY)) {
+
+                /* For oneshot services we wait until the start
+                 * process exited, too, but it is our main process. */
+
+                /* For D-Bus services we know the main pid right away,
+                 * but wait for the bus name to appear on the
+                 * bus. Notify services are similar. */
+
+                service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_START);
+        } else
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown service type");
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to run 'start' task: %m");
+        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_start_pre(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE];
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                /* Before we start anything, let's clear up what might
+                 * be left from previous runs. */
+                service_kill_control_processes(s);
+
+                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE;
+
+                r = service_spawn(s,
+                                  s->control_command,
+                                  s->timeout_start_usec,
+                                  false,
+                                  !s->permissions_start_only,
+                                  !s->root_directory_start_only,
+                                  true,
+                                  true,
+                                  &s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_START_PRE);
+        } else
+                service_enter_start(s);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to run 'start-pre' task: %m");
+        service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES, true);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_restart(Service *s) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->job && UNIT(s)->job->type == JOB_STOP) {
+                /* Don't restart things if we are going down anyway */
+                log_unit_info(UNIT(s), "Stop job pending for unit, delaying automatic restart.");
+
+                r = service_arm_timer(s, usec_add(now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), s->restart_usec));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                return;
+        }
+
+        /* Any units that are bound to this service must also be
+         * restarted. We use JOB_RESTART (instead of the more obvious
+         * JOB_START) here so that those dependency jobs will be added
+         * as well. */
+        r = manager_add_job(UNIT(s)->manager, JOB_RESTART, UNIT(s), JOB_FAIL, &error, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* Note that we stay in the SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART state here,
+         * it will be canceled as part of the service_stop() call that
+         * is executed as part of JOB_RESTART. */
+
+        log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "Scheduled restart job.");
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Failed to schedule restart job: %s", bus_error_message(&error, -r));
+        service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES, false);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_reload_by_notify(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        service_arm_timer(s, usec_add(now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), s->timeout_start_usec));
+        service_set_state(s, SERVICE_RELOAD);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_reload(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+        s->reload_result = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD];
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD;
+
+                r = service_spawn(s,
+                                  s->control_command,
+                                  s->timeout_start_usec,
+                                  false,
+                                  !s->permissions_start_only,
+                                  !s->root_directory_start_only,
+                                  false,
+                                  true,
+                                  &s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_RELOAD);
+        } else
+                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to run 'reload' task: %m");
+        s->reload_result = SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES;
+        service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+static void service_run_next_control(Service *s) {
+        usec_t timeout;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->control_command);
+        assert(s->control_command->command_next);
+
+        assert(s->control_command_id != SERVICE_EXEC_START);
+
+        s->control_command = s->control_command->command_next;
+        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        if (IN_SET(s->state, SERVICE_START_PRE, SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST, SERVICE_RUNNING, SERVICE_RELOAD))
+                timeout = s->timeout_start_usec;
+        else
+                timeout = s->timeout_stop_usec;
+
+        r = service_spawn(s,
+                          s->control_command,
+                          timeout,
+                          false,
+                          !s->permissions_start_only,
+                          !s->root_directory_start_only,
+                          s->control_command_id == SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE ||
+                          s->control_command_id == SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST,
+                          true,
+                          &s->control_pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to run next control task: %m");
+
+        if (s->state == SERVICE_START_PRE)
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        else if (s->state == SERVICE_STOP)
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        else if (s->state == SERVICE_STOP_POST)
+                service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES, true);
+        else if (s->state == SERVICE_RELOAD) {
+                s->reload_result = SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES;
+                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+        } else
+                service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void service_run_next_main(Service *s) {
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->main_command);
+        assert(s->main_command->command_next);
+        assert(s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT);
+
+        s->main_command = s->main_command->command_next;
+        service_unwatch_main_pid(s);
+
+        r = service_spawn(s,
+                          s->main_command,
+                          s->timeout_start_usec,
+                          true,
+                          true,
+                          true,
+                          true,
+                          false,
+                          &pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to run next main task: %m");
+        service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static int service_start(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* We cannot fulfill this request right now, try again later
+         * please! */
+        if (IN_SET(s->state,
+                   SERVICE_STOP, SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL, SERVICE_STOP_POST,
+                   SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL))
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        /* Already on it! */
+        if (IN_SET(s->state, SERVICE_START_PRE, SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* A service that will be restarted must be stopped first to
+         * trigger BindsTo and/or OnFailure dependencies. If a user
+         * does not want to wait for the holdoff time to elapse, the
+         * service should be manually restarted, not started. We
+         * simply return EAGAIN here, so that any start jobs stay
+         * queued, and assume that the auto restart timer will
+         * eventually trigger the restart. */
+        if (s->state == SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART)
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        assert(IN_SET(s->state, SERVICE_DEAD, SERVICE_FAILED));
+
+        s->result = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+        s->reload_result = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+        s->main_pid_known = false;
+        s->main_pid_alien = false;
+        s->forbid_restart = false;
+        s->reset_cpu_usage = true;
+
+        s->status_text = mfree(s->status_text);
+        s->status_errno = 0;
+
+        s->notify_state = NOTIFY_UNKNOWN;
+
+        service_enter_start_pre(s);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int service_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Don't create restart jobs from manual stops. */
+        s->forbid_restart = true;
+
+        /* Already on it */
+        if (IN_SET(s->state,
+                   SERVICE_STOP, SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL, SERVICE_STOP_POST,
+                   SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* A restart will be scheduled or is in progress. */
+        if (s->state == SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART) {
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_DEAD);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* If there's already something running we go directly into
+         * kill mode. */
+        if (IN_SET(s->state, SERVICE_START_PRE, SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST, SERVICE_RELOAD)) {
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        assert(IN_SET(s->state, SERVICE_RUNNING, SERVICE_EXITED));
+
+        service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int service_reload(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        assert(s->state == SERVICE_RUNNING || s->state == SERVICE_EXITED);
+
+        service_enter_reload(s);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+_pure_ static bool service_can_reload(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        return !!s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD];
+}
+
+static int service_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+        ServiceFDStore *fs;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", service_state_to_string(s->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "result", service_result_to_string(s->result));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "reload-result", service_result_to_string(s->reload_result));
+
+        if (s->control_pid > 0)
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "control-pid", PID_FMT, s->control_pid);
+
+        if (s->main_pid_known && s->main_pid > 0)
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "main-pid", PID_FMT, s->main_pid);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "main-pid-known", yes_no(s->main_pid_known));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "bus-name-good", yes_no(s->bus_name_good));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "bus-name-owner", s->bus_name_owner);
+
+        r = unit_serialize_item_escaped(u, f, "status-text", s->status_text);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* FIXME: There's a minor uncleanliness here: if there are
+         * multiple commands attached here, we will start from the
+         * first one again */
+        if (s->control_command_id >= 0)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "control-command", service_exec_command_to_string(s->control_command_id));
+
+        r = unit_serialize_item_fd(u, f, fds, "stdin-fd", s->stdin_fd);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        r = unit_serialize_item_fd(u, f, fds, "stdout-fd", s->stdout_fd);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        r = unit_serialize_item_fd(u, f, fds, "stderr-fd", s->stderr_fd);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_serialize_item_fd(u, f, fds, "socket-fd", s->socket_fd);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        r = unit_serialize_item_fd(u, f, fds, "endpoint-fd", s->bus_endpoint_fd);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(fd_store, fs, s->fd_store) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *c = NULL;
+                int copy;
+
+                copy = fdset_put_dup(fds, fs->fd);
+                if (copy < 0)
+                        return copy;
+
+                c = cescape(fs->fdname);
+
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "fd-store-fd", "%i %s", copy, strempty(c));
+        }
+
+        if (s->main_exec_status.pid > 0) {
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "main-exec-status-pid", PID_FMT, s->main_exec_status.pid);
+                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "main-exec-status-start", &s->main_exec_status.start_timestamp);
+                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "main-exec-status-exit", &s->main_exec_status.exit_timestamp);
+
+                if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&s->main_exec_status.exit_timestamp)) {
+                        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "main-exec-status-code", "%i", s->main_exec_status.code);
+                        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "main-exec-status-status", "%i", s->main_exec_status.status);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&s->watchdog_timestamp))
+                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "watchdog-timestamp", &s->watchdog_timestamp);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "forbid-restart", yes_no(s->forbid_restart));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                ServiceState state;
+
+                state = service_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse state value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->deserialized_state = state;
+        } else if (streq(key, "result")) {
+                ServiceResult f;
+
+                f = service_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse result value: %s", value);
+                else if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                        s->result = f;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "reload-result")) {
+                ServiceResult f;
+
+                f = service_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse reload result value: %s", value);
+                else if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                        s->reload_result = f;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-pid")) {
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                if (parse_pid(value, &pid) < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse control-pid value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->control_pid = pid;
+        } else if (streq(key, "main-pid")) {
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                if (parse_pid(value, &pid) < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse main-pid value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
+                        unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "main-pid-known")) {
+                int b;
+
+                b = parse_boolean(value);
+                if (b < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse main-pid-known value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->main_pid_known = b;
+        } else if (streq(key, "bus-name-good")) {
+                int b;
+
+                b = parse_boolean(value);
+                if (b < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse bus-name-good value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->bus_name_good = b;
+        } else if (streq(key, "bus-name-owner")) {
+                r = free_and_strdup(&s->bus_name_owner, value);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Unable to deserialize current bus owner %s: %m", value);
+        } else if (streq(key, "status-text")) {
+                char *t;
+
+                r = cunescape(value, 0, &t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug_errno(u, r, "Failed to unescape status text: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        free(s->status_text);
+                        s->status_text = t;
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-command")) {
+                ServiceExecCommand id;
+
+                id = service_exec_command_from_string(value);
+                if (id < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse exec-command value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        s->control_command_id = id;
+                        s->control_command = s->exec_command[id];
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "socket-fd")) {
+                int fd;
+
+                if (safe_atoi(value, &fd) < 0 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse socket-fd value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        asynchronous_close(s->socket_fd);
+                        s->socket_fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "endpoint-fd")) {
+                int fd;
+
+                if (safe_atoi(value, &fd) < 0 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse endpoint-fd value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        safe_close(s->bus_endpoint_fd);
+                        s->bus_endpoint_fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "fd-store-fd")) {
+                const char *fdv;
+                size_t pf;
+                int fd;
+
+                pf = strcspn(value, WHITESPACE);
+                fdv = strndupa(value, pf);
+
+                if (safe_atoi(fdv, &fd) < 0 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse fd-store-fd value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+                        const char *fdn;
+
+                        fdn = value + pf;
+                        fdn += strspn(fdn, WHITESPACE);
+                        (void) cunescape(fdn, 0, &t);
+
+                        r = service_add_fd_store(s, fd, t);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed to add fd to store: %m");
+                        else if (r > 0)
+                                fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "main-exec-status-pid")) {
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                if (parse_pid(value, &pid) < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse main-exec-status-pid value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->main_exec_status.pid = pid;
+        } else if (streq(key, "main-exec-status-code")) {
+                int i;
+
+                if (safe_atoi(value, &i) < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse main-exec-status-code value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->main_exec_status.code = i;
+        } else if (streq(key, "main-exec-status-status")) {
+                int i;
+
+                if (safe_atoi(value, &i) < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse main-exec-status-status value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->main_exec_status.status = i;
+        } else if (streq(key, "main-exec-status-start"))
+                dual_timestamp_deserialize(value, &s->main_exec_status.start_timestamp);
+        else if (streq(key, "main-exec-status-exit"))
+                dual_timestamp_deserialize(value, &s->main_exec_status.exit_timestamp);
+        else if (streq(key, "watchdog-timestamp"))
+                dual_timestamp_deserialize(value, &s->watchdog_timestamp);
+        else if (streq(key, "forbid-restart")) {
+                int b;
+
+                b = parse_boolean(value);
+                if (b < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse forbid-restart value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->forbid_restart = b;
+        } else if (streq(key, "stdin-fd")) {
+                int fd;
+
+                if (safe_atoi(value, &fd) < 0 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse stdin-fd value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        asynchronous_close(s->stdin_fd);
+                        s->stdin_fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                        s->exec_context.stdio_as_fds = true;
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "stdout-fd")) {
+                int fd;
+
+                if (safe_atoi(value, &fd) < 0 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse stdout-fd value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        asynchronous_close(s->stdout_fd);
+                        s->stdout_fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                        s->exec_context.stdio_as_fds = true;
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "stderr-fd")) {
+                int fd;
+
+                if (safe_atoi(value, &fd) < 0 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse stderr-fd value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        asynchronous_close(s->stderr_fd);
+                        s->stderr_fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                        s->exec_context.stdio_as_fds = true;
+                }
+        } else
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Unknown serialization key: %s", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState service_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        const UnitActiveState *table;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        table = SERVICE(u)->type == SERVICE_IDLE ? state_translation_table_idle : state_translation_table;
+
+        return table[SERVICE(u)->state];
+}
+
+static const char *service_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return service_state_to_string(SERVICE(u)->state);
+}
+
+static bool service_check_gc(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Never clean up services that still have a process around,
+         * even if the service is formally dead. */
+        if (cgroup_good(s) > 0 ||
+            main_pid_good(s) > 0 ||
+            control_pid_good(s) > 0)
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int service_retry_pid_file(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s->pid_file);
+        assert(s->state == SERVICE_START || s->state == SERVICE_START_POST);
+
+        r = service_load_pid_file(s, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);
+
+        service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_watch_pid_file(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "Setting watch for PID file %s", s->pid_file_pathspec->path);
+
+        r = path_spec_watch(s->pid_file_pathspec, service_dispatch_io);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* the pidfile might have appeared just before we set the watch */
+        log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "Trying to read PID file %s in case it changed", s->pid_file_pathspec->path);
+        service_retry_pid_file(s);
+
+        return 0;
+fail:
+        log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to set a watch for PID file %s: %m", s->pid_file_pathspec->path);
+        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int service_demand_pid_file(Service *s) {
+        PathSpec *ps;
+
+        assert(s->pid_file);
+        assert(!s->pid_file_pathspec);
+
+        ps = new0(PathSpec, 1);
+        if (!ps)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        ps->unit = UNIT(s);
+        ps->path = strdup(s->pid_file);
+        if (!ps->path) {
+                free(ps);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        path_kill_slashes(ps->path);
+
+        /* PATH_CHANGED would not be enough. There are daemons (sendmail) that
+         * keep their PID file open all the time. */
+        ps->type = PATH_MODIFIED;
+        ps->inotify_fd = -1;
+
+        s->pid_file_pathspec = ps;
+
+        return service_watch_pid_file(s);
+}
+
+static int service_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t events, void *userdata) {
+        PathSpec *p = userdata;
+        Service *s;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        s = SERVICE(p->unit);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(s->state == SERVICE_START || s->state == SERVICE_START_POST);
+        assert(s->pid_file_pathspec);
+        assert(path_spec_owns_inotify_fd(s->pid_file_pathspec, fd));
+
+        log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "inotify event");
+
+        if (path_spec_fd_event(p, events) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (service_retry_pid_file(s) == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (service_watch_pid_file(s) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);
+        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void service_notify_cgroup_empty_event(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        log_unit_debug(u, "cgroup is empty");
+
+        switch (s->state) {
+
+                /* Waiting for SIGCHLD is usually more interesting,
+                 * because it includes return codes/signals. Which is
+                 * why we ignore the cgroup events for most cases,
+                 * except when we don't know pid which to expect the
+                 * SIGCHLD for. */
+
+        case SERVICE_START:
+        case SERVICE_START_POST:
+                /* If we were hoping for the daemon to write its PID file,
+                 * we can give up now. */
+                if (s->pid_file_pathspec) {
+                        log_unit_warning(u, "Daemon never wrote its PID file. Failing.");
+
+                        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);
+                        if (s->state == SERVICE_START)
+                                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+                        else
+                                service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_RUNNING:
+                /* service_enter_running() will figure out what to do */
+                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT:
+        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM:
+        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL:
+
+                if (main_pid_good(s) <= 0 && !control_pid_good(s))
+                        service_enter_stop_post(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_STOP_POST:
+        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM:
+        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL:
+                if (main_pid_good(s) <= 0 && !control_pid_good(s))
+                        service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS, true);
+
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                ;
+        }
+}
+
+static void service_sigchld_event(Unit *u, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+        ServiceResult f;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(pid >= 0);
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->fragment_path ? is_clean_exit(code, status, &s->success_status) :
+                                     is_clean_exit_lsb(code, status, &s->success_status))
+                f = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+        else if (code == CLD_EXITED)
+                f = SERVICE_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE;
+        else if (code == CLD_KILLED)
+                f = SERVICE_FAILURE_SIGNAL;
+        else if (code == CLD_DUMPED)
+                f = SERVICE_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP;
+        else
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown code");
+
+        if (s->main_pid == pid) {
+                /* Forking services may occasionally move to a new PID.
+                 * As long as they update the PID file before exiting the old
+                 * PID, they're fine. */
+                if (service_load_pid_file(s, false) == 0)
+                        return;
+
+                s->main_pid = 0;
+                exec_status_exit(&s->main_exec_status, &s->exec_context, pid, code, status);
+
+                if (s->main_command) {
+                        /* If this is not a forking service than the
+                         * main process got started and hence we copy
+                         * the exit status so that it is recorded both
+                         * as main and as control process exit
+                         * status */
+
+                        s->main_command->exec_status = s->main_exec_status;
+
+                        if (s->main_command->ignore)
+                                f = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+                } else if (s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]) {
+
+                        /* If this is a forked process, then we should
+                         * ignore the return value if this was
+                         * configured for the starter process */
+
+                        if (s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]->ignore)
+                                f = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+                }
+
+                log_struct(f == SERVICE_SUCCESS ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_NOTICE,
+                           LOG_UNIT_ID(u),
+                           LOG_UNIT_MESSAGE(u, "Main process exited, code=%s, status=%i/%s",
+                                            sigchld_code_to_string(code), status,
+                                            strna(code == CLD_EXITED
+                                                  ? exit_status_to_string(status, EXIT_STATUS_FULL)
+                                                  : signal_to_string(status))),
+                           "EXIT_CODE=%s", sigchld_code_to_string(code),
+                           "EXIT_STATUS=%i", status,
+                           NULL);
+
+                if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                        s->result = f;
+
+                if (s->main_command &&
+                    s->main_command->command_next &&
+                    f == SERVICE_SUCCESS) {
+
+                        /* There is another command to *
+                         * execute, so let's do that. */
+
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Running next main command for state %s.", service_state_to_string(s->state));
+                        service_run_next_main(s);
+
+                } else {
+
+                        /* The service exited, so the service is officially
+                         * gone. */
+                        s->main_command = NULL;
+
+                        switch (s->state) {
+
+                        case SERVICE_START_POST:
+                        case SERVICE_RELOAD:
+                        case SERVICE_STOP:
+                                /* Need to wait until the operation is
+                                 * done */
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_START:
+                                if (s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT) {
+                                        /* This was our main goal, so let's go on */
+                                        if (f == SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                                                service_enter_start_post(s);
+                                        else
+                                                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, f);
+                                        break;
+                                }
+
+                                /* Fall through */
+
+                        case SERVICE_RUNNING:
+                                service_enter_running(s, f);
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT:
+                        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM:
+                        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL:
+
+                                if (!control_pid_good(s))
+                                        service_enter_stop_post(s, f);
+
+                                /* If there is still a control process, wait for that first */
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_STOP_POST:
+                        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM:
+                        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL:
+
+                                if (!control_pid_good(s))
+                                        service_enter_dead(s, f, true);
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                assert_not_reached("Uh, main process died at wrong time.");
+                        }
+                }
+
+        } else if (s->control_pid == pid) {
+                s->control_pid = 0;
+
+                if (s->control_command) {
+                        exec_status_exit(&s->control_command->exec_status, &s->exec_context, pid, code, status);
+
+                        if (s->control_command->ignore)
+                                f = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+                }
+
+                log_unit_full(u, f == SERVICE_SUCCESS ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_NOTICE, 0,
+                              "Control process exited, code=%s status=%i",
+                              sigchld_code_to_string(code), status);
+
+                if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                        s->result = f;
+
+                /* Immediately get rid of the cgroup, so that the
+                 * kernel doesn't delay the cgroup empty messages for
+                 * the service cgroup any longer than necessary */
+                service_kill_control_processes(s);
+
+                if (s->control_command &&
+                    s->control_command->command_next &&
+                    f == SERVICE_SUCCESS) {
+
+                        /* There is another command to *
+                         * execute, so let's do that. */
+
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Running next control command for state %s.", service_state_to_string(s->state));
+                        service_run_next_control(s);
+
+                } else {
+                        /* No further commands for this step, so let's
+                         * figure out what to do next */
+
+                        s->control_command = NULL;
+                        s->control_command_id = _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Got final SIGCHLD for state %s.", service_state_to_string(s->state));
+
+                        switch (s->state) {
+
+                        case SERVICE_START_PRE:
+                                if (f == SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                                        service_enter_start(s);
+                                else
+                                        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, f);
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_START:
+                                if (s->type != SERVICE_FORKING)
+                                        /* Maybe spurious event due to a reload that changed the type? */
+                                        break;
+
+                                if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS) {
+                                        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, f);
+                                        break;
+                                }
+
+                                if (s->pid_file) {
+                                        bool has_start_post;
+                                        int r;
+
+                                        /* Let's try to load the pid file here if we can.
+                                         * The PID file might actually be created by a START_POST
+                                         * script. In that case don't worry if the loading fails. */
+
+                                        has_start_post = !!s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST];
+                                        r = service_load_pid_file(s, !has_start_post);
+                                        if (!has_start_post && r < 0) {
+                                                r = service_demand_pid_file(s);
+                                                if (r < 0 || !cgroup_good(s))
+                                                        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+                                                break;
+                                        }
+                                } else
+                                        (void) service_search_main_pid(s);
+
+                                service_enter_start_post(s);
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_START_POST:
+                                if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS) {
+                                        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, f);
+                                        break;
+                                }
+
+                                if (s->pid_file) {
+                                        int r;
+
+                                        r = service_load_pid_file(s, true);
+                                        if (r < 0) {
+                                                r = service_demand_pid_file(s);
+                                                if (r < 0 || !cgroup_good(s))
+                                                        service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+                                                break;
+                                        }
+                                } else
+                                        (void) service_search_main_pid(s);
+
+                                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_RELOAD:
+                                if (f == SERVICE_SUCCESS) {
+                                        service_load_pid_file(s, true);
+                                        (void) service_search_main_pid(s);
+                                }
+
+                                s->reload_result = f;
+                                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_STOP:
+                                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, f);
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT:
+                        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM:
+                        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL:
+                                if (main_pid_good(s) <= 0)
+                                        service_enter_stop_post(s, f);
+
+                                /* If there is still a service
+                                 * process around, wait until
+                                 * that one quit, too */
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_STOP_POST:
+                        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM:
+                        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL:
+                                if (main_pid_good(s) <= 0)
+                                        service_enter_dead(s, f, true);
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                assert_not_reached("Uh, control process died at wrong time.");
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Notify clients about changed exit status */
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+
+        /* We got one SIGCHLD for the service, let's watch all
+         * processes that are now running of the service, and watch
+         * that. Among the PIDs we then watch will be children
+         * reassigned to us, which hopefully allows us to identify
+         * when all children are gone */
+        unit_tidy_watch_pids(u, s->main_pid, s->control_pid);
+        unit_watch_all_pids(u);
+
+        /* If the PID set is empty now, then let's finish this off */
+        if (set_isempty(u->pids))
+                service_notify_cgroup_empty_event(u);
+}
+
+static int service_dispatch_timer(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(userdata);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(source == s->timer_event_source);
+
+        switch (s->state) {
+
+        case SERVICE_START_PRE:
+        case SERVICE_START:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "%s operation timed out. Terminating.", s->state == SERVICE_START ? "Start" : "Start-pre");
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_START_POST:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Start-post operation timed out. Stopping.");
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_RUNNING:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Service reached runtime time limit. Stopping.");
+                service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_RELOAD:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Reload operation timed out. Killing reload process.");
+                service_kill_control_processes(s);
+                s->reload_result = SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT;
+                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_STOP:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Stopping timed out. Terminating.");
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "State 'stop-sigabrt' timed out. Terminating.");
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM:
+                if (s->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "State 'stop-sigterm' timed out. Killing.");
+                        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "State 'stop-sigterm' timed out. Skipping SIGKILL.");
+                        service_enter_stop_post(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL:
+                /* Uh, we sent a SIGKILL and it is still not gone?
+                 * Must be something we cannot kill, so let's just be
+                 * weirded out and continue */
+
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Processes still around after SIGKILL. Ignoring.");
+                service_enter_stop_post(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_STOP_POST:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "State 'stop-post' timed out. Terminating.");
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM:
+                if (s->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "State 'stop-final-sigterm' timed out. Killing.");
+                        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "State 'stop-final-sigterm' timed out. Skipping SIGKILL. Entering failed mode.");
+                        service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT, false);
+                }
+
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Processes still around after final SIGKILL. Entering failed mode.");
+                service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT, true);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART:
+                log_unit_info(UNIT(s),
+                              s->restart_usec > 0 ?
+                              "Service hold-off time over, scheduling restart." :
+                              "Service has no hold-off time, scheduling restart.");
+                service_enter_restart(s);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Timeout at wrong time.");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_dispatch_watchdog(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(userdata);
+        char t[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(source == s->watchdog_event_source);
+
+        log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Watchdog timeout (limit %s)!",
+                       format_timespan(t, sizeof(t), s->watchdog_usec, 1));
+
+        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT, SERVICE_FAILURE_WATCHDOG);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void service_notify_message(Unit *u, pid_t pid, char **tags, FDSet *fds) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+        _cleanup_free_ char *cc = NULL;
+        bool notify_dbus = false;
+        const char *e;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        cc = strv_join(tags, ", ");
+
+        if (s->notify_access == NOTIFY_NONE) {
+                log_unit_warning(u, "Got notification message from PID "PID_FMT", but reception is disabled.", pid);
+                return;
+        } else if (s->notify_access == NOTIFY_MAIN && pid != s->main_pid) {
+                if (s->main_pid != 0)
+                        log_unit_warning(u, "Got notification message from PID "PID_FMT", but reception only permitted for main PID "PID_FMT, pid, s->main_pid);
+                else
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Got notification message from PID "PID_FMT", but reception only permitted for main PID which is currently not known", pid);
+                return;
+        } else
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Got notification message from PID "PID_FMT" (%s)", pid, isempty(cc) ? "n/a" : cc);
+
+        /* Interpret MAINPID= */
+        e = strv_find_startswith(tags, "MAINPID=");
+        if (e && IN_SET(s->state, SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST, SERVICE_RUNNING, SERVICE_RELOAD)) {
+                if (parse_pid(e, &pid) < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning(u, "Failed to parse MAINPID= field in notification message: %s", e);
+                else {
+                        service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
+                        unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
+                        notify_dbus = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Interpret RELOADING= */
+        if (strv_find(tags, "RELOADING=1")) {
+
+                s->notify_state = NOTIFY_RELOADING;
+
+                if (s->state == SERVICE_RUNNING)
+                        service_enter_reload_by_notify(s);
+
+                notify_dbus = true;
+        }
+
+        /* Interpret READY= */
+        if (strv_find(tags, "READY=1")) {
+
+                s->notify_state = NOTIFY_READY;
+
+                /* Type=notify services inform us about completed
+                 * initialization with READY=1 */
+                if (s->type == SERVICE_NOTIFY && s->state == SERVICE_START)
+                        service_enter_start_post(s);
+
+                /* Sending READY=1 while we are reloading informs us
+                 * that the reloading is complete */
+                if (s->state == SERVICE_RELOAD && s->control_pid == 0)
+                        service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+
+                notify_dbus = true;
+        }
+
+        /* Interpret STOPPING= */
+        if (strv_find(tags, "STOPPING=1")) {
+
+                s->notify_state = NOTIFY_STOPPING;
+
+                if (s->state == SERVICE_RUNNING)
+                        service_enter_stop_by_notify(s);
+
+                notify_dbus = true;
+        }
+
+        /* Interpret STATUS= */
+        e = strv_find_startswith(tags, "STATUS=");
+        if (e) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+
+                if (!isempty(e)) {
+                        if (!utf8_is_valid(e))
+                                log_unit_warning(u, "Status message in notification message is not UTF-8 clean.");
+                        else {
+                                t = strdup(e);
+                                if (!t)
+                                        log_oom();
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (!streq_ptr(s->status_text, t)) {
+
+                        free(s->status_text);
+                        s->status_text = t;
+                        t = NULL;
+
+                        notify_dbus = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Interpret ERRNO= */
+        e = strv_find_startswith(tags, "ERRNO=");
+        if (e) {
+                int status_errno;
+
+                if (safe_atoi(e, &status_errno) < 0 || status_errno < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning(u, "Failed to parse ERRNO= field in notification message: %s", e);
+                else {
+                        if (s->status_errno != status_errno) {
+                                s->status_errno = status_errno;
+                                notify_dbus = true;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Interpret WATCHDOG= */
+        if (strv_find(tags, "WATCHDOG=1"))
+                service_reset_watchdog(s);
+
+        if (strv_find(tags, "FDSTORE=1")) {
+                const char *name;
+
+                name = strv_find_startswith(tags, "FDNAME=");
+                if (name && !fdname_is_valid(name)) {
+                        log_unit_warning(u, "Passed FDNAME= name is invalid, ignoring.");
+                        name = NULL;
+                }
+
+                service_add_fd_store_set(s, fds, name);
+        }
+
+        /* Notify clients about changed status or main pid */
+        if (notify_dbus)
+                unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+}
+
+static int service_get_timeout(Unit *u, usec_t *timeout) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+        uint64_t t;
+        int r;
+
+        if (!s->timer_event_source)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_event_source_get_time(s->timer_event_source, &t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (t == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+
+        *timeout = t;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static void service_bus_name_owner_change(
+                Unit *u,
+                const char *name,
+                const char *old_owner,
+                const char *new_owner) {
+
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(name);
+
+        assert(streq(s->bus_name, name));
+        assert(old_owner || new_owner);
+
+        if (old_owner && new_owner)
+                log_unit_debug(u, "D-Bus name %s changed owner from %s to %s", name, old_owner, new_owner);
+        else if (old_owner)
+                log_unit_debug(u, "D-Bus name %s no longer registered by %s", name, old_owner);
+        else
+                log_unit_debug(u, "D-Bus name %s now registered by %s", name, new_owner);
+
+        s->bus_name_good = !!new_owner;
+
+        /* Track the current owner, so we can reconstruct changes after a daemon reload */
+        r = free_and_strdup(&s->bus_name_owner, new_owner);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Unable to set new bus name owner %s: %m", new_owner);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (s->type == SERVICE_DBUS) {
+
+                /* service_enter_running() will figure out what to
+                 * do */
+                if (s->state == SERVICE_RUNNING)
+                        service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+                else if (s->state == SERVICE_START && new_owner)
+                        service_enter_start_post(s);
+
+        } else if (new_owner &&
+                   s->main_pid <= 0 &&
+                   (s->state == SERVICE_START ||
+                    s->state == SERVICE_START_POST ||
+                    s->state == SERVICE_RUNNING ||
+                    s->state == SERVICE_RELOAD)) {
+
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_creds_unrefp) sd_bus_creds *creds = NULL;
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                /* Try to acquire PID from bus service */
+
+                r = sd_bus_get_name_creds(u->manager->api_bus, name, SD_BUS_CREDS_PID, &creds);
+                if (r >= 0)
+                        r = sd_bus_creds_get_pid(creds, &pid);
+                if (r >= 0) {
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "D-Bus name %s is now owned by process %u", name, (unsigned) pid);
+
+                        service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
+                        unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+int service_set_socket_fd(Service *s, int fd, Socket *sock, bool selinux_context_net) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *peer = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        /* This is called by the socket code when instantiating a new
+         * service for a stream socket and the socket needs to be
+         * configured. */
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (s->socket_fd >= 0)
+                return -EBUSY;
+
+        if (s->state != SERVICE_DEAD)
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        if (getpeername_pretty(fd, true, &peer) >= 0) {
+
+                if (UNIT(s)->description) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *a;
+
+                        a = strjoin(UNIT(s)->description, " (", peer, ")", NULL);
+                        if (!a)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        r = unit_set_description(UNIT(s), a);
+                }  else
+                        r = unit_set_description(UNIT(s), peer);
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        s->socket_fd = fd;
+        s->socket_fd_selinux_context_net = selinux_context_net;
+
+        unit_ref_set(&s->accept_socket, UNIT(sock));
+
+        return unit_add_two_dependencies(UNIT(sock), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, UNIT(s), false);
+}
+
+static void service_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->state == SERVICE_FAILED)
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_DEAD);
+
+        s->result = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+        s->reload_result = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int service_kill(Unit *u, KillWho who, int signo, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        return unit_kill_common(u, who, signo, s->main_pid, s->control_pid, error);
+}
+
+static const char* const service_restart_table[_SERVICE_RESTART_MAX] = {
+        [SERVICE_RESTART_NO] = "no",
+        [SERVICE_RESTART_ON_SUCCESS] = "on-success",
+        [SERVICE_RESTART_ON_FAILURE] = "on-failure",
+        [SERVICE_RESTART_ON_ABNORMAL] = "on-abnormal",
+        [SERVICE_RESTART_ON_WATCHDOG] = "on-watchdog",
+        [SERVICE_RESTART_ON_ABORT] = "on-abort",
+        [SERVICE_RESTART_ALWAYS] = "always",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(service_restart, ServiceRestart);
+
+static const char* const service_type_table[_SERVICE_TYPE_MAX] = {
+        [SERVICE_SIMPLE] = "simple",
+        [SERVICE_FORKING] = "forking",
+        [SERVICE_ONESHOT] = "oneshot",
+        [SERVICE_DBUS] = "dbus",
+        [SERVICE_NOTIFY] = "notify",
+        [SERVICE_IDLE] = "idle"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(service_type, ServiceType);
+
+static const char* const service_exec_command_table[_SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX] = {
+        [SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE] = "ExecStartPre",
+        [SERVICE_EXEC_START] = "ExecStart",
+        [SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST] = "ExecStartPost",
+        [SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD] = "ExecReload",
+        [SERVICE_EXEC_STOP] = "ExecStop",
+        [SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST] = "ExecStopPost",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(service_exec_command, ServiceExecCommand);
+
+static const char* const notify_access_table[_NOTIFY_ACCESS_MAX] = {
+        [NOTIFY_NONE] = "none",
+        [NOTIFY_MAIN] = "main",
+        [NOTIFY_ALL] = "all"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(notify_access, NotifyAccess);
+
+static const char* const notify_state_table[_NOTIFY_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [NOTIFY_UNKNOWN] = "unknown",
+        [NOTIFY_READY] = "ready",
+        [NOTIFY_RELOADING] = "reloading",
+        [NOTIFY_STOPPING] = "stopping",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(notify_state, NotifyState);
+
+static const char* const service_result_table[_SERVICE_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [SERVICE_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources",
+        [SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT] = "timeout",
+        [SERVICE_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE] = "exit-code",
+        [SERVICE_FAILURE_SIGNAL] = "signal",
+        [SERVICE_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP] = "core-dump",
+        [SERVICE_FAILURE_WATCHDOG] = "watchdog",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(service_result, ServiceResult);
+
+const UnitVTable service_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Service),
+        .exec_context_offset = offsetof(Service, exec_context),
+        .cgroup_context_offset = offsetof(Service, cgroup_context),
+        .kill_context_offset = offsetof(Service, kill_context),
+        .exec_runtime_offset = offsetof(Service, exec_runtime),
+
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Service\0"
+                "Install\0",
+        .private_section = "Service",
+
+        .init = service_init,
+        .done = service_done,
+        .load = service_load,
+        .release_resources = service_release_resources,
+
+        .coldplug = service_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = service_dump,
+
+        .start = service_start,
+        .stop = service_stop,
+        .reload = service_reload,
+
+        .can_reload = service_can_reload,
+
+        .kill = service_kill,
+
+        .serialize = service_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = service_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = service_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = service_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .check_gc = service_check_gc,
+
+        .sigchld_event = service_sigchld_event,
+
+        .reset_failed = service_reset_failed,
+
+        .notify_cgroup_empty = service_notify_cgroup_empty_event,
+        .notify_message = service_notify_message,
+
+        .bus_name_owner_change = service_bus_name_owner_change,
+
+        .bus_vtable = bus_service_vtable,
+        .bus_set_property = bus_service_set_property,
+        .bus_commit_properties = bus_service_commit_properties,
+
+        .get_timeout = service_get_timeout,
+        .can_transient = true,
+
+        .status_message_formats = {
+                .starting_stopping = {
+                        [0] = "Starting %s...",
+                        [1] = "Stopping %s...",
+                },
+                .finished_start_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Started %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed to start %s.",
+                },
+                .finished_stop_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Stopped %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Stopped (with error) %s.",
+                },
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/service.h b/src/libcore/service.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d342e000bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/service.h
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Service Service;
+typedef struct ServiceFDStore ServiceFDStore;
+
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "kill.h"
+#include "path.h"
+#include "ratelimit.h"
+
+typedef enum ServiceRestart {
+        SERVICE_RESTART_NO,
+        SERVICE_RESTART_ON_SUCCESS,
+        SERVICE_RESTART_ON_FAILURE,
+        SERVICE_RESTART_ON_ABNORMAL,
+        SERVICE_RESTART_ON_WATCHDOG,
+        SERVICE_RESTART_ON_ABORT,
+        SERVICE_RESTART_ALWAYS,
+        _SERVICE_RESTART_MAX,
+        _SERVICE_RESTART_INVALID = -1
+} ServiceRestart;
+
+typedef enum ServiceType {
+        SERVICE_SIMPLE,   /* we fork and go on right-away (i.e. modern socket activated daemons) */
+        SERVICE_FORKING,  /* forks by itself (i.e. traditional daemons) */
+        SERVICE_ONESHOT,  /* we fork and wait until the program finishes (i.e. programs like fsck which run and need to finish before we continue) */
+        SERVICE_DBUS,     /* we fork and wait until a specific D-Bus name appears on the bus */
+        SERVICE_NOTIFY,   /* we fork and wait until a daemon sends us a ready message with sd_notify() */
+        SERVICE_IDLE,     /* much like simple, but delay exec() until all jobs are dispatched. */
+        _SERVICE_TYPE_MAX,
+        _SERVICE_TYPE_INVALID = -1
+} ServiceType;
+
+typedef enum ServiceExecCommand {
+        SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE,
+        SERVICE_EXEC_START,
+        SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST,
+        SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD,
+        SERVICE_EXEC_STOP,
+        SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST,
+        _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX,
+        _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID = -1
+} ServiceExecCommand;
+
+typedef enum NotifyAccess {
+        NOTIFY_NONE,
+        NOTIFY_ALL,
+        NOTIFY_MAIN,
+        _NOTIFY_ACCESS_MAX,
+        _NOTIFY_ACCESS_INVALID = -1
+} NotifyAccess;
+
+typedef enum NotifyState {
+        NOTIFY_UNKNOWN,
+        NOTIFY_READY,
+        NOTIFY_RELOADING,
+        NOTIFY_STOPPING,
+        _NOTIFY_STATE_MAX,
+        _NOTIFY_STATE_INVALID = -1
+} NotifyState;
+
+typedef enum ServiceResult {
+        SERVICE_SUCCESS,
+        SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES,
+        SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT,
+        SERVICE_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE,
+        SERVICE_FAILURE_SIGNAL,
+        SERVICE_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP,
+        SERVICE_FAILURE_WATCHDOG,
+        _SERVICE_RESULT_MAX,
+        _SERVICE_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} ServiceResult;
+
+struct ServiceFDStore {
+        Service *service;
+
+        int fd;
+        char *fdname;
+        sd_event_source *event_source;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(ServiceFDStore, fd_store);
+};
+
+struct Service {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        ServiceType type;
+        ServiceRestart restart;
+        ExitStatusSet restart_prevent_status;
+        ExitStatusSet restart_force_status;
+        ExitStatusSet success_status;
+
+        /* If set we'll read the main daemon PID from this file */
+        char *pid_file;
+
+        usec_t restart_usec;
+        usec_t timeout_start_usec;
+        usec_t timeout_stop_usec;
+        usec_t runtime_max_usec;
+
+        dual_timestamp watchdog_timestamp;
+        usec_t watchdog_usec;
+        sd_event_source *watchdog_event_source;
+
+        ExecCommand* exec_command[_SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX];
+
+        ExecContext exec_context;
+        KillContext kill_context;
+        CGroupContext cgroup_context;
+
+        ServiceState state, deserialized_state;
+
+        /* The exit status of the real main process */
+        ExecStatus main_exec_status;
+
+        /* The currently executed control process */
+        ExecCommand *control_command;
+
+        /* The currently executed main process, which may be NULL if
+         * the main process got started via forking mode and not by
+         * us */
+        ExecCommand *main_command;
+
+        /* The ID of the control command currently being executed */
+        ServiceExecCommand control_command_id;
+
+        /* Runtime data of the execution context */
+        ExecRuntime *exec_runtime;
+
+        pid_t main_pid, control_pid;
+        int socket_fd;
+        bool socket_fd_selinux_context_net;
+
+        int bus_endpoint_fd;
+
+        bool permissions_start_only;
+        bool root_directory_start_only;
+        bool remain_after_exit;
+        bool guess_main_pid;
+
+        /* If we shut down, remember why */
+        ServiceResult result;
+        ServiceResult reload_result;
+
+        bool main_pid_known:1;
+        bool main_pid_alien:1;
+        bool bus_name_good:1;
+        bool forbid_restart:1;
+        bool start_timeout_defined:1;
+
+        bool reset_cpu_usage:1;
+
+        char *bus_name;
+        char *bus_name_owner; /* unique name of the current owner */
+
+        char *status_text;
+        int status_errno;
+
+        FailureAction failure_action;
+
+        UnitRef accept_socket;
+
+        sd_event_source *timer_event_source;
+        PathSpec *pid_file_pathspec;
+
+        NotifyAccess notify_access;
+        NotifyState notify_state;
+
+        ServiceFDStore *fd_store;
+        unsigned n_fd_store;
+        unsigned n_fd_store_max;
+
+        char *usb_function_descriptors;
+        char *usb_function_strings;
+
+        int stdin_fd;
+        int stdout_fd;
+        int stderr_fd;
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable service_vtable;
+
+int service_set_socket_fd(Service *s, int fd, struct Socket *socket, bool selinux_context_net);
+
+const char* service_restart_to_string(ServiceRestart i) _const_;
+ServiceRestart service_restart_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* service_type_to_string(ServiceType i) _const_;
+ServiceType service_type_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* service_exec_command_to_string(ServiceExecCommand i) _const_;
+ServiceExecCommand service_exec_command_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* notify_access_to_string(NotifyAccess i) _const_;
+NotifyAccess notify_access_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* notify_state_to_string(NotifyState i) _const_;
+NotifyState notify_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* service_result_to_string(ServiceResult i) _const_;
+ServiceResult service_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libcore/show-status.c b/src/libcore/show-status.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59ebdc7219
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/show-status.c
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "io-util.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "show-status.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+int parse_show_status(const char *v, ShowStatus *ret) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(v);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (streq(v, "auto")) {
+                *ret = SHOW_STATUS_AUTO;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = parse_boolean(v);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret = r ? SHOW_STATUS_YES : SHOW_STATUS_NO;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int status_vprintf(const char *status, bool ellipse, bool ephemeral, const char *format, va_list ap) {
+        static const char status_indent[] = "         "; /* "[" STATUS "] " */
+        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        struct iovec iovec[6] = {};
+        int n = 0;
+        static bool prev_ephemeral;
+
+        assert(format);
+
+        /* This is independent of logging, as status messages are
+         * optional and go exclusively to the console. */
+
+        if (vasprintf(&s, format, ap) < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        fd = open_terminal("/dev/console", O_WRONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        if (ellipse) {
+                char *e;
+                size_t emax, sl;
+                int c;
+
+                c = fd_columns(fd);
+                if (c <= 0)
+                        c = 80;
+
+                sl = status ? sizeof(status_indent)-1 : 0;
+
+                emax = c - sl - 1;
+                if (emax < 3)
+                        emax = 3;
+
+                e = ellipsize(s, emax, 50);
+                if (e) {
+                        free(s);
+                        s = e;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (prev_ephemeral)
+                IOVEC_SET_STRING(iovec[n++], "\r" ANSI_ERASE_TO_END_OF_LINE);
+        prev_ephemeral = ephemeral;
+
+        if (status) {
+                if (!isempty(status)) {
+                        IOVEC_SET_STRING(iovec[n++], "[");
+                        IOVEC_SET_STRING(iovec[n++], status);
+                        IOVEC_SET_STRING(iovec[n++], "] ");
+                } else
+                        IOVEC_SET_STRING(iovec[n++], status_indent);
+        }
+
+        IOVEC_SET_STRING(iovec[n++], s);
+        if (!ephemeral)
+                IOVEC_SET_STRING(iovec[n++], "\n");
+
+        if (writev(fd, iovec, n) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int status_printf(const char *status, bool ellipse, bool ephemeral, const char *format, ...) {
+        va_list ap;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(format);
+
+        va_start(ap, format);
+        r = status_vprintf(status, ellipse, ephemeral, format, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/show-status.h b/src/libcore/show-status.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a29e72645
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/show-status.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+
+/* Manager status */
+
+typedef enum ShowStatus {
+        _SHOW_STATUS_UNSET = -2,
+        SHOW_STATUS_AUTO = -1,
+        SHOW_STATUS_NO = 0,
+        SHOW_STATUS_YES = 1,
+        SHOW_STATUS_TEMPORARY = 2,
+} ShowStatus;
+
+int parse_show_status(const char *v, ShowStatus *ret);
+
+int status_vprintf(const char *status, bool ellipse, bool ephemeral, const char *format, va_list ap) _printf_(4,0);
+int status_printf(const char *status, bool ellipse, bool ephemeral, const char *format, ...) _printf_(4,5);
diff --git a/src/libcore/shutdown.c b/src/libcore/shutdown.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6296b4c94a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/shutdown.c
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 ProFUSION embedded systems
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <linux/reboot.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/reboot.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "killall.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "switch-root.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "umount.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+#include "watchdog.h"
+
+#define FINALIZE_ATTEMPTS 50
+
+static char* arg_verb;
+static uint8_t arg_exit_code;
+
+static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        enum {
+                ARG_LOG_LEVEL = 0x100,
+                ARG_LOG_TARGET,
+                ARG_LOG_COLOR,
+                ARG_LOG_LOCATION,
+                ARG_EXIT_CODE,
+        };
+
+        static const struct option options[] = {
+                { "log-level",     required_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_LEVEL    },
+                { "log-target",    required_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_TARGET   },
+                { "log-color",     optional_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_COLOR    },
+                { "log-location",  optional_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_LOCATION },
+                { "exit-code",     required_argument, NULL, ARG_EXIT_CODE    },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        int c, r;
+
+        assert(argc >= 1);
+        assert(argv);
+
+        /* "-" prevents getopt from permuting argv[] and moving the verb away
+         * from argv[1]. Our interface to initrd promises it'll be there. */
+        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "-", options, NULL)) >= 0)
+                switch (c) {
+
+                case ARG_LOG_LEVEL:
+                        r = log_set_max_level_from_string(optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_error("Failed to parse log level %s, ignoring.", optarg);
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_LOG_TARGET:
+                        r = log_set_target_from_string(optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_error("Failed to parse log target %s, ignoring", optarg);
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_LOG_COLOR:
+
+                        if (optarg) {
+                                r = log_show_color_from_string(optarg);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        log_error("Failed to parse log color setting %s, ignoring", optarg);
+                        } else
+                                log_show_color(true);
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_LOG_LOCATION:
+                        if (optarg) {
+                                r = log_show_location_from_string(optarg);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        log_error("Failed to parse log location setting %s, ignoring", optarg);
+                        } else
+                                log_show_location(true);
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_EXIT_CODE:
+                        r = safe_atou8(optarg, &arg_exit_code);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_error("Failed to parse exit code %s, ignoring", optarg);
+
+                        break;
+
+                case '\001':
+                        if (!arg_verb)
+                                arg_verb = optarg;
+                        else
+                                log_error("Excess arguments, ignoring");
+                        break;
+
+                case '?':
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option code.");
+                }
+
+        if (!arg_verb) {
+                log_error("Verb argument missing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int switch_root_initramfs(void) {
+        if (mount("/run/initramfs", "/run/initramfs", NULL, MS_BIND, NULL) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to mount bind /run/initramfs on /run/initramfs: %m");
+
+        if (mount(NULL, "/run/initramfs", NULL, MS_PRIVATE, NULL) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to make /run/initramfs private mount: %m");
+
+        /* switch_root with MS_BIND, because there might still be processes lurking around, which have open file descriptors.
+         * /run/initramfs/shutdown will take care of these.
+         * Also do not detach the old root, because /run/initramfs/shutdown needs to access it.
+         */
+        return switch_root("/run/initramfs", "/oldroot", false, MS_BIND);
+}
+
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        bool need_umount, need_swapoff, need_loop_detach, need_dm_detach;
+        bool in_container, use_watchdog = false;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *cgroup = NULL;
+        char *arguments[3];
+        unsigned retries;
+        int cmd, r;
+        static const char* const dirs[] = {SYSTEM_SHUTDOWN_PATH, NULL};
+
+        log_parse_environment();
+        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto error;
+
+        /* journald will die if not gone yet. The log target defaults
+         * to console, but may have been changed by command line options. */
+
+        log_close_console(); /* force reopen of /dev/console */
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        if (getpid() != 1) {
+                log_error("Not executed by init (PID 1).");
+                r = -EPERM;
+                goto error;
+        }
+
+        if (streq(arg_verb, "reboot"))
+                cmd = RB_AUTOBOOT;
+        else if (streq(arg_verb, "poweroff"))
+                cmd = RB_POWER_OFF;
+        else if (streq(arg_verb, "halt"))
+                cmd = RB_HALT_SYSTEM;
+        else if (streq(arg_verb, "kexec"))
+                cmd = LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_KEXEC;
+        else if (streq(arg_verb, "exit"))
+                cmd = 0; /* ignored, just checking that arg_verb is valid */
+        else {
+                r = -EINVAL;
+                log_error("Unknown action '%s'.", arg_verb);
+                goto error;
+        }
+
+        cg_get_root_path(&cgroup);
+
+        use_watchdog = !!getenv("WATCHDOG_USEC");
+
+        /* lock us into memory */
+        mlockall(MCL_CURRENT|MCL_FUTURE);
+
+        log_info("Sending SIGTERM to remaining processes...");
+        broadcast_signal(SIGTERM, true, true);
+
+        log_info("Sending SIGKILL to remaining processes...");
+        broadcast_signal(SIGKILL, true, false);
+
+        in_container = detect_container() > 0;
+
+        need_umount = !in_container;
+        need_swapoff = !in_container;
+        need_loop_detach = !in_container;
+        need_dm_detach = !in_container;
+
+        /* Unmount all mountpoints, swaps, and loopback devices */
+        for (retries = 0; retries < FINALIZE_ATTEMPTS; retries++) {
+                bool changed = false;
+
+                if (use_watchdog)
+                        watchdog_ping();
+
+                /* Let's trim the cgroup tree on each iteration so
+                   that we leave an empty cgroup tree around, so that
+                   container managers get a nice notify event when we
+                   are down */
+                if (cgroup)
+                        cg_trim(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, cgroup, false);
+
+                if (need_umount) {
+                        log_info("Unmounting file systems.");
+                        r = umount_all(&changed);
+                        if (r == 0) {
+                                need_umount = false;
+                                log_info("All filesystems unmounted.");
+                        } else if (r > 0)
+                                log_info("Not all file systems unmounted, %d left.", r);
+                        else
+                                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to unmount file systems: %m");
+                }
+
+                if (need_swapoff) {
+                        log_info("Deactivating swaps.");
+                        r = swapoff_all(&changed);
+                        if (r == 0) {
+                                need_swapoff = false;
+                                log_info("All swaps deactivated.");
+                        } else if (r > 0)
+                                log_info("Not all swaps deactivated, %d left.", r);
+                        else
+                                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to deactivate swaps: %m");
+                }
+
+                if (need_loop_detach) {
+                        log_info("Detaching loop devices.");
+                        r = loopback_detach_all(&changed);
+                        if (r == 0) {
+                                need_loop_detach = false;
+                                log_info("All loop devices detached.");
+                        } else if (r > 0)
+                                log_info("Not all loop devices detached, %d left.", r);
+                        else
+                                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to detach loop devices: %m");
+                }
+
+                if (need_dm_detach) {
+                        log_info("Detaching DM devices.");
+                        r = dm_detach_all(&changed);
+                        if (r == 0) {
+                                need_dm_detach = false;
+                                log_info("All DM devices detached.");
+                        } else if (r > 0)
+                                log_info("Not all DM devices detached, %d left.", r);
+                        else
+                                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to detach DM devices: %m");
+                }
+
+                if (!need_umount && !need_swapoff && !need_loop_detach && !need_dm_detach) {
+                        if (retries > 0)
+                                log_info("All filesystems, swaps, loop devices, DM devices detached.");
+                        /* Yay, done */
+                        goto initrd_jump;
+                }
+
+                /* If in this iteration we didn't manage to
+                 * unmount/deactivate anything, we simply give up */
+                if (!changed) {
+                        log_info("Cannot finalize remaining%s%s%s%s continuing.",
+                                 need_umount ? " file systems," : "",
+                                 need_swapoff ? " swap devices," : "",
+                                 need_loop_detach ? " loop devices," : "",
+                                 need_dm_detach ? " DM devices," : "");
+                        goto initrd_jump;
+                }
+
+                log_debug("After %u retries, couldn't finalize remaining %s%s%s%s trying again.",
+                          retries + 1,
+                          need_umount ? " file systems," : "",
+                          need_swapoff ? " swap devices," : "",
+                          need_loop_detach ? " loop devices," : "",
+                          need_dm_detach ? " DM devices," : "");
+        }
+
+        log_error("Too many iterations, giving up.");
+
+ initrd_jump:
+
+        arguments[0] = NULL;
+        arguments[1] = arg_verb;
+        arguments[2] = NULL;
+        execute_directories(dirs, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_USEC, arguments);
+
+        if (!in_container && !in_initrd() &&
+            access("/run/initramfs/shutdown", X_OK) == 0) {
+                r = switch_root_initramfs();
+                if (r >= 0) {
+                        argv[0] = (char*) "/shutdown";
+
+                        setsid();
+                        make_console_stdio();
+
+                        log_info("Successfully changed into root pivot.\n"
+                                 "Returning to initrd...");
+
+                        execv("/shutdown", argv);
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to execute shutdown binary: %m");
+                } else
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to switch root to \"/run/initramfs\": %m");
+
+        }
+
+        if (need_umount || need_swapoff || need_loop_detach || need_dm_detach)
+                log_error("Failed to finalize %s%s%s%s ignoring",
+                          need_umount ? " file systems," : "",
+                          need_swapoff ? " swap devices," : "",
+                          need_loop_detach ? " loop devices," : "",
+                          need_dm_detach ? " DM devices," : "");
+
+        /* The kernel will automaticall flush ATA disks and suchlike
+         * on reboot(), but the file systems need to be synce'd
+         * explicitly in advance. So let's do this here, but not
+         * needlessly slow down containers. */
+        if (!in_container)
+                sync();
+
+        if (streq(arg_verb, "exit")) {
+                if (in_container)
+                        exit(arg_exit_code);
+                else {
+                        /* We cannot exit() on the host, fallback on another
+                         * method. */
+                        cmd = RB_POWER_OFF;
+                }
+        }
+
+        switch (cmd) {
+
+        case LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_KEXEC:
+
+                if (!in_container) {
+                        /* We cheat and exec kexec to avoid doing all its work */
+                        pid_t pid;
+
+                        log_info("Rebooting with kexec.");
+
+                        pid = fork();
+                        if (pid < 0)
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fork: %m");
+                        else if (pid == 0) {
+
+                                const char * const args[] = {
+                                        KEXEC, "-e", NULL
+                                };
+
+                                /* Child */
+
+                                execv(args[0], (char * const *) args);
+                                _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                        } else
+                                wait_for_terminate_and_warn("kexec", pid, true);
+                }
+
+                cmd = RB_AUTOBOOT;
+                /* Fall through */
+
+        case RB_AUTOBOOT:
+
+                if (!in_container) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *param = NULL;
+
+                        if (read_one_line_file(REBOOT_PARAM_FILE, &param) >= 0) {
+                                log_info("Rebooting with argument '%s'.", param);
+                                syscall(SYS_reboot, LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC1, LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC2, LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_RESTART2, param);
+                        }
+                }
+
+                log_info("Rebooting.");
+                break;
+
+        case RB_POWER_OFF:
+                log_info("Powering off.");
+                break;
+
+        case RB_HALT_SYSTEM:
+                log_info("Halting system.");
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown magic");
+        }
+
+        reboot(cmd);
+        if (errno == EPERM && in_container) {
+                /* If we are in a container, and we lacked
+                 * CAP_SYS_BOOT just exit, this will kill our
+                 * container for good. */
+                log_info("Exiting container.");
+                exit(0);
+        }
+
+        r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to invoke reboot(): %m");
+
+  error:
+        log_emergency_errno(r, "Critical error while doing system shutdown: %m");
+        freeze();
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/slice.c b/src/libcore/slice.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d65364c6f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/slice.c
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "dbus-slice.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "slice.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_SLICE_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [SLICE_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [SLICE_ACTIVE] = UNIT_ACTIVE
+};
+
+static void slice_set_state(Slice *t, SliceState state) {
+        SliceState old_state;
+        assert(t);
+
+        old_state = t->state;
+        t->state = state;
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_debug("%s changed %s -> %s",
+                          UNIT(t)->id,
+                          slice_state_to_string(old_state),
+                          slice_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(t), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static int slice_add_parent_slice(Slice *s) {
+        char *a, *dash;
+        Unit *parent;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (UNIT_ISSET(UNIT(s)->slice))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (unit_has_name(UNIT(s), SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE))
+                return 0;
+
+        a = strdupa(UNIT(s)->id);
+        dash = strrchr(a, '-');
+        if (dash)
+                strcpy(dash, ".slice");
+        else
+                a = (char*) SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE;
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(UNIT(s)->manager, a, NULL, NULL, &parent);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        unit_ref_set(&UNIT(s)->slice, parent);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int slice_add_default_dependencies(Slice *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!UNIT(s)->default_dependencies)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Make sure slices are unloaded on shutdown */
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(
+                        UNIT(s),
+                        UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS,
+                        SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int slice_verify(Slice *s) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *parent = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!slice_name_is_valid(UNIT(s)->id)) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Slice name %s is not valid. Refusing.", UNIT(s)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        r = slice_build_parent_slice(UNIT(s)->id, &parent);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to determine parent slice: %m");
+
+        if (parent ? !unit_has_name(UNIT_DEREF(UNIT(s)->slice), parent) : UNIT_ISSET(UNIT(s)->slice)) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Located outside of parent slice. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int slice_load(Unit *u) {
+        Slice *s = SLICE(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin_optional(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* This is a new unit? Then let's add in some extras */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+
+                r = unit_patch_contexts(u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = slice_add_parent_slice(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = slice_add_default_dependencies(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return slice_verify(s);
+}
+
+static int slice_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Slice *t = SLICE(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->state == SLICE_DEAD);
+
+        if (t->deserialized_state != t->state)
+                slice_set_state(t, t->deserialized_state);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void slice_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Slice *t = SLICE(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(f);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sSlice State: %s\n",
+                prefix, slice_state_to_string(t->state));
+
+        cgroup_context_dump(&t->cgroup_context, f, prefix);
+}
+
+static int slice_start(Unit *u) {
+        Slice *t = SLICE(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->state == SLICE_DEAD);
+
+        (void) unit_realize_cgroup(u);
+        (void) unit_reset_cpu_usage(u);
+
+        slice_set_state(t, SLICE_ACTIVE);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int slice_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Slice *t = SLICE(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->state == SLICE_ACTIVE);
+
+        /* We do not need to destroy the cgroup explicitly,
+         * unit_notify() will do that for us anyway. */
+
+        slice_set_state(t, SLICE_DEAD);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int slice_kill(Unit *u, KillWho who, int signo, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return unit_kill_common(u, who, signo, -1, -1, error);
+}
+
+static int slice_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Slice *s = SLICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", slice_state_to_string(s->state));
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int slice_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Slice *s = SLICE(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                SliceState state;
+
+                state = slice_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_debug("Failed to parse state value %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->deserialized_state = state;
+
+        } else
+                log_debug("Unknown serialization key '%s'", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState slice_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[SLICE(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *slice_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return slice_state_to_string(SLICE(u)->state);
+}
+
+static void slice_enumerate(Manager *m) {
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE);
+        if (!u) {
+                u = unit_new(m, sizeof(Slice));
+                if (!u)  {
+                        log_oom();
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                r = unit_add_name(u, SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        unit_free(u);
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add -.slice name");
+                        return;
+                }
+        }
+
+        u->default_dependencies = false;
+        u->no_gc = true;
+        u->ignore_on_isolate = true;
+        u->refuse_manual_start = true;
+        u->refuse_manual_stop = true;
+        SLICE(u)->deserialized_state = SLICE_ACTIVE;
+
+        if (!u->description)
+                u->description = strdup("Root Slice");
+        if (!u->documentation)
+                (void) strv_extend(&u->documentation, "man:systemd.special(7)");
+
+        unit_add_to_load_queue(u);
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+}
+
+const UnitVTable slice_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Slice),
+        .cgroup_context_offset = offsetof(Slice, cgroup_context),
+
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Slice\0"
+                "Install\0",
+        .private_section = "Slice",
+
+        .no_alias = true,
+        .no_instances = true,
+        .can_transient = true,
+
+        .load = slice_load,
+
+        .coldplug = slice_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = slice_dump,
+
+        .start = slice_start,
+        .stop = slice_stop,
+
+        .kill = slice_kill,
+
+        .serialize = slice_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = slice_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = slice_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = slice_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .bus_vtable = bus_slice_vtable,
+        .bus_set_property = bus_slice_set_property,
+        .bus_commit_properties = bus_slice_commit_properties,
+
+        .enumerate = slice_enumerate,
+
+        .status_message_formats = {
+                .finished_start_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Created slice %s.",
+                },
+                .finished_stop_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Removed slice %s.",
+                },
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/slice.h b/src/libcore/slice.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9f3f61067
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/slice.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Slice Slice;
+
+struct Slice {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        SliceState state, deserialized_state;
+
+        CGroupContext cgroup_context;
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable slice_vtable;
diff --git a/src/libcore/smack-setup.c b/src/libcore/smack-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c26e85460
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/smack-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright (C) 2013 Intel Corporation
+  Authors:
+        Nathaniel Chen <nathaniel.chen@intel.com>
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published
+  by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License,
+  or (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "dirent-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "smack-setup.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SMACK
+
+static int write_access2_rules(const char* srcdir) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int load2_fd = -1, change_fd = -1;
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *dir = NULL;
+        struct dirent *entry;
+        char buf[NAME_MAX];
+        int dfd = -1;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        load2_fd = open("/sys/fs/smackfs/load2", O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOCTTY);
+        if (load2_fd < 0)  {
+                if (errno != ENOENT)
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open '/sys/fs/smackfs/load2': %m");
+                return -errno; /* negative error */
+        }
+
+        change_fd = open("/sys/fs/smackfs/change-rule", O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOCTTY);
+        if (change_fd < 0)  {
+                if (errno != ENOENT)
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open '/sys/fs/smackfs/change-rule': %m");
+                return -errno; /* negative error */
+        }
+
+        /* write rules to load2 or change-rule from every file in the directory */
+        dir = opendir(srcdir);
+        if (!dir) {
+                if (errno != ENOENT)
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to opendir '%s': %m", srcdir);
+                return errno; /* positive on purpose */
+        }
+
+        dfd = dirfd(dir);
+        assert(dfd >= 0);
+
+        FOREACH_DIRENT(entry, dir, return 0) {
+                int fd;
+                _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *policy = NULL;
+
+                if (!dirent_is_file(entry))
+                        continue;
+
+                fd = openat(dfd, entry->d_name, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
+                if (fd < 0) {
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                r = -errno;
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open '%s': %m", entry->d_name);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                policy = fdopen(fd, "re");
+                if (!policy) {
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                r = -errno;
+                        safe_close(fd);
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open '%s': %m", entry->d_name);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* load2 write rules in the kernel require a line buffered stream */
+                FOREACH_LINE(buf, policy,
+                             log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read line from '%s': %m",
+                                             entry->d_name)) {
+
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *sbj = NULL, *obj = NULL, *acc1 = NULL, *acc2 = NULL;
+
+                        if (isempty(truncate_nl(buf)))
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* if 3 args -> load rule   : subject object access1 */
+                        /* if 4 args -> change rule : subject object access1 access2 */
+                        if (sscanf(buf, "%ms %ms %ms %ms", &sbj, &obj, &acc1, &acc2) < 3) {
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to parse rule '%s' in '%s', ignoring.", buf, entry->d_name);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if (write(isempty(acc2) ? load2_fd : change_fd, buf, strlen(buf)) < 0) {
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        r = -errno;
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to write '%s' to '%s' in '%s'",
+                                                buf, isempty(acc2) ? "/sys/fs/smackfs/load2" : "/sys/fs/smackfs/change-rule", entry->d_name);
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int write_cipso2_rules(const char* srcdir) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int cipso2_fd = -1;
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *dir = NULL;
+        struct dirent *entry;
+        char buf[NAME_MAX];
+        int dfd = -1;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        cipso2_fd = open("/sys/fs/smackfs/cipso2", O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOCTTY);
+        if (cipso2_fd < 0)  {
+                if (errno != ENOENT)
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open '/sys/fs/smackfs/cipso2': %m");
+                return -errno; /* negative error */
+        }
+
+        /* write rules to cipso2 from every file in the directory */
+        dir = opendir(srcdir);
+        if (!dir) {
+                if (errno != ENOENT)
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to opendir '%s': %m", srcdir);
+                return errno; /* positive on purpose */
+        }
+
+        dfd = dirfd(dir);
+        assert(dfd >= 0);
+
+        FOREACH_DIRENT(entry, dir, return 0) {
+                int fd;
+                _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *policy = NULL;
+
+                if (!dirent_is_file(entry))
+                        continue;
+
+                fd = openat(dfd, entry->d_name, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
+                if (fd < 0) {
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                r = -errno;
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open '%s': %m", entry->d_name);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                policy = fdopen(fd, "re");
+                if (!policy) {
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                r = -errno;
+                        safe_close(fd);
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open '%s': %m", entry->d_name);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* cipso2 write rules in the kernel require a line buffered stream */
+                FOREACH_LINE(buf, policy,
+                             log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read line from '%s': %m",
+                                             entry->d_name)) {
+
+                        if (isempty(truncate_nl(buf)))
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (write(cipso2_fd, buf, strlen(buf)) < 0) {
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        r = -errno;
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to write '%s' to '/sys/fs/smackfs/cipso2' in '%s'",
+                                                buf, entry->d_name);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int write_netlabel_rules(const char* srcdir) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *dst = NULL;
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *dir = NULL;
+        struct dirent *entry;
+        char buf[NAME_MAX];
+        int dfd = -1;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        dst = fopen("/sys/fs/smackfs/netlabel", "we");
+        if (!dst)  {
+                if (errno != ENOENT)
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open /sys/fs/smackfs/netlabel: %m");
+                return -errno; /* negative error */
+        }
+
+        /* write rules to dst from every file in the directory */
+        dir = opendir(srcdir);
+        if (!dir) {
+                if (errno != ENOENT)
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to opendir %s: %m", srcdir);
+                return errno; /* positive on purpose */
+        }
+
+        dfd = dirfd(dir);
+        assert(dfd >= 0);
+
+        FOREACH_DIRENT(entry, dir, return 0) {
+                int fd;
+                _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *policy = NULL;
+
+                fd = openat(dfd, entry->d_name, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
+                if (fd < 0) {
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                r = -errno;
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open %s: %m", entry->d_name);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                policy = fdopen(fd, "re");
+                if (!policy) {
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                r = -errno;
+                        safe_close(fd);
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open %s: %m", entry->d_name);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* load2 write rules in the kernel require a line buffered stream */
+                FOREACH_LINE(buf, policy,
+                             log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read line from %s: %m",
+                                       entry->d_name)) {
+                        if (!fputs(buf, dst)) {
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        r = -EINVAL;
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to write line to /sys/fs/smackfs/netlabel");
+                                break;
+                        }
+                        if (fflush(dst)) {
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        r = -errno;
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to flush writes to /sys/fs/smackfs/netlabel: %m");
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+       return r;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+int mac_smack_setup(bool *loaded_policy) {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SMACK
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(loaded_policy);
+
+        r = write_access2_rules("/etc/smack/accesses.d/");
+        switch(r) {
+        case -ENOENT:
+                log_debug("Smack is not enabled in the kernel.");
+                return 0;
+        case ENOENT:
+                log_debug("Smack access rules directory '/etc/smack/accesses.d/' not found");
+                return 0;
+        case 0:
+                log_info("Successfully loaded Smack policies.");
+                break;
+        default:
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to load Smack access rules, ignoring: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+#ifdef SMACK_RUN_LABEL
+        r = write_string_file("/proc/self/attr/current", SMACK_RUN_LABEL, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to set SMACK label \"" SMACK_RUN_LABEL "\" on self: %m");
+        r = write_string_file("/sys/fs/smackfs/ambient", SMACK_RUN_LABEL, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to set SMACK ambient label \"" SMACK_RUN_LABEL "\": %m");
+        r = write_string_file("/sys/fs/smackfs/netlabel",
+                              "0.0.0.0/0 " SMACK_RUN_LABEL, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to set SMACK netlabel rule \"0.0.0.0/0 " SMACK_RUN_LABEL "\": %m");
+        r = write_string_file("/sys/fs/smackfs/netlabel", "127.0.0.1 -CIPSO", 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to set SMACK netlabel rule \"127.0.0.1 -CIPSO\": %m");
+#endif
+
+        r = write_cipso2_rules("/etc/smack/cipso.d/");
+        switch(r) {
+        case -ENOENT:
+                log_debug("Smack/CIPSO is not enabled in the kernel.");
+                return 0;
+        case ENOENT:
+                log_debug("Smack/CIPSO access rules directory '/etc/smack/cipso.d/' not found");
+                break;
+        case 0:
+                log_info("Successfully loaded Smack/CIPSO policies.");
+                break;
+        default:
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to load Smack/CIPSO access rules, ignoring: %m");
+                break;
+        }
+
+        r = write_netlabel_rules("/etc/smack/netlabel.d/");
+        switch(r) {
+        case -ENOENT:
+                log_debug("Smack/CIPSO is not enabled in the kernel.");
+                return 0;
+        case ENOENT:
+                log_debug("Smack network host rules directory '/etc/smack/netlabel.d/' not found");
+                break;
+        case 0:
+                log_info("Successfully loaded Smack network host rules.");
+                break;
+        default:
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to load Smack network host rules: %m, ignoring.");
+                break;
+        }
+
+        *loaded_policy = true;
+
+#endif
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/smack-setup.h b/src/libcore/smack-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..78164c85e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/smack-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright (C) 2013 Intel Corporation
+  Authors:
+        Nathaniel Chen <nathaniel.chen@intel.com>
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published
+  by  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License,
+  or  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int mac_smack_setup(bool *loaded_policy);
diff --git a/src/libcore/socket.c b/src/libcore/socket.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f36e312f7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/socket.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2866 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <mqueue.h>
+#include <netinet/tcp.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <linux/sctp.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-event.h>
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "copy.h"
+#include "dbus-socket.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "label.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "selinux-util.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "smack-util.h"
+#include "socket.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit-printf.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_SOCKET_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [SOCKET_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [SOCKET_START_PRE] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_START_CHOWN] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_START_POST] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_LISTENING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SOCKET_RUNNING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SOCKET_STOP_PRE] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_STOP_POST] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED
+};
+
+static int socket_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata);
+static int socket_dispatch_timer(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata);
+
+static void socket_init(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        s->backlog = SOMAXCONN;
+        s->timeout_usec = u->manager->default_timeout_start_usec;
+        s->directory_mode = 0755;
+        s->socket_mode = 0666;
+
+        s->max_connections = 64;
+
+        s->priority = -1;
+        s->ip_tos = -1;
+        s->ip_ttl = -1;
+        s->mark = -1;
+
+        s->exec_context.std_output = u->manager->default_std_output;
+        s->exec_context.std_error = u->manager->default_std_error;
+
+        s->control_command_id = _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+}
+
+static void socket_unwatch_control_pid(Socket *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->control_pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        unit_unwatch_pid(UNIT(s), s->control_pid);
+        s->control_pid = 0;
+}
+
+static void socket_cleanup_fd_list(SocketPort *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        close_many(p->auxiliary_fds, p->n_auxiliary_fds);
+        p->auxiliary_fds = mfree(p->auxiliary_fds);
+        p->n_auxiliary_fds = 0;
+}
+
+void socket_free_ports(Socket *s) {
+        SocketPort *p;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        while ((p = s->ports)) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(port, s->ports, p);
+
+                sd_event_source_unref(p->event_source);
+
+                socket_cleanup_fd_list(p);
+                safe_close(p->fd);
+                free(p->path);
+                free(p);
+        }
+}
+
+static void socket_done(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        socket_free_ports(s);
+
+        s->exec_runtime = exec_runtime_unref(s->exec_runtime);
+        exec_command_free_array(s->exec_command, _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX);
+        s->control_command = NULL;
+
+        socket_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        unit_ref_unset(&s->service);
+
+        s->tcp_congestion = mfree(s->tcp_congestion);
+        s->bind_to_device = mfree(s->bind_to_device);
+
+        s->smack = mfree(s->smack);
+        s->smack_ip_in = mfree(s->smack_ip_in);
+        s->smack_ip_out = mfree(s->smack_ip_out);
+
+        strv_free(s->symlinks);
+
+        s->user = mfree(s->user);
+        s->group = mfree(s->group);
+
+        s->fdname = mfree(s->fdname);
+
+        s->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->timer_event_source);
+}
+
+static int socket_arm_timer(Socket *s, usec_t usec) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->timer_event_source) {
+                r = sd_event_source_set_time(s->timer_event_source, usec);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return sd_event_source_set_enabled(s->timer_event_source, SD_EVENT_ONESHOT);
+        }
+
+        if (usec == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_event_add_time(
+                        UNIT(s)->manager->event,
+                        &s->timer_event_source,
+                        CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
+                        usec, 0,
+                        socket_dispatch_timer, s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(s->timer_event_source, "socket-timer");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int socket_instantiate_service(Socket *s) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *prefix = NULL, *name = NULL;
+        int r;
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* This fills in s->service if it isn't filled in yet. For
+         * Accept=yes sockets we create the next connection service
+         * here. For Accept=no this is mostly a NOP since the service
+         * is figured out at load time anyway. */
+
+        if (UNIT_DEREF(s->service))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!s->accept)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_name_to_prefix(UNIT(s)->id, &prefix);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (asprintf(&name, "%s@%u.service", prefix, s->n_accepted) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(UNIT(s)->manager, name, NULL, NULL, &u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        u->no_gc = true;
+        unit_ref_set(&s->service, u);
+
+        return unit_add_two_dependencies(UNIT(s), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, u, false);
+}
+
+static bool have_non_accept_socket(Socket *s) {
+        SocketPort *p;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!s->accept)
+                return true;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+
+                if (p->type != SOCKET_SOCKET)
+                        return true;
+
+                if (!socket_address_can_accept(&p->address))
+                        return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int socket_add_mount_links(Socket *s) {
+        SocketPort *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+                const char *path = NULL;
+
+                if (p->type == SOCKET_SOCKET)
+                        path = socket_address_get_path(&p->address);
+                else if (IN_SET(p->type, SOCKET_FIFO, SOCKET_SPECIAL, SOCKET_USB_FUNCTION))
+                        path = p->path;
+
+                if (!path)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = unit_require_mounts_for(UNIT(s), path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int socket_add_device_link(Socket *s) {
+        char *t;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!s->bind_to_device || streq(s->bind_to_device, "lo"))
+                return 0;
+
+        t = strjoina("/sys/subsystem/net/devices/", s->bind_to_device);
+        return unit_add_node_link(UNIT(s), t, false, UNIT_BINDS_TO);
+}
+
+static int socket_add_default_dependencies(Socket *s) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!UNIT(s)->default_dependencies)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_BEFORE, SPECIAL_SOCKETS_TARGET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES, SPECIAL_SYSINIT_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET, NULL, true);
+}
+
+_pure_ static bool socket_has_exec(Socket *s) {
+        unsigned i;
+        assert(s);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX; i++)
+                if (s->exec_command[i])
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int socket_add_extras(Socket *s) {
+        Unit *u = UNIT(s);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (have_non_accept_socket(s)) {
+
+                if (!UNIT_DEREF(s->service)) {
+                        Unit *x;
+
+                        r = unit_load_related_unit(u, ".service", &x);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        unit_ref_set(&s->service, x);
+                }
+
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies(u, UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, UNIT_DEREF(s->service), true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = socket_add_mount_links(s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = socket_add_device_link(s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_patch_contexts(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (socket_has_exec(s)) {
+                r = unit_add_exec_dependencies(u, &s->exec_context);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = unit_set_default_slice(u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = socket_add_default_dependencies(s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static const char *socket_find_symlink_target(Socket *s) {
+        const char *found = NULL;
+        SocketPort *p;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+                const char *f = NULL;
+
+                switch (p->type) {
+
+                case SOCKET_FIFO:
+                        f = p->path;
+                        break;
+
+                case SOCKET_SOCKET:
+                        if (p->address.sockaddr.un.sun_path[0] != 0)
+                                f = p->address.sockaddr.un.sun_path;
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                if (f) {
+                        if (found)
+                                return NULL;
+
+                        found = f;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return found;
+}
+
+static int socket_verify(Socket *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!s->ports) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Unit lacks Listen setting. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->accept && have_non_accept_socket(s)) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Unit configured for accepting sockets, but sockets are non-accepting. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->accept && s->max_connections <= 0) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "MaxConnection= setting too small. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->accept && UNIT_DEREF(s->service)) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Explicit service configuration for accepting socket units not supported. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->exec_context.pam_name && s->kill_context.kill_mode != KILL_CONTROL_GROUP) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Unit has PAM enabled. Kill mode must be set to 'control-group'. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(s->symlinks) && !socket_find_symlink_target(s)) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Unit has symlinks set but none or more than one node in the file system. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int socket_load(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+                /* This is a new unit? Then let's add in some extras */
+                r = socket_add_extras(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return socket_verify(s);
+}
+
+_const_ static const char* listen_lookup(int family, int type) {
+
+        if (family == AF_NETLINK)
+                return "ListenNetlink";
+
+        if (type == SOCK_STREAM)
+                return "ListenStream";
+        else if (type == SOCK_DGRAM)
+                return "ListenDatagram";
+        else if (type == SOCK_SEQPACKET)
+                return "ListenSequentialPacket";
+
+        assert_not_reached("Unknown socket type");
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static void socket_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        char time_string[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+        SocketExecCommand c;
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+        SocketPort *p;
+        const char *prefix2;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+
+        prefix = strempty(prefix);
+        prefix2 = strjoina(prefix, "\t");
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sSocket State: %s\n"
+                "%sResult: %s\n"
+                "%sBindIPv6Only: %s\n"
+                "%sBacklog: %u\n"
+                "%sSocketMode: %04o\n"
+                "%sDirectoryMode: %04o\n"
+                "%sKeepAlive: %s\n"
+                "%sNoDelay: %s\n"
+                "%sFreeBind: %s\n"
+                "%sTransparent: %s\n"
+                "%sBroadcast: %s\n"
+                "%sPassCredentials: %s\n"
+                "%sPassSecurity: %s\n"
+                "%sTCPCongestion: %s\n"
+                "%sRemoveOnStop: %s\n"
+                "%sWritable: %s\n"
+                "%sFDName: %s\n"
+                "%sSELinuxContextFromNet: %s\n",
+                prefix, socket_state_to_string(s->state),
+                prefix, socket_result_to_string(s->result),
+                prefix, socket_address_bind_ipv6_only_to_string(s->bind_ipv6_only),
+                prefix, s->backlog,
+                prefix, s->socket_mode,
+                prefix, s->directory_mode,
+                prefix, yes_no(s->keep_alive),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->no_delay),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->free_bind),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->transparent),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->broadcast),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->pass_cred),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->pass_sec),
+                prefix, strna(s->tcp_congestion),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->remove_on_stop),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->writable),
+                prefix, socket_fdname(s),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->selinux_context_from_net));
+
+        if (s->control_pid > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sControl PID: "PID_FMT"\n",
+                        prefix, s->control_pid);
+
+        if (s->bind_to_device)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sBindToDevice: %s\n",
+                        prefix, s->bind_to_device);
+
+        if (s->accept)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sAccepted: %u\n"
+                        "%sNConnections: %u\n"
+                        "%sMaxConnections: %u\n",
+                        prefix, s->n_accepted,
+                        prefix, s->n_connections,
+                        prefix, s->max_connections);
+
+        if (s->priority >= 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sPriority: %i\n",
+                        prefix, s->priority);
+
+        if (s->receive_buffer > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sReceiveBuffer: %zu\n",
+                        prefix, s->receive_buffer);
+
+        if (s->send_buffer > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSendBuffer: %zu\n",
+                        prefix, s->send_buffer);
+
+        if (s->ip_tos >= 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sIPTOS: %i\n",
+                        prefix, s->ip_tos);
+
+        if (s->ip_ttl >= 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sIPTTL: %i\n",
+                        prefix, s->ip_ttl);
+
+        if (s->pipe_size > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sPipeSize: %zu\n",
+                        prefix, s->pipe_size);
+
+        if (s->mark >= 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sMark: %i\n",
+                        prefix, s->mark);
+
+        if (s->mq_maxmsg > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sMessageQueueMaxMessages: %li\n",
+                        prefix, s->mq_maxmsg);
+
+        if (s->mq_msgsize > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sMessageQueueMessageSize: %li\n",
+                        prefix, s->mq_msgsize);
+
+        if (s->reuse_port)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sReusePort: %s\n",
+                         prefix, yes_no(s->reuse_port));
+
+        if (s->smack)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSmackLabel: %s\n",
+                        prefix, s->smack);
+
+        if (s->smack_ip_in)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSmackLabelIPIn: %s\n",
+                        prefix, s->smack_ip_in);
+
+        if (s->smack_ip_out)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSmackLabelIPOut: %s\n",
+                        prefix, s->smack_ip_out);
+
+        if (!isempty(s->user) || !isempty(s->group))
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sOwnerUser: %s\n"
+                        "%sOwnerGroup: %s\n",
+                        prefix, strna(s->user),
+                        prefix, strna(s->group));
+
+        if (s->keep_alive_time > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sKeepAliveTimeSec: %s\n",
+                        prefix, format_timespan(time_string, FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX, s->keep_alive_time, USEC_PER_SEC));
+
+        if (s->keep_alive_interval)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sKeepAliveIntervalSec: %s\n",
+                        prefix, format_timespan(time_string, FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX, s->keep_alive_interval, USEC_PER_SEC));
+
+        if (s->keep_alive_cnt)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sKeepAliveProbes: %u\n",
+                        prefix, s->keep_alive_cnt);
+
+        if (s->defer_accept)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sDeferAcceptSec: %s\n",
+                        prefix, format_timespan(time_string, FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX, s->defer_accept, USEC_PER_SEC));
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+
+                if (p->type == SOCKET_SOCKET) {
+                        const char *t;
+                        int r;
+                        char *k = NULL;
+
+                        r = socket_address_print(&p->address, &k);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                t = strerror(-r);
+                        else
+                                t = k;
+
+                        fprintf(f, "%s%s: %s\n", prefix, listen_lookup(socket_address_family(&p->address), p->address.type), t);
+                        free(k);
+                } else if (p->type == SOCKET_SPECIAL)
+                        fprintf(f, "%sListenSpecial: %s\n", prefix, p->path);
+                else if (p->type == SOCKET_USB_FUNCTION)
+                        fprintf(f, "%sListenUSBFunction: %s\n", prefix, p->path);
+                else if (p->type == SOCKET_MQUEUE)
+                        fprintf(f, "%sListenMessageQueue: %s\n", prefix, p->path);
+                else
+                        fprintf(f, "%sListenFIFO: %s\n", prefix, p->path);
+        }
+
+        exec_context_dump(&s->exec_context, f, prefix);
+        kill_context_dump(&s->kill_context, f, prefix);
+
+        for (c = 0; c < _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX; c++) {
+                if (!s->exec_command[c])
+                        continue;
+
+                fprintf(f, "%s-> %s:\n",
+                        prefix, socket_exec_command_to_string(c));
+
+                exec_command_dump_list(s->exec_command[c], f, prefix2);
+        }
+}
+
+static int instance_from_socket(int fd, unsigned nr, char **instance) {
+        socklen_t l;
+        char *r;
+        union sockaddr_union local, remote;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(instance);
+
+        l = sizeof(local);
+        if (getsockname(fd, &local.sa, &l) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        l = sizeof(remote);
+        if (getpeername(fd, &remote.sa, &l) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        switch (local.sa.sa_family) {
+
+        case AF_INET: {
+                uint32_t
+                        a = ntohl(local.in.sin_addr.s_addr),
+                        b = ntohl(remote.in.sin_addr.s_addr);
+
+                if (asprintf(&r,
+                             "%u-%u.%u.%u.%u:%u-%u.%u.%u.%u:%u",
+                             nr,
+                             a >> 24, (a >> 16) & 0xFF, (a >> 8) & 0xFF, a & 0xFF,
+                             ntohs(local.in.sin_port),
+                             b >> 24, (b >> 16) & 0xFF, (b >> 8) & 0xFF, b & 0xFF,
+                             ntohs(remote.in.sin_port)) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case AF_INET6: {
+                static const unsigned char ipv4_prefix[] = {
+                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xFF, 0xFF
+                };
+
+                if (memcmp(&local.in6.sin6_addr, ipv4_prefix, sizeof(ipv4_prefix)) == 0 &&
+                    memcmp(&remote.in6.sin6_addr, ipv4_prefix, sizeof(ipv4_prefix)) == 0) {
+                        const uint8_t
+                                *a = local.in6.sin6_addr.s6_addr+12,
+                                *b = remote.in6.sin6_addr.s6_addr+12;
+
+                        if (asprintf(&r,
+                                     "%u-%u.%u.%u.%u:%u-%u.%u.%u.%u:%u",
+                                     nr,
+                                     a[0], a[1], a[2], a[3],
+                                     ntohs(local.in6.sin6_port),
+                                     b[0], b[1], b[2], b[3],
+                                     ntohs(remote.in6.sin6_port)) < 0)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                } else {
+                        char a[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN], b[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+                        if (asprintf(&r,
+                                     "%u-%s:%u-%s:%u",
+                                     nr,
+                                     inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &local.in6.sin6_addr, a, sizeof(a)),
+                                     ntohs(local.in6.sin6_port),
+                                     inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &remote.in6.sin6_addr, b, sizeof(b)),
+                                     ntohs(remote.in6.sin6_port)) < 0)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case AF_UNIX: {
+                struct ucred ucred;
+                int k;
+
+                k = getpeercred(fd, &ucred);
+                if (k >= 0) {
+                        if (asprintf(&r,
+                                     "%u-"PID_FMT"-"UID_FMT,
+                                     nr, ucred.pid, ucred.uid) < 0)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                } else if (k == -ENODATA) {
+                        /* This handles the case where somebody is
+                         * connecting from another pid/uid namespace
+                         * (e.g. from outside of our container). */
+                        if (asprintf(&r,
+                                     "%u-unknown",
+                                     nr) < 0)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                } else
+                        return k;
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unhandled socket type.");
+        }
+
+        *instance = r;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void socket_close_fds(Socket *s) {
+        SocketPort *p;
+        char **i;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+
+                p->event_source = sd_event_source_unref(p->event_source);
+
+                if (p->fd < 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                p->fd = safe_close(p->fd);
+                socket_cleanup_fd_list(p);
+
+                /* One little note: we should normally not delete any
+                 * sockets in the file system here! After all some
+                 * other process we spawned might still have a
+                 * reference of this fd and wants to continue to use
+                 * it. Therefore we delete sockets in the file system
+                 * before we create a new one, not after we stopped
+                 * using one! */
+
+                if (s->remove_on_stop) {
+                        switch (p->type) {
+
+                        case SOCKET_FIFO:
+                                unlink(p->path);
+                                break;
+
+                        case SOCKET_MQUEUE:
+                                mq_unlink(p->path);
+                                break;
+
+                        case SOCKET_SOCKET:
+                                socket_address_unlink(&p->address);
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (s->remove_on_stop)
+                STRV_FOREACH(i, s->symlinks)
+                        unlink(*i);
+}
+
+static void socket_apply_socket_options(Socket *s, int fd) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        if (s->keep_alive) {
+                int b = s->keep_alive;
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_KEEPALIVE, &b, sizeof(b)) < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "SO_KEEPALIVE failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->keep_alive_time) {
+                int value = s->keep_alive_time / USEC_PER_SEC;
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_TCP, TCP_KEEPIDLE, &value, sizeof(value)) < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "TCP_KEEPIDLE failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->keep_alive_interval) {
+                int value = s->keep_alive_interval / USEC_PER_SEC;
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_TCP, TCP_KEEPINTVL, &value, sizeof(value)) < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "TCP_KEEPINTVL failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->keep_alive_cnt) {
+                int value = s->keep_alive_cnt;
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_TCP, TCP_KEEPCNT, &value, sizeof(value)) < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "TCP_KEEPCNT failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->defer_accept) {
+                int value = s->defer_accept / USEC_PER_SEC;
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_TCP, TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT, &value, sizeof(value)) < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->no_delay) {
+                int b = s->no_delay;
+
+                if (s->socket_protocol == IPPROTO_SCTP) {
+                        if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SCTP, SCTP_NODELAY, &b, sizeof(b)) < 0)
+                                log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "SCTP_NODELAY failed: %m");
+                } else {
+                        if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &b, sizeof(b)) < 0)
+                                log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "TCP_NODELAY failed: %m");
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (s->broadcast) {
+                int one = 1;
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, &one, sizeof(one)) < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "SO_BROADCAST failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->pass_cred) {
+                int one = 1;
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PASSCRED, &one, sizeof(one)) < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "SO_PASSCRED failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->pass_sec) {
+                int one = 1;
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PASSSEC, &one, sizeof(one)) < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "SO_PASSSEC failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->priority >= 0)
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PRIORITY, &s->priority, sizeof(s->priority)) < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "SO_PRIORITY failed: %m");
+
+        if (s->receive_buffer > 0) {
+                int value = (int) s->receive_buffer;
+
+                /* We first try with SO_RCVBUFFORCE, in case we have the perms for that */
+
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUFFORCE, &value, sizeof(value)) < 0)
+                        if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, &value, sizeof(value)) < 0)
+                                log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "SO_RCVBUF failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->send_buffer > 0) {
+                int value = (int) s->send_buffer;
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUFFORCE, &value, sizeof(value)) < 0)
+                        if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &value, sizeof(value)) < 0)
+                                log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "SO_SNDBUF failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->mark >= 0)
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &s->mark, sizeof(s->mark)) < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "SO_MARK failed: %m");
+
+        if (s->ip_tos >= 0)
+                if (setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS, &s->ip_tos, sizeof(s->ip_tos)) < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "IP_TOS failed: %m");
+
+        if (s->ip_ttl >= 0) {
+                int x;
+
+                r = setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, &s->ip_ttl, sizeof(s->ip_ttl));
+
+                if (socket_ipv6_is_supported())
+                        x = setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS, &s->ip_ttl, sizeof(s->ip_ttl));
+                else {
+                        x = -1;
+                        errno = EAFNOSUPPORT;
+                }
+
+                if (r < 0 && x < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "IP_TTL/IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->tcp_congestion)
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_TCP, TCP_CONGESTION, s->tcp_congestion, strlen(s->tcp_congestion)+1) < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "TCP_CONGESTION failed: %m");
+
+        if (s->smack_ip_in) {
+                r = mac_smack_apply_fd(fd, SMACK_ATTR_IPIN, s->smack_ip_in);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "mac_smack_apply_ip_in_fd: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->smack_ip_out) {
+                r = mac_smack_apply_fd(fd, SMACK_ATTR_IPOUT, s->smack_ip_out);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "mac_smack_apply_ip_out_fd: %m");
+        }
+}
+
+static void socket_apply_fifo_options(Socket *s, int fd) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        if (s->pipe_size > 0)
+                if (fcntl(fd, F_SETPIPE_SZ, s->pipe_size) < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), errno, "Setting pipe size failed, ignoring: %m");
+
+        if (s->smack) {
+                r = mac_smack_apply_fd(fd, SMACK_ATTR_ACCESS, s->smack);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "SMACK relabelling failed, ignoring: %m");
+        }
+}
+
+static int fifo_address_create(
+                const char *path,
+                mode_t directory_mode,
+                mode_t socket_mode) {
+
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        mode_t old_mask;
+        struct stat st;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        mkdir_parents_label(path, directory_mode);
+
+        r = mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(path, S_IFIFO);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Enforce the right access mode for the fifo */
+        old_mask = umask(~ socket_mode);
+
+        /* Include the original umask in our mask */
+        (void) umask(~socket_mode | old_mask);
+
+        r = mkfifo(path, socket_mode);
+        (void) umask(old_mask);
+
+        if (r < 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        fd = open(path, O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC | O_NOCTTY | O_NONBLOCK | O_NOFOLLOW);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
+
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (!S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode) ||
+            (st.st_mode & 0777) != (socket_mode & ~old_mask) ||
+            st.st_uid != getuid() ||
+            st.st_gid != getgid()) {
+                r = -EEXIST;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = fd;
+        fd = -1;
+
+        return r;
+
+fail:
+        mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int special_address_create(const char *path, bool writable) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        struct stat st;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        fd = open(path, (writable ? O_RDWR : O_RDONLY)|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOFOLLOW);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        /* Check whether this is a /proc, /sys or /dev file or char device */
+        if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode) && !S_ISCHR(st.st_mode))
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        r = fd;
+        fd = -1;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int usbffs_address_create(const char *path) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        struct stat st;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        fd = open(path, O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOFOLLOW);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        /* Check whether this is a regular file (ffs endpoint)*/
+        if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        r = fd;
+        fd = -1;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int mq_address_create(
+                const char *path,
+                mode_t mq_mode,
+                long maxmsg,
+                long msgsize) {
+
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        struct stat st;
+        mode_t old_mask;
+        struct mq_attr _attr, *attr = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        if (maxmsg > 0 && msgsize > 0) {
+                _attr = (struct mq_attr) {
+                        .mq_flags = O_NONBLOCK,
+                        .mq_maxmsg = maxmsg,
+                        .mq_msgsize = msgsize,
+                };
+                attr = &_attr;
+        }
+
+        /* Enforce the right access mode for the mq */
+        old_mask = umask(~ mq_mode);
+
+        /* Include the original umask in our mask */
+        (void) umask(~mq_mode | old_mask);
+        fd = mq_open(path, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK|O_CREAT, mq_mode, attr);
+        (void) umask(old_mask);
+
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if ((st.st_mode & 0777) != (mq_mode & ~old_mask) ||
+            st.st_uid != getuid() ||
+            st.st_gid != getgid())
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        r = fd;
+        fd = -1;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int socket_symlink(Socket *s) {
+        const char *p;
+        char **i;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        p = socket_find_symlink_target(s);
+        if (!p)
+                return 0;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, s->symlinks)
+                symlink_label(p, *i);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int usbffs_write_descs(int fd, Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (!s->usb_function_descriptors || !s->usb_function_strings)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = copy_file_fd(s->usb_function_descriptors, fd, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return copy_file_fd(s->usb_function_strings, fd, false);
+}
+
+static int usbffs_select_ep(const struct dirent *d) {
+        return d->d_name[0] != '.' && !streq(d->d_name, "ep0");
+}
+
+static int usbffs_dispatch_eps(SocketPort *p) {
+        _cleanup_free_ struct dirent **ent = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        int r, i, n, k;
+
+        path = dirname_malloc(p->path);
+        if (!path)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = scandir(path, &ent, usbffs_select_ep, alphasort);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        n = r;
+        p->auxiliary_fds = new(int, n);
+        if (!p->auxiliary_fds)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        p->n_auxiliary_fds = n;
+
+        k = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *ep = NULL;
+
+                ep = path_make_absolute(ent[i]->d_name, path);
+                if (!ep)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                path_kill_slashes(ep);
+
+                r = usbffs_address_create(ep);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                p->auxiliary_fds[k] = r;
+
+                ++k;
+                free(ent[i]);
+        }
+
+        return r;
+
+fail:
+        close_many(p->auxiliary_fds, k);
+        p->auxiliary_fds = mfree(p->auxiliary_fds);
+        p->n_auxiliary_fds = 0;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int socket_open_fds(Socket *s) {
+        _cleanup_(mac_selinux_freep) char *label = NULL;
+        bool know_label = false;
+        SocketPort *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+
+                if (p->fd >= 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                switch (p->type) {
+
+                case SOCKET_SOCKET:
+
+                        if (!know_label) {
+                                /* Figure out label, if we don't it know
+                                 * yet. We do it once, for the first
+                                 * socket where we need this and
+                                 * remember it for the rest. */
+
+                                if (s->selinux_context_from_net) {
+                                        /* Get it from the network label */
+
+                                        r = mac_selinux_get_our_label(&label);
+                                        if (r < 0 && r != -EOPNOTSUPP)
+                                                goto rollback;
+
+                                } else {
+                                        /* Get it from the executable we are about to start */
+
+                                        r = socket_instantiate_service(s);
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                goto rollback;
+
+                                        if (UNIT_ISSET(s->service) &&
+                                            SERVICE(UNIT_DEREF(s->service))->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]) {
+                                                r = mac_selinux_get_create_label_from_exe(SERVICE(UNIT_DEREF(s->service))->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]->path, &label);
+                                                if (r < 0 && r != -EPERM && r != -EOPNOTSUPP)
+                                                        goto rollback;
+                                        }
+                                }
+
+                                know_label = true;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Apply the socket protocol */
+                        switch(p->address.type) {
+                        case SOCK_STREAM:
+                        case SOCK_SEQPACKET:
+                                if (p->socket->socket_protocol == IPPROTO_SCTP)
+                                        p->address.protocol = p->socket->socket_protocol;
+                                break;
+                        case SOCK_DGRAM:
+                                if (p->socket->socket_protocol == IPPROTO_UDPLITE)
+                                        p->address.protocol = p->socket->socket_protocol;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = socket_address_listen(
+                                        &p->address,
+                                        SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK,
+                                        s->backlog,
+                                        s->bind_ipv6_only,
+                                        s->bind_to_device,
+                                        s->reuse_port,
+                                        s->free_bind,
+                                        s->transparent,
+                                        s->directory_mode,
+                                        s->socket_mode,
+                                        label);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto rollback;
+
+                        p->fd = r;
+                        socket_apply_socket_options(s, p->fd);
+                        socket_symlink(s);
+                        break;
+
+                case SOCKET_SPECIAL:
+
+                        p->fd = special_address_create(p->path, s->writable);
+                        if (p->fd < 0) {
+                                r = p->fd;
+                                goto rollback;
+                        }
+                        break;
+
+                case SOCKET_FIFO:
+
+                        p->fd = fifo_address_create(
+                                        p->path,
+                                        s->directory_mode,
+                                        s->socket_mode);
+                        if (p->fd < 0) {
+                                r = p->fd;
+                                goto rollback;
+                        }
+
+                        socket_apply_fifo_options(s, p->fd);
+                        socket_symlink(s);
+                        break;
+
+                case SOCKET_MQUEUE:
+
+                        p->fd = mq_address_create(
+                                        p->path,
+                                        s->socket_mode,
+                                        s->mq_maxmsg,
+                                        s->mq_msgsize);
+                        if (p->fd < 0) {
+                                r = p->fd;
+                                goto rollback;
+                        }
+                        break;
+
+                case SOCKET_USB_FUNCTION:
+
+                        p->fd = usbffs_address_create(p->path);
+                        if (p->fd < 0) {
+                                r = p->fd;
+                                goto rollback;
+                        }
+
+                        r = usbffs_write_descs(p->fd, SERVICE(UNIT_DEREF(s->service)));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto rollback;
+
+                        r = usbffs_dispatch_eps(p);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto rollback;
+
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unknown port type");
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+rollback:
+        socket_close_fds(s);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void socket_unwatch_fds(Socket *s) {
+        SocketPort *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+                if (p->fd < 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!p->event_source)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = sd_event_source_set_enabled(p->event_source, SD_EVENT_OFF);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to disable event source: %m");
+        }
+}
+
+static int socket_watch_fds(Socket *s) {
+        SocketPort *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+                if (p->fd < 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (p->event_source) {
+                        r = sd_event_source_set_enabled(p->event_source, SD_EVENT_ON);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                } else {
+                        r = sd_event_add_io(UNIT(s)->manager->event, &p->event_source, p->fd, EPOLLIN, socket_dispatch_io, p);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(p->event_source, "socket-port-io");
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to watch listening fds: %m");
+        socket_unwatch_fds(s);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void socket_set_state(Socket *s, SocketState state) {
+        SocketState old_state;
+        assert(s);
+
+        old_state = s->state;
+        s->state = state;
+
+        if (!IN_SET(state,
+                    SOCKET_START_PRE,
+                    SOCKET_START_CHOWN,
+                    SOCKET_START_POST,
+                    SOCKET_STOP_PRE,
+                    SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM,
+                    SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL,
+                    SOCKET_STOP_POST,
+                    SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM,
+                    SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL)) {
+
+                s->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->timer_event_source);
+                socket_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+                s->control_command = NULL;
+                s->control_command_id = _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+        }
+
+        if (state != SOCKET_LISTENING)
+                socket_unwatch_fds(s);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(state,
+                    SOCKET_START_CHOWN,
+                    SOCKET_START_POST,
+                    SOCKET_LISTENING,
+                    SOCKET_RUNNING,
+                    SOCKET_STOP_PRE,
+                    SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM,
+                    SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL))
+                socket_close_fds(s);
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "Changed %s -> %s", socket_state_to_string(old_state), socket_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(s), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static int socket_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->state == SOCKET_DEAD);
+
+        if (s->deserialized_state == s->state)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (s->control_pid > 0 &&
+            pid_is_unwaited(s->control_pid) &&
+            IN_SET(s->deserialized_state,
+                   SOCKET_START_PRE,
+                   SOCKET_START_CHOWN,
+                   SOCKET_START_POST,
+                   SOCKET_STOP_PRE,
+                   SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM,
+                   SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL,
+                   SOCKET_STOP_POST,
+                   SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM,
+                   SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL)) {
+
+                r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = socket_arm_timer(s, usec_add(u->state_change_timestamp.monotonic, s->timeout_usec));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (IN_SET(s->deserialized_state,
+                   SOCKET_START_CHOWN,
+                   SOCKET_START_POST,
+                   SOCKET_LISTENING,
+                   SOCKET_RUNNING,
+                   SOCKET_STOP_PRE,
+                   SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM,
+                   SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL)) {
+
+                r = socket_open_fds(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (s->deserialized_state == SOCKET_LISTENING) {
+                r = socket_watch_fds(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        socket_set_state(s, s->deserialized_state);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int socket_spawn(Socket *s, ExecCommand *c, pid_t *_pid) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char **argv = NULL;
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+        ExecParameters exec_params = {
+                .apply_permissions = true,
+                .apply_chroot      = true,
+                .apply_tty_stdin   = true,
+                .bus_endpoint_fd   = -1,
+                .stdin_fd          = -1,
+                .stdout_fd         = -1,
+                .stderr_fd         = -1,
+        };
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(c);
+        assert(_pid);
+
+        (void) unit_realize_cgroup(UNIT(s));
+        if (s->reset_cpu_usage) {
+                (void) unit_reset_cpu_usage(UNIT(s));
+                s->reset_cpu_usage = false;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_setup_exec_runtime(UNIT(s));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = socket_arm_timer(s, usec_add(now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), s->timeout_usec));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_full_printf_strv(UNIT(s), c->argv, &argv);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        exec_params.argv = argv;
+        exec_params.environment = UNIT(s)->manager->environment;
+        exec_params.confirm_spawn = UNIT(s)->manager->confirm_spawn;
+        exec_params.cgroup_supported = UNIT(s)->manager->cgroup_supported;
+        exec_params.cgroup_path = UNIT(s)->cgroup_path;
+        exec_params.cgroup_delegate = s->cgroup_context.delegate;
+        exec_params.runtime_prefix = manager_get_runtime_prefix(UNIT(s)->manager);
+
+        r = exec_spawn(UNIT(s),
+                       c,
+                       &s->exec_context,
+                       &exec_params,
+                       s->exec_runtime,
+                       &pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                /* FIXME: we need to do something here */
+                return r;
+
+        *_pid = pid;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int socket_chown(Socket *s, pid_t *_pid) {
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+
+        r = socket_arm_timer(s, usec_add(now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), s->timeout_usec));
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* We have to resolve the user names out-of-process, hence
+         * let's fork here. It's messy, but well, what can we do? */
+
+        pid = fork();
+        if (pid < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (pid == 0) {
+                SocketPort *p;
+                uid_t uid = UID_INVALID;
+                gid_t gid = GID_INVALID;
+                int ret;
+
+                (void) default_signals(SIGNALS_CRASH_HANDLER, SIGNALS_IGNORE, -1);
+                (void) ignore_signals(SIGPIPE, -1);
+                log_forget_fds();
+
+                if (!isempty(s->user)) {
+                        const char *user = s->user;
+
+                        r = get_user_creds(&user, &uid, &gid, NULL, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                ret = EXIT_USER;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (!isempty(s->group)) {
+                        const char *group = s->group;
+
+                        r = get_group_creds(&group, &gid);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                ret = EXIT_GROUP;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+                        const char *path = NULL;
+
+                        if (p->type == SOCKET_SOCKET)
+                                path = socket_address_get_path(&p->address);
+                        else if (p->type == SOCKET_FIFO)
+                                path = p->path;
+
+                        if (!path)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (chown(path, uid, gid) < 0) {
+                                r = -errno;
+                                ret = EXIT_CHOWN;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                _exit(0);
+
+        fail_child:
+                log_open();
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to chown socket at step %s: %m", exit_status_to_string(ret, EXIT_STATUS_SYSTEMD));
+
+                _exit(ret);
+        }
+
+        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        *_pid = pid;
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        s->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->timer_event_source);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_dead(Socket *s, SocketResult f) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        exec_runtime_destroy(s->exec_runtime);
+        s->exec_runtime = exec_runtime_unref(s->exec_runtime);
+
+        exec_context_destroy_runtime_directory(&s->exec_context, manager_get_runtime_prefix(UNIT(s)->manager));
+
+        socket_set_state(s, s->result != SOCKET_SUCCESS ? SOCKET_FAILED : SOCKET_DEAD);
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_signal(Socket *s, SocketState state, SocketResult f);
+
+static void socket_enter_stop_post(Socket *s, SocketResult f) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        socket_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+        s->control_command_id = SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_POST;
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_POST];
+
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                r = socket_spawn(s, s->control_command, &s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                socket_set_state(s, SOCKET_STOP_POST);
+        } else
+                socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM, SOCKET_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to run 'stop-post' task: %m");
+        socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_signal(Socket *s, SocketState state, SocketResult f) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        r = unit_kill_context(
+                        UNIT(s),
+                        &s->kill_context,
+                        (state != SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM && state != SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM) ?
+                        KILL_KILL : KILL_TERMINATE,
+                        -1,
+                        s->control_pid,
+                        false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (r > 0) {
+                r = socket_arm_timer(s, usec_add(now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), s->timeout_usec));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                socket_set_state(s, state);
+        } else if (state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM)
+                socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL, SOCKET_SUCCESS);
+        else if (state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL)
+                socket_enter_stop_post(s, SOCKET_SUCCESS);
+        else if (state == SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM)
+                socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL, SOCKET_SUCCESS);
+        else
+                socket_enter_dead(s, SOCKET_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to kill processes: %m");
+
+        if (state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM || state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL)
+                socket_enter_stop_post(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        else
+                socket_enter_dead(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_stop_pre(Socket *s, SocketResult f) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        socket_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+        s->control_command_id = SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_PRE;
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_PRE];
+
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                r = socket_spawn(s, s->control_command, &s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                socket_set_state(s, SOCKET_STOP_PRE);
+        } else
+                socket_enter_stop_post(s, SOCKET_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to run 'stop-pre' task: %m");
+        socket_enter_stop_post(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_listening(Socket *s) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        r = socket_watch_fds(s);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to watch sockets: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        socket_set_state(s, SOCKET_LISTENING);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_start_post(Socket *s) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        socket_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+        s->control_command_id = SOCKET_EXEC_START_POST;
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_START_POST];
+
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                r = socket_spawn(s, s->control_command, &s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to run 'start-post' task: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                socket_set_state(s, SOCKET_START_POST);
+        } else
+                socket_enter_listening(s);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_start_chown(Socket *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        r = socket_open_fds(s);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to listen on sockets: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (!isempty(s->user) || !isempty(s->group)) {
+
+                socket_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+                s->control_command_id = SOCKET_EXEC_START_CHOWN;
+                s->control_command = NULL;
+
+                r = socket_chown(s, &s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to fork 'start-chown' task: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                socket_set_state(s, SOCKET_START_CHOWN);
+        } else
+                socket_enter_start_post(s);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_start_pre(Socket *s) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        socket_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+        s->control_command_id = SOCKET_EXEC_START_PRE;
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_START_PRE];
+
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                r = socket_spawn(s, s->control_command, &s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to run 'start-pre' task: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                socket_set_state(s, SOCKET_START_PRE);
+        } else
+                socket_enter_start_chown(s);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        socket_enter_dead(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_running(Socket *s, int cfd) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* We don't take connections anymore if we are supposed to
+         * shut down anyway */
+        if (unit_stop_pending(UNIT(s))) {
+
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "Suppressing connection request since unit stop is scheduled.");
+
+                if (cfd >= 0)
+                        safe_close(cfd);
+                else  {
+                        /* Flush all sockets by closing and reopening them */
+                        socket_close_fds(s);
+
+                        r = socket_open_fds(s);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to listen on sockets: %m");
+                                socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+                                return;
+                        }
+
+                        r = socket_watch_fds(s);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to watch sockets: %m");
+                                socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+                        }
+                }
+
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (cfd < 0) {
+                Iterator i;
+                Unit *other;
+                bool pending = false;
+
+                /* If there's already a start pending don't bother to
+                 * do anything */
+                SET_FOREACH(other, UNIT(s)->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERS], i)
+                        if (unit_active_or_pending(other)) {
+                                pending = true;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                if (!pending) {
+                        if (!UNIT_ISSET(s->service)) {
+                                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Service to activate vanished, refusing activation.");
+                                r = -ENOENT;
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+
+                        r = manager_add_job(UNIT(s)->manager, JOB_START, UNIT_DEREF(s->service), JOB_REPLACE, &error, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                }
+
+                socket_set_state(s, SOCKET_RUNNING);
+        } else {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *prefix = NULL, *instance = NULL, *name = NULL;
+                Service *service;
+
+                if (s->n_connections >= s->max_connections) {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Too many incoming connections (%u)", s->n_connections);
+                        safe_close(cfd);
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                r = socket_instantiate_service(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = instance_from_socket(cfd, s->n_accepted, &instance);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (r != -ENOTCONN)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        /* ENOTCONN is legitimate if TCP RST was received.
+                         * This connection is over, but the socket unit lives on. */
+                        safe_close(cfd);
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                r = unit_name_to_prefix(UNIT(s)->id, &prefix);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = unit_name_build(prefix, instance, ".service", &name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = unit_add_name(UNIT_DEREF(s->service), name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                service = SERVICE(UNIT_DEREF(s->service));
+                unit_ref_unset(&s->service);
+                s->n_accepted ++;
+
+                UNIT(service)->no_gc = false;
+
+                unit_choose_id(UNIT(service), name);
+
+                r = service_set_socket_fd(service, cfd, s, s->selinux_context_from_net);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                cfd = -1;
+                s->n_connections ++;
+
+                r = manager_add_job(UNIT(s)->manager, JOB_START, UNIT(service), JOB_REPLACE, &error, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                /* Notify clients about changed counters */
+                unit_add_to_dbus_queue(UNIT(s));
+        }
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Failed to queue service startup job (Maybe the service file is missing or not a %s unit?): %s",
+                         cfd >= 0 ? "template" : "non-template",
+                         bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        safe_close(cfd);
+}
+
+static void socket_run_next(Socket *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->control_command);
+        assert(s->control_command->command_next);
+
+        socket_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        s->control_command = s->control_command->command_next;
+
+        r = socket_spawn(s, s->control_command, &s->control_pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to run next task: %m");
+
+        if (s->state == SOCKET_START_POST)
+                socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        else if (s->state == SOCKET_STOP_POST)
+                socket_enter_dead(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        else
+                socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static int socket_start(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* We cannot fulfill this request right now, try again later
+         * please! */
+        if (IN_SET(s->state,
+                   SOCKET_STOP_PRE,
+                   SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL,
+                   SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM,
+                   SOCKET_STOP_POST,
+                   SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM,
+                   SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL))
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        /* Already on it! */
+        if (IN_SET(s->state,
+                   SOCKET_START_PRE,
+                   SOCKET_START_CHOWN,
+                   SOCKET_START_POST))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Cannot run this without the service being around */
+        if (UNIT_ISSET(s->service)) {
+                Service *service;
+
+                service = SERVICE(UNIT_DEREF(s->service));
+
+                if (UNIT(service)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED) {
+                        log_unit_error(u, "Socket service %s not loaded, refusing.", UNIT(service)->id);
+                        return -ENOENT;
+                }
+
+                /* If the service is already active we cannot start the
+                 * socket */
+                if (service->state != SERVICE_DEAD &&
+                    service->state != SERVICE_FAILED &&
+                    service->state != SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART) {
+                        log_unit_error(u, "Socket service %s already active, refusing.", UNIT(service)->id);
+                        return -EBUSY;
+                }
+        }
+
+        assert(s->state == SOCKET_DEAD || s->state == SOCKET_FAILED);
+
+        s->result = SOCKET_SUCCESS;
+        s->reset_cpu_usage = true;
+
+        socket_enter_start_pre(s);
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int socket_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Already on it */
+        if (IN_SET(s->state,
+                   SOCKET_STOP_PRE,
+                   SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM,
+                   SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL,
+                   SOCKET_STOP_POST,
+                   SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM,
+                   SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* If there's already something running we go directly into
+         * kill mode. */
+        if (IN_SET(s->state,
+                   SOCKET_START_PRE,
+                   SOCKET_START_CHOWN,
+                   SOCKET_START_POST)) {
+                socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM, SOCKET_SUCCESS);
+                return -EAGAIN;
+        }
+
+        assert(s->state == SOCKET_LISTENING || s->state == SOCKET_RUNNING);
+
+        socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_SUCCESS);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int socket_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+        SocketPort *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", socket_state_to_string(s->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "result", socket_result_to_string(s->result));
+        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "n-accepted", "%u", s->n_accepted);
+
+        if (s->control_pid > 0)
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "control-pid", PID_FMT, s->control_pid);
+
+        if (s->control_command_id >= 0)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "control-command", socket_exec_command_to_string(s->control_command_id));
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+                int copy;
+
+                if (p->fd < 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                copy = fdset_put_dup(fds, p->fd);
+                if (copy < 0)
+                        return copy;
+
+                if (p->type == SOCKET_SOCKET) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+
+                        r = socket_address_print(&p->address, &t);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (socket_address_family(&p->address) == AF_NETLINK)
+                                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "netlink", "%i %s", copy, t);
+                        else
+                                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "socket", "%i %i %s", copy, p->address.type, t);
+
+                } else if (p->type == SOCKET_SPECIAL)
+                        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "special", "%i %s", copy, p->path);
+                else if (p->type == SOCKET_MQUEUE)
+                        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "mqueue", "%i %s", copy, p->path);
+                else if (p->type == SOCKET_USB_FUNCTION)
+                        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "ffs", "%i %s", copy, p->path);
+                else {
+                        assert(p->type == SOCKET_FIFO);
+                        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "fifo", "%i %s", copy, p->path);
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int socket_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                SocketState state;
+
+                state = socket_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse state value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->deserialized_state = state;
+        } else if (streq(key, "result")) {
+                SocketResult f;
+
+                f = socket_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse result value: %s", value);
+                else if (f != SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                        s->result = f;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "n-accepted")) {
+                unsigned k;
+
+                if (safe_atou(value, &k) < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse n-accepted value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->n_accepted += k;
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-pid")) {
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                if (parse_pid(value, &pid) < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse control-pid value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->control_pid = pid;
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-command")) {
+                SocketExecCommand id;
+
+                id = socket_exec_command_from_string(value);
+                if (id < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse exec-command value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        s->control_command_id = id;
+                        s->control_command = s->exec_command[id];
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "fifo")) {
+                int fd, skip = 0;
+                SocketPort *p;
+
+                if (sscanf(value, "%i %n", &fd, &skip) < 1 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse fifo value: %s", value);
+                else {
+
+                        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports)
+                                if (p->type == SOCKET_FIFO &&
+                                    path_equal_or_files_same(p->path, value+skip))
+                                        break;
+
+                        if (p) {
+                                safe_close(p->fd);
+                                p->fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                        }
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "special")) {
+                int fd, skip = 0;
+                SocketPort *p;
+
+                if (sscanf(value, "%i %n", &fd, &skip) < 1 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse special value: %s", value);
+                else {
+
+                        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports)
+                                if (p->type == SOCKET_SPECIAL &&
+                                    path_equal_or_files_same(p->path, value+skip))
+                                        break;
+
+                        if (p) {
+                                safe_close(p->fd);
+                                p->fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                        }
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "mqueue")) {
+                int fd, skip = 0;
+                SocketPort *p;
+
+                if (sscanf(value, "%i %n", &fd, &skip) < 1 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse mqueue value: %s", value);
+                else {
+
+                        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports)
+                                if (p->type == SOCKET_MQUEUE &&
+                                    streq(p->path, value+skip))
+                                        break;
+
+                        if (p) {
+                                safe_close(p->fd);
+                                p->fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                        }
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "socket")) {
+                int fd, type, skip = 0;
+                SocketPort *p;
+
+                if (sscanf(value, "%i %i %n", &fd, &type, &skip) < 2 || fd < 0 || type < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse socket value: %s", value);
+                else {
+
+                        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports)
+                                if (socket_address_is(&p->address, value+skip, type))
+                                        break;
+
+                        if (p) {
+                                safe_close(p->fd);
+                                p->fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                        }
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "netlink")) {
+                int fd, skip = 0;
+                SocketPort *p;
+
+                if (sscanf(value, "%i %n", &fd, &skip) < 1 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse socket value: %s", value);
+                else {
+
+                        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports)
+                                if (socket_address_is_netlink(&p->address, value+skip))
+                                        break;
+
+                        if (p) {
+                                safe_close(p->fd);
+                                p->fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                        }
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "ffs")) {
+                int fd, skip = 0;
+                SocketPort *p;
+
+                if (sscanf(value, "%i %n", &fd, &skip) < 1 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse ffs value: %s", value);
+                else {
+
+                        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports)
+                                if (p->type == SOCKET_USB_FUNCTION &&
+                                    path_equal_or_files_same(p->path, value+skip))
+                                        break;
+
+                        if (p) {
+                                safe_close(p->fd);
+                                p->fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                        }
+                }
+
+        } else
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "Unknown serialization key: %s", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void socket_distribute_fds(Unit *u, FDSet *fds) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+        SocketPort *p;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+                Iterator i;
+                int fd;
+
+                if (p->type != SOCKET_SOCKET)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (p->fd >= 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                FDSET_FOREACH(fd, fds, i) {
+                        if (socket_address_matches_fd(&p->address, fd)) {
+                                p->fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                                s->deserialized_state = SOCKET_LISTENING;
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState socket_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[SOCKET(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *socket_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return socket_state_to_string(SOCKET(u)->state);
+}
+
+const char* socket_port_type_to_string(SocketPort *p) {
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        switch (p->type) {
+
+        case SOCKET_SOCKET:
+
+                switch (p->address.type) {
+
+                case SOCK_STREAM:
+                        return "Stream";
+
+                case SOCK_DGRAM:
+                        return "Datagram";
+
+                case SOCK_SEQPACKET:
+                        return "SequentialPacket";
+
+                case SOCK_RAW:
+                        if (socket_address_family(&p->address) == AF_NETLINK)
+                                return "Netlink";
+
+                default:
+                        return NULL;
+                }
+
+        case SOCKET_SPECIAL:
+                return "Special";
+
+        case SOCKET_MQUEUE:
+                return "MessageQueue";
+
+        case SOCKET_FIFO:
+                return "FIFO";
+
+        case SOCKET_USB_FUNCTION:
+                return "USBFunction";
+
+        default:
+                return NULL;
+        }
+}
+
+_pure_ static bool socket_check_gc(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        return s->n_connections > 0;
+}
+
+static int socket_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        SocketPort *p = userdata;
+        int cfd = -1;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        if (p->socket->state != SOCKET_LISTENING)
+                return 0;
+
+        log_unit_debug(UNIT(p->socket), "Incoming traffic");
+
+        if (revents != EPOLLIN) {
+
+                if (revents & EPOLLHUP)
+                        log_unit_error(UNIT(p->socket), "Got POLLHUP on a listening socket. The service probably invoked shutdown() on it, and should better not do that.");
+                else
+                        log_unit_error(UNIT(p->socket), "Got unexpected poll event (0x%x) on socket.", revents);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (p->socket->accept &&
+            p->type == SOCKET_SOCKET &&
+            socket_address_can_accept(&p->address)) {
+
+                for (;;) {
+
+                        cfd = accept4(fd, NULL, NULL, SOCK_NONBLOCK);
+                        if (cfd < 0) {
+
+                                if (errno == EINTR)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(p->socket), errno, "Failed to accept socket: %m");
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                socket_apply_socket_options(p->socket, cfd);
+        }
+
+        socket_enter_running(p->socket, cfd);
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        socket_enter_stop_pre(p->socket, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void socket_sigchld_event(Unit *u, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+        SocketResult f;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(pid >= 0);
+
+        if (pid != s->control_pid)
+                return;
+
+        s->control_pid = 0;
+
+        if (is_clean_exit(code, status, NULL))
+                f = SOCKET_SUCCESS;
+        else if (code == CLD_EXITED)
+                f = SOCKET_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE;
+        else if (code == CLD_KILLED)
+                f = SOCKET_FAILURE_SIGNAL;
+        else if (code == CLD_DUMPED)
+                f = SOCKET_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP;
+        else
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown sigchld code");
+
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                exec_status_exit(&s->control_command->exec_status, &s->exec_context, pid, code, status);
+
+                if (s->control_command->ignore)
+                        f = SOCKET_SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        log_unit_full(u, f == SOCKET_SUCCESS ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_NOTICE, 0,
+                      "Control process exited, code=%s status=%i",
+                      sigchld_code_to_string(code), status);
+
+        if (f != SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        if (s->control_command &&
+            s->control_command->command_next &&
+            f == SOCKET_SUCCESS) {
+
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Running next command for state %s", socket_state_to_string(s->state));
+                socket_run_next(s);
+        } else {
+                s->control_command = NULL;
+                s->control_command_id = _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+
+                /* No further commands for this step, so let's figure
+                 * out what to do next */
+
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Got final SIGCHLD for state %s", socket_state_to_string(s->state));
+
+                switch (s->state) {
+
+                case SOCKET_START_PRE:
+                        if (f == SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                                socket_enter_start_chown(s);
+                        else
+                                socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM, f);
+                        break;
+
+                case SOCKET_START_CHOWN:
+                        if (f == SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                                socket_enter_start_post(s);
+                        else
+                                socket_enter_stop_pre(s, f);
+                        break;
+
+                case SOCKET_START_POST:
+                        if (f == SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                                socket_enter_listening(s);
+                        else
+                                socket_enter_stop_pre(s, f);
+                        break;
+
+                case SOCKET_STOP_PRE:
+                case SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM:
+                case SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL:
+                        socket_enter_stop_post(s, f);
+                        break;
+
+                case SOCKET_STOP_POST:
+                case SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM:
+                case SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL:
+                        socket_enter_dead(s, f);
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Uh, control process died at wrong time.");
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Notify clients about changed exit status */
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+}
+
+static int socket_dispatch_timer(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(userdata);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->timer_event_source == source);
+
+        switch (s->state) {
+
+        case SOCKET_START_PRE:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Starting timed out. Terminating.");
+                socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SOCKET_START_CHOWN:
+        case SOCKET_START_POST:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Starting timed out. Stopping.");
+                socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SOCKET_STOP_PRE:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Stopping timed out. Terminating.");
+                socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM:
+                if (s->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Stopping timed out. Killing.");
+                        socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Stopping timed out. Skipping SIGKILL. Ignoring.");
+                        socket_enter_stop_post(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Processes still around after SIGKILL. Ignoring.");
+                socket_enter_stop_post(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SOCKET_STOP_POST:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Stopping timed out (2). Terminating.");
+                socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM:
+                if (s->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Stopping timed out (2). Killing.");
+                        socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Stopping timed out (2). Skipping SIGKILL. Ignoring.");
+                        socket_enter_dead(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Still around after SIGKILL (2). Entering failed mode.");
+                socket_enter_dead(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Timeout at wrong time.");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int socket_collect_fds(Socket *s, int **fds) {
+        int *rfds, k = 0, n = 0;
+        SocketPort *p;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        /* Called from the service code for requesting our fds */
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+                if (p->fd >= 0)
+                        n++;
+                n += p->n_auxiliary_fds;
+        }
+
+        if (n <= 0) {
+                *fds = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        rfds = new(int, n);
+        if (!rfds)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+                int i;
+
+                if (p->fd >= 0)
+                        rfds[k++] = p->fd;
+                for (i = 0; i < p->n_auxiliary_fds; ++i)
+                        rfds[k++] = p->auxiliary_fds[i];
+        }
+
+        assert(k == n);
+
+        *fds = rfds;
+        return n;
+}
+
+static void socket_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->state == SOCKET_FAILED)
+                socket_set_state(s, SOCKET_DEAD);
+
+        s->result = SOCKET_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+void socket_connection_unref(Socket *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* The service is dead. Yay!
+         *
+         * This is strictly for one-instance-per-connection
+         * services. */
+
+        assert(s->n_connections > 0);
+        s->n_connections--;
+
+        log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "One connection closed, %u left.", s->n_connections);
+}
+
+static void socket_trigger_notify(Unit *u, Unit *other) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(other);
+
+        /* Don't propagate state changes from the service if we are
+           already down or accepting connections */
+        if (!IN_SET(s->state, SOCKET_RUNNING, SOCKET_LISTENING) || s->accept)
+                return;
+
+        if (other->start_limit_hit) {
+                socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_SERVICE_START_LIMIT_HIT);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (other->load_state != UNIT_LOADED || other->type != UNIT_SERVICE)
+                return;
+
+        if (IN_SET(SERVICE(other)->state,
+                   SERVICE_DEAD, SERVICE_FAILED,
+                   SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL,
+                   SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART))
+               socket_enter_listening(s);
+
+        if (SERVICE(other)->state == SERVICE_RUNNING)
+                socket_set_state(s, SOCKET_RUNNING);
+}
+
+static int socket_kill(Unit *u, KillWho who, int signo, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return unit_kill_common(u, who, signo, -1, SOCKET(u)->control_pid, error);
+}
+
+static int socket_get_timeout(Unit *u, usec_t *timeout) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+        usec_t t;
+        int r;
+
+        if (!s->timer_event_source)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_event_source_get_time(s->timer_event_source, &t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (t == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+
+        *timeout = t;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+char *socket_fdname(Socket *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Returns the name to use for $LISTEN_NAMES. If the user
+         * didn't specify anything specifically, use the socket unit's
+         * name as fallback. */
+
+        if (s->fdname)
+                return s->fdname;
+
+        return UNIT(s)->id;
+}
+
+static const char* const socket_exec_command_table[_SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX] = {
+        [SOCKET_EXEC_START_PRE] = "StartPre",
+        [SOCKET_EXEC_START_CHOWN] = "StartChown",
+        [SOCKET_EXEC_START_POST] = "StartPost",
+        [SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_PRE] = "StopPre",
+        [SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_POST] = "StopPost"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(socket_exec_command, SocketExecCommand);
+
+static const char* const socket_result_table[_SOCKET_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [SOCKET_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources",
+        [SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT] = "timeout",
+        [SOCKET_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE] = "exit-code",
+        [SOCKET_FAILURE_SIGNAL] = "signal",
+        [SOCKET_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP] = "core-dump",
+        [SOCKET_FAILURE_SERVICE_START_LIMIT_HIT] = "service-start-limit-hit"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(socket_result, SocketResult);
+
+const UnitVTable socket_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Socket),
+        .exec_context_offset = offsetof(Socket, exec_context),
+        .cgroup_context_offset = offsetof(Socket, cgroup_context),
+        .kill_context_offset = offsetof(Socket, kill_context),
+        .exec_runtime_offset = offsetof(Socket, exec_runtime),
+
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Socket\0"
+                "Install\0",
+        .private_section = "Socket",
+
+        .init = socket_init,
+        .done = socket_done,
+        .load = socket_load,
+
+        .coldplug = socket_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = socket_dump,
+
+        .start = socket_start,
+        .stop = socket_stop,
+
+        .kill = socket_kill,
+
+        .get_timeout = socket_get_timeout,
+
+        .serialize = socket_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = socket_deserialize_item,
+        .distribute_fds = socket_distribute_fds,
+
+        .active_state = socket_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = socket_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .check_gc = socket_check_gc,
+
+        .sigchld_event = socket_sigchld_event,
+
+        .trigger_notify = socket_trigger_notify,
+
+        .reset_failed = socket_reset_failed,
+
+        .bus_vtable = bus_socket_vtable,
+        .bus_set_property = bus_socket_set_property,
+        .bus_commit_properties = bus_socket_commit_properties,
+
+        .status_message_formats = {
+                /*.starting_stopping = {
+                        [0] = "Starting socket %s...",
+                        [1] = "Stopping socket %s...",
+                },*/
+                .finished_start_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Listening on %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed to listen on %s.",
+                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out starting %s.",
+                },
+                .finished_stop_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Closed %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed stopping %s.",
+                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out stopping %s.",
+                },
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/socket.h b/src/libcore/socket.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b537b026a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/socket.h
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Socket Socket;
+
+#include "mount.h"
+#include "service.h"
+#include "socket-util.h"
+
+typedef enum SocketExecCommand {
+        SOCKET_EXEC_START_PRE,
+        SOCKET_EXEC_START_CHOWN,
+        SOCKET_EXEC_START_POST,
+        SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_PRE,
+        SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_POST,
+        _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX,
+        _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID = -1
+} SocketExecCommand;
+
+typedef enum SocketType {
+        SOCKET_SOCKET,
+        SOCKET_FIFO,
+        SOCKET_SPECIAL,
+        SOCKET_MQUEUE,
+        SOCKET_USB_FUNCTION,
+        _SOCKET_FIFO_MAX,
+        _SOCKET_FIFO_INVALID = -1
+} SocketType;
+
+typedef enum SocketResult {
+        SOCKET_SUCCESS,
+        SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES,
+        SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT,
+        SOCKET_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE,
+        SOCKET_FAILURE_SIGNAL,
+        SOCKET_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP,
+        SOCKET_FAILURE_SERVICE_START_LIMIT_HIT,
+        _SOCKET_RESULT_MAX,
+        _SOCKET_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} SocketResult;
+
+typedef struct SocketPort {
+        Socket *socket;
+
+        SocketType type;
+        int fd;
+        int *auxiliary_fds;
+        int n_auxiliary_fds;
+
+        SocketAddress address;
+        char *path;
+        sd_event_source *event_source;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(struct SocketPort, port);
+} SocketPort;
+
+struct Socket {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        LIST_HEAD(SocketPort, ports);
+
+        unsigned n_accepted;
+        unsigned n_connections;
+        unsigned max_connections;
+
+        unsigned backlog;
+        unsigned keep_alive_cnt;
+        usec_t timeout_usec;
+        usec_t keep_alive_time;
+        usec_t keep_alive_interval;
+        usec_t defer_accept;
+
+        ExecCommand* exec_command[_SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX];
+        ExecContext exec_context;
+        KillContext kill_context;
+        CGroupContext cgroup_context;
+        ExecRuntime *exec_runtime;
+
+        /* For Accept=no sockets refers to the one service we'll
+        activate. For Accept=yes sockets is either NULL, or filled
+        when the next service we spawn. */
+        UnitRef service;
+
+        SocketState state, deserialized_state;
+
+        sd_event_source *timer_event_source;
+
+        ExecCommand* control_command;
+        SocketExecCommand control_command_id;
+        pid_t control_pid;
+
+        mode_t directory_mode;
+        mode_t socket_mode;
+
+        SocketResult result;
+
+        char **symlinks;
+
+        bool accept;
+        bool remove_on_stop;
+        bool writable;
+
+        int socket_protocol;
+
+        /* Socket options */
+        bool keep_alive;
+        bool no_delay;
+        bool free_bind;
+        bool transparent;
+        bool broadcast;
+        bool pass_cred;
+        bool pass_sec;
+
+        /* Only for INET6 sockets: issue IPV6_V6ONLY sockopt */
+        SocketAddressBindIPv6Only bind_ipv6_only;
+
+        int priority;
+        int mark;
+        size_t receive_buffer;
+        size_t send_buffer;
+        int ip_tos;
+        int ip_ttl;
+        size_t pipe_size;
+        char *bind_to_device;
+        char *tcp_congestion;
+        bool reuse_port;
+        long mq_maxmsg;
+        long mq_msgsize;
+
+        char *smack;
+        char *smack_ip_in;
+        char *smack_ip_out;
+
+        bool selinux_context_from_net;
+
+        char *user, *group;
+
+        bool reset_cpu_usage:1;
+
+        char *fdname;
+};
+
+/* Called from the service code when collecting fds */
+int socket_collect_fds(Socket *s, int **fds);
+
+/* Called from the service code when a per-connection service ended */
+void socket_connection_unref(Socket *s);
+
+void socket_free_ports(Socket *s);
+
+int socket_instantiate_service(Socket *s);
+
+char *socket_fdname(Socket *s);
+
+extern const UnitVTable socket_vtable;
+
+const char* socket_exec_command_to_string(SocketExecCommand i) _const_;
+SocketExecCommand socket_exec_command_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* socket_result_to_string(SocketResult i) _const_;
+SocketResult socket_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* socket_port_type_to_string(SocketPort *p) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libcore/swap.c b/src/libcore/swap.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1bf0c0a808
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/swap.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1518 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "libudev.h"
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "dbus-swap.h"
+#include "escape.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "fstab-util.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "swap.h"
+#include "udev-util.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_SWAP_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [SWAP_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [SWAP_ACTIVATING] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [SWAP_ACTIVATING_DONE] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SWAP_ACTIVE] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SWAP_DEACTIVATING] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SWAP_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED
+};
+
+static int swap_dispatch_timer(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata);
+static int swap_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata);
+
+static void swap_unset_proc_swaps(Swap *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!s->from_proc_swaps)
+                return;
+
+        s->parameters_proc_swaps.what = mfree(s->parameters_proc_swaps.what);
+
+        s->from_proc_swaps = false;
+}
+
+static int swap_set_devnode(Swap *s, const char *devnode) {
+        Hashmap *swaps;
+        Swap *first;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&UNIT(s)->manager->swaps_by_devnode, &string_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        swaps = UNIT(s)->manager->swaps_by_devnode;
+
+        if (s->devnode) {
+                first = hashmap_get(swaps, s->devnode);
+
+                LIST_REMOVE(same_devnode, first, s);
+                if (first)
+                        hashmap_replace(swaps, first->devnode, first);
+                else
+                        hashmap_remove(swaps, s->devnode);
+
+                s->devnode = mfree(s->devnode);
+        }
+
+        if (devnode) {
+                s->devnode = strdup(devnode);
+                if (!s->devnode)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                first = hashmap_get(swaps, s->devnode);
+                LIST_PREPEND(same_devnode, first, s);
+
+                return hashmap_replace(swaps, first->devnode, first);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void swap_init(Unit *u) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(UNIT(s)->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        s->timeout_usec = u->manager->default_timeout_start_usec;
+
+        s->exec_context.std_output = u->manager->default_std_output;
+        s->exec_context.std_error = u->manager->default_std_error;
+
+        s->parameters_proc_swaps.priority = s->parameters_fragment.priority = -1;
+
+        s->control_command_id = _SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+
+        u->ignore_on_isolate = true;
+}
+
+static void swap_unwatch_control_pid(Swap *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->control_pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        unit_unwatch_pid(UNIT(s), s->control_pid);
+        s->control_pid = 0;
+}
+
+static void swap_done(Unit *u) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        swap_unset_proc_swaps(s);
+        swap_set_devnode(s, NULL);
+
+        s->what = mfree(s->what);
+        s->parameters_fragment.what = mfree(s->parameters_fragment.what);
+        s->parameters_fragment.options = mfree(s->parameters_fragment.options);
+
+        s->exec_runtime = exec_runtime_unref(s->exec_runtime);
+        exec_command_done_array(s->exec_command, _SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX);
+        s->control_command = NULL;
+
+        swap_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        s->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->timer_event_source);
+}
+
+static int swap_arm_timer(Swap *s, usec_t usec) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->timer_event_source) {
+                r = sd_event_source_set_time(s->timer_event_source, usec);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return sd_event_source_set_enabled(s->timer_event_source, SD_EVENT_ONESHOT);
+        }
+
+        if (usec == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_event_add_time(
+                        UNIT(s)->manager->event,
+                        &s->timer_event_source,
+                        CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
+                        usec, 0,
+                        swap_dispatch_timer, s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(s->timer_event_source, "swap-timer");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int swap_add_device_links(Swap *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!s->what)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!s->from_fragment)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (is_device_path(s->what))
+                return unit_add_node_link(UNIT(s), s->what, UNIT(s)->manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM, UNIT_BINDS_TO);
+        else
+                /* File based swap devices need to be ordered after
+                 * systemd-remount-fs.service, since they might need a
+                 * writable file system. */
+                return unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, SPECIAL_REMOUNT_FS_SERVICE, NULL, true);
+}
+
+static int swap_add_default_dependencies(Swap *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!UNIT(s)->default_dependencies)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->manager->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (detect_container() > 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* swap units generated for the swap dev links are missing the
+         * ordering dep against the swap target. */
+        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_BEFORE, SPECIAL_SWAP_TARGET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_UMOUNT_TARGET, NULL, true);
+}
+
+static int swap_verify(Swap *s) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_name_from_path(s->what, ".swap", &e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to generate unit name from path: %m");
+
+        if (!unit_has_name(UNIT(s), e)) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Value of What= and unit name do not match, not loading.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->exec_context.pam_name && s->kill_context.kill_mode != KILL_CONTROL_GROUP) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Unit has PAM enabled. Kill mode must be set to 'control-group'. Refusing to load.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int swap_load_devnode(Swap *s) {
+        _cleanup_udev_device_unref_ struct udev_device *d = NULL;
+        struct stat st;
+        const char *p;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (stat(s->what, &st) < 0 || !S_ISBLK(st.st_mode))
+                return 0;
+
+        d = udev_device_new_from_devnum(UNIT(s)->manager->udev, 'b', st.st_rdev);
+        if (!d)
+                return 0;
+
+        p = udev_device_get_devnode(d);
+        if (!p)
+                return 0;
+
+        return swap_set_devnode(s, p);
+}
+
+static int swap_load(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        /* Load a .swap file */
+        r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin_optional(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+
+                if (UNIT(s)->fragment_path)
+                        s->from_fragment = true;
+
+                if (!s->what) {
+                        if (s->parameters_fragment.what)
+                                s->what = strdup(s->parameters_fragment.what);
+                        else if (s->parameters_proc_swaps.what)
+                                s->what = strdup(s->parameters_proc_swaps.what);
+                        else {
+                                r = unit_name_to_path(u->id, &s->what);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!s->what)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                path_kill_slashes(s->what);
+
+                if (!UNIT(s)->description) {
+                        r = unit_set_description(u, s->what);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = unit_require_mounts_for(UNIT(s), s->what);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = swap_add_device_links(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = swap_load_devnode(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = unit_patch_contexts(u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = unit_add_exec_dependencies(u, &s->exec_context);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = unit_set_default_slice(u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = swap_add_default_dependencies(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return swap_verify(s);
+}
+
+static int swap_setup_unit(
+                Manager *m,
+                const char *what,
+                const char *what_proc_swaps,
+                int priority,
+                bool set_flags) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
+        bool delete = false;
+        Unit *u = NULL;
+        int r;
+        SwapParameters *p;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(what);
+        assert(what_proc_swaps);
+
+        r = unit_name_from_path(what, ".swap", &e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed to generate unit name from path: %m");
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, e);
+
+        if (u &&
+            SWAP(u)->from_proc_swaps &&
+            !path_equal(SWAP(u)->parameters_proc_swaps.what, what_proc_swaps)) {
+                log_error("Swap %s appeared twice with different device paths %s and %s", e, SWAP(u)->parameters_proc_swaps.what, what_proc_swaps);
+                return -EEXIST;
+        }
+
+        if (!u) {
+                delete = true;
+
+                u = unit_new(m, sizeof(Swap));
+                if (!u)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = unit_add_name(u, e);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                SWAP(u)->what = strdup(what);
+                if (!SWAP(u)->what) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                unit_add_to_load_queue(u);
+        } else
+                delete = false;
+
+        p = &SWAP(u)->parameters_proc_swaps;
+
+        if (!p->what) {
+                p->what = strdup(what_proc_swaps);
+                if (!p->what) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (set_flags) {
+                SWAP(u)->is_active = true;
+                SWAP(u)->just_activated = !SWAP(u)->from_proc_swaps;
+        }
+
+        SWAP(u)->from_proc_swaps = true;
+
+        p->priority = priority;
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to load swap unit: %m");
+
+        if (delete && u)
+                unit_free(u);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int swap_process_new(Manager *m, const char *device, int prio, bool set_flags) {
+        _cleanup_udev_device_unref_ struct udev_device *d = NULL;
+        struct udev_list_entry *item = NULL, *first = NULL;
+        const char *dn;
+        struct stat st;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = swap_setup_unit(m, device, device, prio, set_flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* If this is a block device, then let's add duplicates for
+         * all other names of this block device */
+        if (stat(device, &st) < 0 || !S_ISBLK(st.st_mode))
+                return 0;
+
+        d = udev_device_new_from_devnum(m->udev, 'b', st.st_rdev);
+        if (!d)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Add the main device node */
+        dn = udev_device_get_devnode(d);
+        if (dn && !streq(dn, device))
+                swap_setup_unit(m, dn, device, prio, set_flags);
+
+        /* Add additional units for all symlinks */
+        first = udev_device_get_devlinks_list_entry(d);
+        udev_list_entry_foreach(item, first) {
+                const char *p;
+
+                /* Don't bother with the /dev/block links */
+                p = udev_list_entry_get_name(item);
+
+                if (streq(p, device))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (path_startswith(p, "/dev/block/"))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (stat(p, &st) >= 0)
+                        if (!S_ISBLK(st.st_mode) ||
+                            st.st_rdev != udev_device_get_devnum(d))
+                                continue;
+
+                swap_setup_unit(m, p, device, prio, set_flags);
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void swap_set_state(Swap *s, SwapState state) {
+        SwapState old_state;
+        Swap *other;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        old_state = s->state;
+        s->state = state;
+
+        if (state != SWAP_ACTIVATING &&
+            state != SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM &&
+            state != SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL &&
+            state != SWAP_ACTIVATING_DONE &&
+            state != SWAP_DEACTIVATING &&
+            state != SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM &&
+            state != SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL) {
+                s->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->timer_event_source);
+                swap_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+                s->control_command = NULL;
+                s->control_command_id = _SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+        }
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "Changed %s -> %s", swap_state_to_string(old_state), swap_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(s), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+
+        /* If there other units for the same device node have a job
+           queued it might be worth checking again if it is runnable
+           now. This is necessary, since swap_start() refuses
+           operation with EAGAIN if there's already another job for
+           the same device node queued. */
+        LIST_FOREACH_OTHERS(same_devnode, other, s)
+                if (UNIT(other)->job)
+                        job_add_to_run_queue(UNIT(other)->job);
+}
+
+static int swap_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+        SwapState new_state = SWAP_DEAD;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->state == SWAP_DEAD);
+
+        if (s->deserialized_state != s->state)
+                new_state = s->deserialized_state;
+        else if (s->from_proc_swaps)
+                new_state = SWAP_ACTIVE;
+
+        if (new_state == s->state)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (s->control_pid > 0 &&
+            pid_is_unwaited(s->control_pid) &&
+            IN_SET(new_state,
+                   SWAP_ACTIVATING,
+                   SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM,
+                   SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL,
+                   SWAP_ACTIVATING_DONE,
+                   SWAP_DEACTIVATING,
+                   SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM,
+                   SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL)) {
+
+                r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = swap_arm_timer(s, usec_add(u->state_change_timestamp.monotonic, s->timeout_usec));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        swap_set_state(s, new_state);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void swap_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+        SwapParameters *p;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (s->from_proc_swaps)
+                p = &s->parameters_proc_swaps;
+        else if (s->from_fragment)
+                p = &s->parameters_fragment;
+        else
+                p = NULL;
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sSwap State: %s\n"
+                "%sResult: %s\n"
+                "%sWhat: %s\n"
+                "%sFrom /proc/swaps: %s\n"
+                "%sFrom fragment: %s\n",
+                prefix, swap_state_to_string(s->state),
+                prefix, swap_result_to_string(s->result),
+                prefix, s->what,
+                prefix, yes_no(s->from_proc_swaps),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->from_fragment));
+
+        if (s->devnode)
+                fprintf(f, "%sDevice Node: %s\n", prefix, s->devnode);
+
+        if (p)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sPriority: %i\n"
+                        "%sOptions: %s\n",
+                        prefix, p->priority,
+                        prefix, strempty(p->options));
+
+        if (s->control_pid > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sControl PID: "PID_FMT"\n",
+                        prefix, s->control_pid);
+
+        exec_context_dump(&s->exec_context, f, prefix);
+        kill_context_dump(&s->kill_context, f, prefix);
+}
+
+static int swap_spawn(Swap *s, ExecCommand *c, pid_t *_pid) {
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+        ExecParameters exec_params = {
+                .apply_permissions = true,
+                .apply_chroot      = true,
+                .apply_tty_stdin   = true,
+                .bus_endpoint_fd   = -1,
+                .stdin_fd          = -1,
+                .stdout_fd         = -1,
+                .stderr_fd         = -1,
+        };
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(c);
+        assert(_pid);
+
+        (void) unit_realize_cgroup(UNIT(s));
+        if (s->reset_cpu_usage) {
+                (void) unit_reset_cpu_usage(UNIT(s));
+                s->reset_cpu_usage = false;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_setup_exec_runtime(UNIT(s));
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = swap_arm_timer(s, usec_add(now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), s->timeout_usec));
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        exec_params.environment = UNIT(s)->manager->environment;
+        exec_params.confirm_spawn = UNIT(s)->manager->confirm_spawn;
+        exec_params.cgroup_supported = UNIT(s)->manager->cgroup_supported;
+        exec_params.cgroup_path = UNIT(s)->cgroup_path;
+        exec_params.cgroup_delegate = s->cgroup_context.delegate;
+        exec_params.runtime_prefix = manager_get_runtime_prefix(UNIT(s)->manager);
+
+        r = exec_spawn(UNIT(s),
+                       c,
+                       &s->exec_context,
+                       &exec_params,
+                       s->exec_runtime,
+                       &pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                /* FIXME: we need to do something here */
+                goto fail;
+
+        *_pid = pid;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        s->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->timer_event_source);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void swap_enter_dead(Swap *s, SwapResult f) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SWAP_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        exec_runtime_destroy(s->exec_runtime);
+        s->exec_runtime = exec_runtime_unref(s->exec_runtime);
+
+        exec_context_destroy_runtime_directory(&s->exec_context, manager_get_runtime_prefix(UNIT(s)->manager));
+
+        swap_set_state(s, s->result != SWAP_SUCCESS ? SWAP_FAILED : SWAP_DEAD);
+}
+
+static void swap_enter_active(Swap *s, SwapResult f) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SWAP_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        swap_set_state(s, SWAP_ACTIVE);
+}
+
+static void swap_enter_signal(Swap *s, SwapState state, SwapResult f) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SWAP_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        r = unit_kill_context(
+                        UNIT(s),
+                        &s->kill_context,
+                        (state != SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM && state != SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM) ?
+                        KILL_KILL : KILL_TERMINATE,
+                        -1,
+                        s->control_pid,
+                        false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (r > 0) {
+                r = swap_arm_timer(s, usec_add(now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), s->timeout_usec));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                swap_set_state(s, state);
+        } else if (state == SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM)
+                swap_enter_signal(s, SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL, SWAP_SUCCESS);
+        else if (state == SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM)
+                swap_enter_signal(s, SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL, SWAP_SUCCESS);
+        else
+                swap_enter_dead(s, SWAP_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to kill processes: %m");
+        swap_enter_dead(s, SWAP_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void swap_enter_activating(Swap *s) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *opts = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        s->control_command_id = SWAP_EXEC_ACTIVATE;
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command + SWAP_EXEC_ACTIVATE;
+
+        if (s->from_fragment) {
+                int priority = -1;
+
+                r = fstab_find_pri(s->parameters_fragment.options, &priority);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse swap priority \"%s\", ignoring: %m", s->parameters_fragment.options);
+                else if (r == 1 && s->parameters_fragment.priority >= 0)
+                        log_warning("Duplicate swap priority configuration by Priority and Options fields.");
+
+                if (r <= 0 && s->parameters_fragment.priority >= 0) {
+                        if (s->parameters_fragment.options)
+                                r = asprintf(&opts, "%s,pri=%i", s->parameters_fragment.options, s->parameters_fragment.priority);
+                        else
+                                r = asprintf(&opts, "pri=%i", s->parameters_fragment.priority);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = exec_command_set(s->control_command, "/sbin/swapon", NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (s->parameters_fragment.options || opts) {
+                r = exec_command_append(s->control_command, "-o",
+                                opts ? : s->parameters_fragment.options, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = exec_command_append(s->control_command, s->what, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        swap_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        r = swap_spawn(s, s->control_command, &s->control_pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        swap_set_state(s, SWAP_ACTIVATING);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to run 'swapon' task: %m");
+        swap_enter_dead(s, SWAP_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void swap_enter_deactivating(Swap *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        s->control_command_id = SWAP_EXEC_DEACTIVATE;
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command + SWAP_EXEC_DEACTIVATE;
+
+        r = exec_command_set(s->control_command,
+                             "/sbin/swapoff",
+                             s->what,
+                             NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        swap_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        r = swap_spawn(s, s->control_command, &s->control_pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        swap_set_state(s, SWAP_DEACTIVATING);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to run 'swapoff' task: %m");
+        swap_enter_active(s, SWAP_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static int swap_start(Unit *u) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u), *other;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* We cannot fulfill this request right now, try again later
+         * please! */
+
+        if (s->state == SWAP_DEACTIVATING ||
+            s->state == SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL ||
+            s->state == SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL)
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        if (s->state == SWAP_ACTIVATING)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(s->state == SWAP_DEAD || s->state == SWAP_FAILED);
+
+        if (detect_container() > 0)
+                return -EPERM;
+
+        /* If there's a job for another swap unit for the same node
+         * running, then let's not dispatch this one for now, and wait
+         * until that other job has finished. */
+        LIST_FOREACH_OTHERS(same_devnode, other, s)
+                if (UNIT(other)->job && UNIT(other)->job->state == JOB_RUNNING)
+                        return -EAGAIN;
+
+        s->result = SWAP_SUCCESS;
+        s->reset_cpu_usage = true;
+
+        swap_enter_activating(s);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int swap_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->state == SWAP_DEACTIVATING ||
+            s->state == SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL ||
+            s->state == SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(s->state == SWAP_ACTIVATING ||
+               s->state == SWAP_ACTIVATING_DONE ||
+               s->state == SWAP_ACTIVE);
+
+        if (detect_container() > 0)
+                return -EPERM;
+
+        swap_enter_deactivating(s);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int swap_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", swap_state_to_string(s->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "result", swap_result_to_string(s->result));
+
+        if (s->control_pid > 0)
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "control-pid", PID_FMT, s->control_pid);
+
+        if (s->control_command_id >= 0)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "control-command", swap_exec_command_to_string(s->control_command_id));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int swap_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                SwapState state;
+
+                state = swap_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse state value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->deserialized_state = state;
+        } else if (streq(key, "result")) {
+                SwapResult f;
+
+                f = swap_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse result value: %s", value);
+                else if (f != SWAP_SUCCESS)
+                        s->result = f;
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-pid")) {
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                if (parse_pid(value, &pid) < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse control-pid value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->control_pid = pid;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-command")) {
+                SwapExecCommand id;
+
+                id = swap_exec_command_from_string(value);
+                if (id < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse exec-command value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        s->control_command_id = id;
+                        s->control_command = s->exec_command + id;
+                }
+        } else
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Unknown serialization key: %s", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState swap_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[SWAP(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *swap_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return swap_state_to_string(SWAP(u)->state);
+}
+
+_pure_ static bool swap_check_gc(Unit *u) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        return s->from_proc_swaps;
+}
+
+static void swap_sigchld_event(Unit *u, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+        SwapResult f;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(pid >= 0);
+
+        if (pid != s->control_pid)
+                return;
+
+        s->control_pid = 0;
+
+        if (is_clean_exit(code, status, NULL))
+                f = SWAP_SUCCESS;
+        else if (code == CLD_EXITED)
+                f = SWAP_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE;
+        else if (code == CLD_KILLED)
+                f = SWAP_FAILURE_SIGNAL;
+        else if (code == CLD_DUMPED)
+                f = SWAP_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP;
+        else
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown code");
+
+        if (f != SWAP_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                exec_status_exit(&s->control_command->exec_status, &s->exec_context, pid, code, status);
+
+                s->control_command = NULL;
+                s->control_command_id = _SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+        }
+
+        log_unit_full(u, f == SWAP_SUCCESS ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_NOTICE, 0,
+                      "Swap process exited, code=%s status=%i", sigchld_code_to_string(code), status);
+
+        switch (s->state) {
+
+        case SWAP_ACTIVATING:
+        case SWAP_ACTIVATING_DONE:
+        case SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM:
+        case SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL:
+
+                if (f == SWAP_SUCCESS)
+                        swap_enter_active(s, f);
+                else
+                        swap_enter_dead(s, f);
+                break;
+
+        case SWAP_DEACTIVATING:
+        case SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL:
+        case SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM:
+
+                swap_enter_dead(s, f);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Uh, control process died at wrong time.");
+        }
+
+        /* Notify clients about changed exit status */
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+}
+
+static int swap_dispatch_timer(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(userdata);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->timer_event_source == source);
+
+        switch (s->state) {
+
+        case SWAP_ACTIVATING:
+        case SWAP_ACTIVATING_DONE:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Activation timed out. Stopping.");
+                swap_enter_signal(s, SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM, SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SWAP_DEACTIVATING:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Deactivation timed out. Stopping.");
+                swap_enter_signal(s, SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM, SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM:
+                if (s->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Activation timed out. Killing.");
+                        swap_enter_signal(s, SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL, SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Activation timed out. Skipping SIGKILL. Ignoring.");
+                        swap_enter_dead(s, SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM:
+                if (s->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Deactivation timed out. Killing.");
+                        swap_enter_signal(s, SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL, SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Deactivation timed out. Skipping SIGKILL. Ignoring.");
+                        swap_enter_dead(s, SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL:
+        case SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL:
+                log_unit_warning(UNIT(s), "Swap process still around after SIGKILL. Ignoring.");
+                swap_enter_dead(s, SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Timeout at wrong time.");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int swap_load_proc_swaps(Manager *m, bool set_flags) {
+        unsigned i;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        rewind(m->proc_swaps);
+
+        (void) fscanf(m->proc_swaps, "%*s %*s %*s %*s %*s\n");
+
+        for (i = 1;; i++) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *dev = NULL, *d = NULL;
+                int prio = 0, k;
+
+                k = fscanf(m->proc_swaps,
+                           "%ms "  /* device/file */
+                           "%*s "  /* type of swap */
+                           "%*s "  /* swap size */
+                           "%*s "  /* used */
+                           "%i\n", /* priority */
+                           &dev, &prio);
+                if (k != 2) {
+                        if (k == EOF)
+                                break;
+
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse /proc/swaps:%u.", i);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (cunescape(dev, UNESCAPE_RELAX, &d) < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                device_found_node(m, d, true, DEVICE_FOUND_SWAP, set_flags);
+
+                k = swap_process_new(m, d, prio, set_flags);
+                if (k < 0)
+                        r = k;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int swap_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(revents & EPOLLPRI);
+
+        r = swap_load_proc_swaps(m, true);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to reread /proc/swaps: %m");
+
+                /* Reset flags, just in case, for late calls */
+                LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, u, m->units_by_type[UNIT_SWAP]) {
+                        Swap *swap = SWAP(u);
+
+                        swap->is_active = swap->just_activated = false;
+                }
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        manager_dispatch_load_queue(m);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, u, m->units_by_type[UNIT_SWAP]) {
+                Swap *swap = SWAP(u);
+
+                if (!swap->is_active) {
+                        /* This has just been deactivated */
+
+                        swap_unset_proc_swaps(swap);
+
+                        switch (swap->state) {
+
+                        case SWAP_ACTIVE:
+                                swap_enter_dead(swap, SWAP_SUCCESS);
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                /* Fire again */
+                                swap_set_state(swap, swap->state);
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (swap->what)
+                                device_found_node(m, swap->what, false, DEVICE_FOUND_SWAP, true);
+
+                } else if (swap->just_activated) {
+
+                        /* New swap entry */
+
+                        switch (swap->state) {
+
+                        case SWAP_DEAD:
+                        case SWAP_FAILED:
+                                swap_enter_active(swap, SWAP_SUCCESS);
+                                break;
+
+                        case SWAP_ACTIVATING:
+                                swap_set_state(swap, SWAP_ACTIVATING_DONE);
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                /* Nothing really changed, but let's
+                                 * issue an notification call
+                                 * nonetheless, in case somebody is
+                                 * waiting for this. */
+                                swap_set_state(swap, swap->state);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* Reset the flags for later calls */
+                swap->is_active = swap->just_activated = false;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static Unit *swap_following(Unit *u) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+        Swap *other, *first = NULL;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* If the user configured the swap through /etc/fstab or
+         * a device unit, follow that. */
+
+        if (s->from_fragment)
+                return NULL;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_OTHERS(same_devnode, other, s)
+                if (other->from_fragment)
+                        return UNIT(other);
+
+        /* Otherwise, make everybody follow the unit that's named after
+         * the swap device in the kernel */
+
+        if (streq_ptr(s->what, s->devnode))
+                return NULL;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_AFTER(same_devnode, other, s)
+                if (streq_ptr(other->what, other->devnode))
+                        return UNIT(other);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_BEFORE(same_devnode, other, s) {
+                if (streq_ptr(other->what, other->devnode))
+                        return UNIT(other);
+
+                first = other;
+        }
+
+        /* Fall back to the first on the list */
+        return UNIT(first);
+}
+
+static int swap_following_set(Unit *u, Set **_set) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u), *other;
+        Set *set;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(_set);
+
+        if (LIST_JUST_US(same_devnode, s)) {
+                *_set = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        set = set_new(NULL);
+        if (!set)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_OTHERS(same_devnode, other, s) {
+                r = set_put(set, other);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        *_set = set;
+        return 1;
+
+fail:
+        set_free(set);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void swap_shutdown(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->swap_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->swap_event_source);
+
+        m->proc_swaps = safe_fclose(m->proc_swaps);
+
+        m->swaps_by_devnode = hashmap_free(m->swaps_by_devnode);
+}
+
+static void swap_enumerate(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (!m->proc_swaps) {
+                m->proc_swaps = fopen("/proc/swaps", "re");
+                if (!m->proc_swaps) {
+                        if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                log_debug("Not swap enabled, skipping enumeration");
+                        else
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open /proc/swaps: %m");
+
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->swap_event_source, fileno(m->proc_swaps), EPOLLPRI, swap_dispatch_io, m);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to watch /proc/swaps: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                /* Dispatch this before we dispatch SIGCHLD, so that
+                 * we always get the events from /proc/swaps before
+                 * the SIGCHLD of /sbin/swapon. */
+                r = sd_event_source_set_priority(m->swap_event_source, -10);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to change /proc/swaps priority: %m");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->swap_event_source, "swap-proc");
+        }
+
+        r = swap_load_proc_swaps(m, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        swap_shutdown(m);
+}
+
+int swap_process_device_new(Manager *m, struct udev_device *dev) {
+        struct udev_list_entry *item = NULL, *first = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
+        const char *dn;
+        Swap *s;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(dev);
+
+        dn = udev_device_get_devnode(dev);
+        if (!dn)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_name_from_path(dn, ".swap", &e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        s = hashmap_get(m->units, e);
+        if (s)
+                r = swap_set_devnode(s, dn);
+
+        first = udev_device_get_devlinks_list_entry(dev);
+        udev_list_entry_foreach(item, first) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL;
+                int q;
+
+                q = unit_name_from_path(udev_list_entry_get_name(item), ".swap", &n);
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return q;
+
+                s = hashmap_get(m->units, n);
+                if (s) {
+                        q = swap_set_devnode(s, dn);
+                        if (q < 0)
+                                r = q;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int swap_process_device_remove(Manager *m, struct udev_device *dev) {
+        const char *dn;
+        int r = 0;
+        Swap *s;
+
+        dn = udev_device_get_devnode(dev);
+        if (!dn)
+                return 0;
+
+        while ((s = hashmap_get(m->swaps_by_devnode, dn))) {
+                int q;
+
+                q = swap_set_devnode(s, NULL);
+                if (q < 0)
+                        r = q;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void swap_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->state == SWAP_FAILED)
+                swap_set_state(s, SWAP_DEAD);
+
+        s->result = SWAP_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int swap_kill(Unit *u, KillWho who, int signo, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        return unit_kill_common(u, who, signo, -1, SWAP(u)->control_pid, error);
+}
+
+static int swap_get_timeout(Unit *u, usec_t *timeout) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+        usec_t t;
+        int r;
+
+        if (!s->timer_event_source)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_event_source_get_time(s->timer_event_source, &t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (t == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+
+        *timeout = t;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static bool swap_supported(void) {
+        static int supported = -1;
+
+        /* If swap support is not available in the kernel, or we are
+         * running in a container we don't support swap units, and any
+         * attempts to starting one should fail immediately. */
+
+        if (supported < 0)
+                supported =
+                        access("/proc/swaps", F_OK) >= 0 &&
+                        detect_container() <= 0;
+
+        return supported;
+}
+
+static const char* const swap_exec_command_table[_SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX] = {
+        [SWAP_EXEC_ACTIVATE] = "ExecActivate",
+        [SWAP_EXEC_DEACTIVATE] = "ExecDeactivate",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(swap_exec_command, SwapExecCommand);
+
+static const char* const swap_result_table[_SWAP_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [SWAP_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [SWAP_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources",
+        [SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT] = "timeout",
+        [SWAP_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE] = "exit-code",
+        [SWAP_FAILURE_SIGNAL] = "signal",
+        [SWAP_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP] = "core-dump"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(swap_result, SwapResult);
+
+const UnitVTable swap_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Swap),
+        .exec_context_offset = offsetof(Swap, exec_context),
+        .cgroup_context_offset = offsetof(Swap, cgroup_context),
+        .kill_context_offset = offsetof(Swap, kill_context),
+        .exec_runtime_offset = offsetof(Swap, exec_runtime),
+
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Swap\0"
+                "Install\0",
+        .private_section = "Swap",
+
+        .no_alias = true,
+        .no_instances = true,
+
+        .init = swap_init,
+        .load = swap_load,
+        .done = swap_done,
+
+        .coldplug = swap_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = swap_dump,
+
+        .start = swap_start,
+        .stop = swap_stop,
+
+        .kill = swap_kill,
+
+        .get_timeout = swap_get_timeout,
+
+        .serialize = swap_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = swap_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = swap_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = swap_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .check_gc = swap_check_gc,
+
+        .sigchld_event = swap_sigchld_event,
+
+        .reset_failed = swap_reset_failed,
+
+        .bus_vtable = bus_swap_vtable,
+        .bus_set_property = bus_swap_set_property,
+        .bus_commit_properties = bus_swap_commit_properties,
+
+        .following = swap_following,
+        .following_set = swap_following_set,
+
+        .enumerate = swap_enumerate,
+        .shutdown = swap_shutdown,
+        .supported = swap_supported,
+
+        .status_message_formats = {
+                .starting_stopping = {
+                        [0] = "Activating swap %s...",
+                        [1] = "Deactivating swap %s...",
+                },
+                .finished_start_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Activated swap %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed to activate swap %s.",
+                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out activating swap %s.",
+                },
+                .finished_stop_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Deactivated swap %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed deactivating swap %s.",
+                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out deactivating swap %s.",
+                },
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/swap.h b/src/libcore/swap.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ac7a63d81b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/swap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright 2010 Maarten Lankhorst
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "libudev.h"
+
+typedef struct Swap Swap;
+
+typedef enum SwapExecCommand {
+        SWAP_EXEC_ACTIVATE,
+        SWAP_EXEC_DEACTIVATE,
+        _SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX,
+        _SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID = -1
+} SwapExecCommand;
+
+typedef enum SwapResult {
+        SWAP_SUCCESS,
+        SWAP_FAILURE_RESOURCES,
+        SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT,
+        SWAP_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE,
+        SWAP_FAILURE_SIGNAL,
+        SWAP_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP,
+        _SWAP_RESULT_MAX,
+        _SWAP_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} SwapResult;
+
+typedef struct SwapParameters {
+        char *what;
+        char *options;
+        int priority;
+} SwapParameters;
+
+struct Swap {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        char *what;
+
+        /* If the device has already shown up, this is the device
+         * node, which might be different from what, due to
+         * symlinks */
+        char *devnode;
+
+        SwapParameters parameters_proc_swaps;
+        SwapParameters parameters_fragment;
+
+        bool from_proc_swaps:1;
+        bool from_fragment:1;
+
+        /* Used while looking for swaps that vanished or got added
+         * from/to /proc/swaps */
+        bool is_active:1;
+        bool just_activated:1;
+
+        bool reset_cpu_usage:1;
+
+        SwapResult result;
+
+        usec_t timeout_usec;
+
+        ExecCommand exec_command[_SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX];
+        ExecContext exec_context;
+        KillContext kill_context;
+        CGroupContext cgroup_context;
+
+        ExecRuntime *exec_runtime;
+
+        SwapState state, deserialized_state;
+
+        ExecCommand* control_command;
+        SwapExecCommand control_command_id;
+        pid_t control_pid;
+
+        sd_event_source *timer_event_source;
+
+        /* In order to be able to distinguish dependencies on
+        different device nodes we might end up creating multiple
+        devices for the same swap. We chain them up here. */
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(struct Swap, same_devnode);
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable swap_vtable;
+
+int swap_process_device_new(Manager *m, struct udev_device *dev);
+int swap_process_device_remove(Manager *m, struct udev_device *dev);
+
+const char* swap_exec_command_to_string(SwapExecCommand i) _const_;
+SwapExecCommand swap_exec_command_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* swap_result_to_string(SwapResult i) _const_;
+SwapResult swap_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libcore/target.c b/src/libcore/target.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..61a91aad07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/target.c
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "dbus-target.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "target.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_TARGET_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [TARGET_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [TARGET_ACTIVE] = UNIT_ACTIVE
+};
+
+static void target_set_state(Target *t, TargetState state) {
+        TargetState old_state;
+        assert(t);
+
+        old_state = t->state;
+        t->state = state;
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_debug("%s changed %s -> %s",
+                          UNIT(t)->id,
+                          target_state_to_string(old_state),
+                          target_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(t), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static int target_add_default_dependencies(Target *t) {
+
+        static const UnitDependency deps[] = {
+                UNIT_REQUIRES,
+                UNIT_REQUISITE,
+                UNIT_WANTS,
+                UNIT_BINDS_TO,
+                UNIT_PART_OF
+        };
+
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+        unsigned k;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Imply ordering for requirement dependencies on target
+         * units. Note that when the user created a contradicting
+         * ordering manually we won't add anything in here to make
+         * sure we don't create a loop. */
+
+        for (k = 0; k < ELEMENTSOF(deps); k++)
+                SET_FOREACH(other, UNIT(t)->dependencies[deps[k]], i) {
+                        r = unit_add_default_target_dependency(other, UNIT(t));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+        /* Make sure targets are unloaded on shutdown */
+        return unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(t), UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET, NULL, true);
+}
+
+static int target_load(Unit *u) {
+        Target *t = TARGET(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* This is a new unit? Then let's add in some extras */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED && u->default_dependencies) {
+                r = target_add_default_dependencies(t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int target_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Target *t = TARGET(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->state == TARGET_DEAD);
+
+        if (t->deserialized_state != t->state)
+                target_set_state(t, t->deserialized_state);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void target_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Target *t = TARGET(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(f);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sTarget State: %s\n",
+                prefix, target_state_to_string(t->state));
+}
+
+static int target_start(Unit *u) {
+        Target *t = TARGET(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->state == TARGET_DEAD);
+
+        target_set_state(t, TARGET_ACTIVE);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int target_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Target *t = TARGET(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->state == TARGET_ACTIVE);
+
+        target_set_state(t, TARGET_DEAD);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int target_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Target *s = TARGET(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", target_state_to_string(s->state));
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int target_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Target *s = TARGET(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                TargetState state;
+
+                state = target_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_debug("Failed to parse state value %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->deserialized_state = state;
+
+        } else
+                log_debug("Unknown serialization key '%s'", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState target_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[TARGET(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *target_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return target_state_to_string(TARGET(u)->state);
+}
+
+const UnitVTable target_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Target),
+
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Target\0"
+                "Install\0",
+
+        .load = target_load,
+        .coldplug = target_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = target_dump,
+
+        .start = target_start,
+        .stop = target_stop,
+
+        .serialize = target_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = target_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = target_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = target_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .bus_vtable = bus_target_vtable,
+
+        .status_message_formats = {
+                .finished_start_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Reached target %s.",
+                },
+                .finished_stop_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Stopped target %s.",
+                },
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/target.h b/src/libcore/target.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..339aea154e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/target.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Target Target;
+
+struct Target {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        TargetState state, deserialized_state;
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable target_vtable;
diff --git a/src/libcore/timer.c b/src/libcore/timer.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3d0bae16e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/timer.c
@@ -0,0 +1,851 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "dbus-timer.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "random-util.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "timer.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_TIMER_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [TIMER_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [TIMER_WAITING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [TIMER_RUNNING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [TIMER_ELAPSED] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [TIMER_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED
+};
+
+static int timer_dispatch(sd_event_source *s, uint64_t usec, void *userdata);
+
+static void timer_init(Unit *u) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        t->next_elapse_monotonic_or_boottime = USEC_INFINITY;
+        t->next_elapse_realtime = USEC_INFINITY;
+        t->accuracy_usec = u->manager->default_timer_accuracy_usec;
+        t->remain_after_elapse = true;
+}
+
+void timer_free_values(Timer *t) {
+        TimerValue *v;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        while ((v = t->values)) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(value, t->values, v);
+                calendar_spec_free(v->calendar_spec);
+                free(v);
+        }
+}
+
+static void timer_done(Unit *u) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        timer_free_values(t);
+
+        t->monotonic_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(t->monotonic_event_source);
+        t->realtime_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(t->realtime_event_source);
+
+        free(t->stamp_path);
+}
+
+static int timer_verify(Timer *t) {
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (UNIT(t)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!t->values) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(t), "Timer unit lacks value setting. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int timer_add_default_dependencies(Timer *t) {
+        int r;
+        TimerValue *v;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (!UNIT(t)->default_dependencies)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(t), UNIT_BEFORE, SPECIAL_TIMERS_TARGET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (UNIT(t)->manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(t), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES, SPECIAL_SYSINIT_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                LIST_FOREACH(value, v, t->values) {
+                        if (v->base == TIMER_CALENDAR) {
+                                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(t), UNIT_AFTER, SPECIAL_TIME_SYNC_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        return unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(t), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET, NULL, true);
+}
+
+static int timer_setup_persistent(Timer *t) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (!t->persistent)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (UNIT(t)->manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+
+                r = unit_require_mounts_for(UNIT(t), "/var/lib/systemd/timers");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                t->stamp_path = strappend("/var/lib/systemd/timers/stamp-", UNIT(t)->id);
+        } else {
+                const char *e;
+
+                e = getenv("XDG_DATA_HOME");
+                if (e)
+                        t->stamp_path = strjoin(e, "/systemd/timers/stamp-", UNIT(t)->id, NULL);
+                else {
+
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *h = NULL;
+
+                        r = get_home_dir(&h);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(t), r, "Failed to determine home directory: %m");
+
+                        t->stamp_path = strjoin(h, "/.local/share/systemd/timers/stamp-", UNIT(t)->id, NULL);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!t->stamp_path)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int timer_load(Unit *u) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+
+                if (set_isempty(u->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERS])) {
+                        Unit *x;
+
+                        r = unit_load_related_unit(u, ".service", &x);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = unit_add_two_dependencies(u, UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, x, true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = timer_setup_persistent(t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = timer_add_default_dependencies(t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return timer_verify(t);
+}
+
+static void timer_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        char buf[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+        Unit *trigger;
+        TimerValue *v;
+
+        trigger = UNIT_TRIGGER(u);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sTimer State: %s\n"
+                "%sResult: %s\n"
+                "%sUnit: %s\n"
+                "%sPersistent: %s\n"
+                "%sWakeSystem: %s\n"
+                "%sAccuracy: %s\n"
+                "%sRemainAfterElapse: %s\n",
+                prefix, timer_state_to_string(t->state),
+                prefix, timer_result_to_string(t->result),
+                prefix, trigger ? trigger->id : "n/a",
+                prefix, yes_no(t->persistent),
+                prefix, yes_no(t->wake_system),
+                prefix, format_timespan(buf, sizeof(buf), t->accuracy_usec, 1),
+                prefix, yes_no(t->remain_after_elapse));
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(value, v, t->values) {
+
+                if (v->base == TIMER_CALENDAR) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+                        calendar_spec_to_string(v->calendar_spec, &p);
+
+                        fprintf(f,
+                                "%s%s: %s\n",
+                                prefix,
+                                timer_base_to_string(v->base),
+                                strna(p));
+                } else  {
+                        char timespan1[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+
+                        fprintf(f,
+                                "%s%s: %s\n",
+                                prefix,
+                                timer_base_to_string(v->base),
+                                format_timespan(timespan1, sizeof(timespan1), v->value, 0));
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+static void timer_set_state(Timer *t, TimerState state) {
+        TimerState old_state;
+        assert(t);
+
+        old_state = t->state;
+        t->state = state;
+
+        if (state != TIMER_WAITING) {
+                t->monotonic_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(t->monotonic_event_source);
+                t->realtime_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(t->realtime_event_source);
+        }
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(t), "Changed %s -> %s", timer_state_to_string(old_state), timer_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(t), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static void timer_enter_waiting(Timer *t, bool initial);
+
+static int timer_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->state == TIMER_DEAD);
+
+        if (t->deserialized_state == t->state)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (t->deserialized_state == TIMER_WAITING)
+                timer_enter_waiting(t, false);
+        else
+                timer_set_state(t, t->deserialized_state);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void timer_enter_dead(Timer *t, TimerResult f) {
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (f != TIMER_SUCCESS)
+                t->result = f;
+
+        timer_set_state(t, t->result != TIMER_SUCCESS ? TIMER_FAILED : TIMER_DEAD);
+}
+
+static void timer_enter_elapsed(Timer *t, bool leave_around) {
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* If a unit is marked with RemainAfterElapse=yes we leave it
+         * around even after it elapsed once, so that starting it
+         * later again does not necessarily mean immediate
+         * retriggering. We unconditionally leave units with
+         * TIMER_UNIT_ACTIVE or TIMER_UNIT_INACTIVE triggers around,
+         * since they might be restarted automatically at any time
+         * later on. */
+
+        if (t->remain_after_elapse || leave_around)
+                timer_set_state(t, TIMER_ELAPSED);
+        else
+                timer_enter_dead(t, TIMER_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+static usec_t monotonic_to_boottime(usec_t t) {
+        usec_t a, b;
+
+        if (t <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        a = now(CLOCK_BOOTTIME);
+        b = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+        if (t + a > b)
+                return t + a - b;
+        else
+                return 0;
+}
+
+static void add_random(Timer *t, usec_t *v) {
+        char s[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+        usec_t add;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(v);
+
+        if (t->random_usec == 0)
+                return;
+        if (*v == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return;
+
+        add = random_u64() % t->random_usec;
+
+        if (*v + add < *v) /* overflow */
+                *v = (usec_t) -2; /* Highest possible value, that is not USEC_INFINITY */
+        else
+                *v += add;
+
+        log_unit_info(UNIT(t), "Adding %s random time.", format_timespan(s, sizeof(s), add, 0));
+}
+
+static void timer_enter_waiting(Timer *t, bool initial) {
+        bool found_monotonic = false, found_realtime = false;
+        usec_t ts_realtime, ts_monotonic;
+        usec_t base = 0;
+        bool leave_around = false;
+        TimerValue *v;
+        Unit *trigger;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        trigger = UNIT_TRIGGER(UNIT(t));
+        if (!trigger) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(t), "Unit to trigger vanished.");
+                timer_enter_dead(t, TIMER_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        /* If we shall wake the system we use the boottime clock
+         * rather than the monotonic clock. */
+
+        ts_realtime = now(CLOCK_REALTIME);
+        ts_monotonic = now(t->wake_system ? CLOCK_BOOTTIME : CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+        t->next_elapse_monotonic_or_boottime = t->next_elapse_realtime = 0;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(value, v, t->values) {
+
+                if (v->disabled)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (v->base == TIMER_CALENDAR) {
+                        usec_t b;
+
+                        /* If we know the last time this was
+                         * triggered, schedule the job based relative
+                         * to that. If we don't just start from
+                         * now. */
+
+                        b = t->last_trigger.realtime > 0 ? t->last_trigger.realtime : ts_realtime;
+
+                        r = calendar_spec_next_usec(v->calendar_spec, b, &v->next_elapse);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (!found_realtime)
+                                t->next_elapse_realtime = v->next_elapse;
+                        else
+                                t->next_elapse_realtime = MIN(t->next_elapse_realtime, v->next_elapse);
+
+                        found_realtime = true;
+
+                } else  {
+                        switch (v->base) {
+
+                        case TIMER_ACTIVE:
+                                if (state_translation_table[t->state] == UNIT_ACTIVE)
+                                        base = UNIT(t)->inactive_exit_timestamp.monotonic;
+                                else
+                                        base = ts_monotonic;
+                                break;
+
+                        case TIMER_BOOT:
+                                if (detect_container() <= 0) {
+                                        /* CLOCK_MONOTONIC equals the uptime on Linux */
+                                        base = 0;
+                                        break;
+                                }
+                                /* In a container we don't want to include the time the host
+                                 * was already up when the container started, so count from
+                                 * our own startup. Fall through. */
+                        case TIMER_STARTUP:
+                                base = UNIT(t)->manager->userspace_timestamp.monotonic;
+                                break;
+
+                        case TIMER_UNIT_ACTIVE:
+                                leave_around = true;
+                                base = trigger->inactive_exit_timestamp.monotonic;
+
+                                if (base <= 0)
+                                        base = t->last_trigger.monotonic;
+
+                                if (base <= 0)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                break;
+
+                        case TIMER_UNIT_INACTIVE:
+                                leave_around = true;
+                                base = trigger->inactive_enter_timestamp.monotonic;
+
+                                if (base <= 0)
+                                        base = t->last_trigger.monotonic;
+
+                                if (base <= 0)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                assert_not_reached("Unknown timer base");
+                        }
+
+                        if (t->wake_system)
+                                base = monotonic_to_boottime(base);
+
+                        v->next_elapse = base + v->value;
+
+                        if (!initial && v->next_elapse < ts_monotonic && IN_SET(v->base, TIMER_ACTIVE, TIMER_BOOT, TIMER_STARTUP)) {
+                                /* This is a one time trigger, disable it now */
+                                v->disabled = true;
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!found_monotonic)
+                                t->next_elapse_monotonic_or_boottime = v->next_elapse;
+                        else
+                                t->next_elapse_monotonic_or_boottime = MIN(t->next_elapse_monotonic_or_boottime, v->next_elapse);
+
+                        found_monotonic = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!found_monotonic && !found_realtime) {
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(t), "Timer is elapsed.");
+                timer_enter_elapsed(t, leave_around);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (found_monotonic) {
+                char buf[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+                usec_t left;
+
+                add_random(t, &t->next_elapse_monotonic_or_boottime);
+
+                left = t->next_elapse_monotonic_or_boottime > ts_monotonic ? t->next_elapse_monotonic_or_boottime - ts_monotonic : 0;
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(t), "Monotonic timer elapses in %s.", format_timespan(buf, sizeof(buf), left, 0));
+
+                if (t->monotonic_event_source) {
+                        r = sd_event_source_set_time(t->monotonic_event_source, t->next_elapse_monotonic_or_boottime);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        r = sd_event_source_set_enabled(t->monotonic_event_source, SD_EVENT_ONESHOT);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                } else {
+
+                        r = sd_event_add_time(
+                                        UNIT(t)->manager->event,
+                                        &t->monotonic_event_source,
+                                        t->wake_system ? CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM : CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
+                                        t->next_elapse_monotonic_or_boottime, t->accuracy_usec,
+                                        timer_dispatch, t);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(t->monotonic_event_source, "timer-monotonic");
+                }
+
+        } else if (t->monotonic_event_source) {
+
+                r = sd_event_source_set_enabled(t->monotonic_event_source, SD_EVENT_OFF);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (found_realtime) {
+                char buf[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+
+                add_random(t, &t->next_elapse_realtime);
+
+                log_unit_debug(UNIT(t), "Realtime timer elapses at %s.", format_timestamp(buf, sizeof(buf), t->next_elapse_realtime));
+
+                if (t->realtime_event_source) {
+                        r = sd_event_source_set_time(t->realtime_event_source, t->next_elapse_realtime);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        r = sd_event_source_set_enabled(t->realtime_event_source, SD_EVENT_ONESHOT);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                } else {
+                        r = sd_event_add_time(
+                                        UNIT(t)->manager->event,
+                                        &t->realtime_event_source,
+                                        t->wake_system ? CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM : CLOCK_REALTIME,
+                                        t->next_elapse_realtime, t->accuracy_usec,
+                                        timer_dispatch, t);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(t->realtime_event_source, "timer-realtime");
+                }
+
+        } else if (t->realtime_event_source) {
+
+                r = sd_event_source_set_enabled(t->realtime_event_source, SD_EVENT_OFF);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        timer_set_state(t, TIMER_WAITING);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(t), r, "Failed to enter waiting state: %m");
+        timer_enter_dead(t, TIMER_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void timer_enter_running(Timer *t) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        Unit *trigger;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Don't start job if we are supposed to go down */
+        if (unit_stop_pending(UNIT(t)))
+                return;
+
+        trigger = UNIT_TRIGGER(UNIT(t));
+        if (!trigger) {
+                log_unit_error(UNIT(t), "Unit to trigger vanished.");
+                timer_enter_dead(t, TIMER_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        r = manager_add_job(UNIT(t)->manager, JOB_START, trigger, JOB_REPLACE, &error, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        dual_timestamp_get(&t->last_trigger);
+
+        if (t->stamp_path)
+                touch_file(t->stamp_path, true, t->last_trigger.realtime, UID_INVALID, GID_INVALID, MODE_INVALID);
+
+        timer_set_state(t, TIMER_RUNNING);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_unit_warning(UNIT(t), "Failed to queue unit startup job: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+        timer_enter_dead(t, TIMER_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static int timer_start(Unit *u) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+        TimerValue *v;
+        Unit *trigger;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->state == TIMER_DEAD || t->state == TIMER_FAILED);
+
+        trigger = UNIT_TRIGGER(u);
+        if (!trigger || trigger->load_state != UNIT_LOADED) {
+                log_unit_error(u, "Refusing to start, unit to trigger not loaded.");
+                return -ENOENT;
+        }
+
+        t->last_trigger = DUAL_TIMESTAMP_NULL;
+
+        /* Reenable all timers that depend on unit activation time */
+        LIST_FOREACH(value, v, t->values)
+                if (v->base == TIMER_ACTIVE)
+                        v->disabled = false;
+
+        if (t->stamp_path) {
+                struct stat st;
+
+                if (stat(t->stamp_path, &st) >= 0)
+                        t->last_trigger.realtime = timespec_load(&st.st_atim);
+                else if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        /* The timer has never run before,
+                         * make sure a stamp file exists.
+                         */
+                        touch_file(t->stamp_path, true, USEC_INFINITY, UID_INVALID, GID_INVALID, MODE_INVALID);
+        }
+
+        t->result = TIMER_SUCCESS;
+        timer_enter_waiting(t, true);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int timer_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->state == TIMER_WAITING || t->state == TIMER_RUNNING || t->state == TIMER_ELAPSED);
+
+        timer_enter_dead(t, TIMER_SUCCESS);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int timer_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", timer_state_to_string(t->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "result", timer_result_to_string(t->result));
+
+        if (t->last_trigger.realtime > 0)
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "last-trigger-realtime", "%" PRIu64, t->last_trigger.realtime);
+
+        if (t->last_trigger.monotonic > 0)
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "last-trigger-monotonic", "%" PRIu64, t->last_trigger.monotonic);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int timer_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                TimerState state;
+
+                state = timer_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse state value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        t->deserialized_state = state;
+        } else if (streq(key, "result")) {
+                TimerResult f;
+
+                f = timer_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse result value: %s", value);
+                else if (f != TIMER_SUCCESS)
+                        t->result = f;
+        } else if (streq(key, "last-trigger-realtime")) {
+
+                r = safe_atou64(value, &t->last_trigger.realtime);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse last-trigger-realtime value: %s", value);
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "last-trigger-monotonic")) {
+
+                r = safe_atou64(value, &t->last_trigger.monotonic);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse last-trigger-monotonic value: %s", value);
+
+        } else
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Unknown serialization key: %s", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState timer_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[TIMER(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *timer_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return timer_state_to_string(TIMER(u)->state);
+}
+
+static int timer_dispatch(sd_event_source *s, uint64_t usec, void *userdata) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(userdata);
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (t->state != TIMER_WAITING)
+                return 0;
+
+        log_unit_debug(UNIT(t), "Timer elapsed.");
+        timer_enter_running(t);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void timer_trigger_notify(Unit *u, Unit *other) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+        TimerValue *v;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(other);
+
+        if (other->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return;
+
+        /* Reenable all timers that depend on unit state */
+        LIST_FOREACH(value, v, t->values)
+                if (v->base == TIMER_UNIT_ACTIVE ||
+                    v->base == TIMER_UNIT_INACTIVE)
+                        v->disabled = false;
+
+        switch (t->state) {
+
+        case TIMER_WAITING:
+        case TIMER_ELAPSED:
+
+                /* Recalculate sleep time */
+                timer_enter_waiting(t, false);
+                break;
+
+        case TIMER_RUNNING:
+
+                if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(unit_active_state(other))) {
+                        log_unit_debug(UNIT(t), "Got notified about unit deactivation.");
+                        timer_enter_waiting(t, false);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case TIMER_DEAD:
+        case TIMER_FAILED:
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown timer state");
+        }
+}
+
+static void timer_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (t->state == TIMER_FAILED)
+                timer_set_state(t, TIMER_DEAD);
+
+        t->result = TIMER_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static void timer_time_change(Unit *u) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (t->state != TIMER_WAITING)
+                return;
+
+        log_unit_debug(u, "Time change, recalculating next elapse.");
+        timer_enter_waiting(t, false);
+}
+
+static const char* const timer_base_table[_TIMER_BASE_MAX] = {
+        [TIMER_ACTIVE] = "OnActiveSec",
+        [TIMER_BOOT] = "OnBootSec",
+        [TIMER_STARTUP] = "OnStartupSec",
+        [TIMER_UNIT_ACTIVE] = "OnUnitActiveSec",
+        [TIMER_UNIT_INACTIVE] = "OnUnitInactiveSec",
+        [TIMER_CALENDAR] = "OnCalendar"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(timer_base, TimerBase);
+
+static const char* const timer_result_table[_TIMER_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [TIMER_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [TIMER_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(timer_result, TimerResult);
+
+const UnitVTable timer_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Timer),
+
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Timer\0"
+                "Install\0",
+        .private_section = "Timer",
+
+        .init = timer_init,
+        .done = timer_done,
+        .load = timer_load,
+
+        .coldplug = timer_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = timer_dump,
+
+        .start = timer_start,
+        .stop = timer_stop,
+
+        .serialize = timer_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = timer_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = timer_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = timer_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .trigger_notify = timer_trigger_notify,
+
+        .reset_failed = timer_reset_failed,
+        .time_change = timer_time_change,
+
+        .bus_vtable = bus_timer_vtable,
+        .bus_set_property = bus_timer_set_property,
+
+        .can_transient = true,
+};
diff --git a/src/libcore/timer.h b/src/libcore/timer.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..698e6da2f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/timer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Timer Timer;
+
+#include "calendarspec.h"
+
+typedef enum TimerBase {
+        TIMER_ACTIVE,
+        TIMER_BOOT,
+        TIMER_STARTUP,
+        TIMER_UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        TIMER_UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        TIMER_CALENDAR,
+        _TIMER_BASE_MAX,
+        _TIMER_BASE_INVALID = -1
+} TimerBase;
+
+typedef struct TimerValue {
+        TimerBase base;
+        bool disabled;
+
+        usec_t value; /* only for monotonic events */
+        CalendarSpec *calendar_spec; /* only for calendar events */
+        usec_t next_elapse;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(struct TimerValue, value);
+} TimerValue;
+
+typedef enum TimerResult {
+        TIMER_SUCCESS,
+        TIMER_FAILURE_RESOURCES,
+        _TIMER_RESULT_MAX,
+        _TIMER_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} TimerResult;
+
+struct Timer {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        usec_t accuracy_usec;
+        usec_t random_usec;
+
+        LIST_HEAD(TimerValue, values);
+        usec_t next_elapse_realtime;
+        usec_t next_elapse_monotonic_or_boottime;
+        dual_timestamp last_trigger;
+
+        TimerState state, deserialized_state;
+
+        sd_event_source *monotonic_event_source;
+        sd_event_source *realtime_event_source;
+
+        TimerResult result;
+
+        bool persistent;
+        bool wake_system;
+        bool remain_after_elapse;
+
+        char *stamp_path;
+};
+
+void timer_free_values(Timer *t);
+
+extern const UnitVTable timer_vtable;
+
+const char *timer_base_to_string(TimerBase i) _const_;
+TimerBase timer_base_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* timer_result_to_string(TimerResult i) _const_;
+TimerResult timer_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libcore/transaction.c b/src/libcore/transaction.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b28fc76785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/transaction.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1092 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-common-errors.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "transaction.h"
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+
+static void transaction_unlink_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j, bool delete_dependencies);
+
+static void transaction_delete_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j, bool delete_dependencies) {
+        assert(tr);
+        assert(j);
+
+        /* Deletes one job from the transaction */
+
+        transaction_unlink_job(tr, j, delete_dependencies);
+
+        job_free(j);
+}
+
+static void transaction_delete_unit(Transaction *tr, Unit *u) {
+        Job *j;
+
+        /* Deletes all jobs associated with a certain unit from the
+         * transaction */
+
+        while ((j = hashmap_get(tr->jobs, u)))
+                transaction_delete_job(tr, j, true);
+}
+
+void transaction_abort(Transaction *tr) {
+        Job *j;
+
+        assert(tr);
+
+        while ((j = hashmap_first(tr->jobs)))
+                transaction_delete_job(tr, j, false);
+
+        assert(hashmap_isempty(tr->jobs));
+}
+
+static void transaction_find_jobs_that_matter_to_anchor(Job *j, unsigned generation) {
+        JobDependency *l;
+
+        /* A recursive sweep through the graph that marks all units
+         * that matter to the anchor job, i.e. are directly or
+         * indirectly a dependency of the anchor job via paths that
+         * are fully marked as mattering. */
+
+        j->matters_to_anchor = true;
+        j->generation = generation;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(subject, l, j->subject_list) {
+
+                /* This link does not matter */
+                if (!l->matters)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* This unit has already been marked */
+                if (l->object->generation == generation)
+                        continue;
+
+                transaction_find_jobs_that_matter_to_anchor(l->object, generation);
+        }
+}
+
+static void transaction_merge_and_delete_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j, Job *other, JobType t) {
+        JobDependency *l, *last;
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(other);
+        assert(j->unit == other->unit);
+        assert(!j->installed);
+
+        /* Merges 'other' into 'j' and then deletes 'other'. */
+
+        j->type = t;
+        j->state = JOB_WAITING;
+        j->irreversible = j->irreversible || other->irreversible;
+        j->matters_to_anchor = j->matters_to_anchor || other->matters_to_anchor;
+
+        /* Patch us in as new owner of the JobDependency objects */
+        last = NULL;
+        LIST_FOREACH(subject, l, other->subject_list) {
+                assert(l->subject == other);
+                l->subject = j;
+                last = l;
+        }
+
+        /* Merge both lists */
+        if (last) {
+                last->subject_next = j->subject_list;
+                if (j->subject_list)
+                        j->subject_list->subject_prev = last;
+                j->subject_list = other->subject_list;
+        }
+
+        /* Patch us in as new owner of the JobDependency objects */
+        last = NULL;
+        LIST_FOREACH(object, l, other->object_list) {
+                assert(l->object == other);
+                l->object = j;
+                last = l;
+        }
+
+        /* Merge both lists */
+        if (last) {
+                last->object_next = j->object_list;
+                if (j->object_list)
+                        j->object_list->object_prev = last;
+                j->object_list = other->object_list;
+        }
+
+        /* Kill the other job */
+        other->subject_list = NULL;
+        other->object_list = NULL;
+        transaction_delete_job(tr, other, true);
+}
+
+_pure_ static bool job_is_conflicted_by(Job *j) {
+        JobDependency *l;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        /* Returns true if this job is pulled in by a least one
+         * ConflictedBy dependency. */
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(object, l, j->object_list)
+                if (l->conflicts)
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int delete_one_unmergeable_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j) {
+        Job *k;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        /* Tries to delete one item in the linked list
+         * j->transaction_next->transaction_next->... that conflicts
+         * with another one, in an attempt to make an inconsistent
+         * transaction work. */
+
+        /* We rely here on the fact that if a merged with b does not
+         * merge with c, either a or b merge with c neither */
+        LIST_FOREACH(transaction, j, j)
+                LIST_FOREACH(transaction, k, j->transaction_next) {
+                        Job *d;
+
+                        /* Is this one mergeable? Then skip it */
+                        if (job_type_is_mergeable(j->type, k->type))
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* Ok, we found two that conflict, let's see if we can
+                         * drop one of them */
+                        if (!j->matters_to_anchor && !k->matters_to_anchor) {
+
+                                /* Both jobs don't matter, so let's
+                                 * find the one that is smarter to
+                                 * remove. Let's think positive and
+                                 * rather remove stops then starts --
+                                 * except if something is being
+                                 * stopped because it is conflicted by
+                                 * another unit in which case we
+                                 * rather remove the start. */
+
+                                log_unit_debug(j->unit,
+                                               "Looking at job %s/%s conflicted_by=%s",
+                                               j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type),
+                                               yes_no(j->type == JOB_STOP && job_is_conflicted_by(j)));
+                                log_unit_debug(k->unit,
+                                               "Looking at job %s/%s conflicted_by=%s",
+                                               k->unit->id, job_type_to_string(k->type),
+                                               yes_no(k->type == JOB_STOP && job_is_conflicted_by(k)));
+
+                                if (j->type == JOB_STOP) {
+
+                                        if (job_is_conflicted_by(j))
+                                                d = k;
+                                        else
+                                                d = j;
+
+                                } else if (k->type == JOB_STOP) {
+
+                                        if (job_is_conflicted_by(k))
+                                                d = j;
+                                        else
+                                                d = k;
+                                } else
+                                        d = j;
+
+                        } else if (!j->matters_to_anchor)
+                                d = j;
+                        else if (!k->matters_to_anchor)
+                                d = k;
+                        else
+                                return -ENOEXEC;
+
+                        /* Ok, we can drop one, so let's do so. */
+                        log_unit_debug(d->unit,
+                                       "Fixing conflicting jobs %s/%s,%s/%s by deleting job %s/%s",
+                                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type),
+                                       k->unit->id, job_type_to_string(k->type),
+                                       d->unit->id, job_type_to_string(d->type));
+                        transaction_delete_job(tr, d, true);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+        return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+static int transaction_merge_jobs(Transaction *tr, sd_bus_error *e) {
+        Job *j;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(tr);
+
+        /* First step, check whether any of the jobs for one specific
+         * task conflict. If so, try to drop one of them. */
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+                JobType t;
+                Job *k;
+
+                t = j->type;
+                LIST_FOREACH(transaction, k, j->transaction_next) {
+                        if (job_type_merge_and_collapse(&t, k->type, j->unit) >= 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* OK, we could not merge all jobs for this
+                         * action. Let's see if we can get rid of one
+                         * of them */
+
+                        r = delete_one_unmergeable_job(tr, j);
+                        if (r >= 0)
+                                /* Ok, we managed to drop one, now
+                                 * let's ask our callers to call us
+                                 * again after garbage collecting */
+                                return -EAGAIN;
+
+                        /* We couldn't merge anything. Failure */
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(e, BUS_ERROR_TRANSACTION_JOBS_CONFLICTING,
+                                                 "Transaction contains conflicting jobs '%s' and '%s' for %s. "
+                                                 "Probably contradicting requirement dependencies configured.",
+                                                 job_type_to_string(t),
+                                                 job_type_to_string(k->type),
+                                                 k->unit->id);
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Second step, merge the jobs. */
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+                JobType t = j->type;
+                Job *k;
+
+                /* Merge all transaction jobs for j->unit */
+                LIST_FOREACH(transaction, k, j->transaction_next)
+                        assert_se(job_type_merge_and_collapse(&t, k->type, j->unit) == 0);
+
+                while ((k = j->transaction_next)) {
+                        if (tr->anchor_job == k) {
+                                transaction_merge_and_delete_job(tr, k, j, t);
+                                j = k;
+                        } else
+                                transaction_merge_and_delete_job(tr, j, k, t);
+                }
+
+                assert(!j->transaction_next);
+                assert(!j->transaction_prev);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void transaction_drop_redundant(Transaction *tr) {
+        Job *j;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        /* Goes through the transaction and removes all jobs of the units
+         * whose jobs are all noops. If not all of a unit's jobs are
+         * redundant, they are kept. */
+
+        assert(tr);
+
+rescan:
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+                Job *k;
+
+                LIST_FOREACH(transaction, k, j) {
+
+                        if (tr->anchor_job == k ||
+                            !job_type_is_redundant(k->type, unit_active_state(k->unit)) ||
+                            (k->unit->job && job_type_is_conflicting(k->type, k->unit->job->type)))
+                                goto next_unit;
+                }
+
+                /* log_debug("Found redundant job %s/%s, dropping.", j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type)); */
+                transaction_delete_job(tr, j, false);
+                goto rescan;
+        next_unit:;
+        }
+}
+
+_pure_ static bool unit_matters_to_anchor(Unit *u, Job *j) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(!j->transaction_prev);
+
+        /* Checks whether at least one of the jobs for this unit
+         * matters to the anchor. */
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(transaction, j, j)
+                if (j->matters_to_anchor)
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int transaction_verify_order_one(Transaction *tr, Job *j, Job *from, unsigned generation, sd_bus_error *e) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(tr);
+        assert(j);
+        assert(!j->transaction_prev);
+
+        /* Does a recursive sweep through the ordering graph, looking
+         * for a cycle. If we find a cycle we try to break it. */
+
+        /* Have we seen this before? */
+        if (j->generation == generation) {
+                Job *k, *delete;
+
+                /* If the marker is NULL we have been here already and
+                 * decided the job was loop-free from here. Hence
+                 * shortcut things and return right-away. */
+                if (!j->marker)
+                        return 0;
+
+                /* So, the marker is not NULL and we already have been
+                 * here. We have a cycle. Let's try to break it. We go
+                 * backwards in our path and try to find a suitable
+                 * job to remove. We use the marker to find our way
+                 * back, since smart how we are we stored our way back
+                 * in there. */
+                log_unit_warning(j->unit,
+                                 "Found ordering cycle on %s/%s",
+                                 j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+
+                delete = NULL;
+                for (k = from; k; k = ((k->generation == generation && k->marker != k) ? k->marker : NULL)) {
+
+                        /* logging for j not k here here to provide consistent narrative */
+                        log_unit_warning(j->unit,
+                                         "Found dependency on %s/%s",
+                                         k->unit->id, job_type_to_string(k->type));
+
+                        if (!delete && hashmap_get(tr->jobs, k->unit) && !unit_matters_to_anchor(k->unit, k))
+                                /* Ok, we can drop this one, so let's
+                                 * do so. */
+                                delete = k;
+
+                        /* Check if this in fact was the beginning of
+                         * the cycle */
+                        if (k == j)
+                                break;
+                }
+
+
+                if (delete) {
+                        /* logging for j not k here here to provide consistent narrative */
+                        log_unit_warning(j->unit,
+                                         "Breaking ordering cycle by deleting job %s/%s",
+                                         delete->unit->id, job_type_to_string(delete->type));
+                        log_unit_error(delete->unit,
+                                       "Job %s/%s deleted to break ordering cycle starting with %s/%s",
+                                       delete->unit->id, job_type_to_string(delete->type),
+                                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+                        unit_status_printf(delete->unit, ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED " SKIP " ANSI_NORMAL,
+                                           "Ordering cycle found, skipping %s");
+                        transaction_delete_unit(tr, delete->unit);
+                        return -EAGAIN;
+                }
+
+                log_error("Unable to break cycle");
+
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(e, BUS_ERROR_TRANSACTION_ORDER_IS_CYCLIC,
+                                         "Transaction order is cyclic. See system logs for details.");
+        }
+
+        /* Make the marker point to where we come from, so that we can
+         * find our way backwards if we want to break a cycle. We use
+         * a special marker for the beginning: we point to
+         * ourselves. */
+        j->marker = from ? from : j;
+        j->generation = generation;
+
+        /* We assume that the dependencies are bidirectional, and
+         * hence can ignore UNIT_AFTER */
+        SET_FOREACH(u, j->unit->dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE], i) {
+                Job *o;
+
+                /* Is there a job for this unit? */
+                o = hashmap_get(tr->jobs, u);
+                if (!o) {
+                        /* Ok, there is no job for this in the
+                         * transaction, but maybe there is already one
+                         * running? */
+                        o = u->job;
+                        if (!o)
+                                continue;
+                }
+
+                r = transaction_verify_order_one(tr, o, j, generation, e);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Ok, let's backtrack, and remember that this entry is not on
+         * our path anymore. */
+        j->marker = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int transaction_verify_order(Transaction *tr, unsigned *generation, sd_bus_error *e) {
+        Job *j;
+        int r;
+        Iterator i;
+        unsigned g;
+
+        assert(tr);
+        assert(generation);
+
+        /* Check if the ordering graph is cyclic. If it is, try to fix
+         * that up by dropping one of the jobs. */
+
+        g = (*generation)++;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+                r = transaction_verify_order_one(tr, j, NULL, g, e);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void transaction_collect_garbage(Transaction *tr) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
+
+        assert(tr);
+
+        /* Drop jobs that are not required by any other job */
+
+rescan:
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+                if (tr->anchor_job == j || j->object_list) {
+                        /* log_debug("Keeping job %s/%s because of %s/%s", */
+                        /*           j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type), */
+                        /*           j->object_list->subject ? j->object_list->subject->unit->id : "root", */
+                        /*           j->object_list->subject ? job_type_to_string(j->object_list->subject->type) : "root"); */
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* log_debug("Garbage collecting job %s/%s", j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type)); */
+                transaction_delete_job(tr, j, true);
+                goto rescan;
+        }
+}
+
+static int transaction_is_destructive(Transaction *tr, JobMode mode, sd_bus_error *e) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
+
+        assert(tr);
+
+        /* Checks whether applying this transaction means that
+         * existing jobs would be replaced */
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+
+                /* Assume merged */
+                assert(!j->transaction_prev);
+                assert(!j->transaction_next);
+
+                if (j->unit->job && (mode == JOB_FAIL || j->unit->job->irreversible) &&
+                    job_type_is_conflicting(j->unit->job->type, j->type))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(e, BUS_ERROR_TRANSACTION_IS_DESTRUCTIVE,
+                                                 "Transaction is destructive.");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void transaction_minimize_impact(Transaction *tr) {
+        Job *j;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(tr);
+
+        /* Drops all unnecessary jobs that reverse already active jobs
+         * or that stop a running service. */
+
+rescan:
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+                LIST_FOREACH(transaction, j, j) {
+                        bool stops_running_service, changes_existing_job;
+
+                        /* If it matters, we shouldn't drop it */
+                        if (j->matters_to_anchor)
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* Would this stop a running service?
+                         * Would this change an existing job?
+                         * If so, let's drop this entry */
+
+                        stops_running_service =
+                                j->type == JOB_STOP && UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(j->unit));
+
+                        changes_existing_job =
+                                j->unit->job &&
+                                job_type_is_conflicting(j->type, j->unit->job->type);
+
+                        if (!stops_running_service && !changes_existing_job)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (stops_running_service)
+                                log_unit_debug(j->unit,
+                                               "%s/%s would stop a running service.",
+                                               j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+
+                        if (changes_existing_job)
+                                log_unit_debug(j->unit,
+                                               "%s/%s would change existing job.",
+                                               j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+
+                        /* Ok, let's get rid of this */
+                        log_unit_debug(j->unit,
+                                       "Deleting %s/%s to minimize impact.",
+                                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+
+                        transaction_delete_job(tr, j, true);
+                        goto rescan;
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+static int transaction_apply(Transaction *tr, Manager *m, JobMode mode) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Moves the transaction jobs to the set of active jobs */
+
+        if (mode == JOB_ISOLATE || mode == JOB_FLUSH) {
+
+                /* When isolating first kill all installed jobs which
+                 * aren't part of the new transaction */
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i) {
+                        assert(j->installed);
+
+                        if (hashmap_get(tr->jobs, j->unit))
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* Not invalidating recursively. Avoids triggering
+                         * OnFailure= actions of dependent jobs. Also avoids
+                         * invalidating our iterator. */
+                        job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_CANCELED, false);
+                }
+        }
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+                /* Assume merged */
+                assert(!j->transaction_prev);
+                assert(!j->transaction_next);
+
+                r = hashmap_put(m->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(j->id), j);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto rollback;
+        }
+
+        while ((j = hashmap_steal_first(tr->jobs))) {
+                Job *installed_job;
+
+                /* Clean the job dependencies */
+                transaction_unlink_job(tr, j, false);
+
+                installed_job = job_install(j);
+                if (installed_job != j) {
+                        /* j has been merged into a previously installed job */
+                        if (tr->anchor_job == j)
+                                tr->anchor_job = installed_job;
+                        hashmap_remove(m->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(j->id));
+                        job_free(j);
+                        j = installed_job;
+                }
+
+                job_add_to_run_queue(j);
+                job_add_to_dbus_queue(j);
+                job_start_timer(j);
+                job_shutdown_magic(j);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+rollback:
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i)
+                hashmap_remove(m->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(j->id));
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int transaction_activate(Transaction *tr, Manager *m, JobMode mode, sd_bus_error *e) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
+        int r;
+        unsigned generation = 1;
+
+        assert(tr);
+
+        /* This applies the changes recorded in tr->jobs to
+         * the actual list of jobs, if possible. */
+
+        /* Reset the generation counter of all installed jobs. The detection of cycles
+         * looks at installed jobs. If they had a non-zero generation from some previous
+         * walk of the graph, the algorithm would break. */
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i)
+                j->generation = 0;
+
+        /* First step: figure out which jobs matter */
+        transaction_find_jobs_that_matter_to_anchor(tr->anchor_job, generation++);
+
+        /* Second step: Try not to stop any running services if
+         * we don't have to. Don't try to reverse running
+         * jobs if we don't have to. */
+        if (mode == JOB_FAIL)
+                transaction_minimize_impact(tr);
+
+        /* Third step: Drop redundant jobs */
+        transaction_drop_redundant(tr);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                /* Fourth step: Let's remove unneeded jobs that might
+                 * be lurking. */
+                if (mode != JOB_ISOLATE)
+                        transaction_collect_garbage(tr);
+
+                /* Fifth step: verify order makes sense and correct
+                 * cycles if necessary and possible */
+                r = transaction_verify_order(tr, &generation, e);
+                if (r >= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (r != -EAGAIN) {
+                        log_warning("Requested transaction contains an unfixable cyclic ordering dependency: %s", bus_error_message(e, r));
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                /* Let's see if the resulting transaction ordering
+                 * graph is still cyclic... */
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                /* Sixth step: let's drop unmergeable entries if
+                 * necessary and possible, merge entries we can
+                 * merge */
+                r = transaction_merge_jobs(tr, e);
+                if (r >= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (r != -EAGAIN) {
+                        log_warning("Requested transaction contains unmergeable jobs: %s", bus_error_message(e, r));
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                /* Seventh step: an entry got dropped, let's garbage
+                 * collect its dependencies. */
+                if (mode != JOB_ISOLATE)
+                        transaction_collect_garbage(tr);
+
+                /* Let's see if the resulting transaction still has
+                 * unmergeable entries ... */
+        }
+
+        /* Eights step: Drop redundant jobs again, if the merging now allows us to drop more. */
+        transaction_drop_redundant(tr);
+
+        /* Ninth step: check whether we can actually apply this */
+        r = transaction_is_destructive(tr, mode, e);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_notice("Requested transaction contradicts existing jobs: %s", bus_error_message(e, r));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Tenth step: apply changes */
+        r = transaction_apply(tr, m, mode);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to apply transaction: %m");
+
+        assert(hashmap_isempty(tr->jobs));
+
+        if (!hashmap_isempty(m->jobs)) {
+                /* Are there any jobs now? Then make sure we have the
+                 * idle pipe around. We don't really care too much
+                 * whether this works or not, as the idle pipe is a
+                 * feature for cosmetics, not actually useful for
+                 * anything beyond that. */
+
+                if (m->idle_pipe[0] < 0 && m->idle_pipe[1] < 0 &&
+                    m->idle_pipe[2] < 0 && m->idle_pipe[3] < 0) {
+                        (void) pipe2(m->idle_pipe, O_NONBLOCK|O_CLOEXEC);
+                        (void) pipe2(m->idle_pipe + 2, O_NONBLOCK|O_CLOEXEC);
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static Job* transaction_add_one_job(Transaction *tr, JobType type, Unit *unit, bool *is_new) {
+        Job *j, *f;
+
+        assert(tr);
+        assert(unit);
+
+        /* Looks for an existing prospective job and returns that. If
+         * it doesn't exist it is created and added to the prospective
+         * jobs list. */
+
+        f = hashmap_get(tr->jobs, unit);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(transaction, j, f) {
+                assert(j->unit == unit);
+
+                if (j->type == type) {
+                        if (is_new)
+                                *is_new = false;
+                        return j;
+                }
+        }
+
+        j = job_new(unit, type);
+        if (!j)
+                return NULL;
+
+        j->generation = 0;
+        j->marker = NULL;
+        j->matters_to_anchor = false;
+        j->irreversible = tr->irreversible;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(transaction, f, j);
+
+        if (hashmap_replace(tr->jobs, unit, f) < 0) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(transaction, f, j);
+                job_free(j);
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (is_new)
+                *is_new = true;
+
+        /* log_debug("Added job %s/%s to transaction.", unit->id, job_type_to_string(type)); */
+
+        return j;
+}
+
+static void transaction_unlink_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j, bool delete_dependencies) {
+        assert(tr);
+        assert(j);
+
+        if (j->transaction_prev)
+                j->transaction_prev->transaction_next = j->transaction_next;
+        else if (j->transaction_next)
+                hashmap_replace(tr->jobs, j->unit, j->transaction_next);
+        else
+                hashmap_remove_value(tr->jobs, j->unit, j);
+
+        if (j->transaction_next)
+                j->transaction_next->transaction_prev = j->transaction_prev;
+
+        j->transaction_prev = j->transaction_next = NULL;
+
+        while (j->subject_list)
+                job_dependency_free(j->subject_list);
+
+        while (j->object_list) {
+                Job *other = j->object_list->matters ? j->object_list->subject : NULL;
+
+                job_dependency_free(j->object_list);
+
+                if (other && delete_dependencies) {
+                        log_unit_debug(other->unit,
+                                       "Deleting job %s/%s as dependency of job %s/%s",
+                                       other->unit->id, job_type_to_string(other->type),
+                                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+                        transaction_delete_job(tr, other, delete_dependencies);
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+int transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(
+                Transaction *tr,
+                JobType type,
+                Unit *unit,
+                Job *by,
+                bool matters,
+                bool conflicts,
+                bool ignore_requirements,
+                bool ignore_order,
+                sd_bus_error *e) {
+        Job *ret;
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *dep;
+        int r;
+        bool is_new;
+
+        assert(tr);
+        assert(type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+        assert(type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION);
+        assert(unit);
+
+        /* Before adding jobs for this unit, let's ensure that its state has been loaded
+         * This matters when jobs are spawned as part of coldplugging itself (see e. g. path_coldplug()).
+         * This way, we "recursively" coldplug units, ensuring that we do not look at state of
+         * not-yet-coldplugged units. */
+        if (unit->manager->n_reloading > 0)
+                unit_coldplug(unit);
+
+        /* log_debug("Pulling in %s/%s from %s/%s", */
+        /*           unit->id, job_type_to_string(type), */
+        /*           by ? by->unit->id : "NA", */
+        /*           by ? job_type_to_string(by->type) : "NA"); */
+
+        if (!IN_SET(unit->load_state, UNIT_LOADED, UNIT_ERROR, UNIT_NOT_FOUND, UNIT_MASKED))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(e, BUS_ERROR_LOAD_FAILED, "Unit %s is not loaded properly.", unit->id);
+
+        if (type != JOB_STOP) {
+                r = bus_unit_check_load_state(unit, e);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (!unit_job_is_applicable(unit, type))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(e, BUS_ERROR_JOB_TYPE_NOT_APPLICABLE,
+                                         "Job type %s is not applicable for unit %s.",
+                                         job_type_to_string(type), unit->id);
+
+
+        /* First add the job. */
+        ret = transaction_add_one_job(tr, type, unit, &is_new);
+        if (!ret)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        ret->ignore_order = ret->ignore_order || ignore_order;
+
+        /* Then, add a link to the job. */
+        if (by) {
+                if (!job_dependency_new(by, ret, matters, conflicts))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        } else {
+                /* If the job has no parent job, it is the anchor job. */
+                assert(!tr->anchor_job);
+                tr->anchor_job = ret;
+        }
+
+        if (is_new && !ignore_requirements && type != JOB_NOP) {
+                Set *following;
+
+                /* If we are following some other unit, make sure we
+                 * add all dependencies of everybody following. */
+                if (unit_following_set(ret->unit, &following) > 0) {
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, following, i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, type, dep, ret, false, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_unit_warning(dep, "Cannot add dependency job for, ignoring: %s", bus_error_message(e, r));
+                                        sd_bus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        set_free(following);
+                }
+
+                /* Finally, recursively add in all dependencies. */
+                if (type == JOB_START || type == JOB_RESTART) {
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRES], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_START, dep, ret, true, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        if (r != -EBADR) /* job type not applicable */
+                                                goto fail;
+
+                                        sd_bus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_BINDS_TO], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_START, dep, ret, true, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        if (r != -EBADR) /* job type not applicable */
+                                                goto fail;
+
+                                        sd_bus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_WANTS], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_START, dep, ret, false, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        /* unit masked, job type not applicable and unit not found are not considered as errors. */
+                                        log_unit_full(dep,
+                                                      IN_SET(r, -ESHUTDOWN, -EBADR, -ENOENT) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING,
+                                                      r, "Cannot add dependency job, ignoring: %s",
+                                                      bus_error_message(e, r));
+                                        sd_bus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_REQUISITE], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE, dep, ret, true, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        if (r != -EBADR) /* job type not applicable */
+                                                goto fail;
+
+                                        sd_bus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_CONFLICTS], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_STOP, dep, ret, true, true, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        if (r != -EBADR) /* job type not applicable */
+                                                goto fail;
+
+                                        sd_bus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_STOP, dep, ret, false, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_unit_warning(dep,
+                                                         "Cannot add dependency job, ignoring: %s",
+                                                         bus_error_message(e, r));
+                                        sd_bus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                }
+
+                if (type == JOB_STOP || type == JOB_RESTART) {
+                        static const UnitDependency propagate_deps[] = {
+                                UNIT_REQUIRED_BY,
+                                UNIT_REQUISITE_OF,
+                                UNIT_BOUND_BY,
+                                UNIT_CONSISTS_OF,
+                        };
+
+                        JobType ptype;
+                        unsigned j;
+
+                        /* We propagate STOP as STOP, but RESTART only
+                         * as TRY_RESTART, in order not to start
+                         * dependencies that are not around. */
+                        ptype = type == JOB_RESTART ? JOB_TRY_RESTART : type;
+
+                        for (j = 0; j < ELEMENTSOF(propagate_deps); j++)
+                                SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[propagate_deps[j]], i) {
+                                        JobType nt;
+
+                                        nt = job_type_collapse(ptype, dep);
+                                        if (nt == JOB_NOP)
+                                                continue;
+
+                                        r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, nt, dep, ret, true, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                        if (r < 0) {
+                                                if (r != -EBADR) /* job type not applicable */
+                                                        goto fail;
+
+                                                sd_bus_error_free(e);
+                                        }
+                                }
+                }
+
+                if (type == JOB_RELOAD) {
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_PROPAGATES_RELOAD_TO], i) {
+                                JobType nt;
+
+                                nt = job_type_collapse(JOB_TRY_RELOAD, dep);
+                                if (nt == JOB_NOP)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, nt, dep, ret, false, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_unit_warning(dep,
+                                                         "Cannot add dependency reload job, ignoring: %s",
+                                                         bus_error_message(e, r));
+                                        sd_bus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* JOB_VERIFY_STARTED require no dependency handling */
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        return r;
+}
+
+int transaction_add_isolate_jobs(Transaction *tr, Manager *m) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+        char *k;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(tr);
+        assert(m);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(u, k, m->units, i) {
+
+                /* ignore aliases */
+                if (u->id != k)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (u->ignore_on_isolate)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* No need to stop inactive jobs */
+                if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(unit_active_state(u)) && !u->job)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Is there already something listed for this? */
+                if (hashmap_get(tr->jobs, u))
+                        continue;
+
+                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_STOP, u, tr->anchor_job, true, false, false, false, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Cannot add isolate job, ignoring: %m");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+Transaction *transaction_new(bool irreversible) {
+        Transaction *tr;
+
+        tr = new0(Transaction, 1);
+        if (!tr)
+                return NULL;
+
+        tr->jobs = hashmap_new(NULL);
+        if (!tr->jobs) {
+                free(tr);
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        tr->irreversible = irreversible;
+
+        return tr;
+}
+
+void transaction_free(Transaction *tr) {
+        assert(hashmap_isempty(tr->jobs));
+        hashmap_free(tr->jobs);
+        free(tr);
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/transaction.h b/src/libcore/transaction.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6a3f927b0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/transaction.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Transaction Transaction;
+
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "job.h"
+#include "manager.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+
+struct Transaction {
+        /* Jobs to be added */
+        Hashmap *jobs;      /* Unit object => Job object list 1:1 */
+        Job *anchor_job;      /* the job the user asked for */
+        bool irreversible;
+};
+
+Transaction *transaction_new(bool irreversible);
+void transaction_free(Transaction *tr);
+
+int transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(
+                Transaction *tr,
+                JobType type,
+                Unit *unit,
+                Job *by,
+                bool matters,
+                bool conflicts,
+                bool ignore_requirements,
+                bool ignore_order,
+                sd_bus_error *e);
+int transaction_activate(Transaction *tr, Manager *m, JobMode mode, sd_bus_error *e);
+int transaction_add_isolate_jobs(Transaction *tr, Manager *m);
+void transaction_abort(Transaction *tr);
diff --git a/src/libcore/umount.c b/src/libcore/umount.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a458768e7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/umount.c
@@ -0,0 +1,613 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 ProFUSION embedded systems
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/dm-ioctl.h>
+#include <linux/loop.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/swap.h>
+
+#include "libudev.h"
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "escape.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fstab-util.h"
+#include "list.h"
+#include "mount-setup.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "udev-util.h"
+#include "umount.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+
+typedef struct MountPoint {
+        char *path;
+        char *options;
+        dev_t devnum;
+        LIST_FIELDS(struct MountPoint, mount_point);
+} MountPoint;
+
+static void mount_point_free(MountPoint **head, MountPoint *m) {
+        assert(head);
+        assert(m);
+
+        LIST_REMOVE(mount_point, *head, m);
+
+        free(m->path);
+        free(m);
+}
+
+static void mount_points_list_free(MountPoint **head) {
+        assert(head);
+
+        while (*head)
+                mount_point_free(head, *head);
+}
+
+static int mount_points_list_get(MountPoint **head) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *proc_self_mountinfo = NULL;
+        unsigned int i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(head);
+
+        proc_self_mountinfo = fopen("/proc/self/mountinfo", "re");
+        if (!proc_self_mountinfo)
+                return -errno;
+
+        for (i = 1;; i++) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL, *options = NULL;
+                char *p = NULL;
+                MountPoint *m;
+                int k;
+
+                k = fscanf(proc_self_mountinfo,
+                           "%*s "       /* (1) mount id */
+                           "%*s "       /* (2) parent id */
+                           "%*s "       /* (3) major:minor */
+                           "%*s "       /* (4) root */
+                           "%ms "       /* (5) mount point */
+                           "%*s"        /* (6) mount flags */
+                           "%*[^-]"     /* (7) optional fields */
+                           "- "         /* (8) separator */
+                           "%*s "       /* (9) file system type */
+                           "%*s"        /* (10) mount source */
+                           "%ms"        /* (11) mount options */
+                           "%*[^\n]",   /* some rubbish at the end */
+                           &path, &options);
+                if (k != 2) {
+                        if (k == EOF)
+                                break;
+
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse /proc/self/mountinfo:%u.", i);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = cunescape(path, UNESCAPE_RELAX, &p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* Ignore mount points we can't unmount because they
+                 * are API or because we are keeping them open (like
+                 * /dev/console). Also, ignore all mounts below API
+                 * file systems, since they are likely virtual too,
+                 * and hence not worth spending time on. Also, in
+                 * unprivileged containers we might lack the rights to
+                 * unmount these things, hence don't bother. */
+                if (mount_point_is_api(p) ||
+                    mount_point_ignore(p) ||
+                    path_startswith(p, "/dev") ||
+                    path_startswith(p, "/sys") ||
+                    path_startswith(p, "/proc")) {
+                        free(p);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                m = new0(MountPoint, 1);
+                if (!m) {
+                        free(p);
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                m->path = p;
+                m->options = options;
+                options = NULL;
+
+                LIST_PREPEND(mount_point, *head, m);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int swap_list_get(MountPoint **head) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *proc_swaps = NULL;
+        unsigned int i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(head);
+
+        proc_swaps = fopen("/proc/swaps", "re");
+        if (!proc_swaps)
+                return (errno == ENOENT) ? 0 : -errno;
+
+        (void) fscanf(proc_swaps, "%*s %*s %*s %*s %*s\n");
+
+        for (i = 2;; i++) {
+                MountPoint *swap;
+                char *dev = NULL, *d;
+                int k;
+
+                k = fscanf(proc_swaps,
+                           "%ms " /* device/file */
+                           "%*s " /* type of swap */
+                           "%*s " /* swap size */
+                           "%*s " /* used */
+                           "%*s\n", /* priority */
+                           &dev);
+
+                if (k != 1) {
+                        if (k == EOF)
+                                break;
+
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse /proc/swaps:%u.", i);
+                        free(dev);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (endswith(dev, " (deleted)")) {
+                        free(dev);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = cunescape(dev, UNESCAPE_RELAX, &d);
+                free(dev);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                swap = new0(MountPoint, 1);
+                if (!swap) {
+                        free(d);
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                swap->path = d;
+                LIST_PREPEND(mount_point, *head, swap);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int loopback_list_get(MountPoint **head) {
+        _cleanup_udev_enumerate_unref_ struct udev_enumerate *e = NULL;
+        struct udev_list_entry *item = NULL, *first = NULL;
+        _cleanup_udev_unref_ struct udev *udev = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(head);
+
+        udev = udev_new();
+        if (!udev)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        e = udev_enumerate_new(udev);
+        if (!e)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = udev_enumerate_add_match_subsystem(e, "block");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = udev_enumerate_add_match_sysname(e, "loop*");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = udev_enumerate_add_match_sysattr(e, "loop/backing_file", NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = udev_enumerate_scan_devices(e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        first = udev_enumerate_get_list_entry(e);
+        udev_list_entry_foreach(item, first) {
+                MountPoint *lb;
+                _cleanup_udev_device_unref_ struct udev_device *d;
+                char *loop;
+                const char *dn;
+
+                d = udev_device_new_from_syspath(udev, udev_list_entry_get_name(item));
+                if (!d)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                dn = udev_device_get_devnode(d);
+                if (!dn)
+                        continue;
+
+                loop = strdup(dn);
+                if (!loop)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                lb = new0(MountPoint, 1);
+                if (!lb) {
+                        free(loop);
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                lb->path = loop;
+                LIST_PREPEND(mount_point, *head, lb);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dm_list_get(MountPoint **head) {
+        _cleanup_udev_enumerate_unref_ struct udev_enumerate *e = NULL;
+        struct udev_list_entry *item = NULL, *first = NULL;
+        _cleanup_udev_unref_ struct udev *udev = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(head);
+
+        udev = udev_new();
+        if (!udev)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        e = udev_enumerate_new(udev);
+        if (!e)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = udev_enumerate_add_match_subsystem(e, "block");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = udev_enumerate_add_match_sysname(e, "dm-*");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = udev_enumerate_scan_devices(e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        first = udev_enumerate_get_list_entry(e);
+        udev_list_entry_foreach(item, first) {
+                MountPoint *m;
+                _cleanup_udev_device_unref_ struct udev_device *d;
+                dev_t devnum;
+                char *node;
+                const char *dn;
+
+                d = udev_device_new_from_syspath(udev, udev_list_entry_get_name(item));
+                if (!d)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                devnum = udev_device_get_devnum(d);
+                dn = udev_device_get_devnode(d);
+                if (major(devnum) == 0 || !dn)
+                        continue;
+
+                node = strdup(dn);
+                if (!node)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                m = new(MountPoint, 1);
+                if (!m) {
+                        free(node);
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                m->path = node;
+                m->devnum = devnum;
+                LIST_PREPEND(mount_point, *head, m);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int delete_loopback(const char *device) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        int r;
+
+        fd = open(device, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return errno == ENOENT ? 0 : -errno;
+
+        r = ioctl(fd, LOOP_CLR_FD, 0);
+        if (r >= 0)
+                return 1;
+
+        /* ENXIO: not bound, so no error */
+        if (errno == ENXIO)
+                return 0;
+
+        return -errno;
+}
+
+static int delete_dm(dev_t devnum) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        int r;
+        struct dm_ioctl dm = {
+                .version = {DM_VERSION_MAJOR,
+                            DM_VERSION_MINOR,
+                            DM_VERSION_PATCHLEVEL},
+                .data_size = sizeof(dm),
+                .dev = devnum,
+        };
+
+        assert(major(devnum) != 0);
+
+        fd = open("/dev/mapper/control", O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = ioctl(fd, DM_DEV_REMOVE, &dm);
+        return r >= 0 ? 0 : -errno;
+}
+
+static int mount_points_list_umount(MountPoint **head, bool *changed, bool log_error) {
+        MountPoint *m, *n;
+        int n_failed = 0;
+
+        assert(head);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(mount_point, m, n, *head) {
+
+                /* If we are in a container, don't attempt to
+                   read-only mount anything as that brings no real
+                   benefits, but might confuse the host, as we remount
+                   the superblock here, not the bind mound. */
+                if (detect_container() <= 0)  {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *options = NULL;
+                        /* MS_REMOUNT requires that the data parameter
+                         * should be the same from the original mount
+                         * except for the desired changes. Since we want
+                         * to remount read-only, we should filter out
+                         * rw (and ro too, because it confuses the kernel) */
+                        (void) fstab_filter_options(m->options, "rw\0ro\0", NULL, NULL, &options);
+
+                        /* We always try to remount directories
+                         * read-only first, before we go on and umount
+                         * them.
+                         *
+                         * Mount points can be stacked. If a mount
+                         * point is stacked below / or /usr, we
+                         * cannot umount or remount it directly,
+                         * since there is no way to refer to the
+                         * underlying mount. There's nothing we can do
+                         * about it for the general case, but we can
+                         * do something about it if it is aliased
+                         * somehwere else via a bind mount. If we
+                         * explicitly remount the super block of that
+                         * alias read-only we hence should be
+                         * relatively safe regarding keeping the fs we
+                         * can otherwise not see dirty. */
+                        log_info("Remounting '%s' read-only with options '%s'.", m->path, options);
+                        (void) mount(NULL, m->path, NULL, MS_REMOUNT|MS_RDONLY, options);
+                }
+
+                /* Skip / and /usr since we cannot unmount that
+                 * anyway, since we are running from it. They have
+                 * already been remounted ro. */
+                if (path_equal(m->path, "/")
+#ifndef HAVE_SPLIT_USR
+                    || path_equal(m->path, "/usr")
+#endif
+                )
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Trying to umount. We don't force here since we rely
+                 * on busy NFS and FUSE file systems to return EBUSY
+                 * until we closed everything on top of them. */
+                log_info("Unmounting %s.", m->path);
+                if (umount2(m->path, 0) == 0) {
+                        if (changed)
+                                *changed = true;
+
+                        mount_point_free(head, m);
+                } else if (log_error) {
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Could not unmount %s: %m", m->path);
+                        n_failed++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return n_failed;
+}
+
+static int swap_points_list_off(MountPoint **head, bool *changed) {
+        MountPoint *m, *n;
+        int n_failed = 0;
+
+        assert(head);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(mount_point, m, n, *head) {
+                log_info("Deactivating swap %s.", m->path);
+                if (swapoff(m->path) == 0) {
+                        if (changed)
+                                *changed = true;
+
+                        mount_point_free(head, m);
+                } else {
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Could not deactivate swap %s: %m", m->path);
+                        n_failed++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return n_failed;
+}
+
+static int loopback_points_list_detach(MountPoint **head, bool *changed) {
+        MountPoint *m, *n;
+        int n_failed = 0, k;
+        struct stat root_st;
+
+        assert(head);
+
+        k = lstat("/", &root_st);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(mount_point, m, n, *head) {
+                int r;
+                struct stat loopback_st;
+
+                if (k >= 0 &&
+                    major(root_st.st_dev) != 0 &&
+                    lstat(m->path, &loopback_st) >= 0 &&
+                    root_st.st_dev == loopback_st.st_rdev) {
+                        n_failed ++;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                log_info("Detaching loopback %s.", m->path);
+                r = delete_loopback(m->path);
+                if (r >= 0) {
+                        if (r > 0 && changed)
+                                *changed = true;
+
+                        mount_point_free(head, m);
+                } else {
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Could not detach loopback %s: %m", m->path);
+                        n_failed++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return n_failed;
+}
+
+static int dm_points_list_detach(MountPoint **head, bool *changed) {
+        MountPoint *m, *n;
+        int n_failed = 0, k;
+        struct stat root_st;
+
+        assert(head);
+
+        k = lstat("/", &root_st);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(mount_point, m, n, *head) {
+                int r;
+
+                if (k >= 0 &&
+                    major(root_st.st_dev) != 0 &&
+                    root_st.st_dev == m->devnum) {
+                        n_failed ++;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                log_info("Detaching DM %u:%u.", major(m->devnum), minor(m->devnum));
+                r = delete_dm(m->devnum);
+                if (r >= 0) {
+                        if (changed)
+                                *changed = true;
+
+                        mount_point_free(head, m);
+                } else {
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Could not detach DM %s: %m", m->path);
+                        n_failed++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return n_failed;
+}
+
+int umount_all(bool *changed) {
+        int r;
+        bool umount_changed;
+        LIST_HEAD(MountPoint, mp_list_head);
+
+        LIST_HEAD_INIT(mp_list_head);
+        r = mount_points_list_get(&mp_list_head);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto end;
+
+        /* retry umount, until nothing can be umounted anymore */
+        do {
+                umount_changed = false;
+
+                mount_points_list_umount(&mp_list_head, &umount_changed, false);
+                if (umount_changed)
+                        *changed = true;
+
+        } while (umount_changed);
+
+        /* umount one more time with logging enabled */
+        r = mount_points_list_umount(&mp_list_head, &umount_changed, true);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                goto end;
+
+  end:
+        mount_points_list_free(&mp_list_head);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int swapoff_all(bool *changed) {
+        int r;
+        LIST_HEAD(MountPoint, swap_list_head);
+
+        LIST_HEAD_INIT(swap_list_head);
+
+        r = swap_list_get(&swap_list_head);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto end;
+
+        r = swap_points_list_off(&swap_list_head, changed);
+
+  end:
+        mount_points_list_free(&swap_list_head);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int loopback_detach_all(bool *changed) {
+        int r;
+        LIST_HEAD(MountPoint, loopback_list_head);
+
+        LIST_HEAD_INIT(loopback_list_head);
+
+        r = loopback_list_get(&loopback_list_head);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto end;
+
+        r = loopback_points_list_detach(&loopback_list_head, changed);
+
+  end:
+        mount_points_list_free(&loopback_list_head);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int dm_detach_all(bool *changed) {
+        int r;
+        LIST_HEAD(MountPoint, dm_list_head);
+
+        LIST_HEAD_INIT(dm_list_head);
+
+        r = dm_list_get(&dm_list_head);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto end;
+
+        r = dm_points_list_detach(&dm_list_head, changed);
+
+  end:
+        mount_points_list_free(&dm_list_head);
+
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/umount.h b/src/libcore/umount.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e2215a47d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/umount.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 ProFUSION embedded systems
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int umount_all(bool *changed);
+
+int swapoff_all(bool *changed);
+
+int loopback_detach_all(bool *changed);
+
+int dm_detach_all(bool *changed);
diff --git a/src/libcore/unit-printf.c b/src/libcore/unit-printf.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fc057d965c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/unit-printf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "specifier.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit-printf.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+
+static int specifier_prefix_and_instance(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        return unit_name_to_prefix_and_instance(u->id, ret);
+}
+
+static int specifier_prefix(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        return unit_name_to_prefix(u->id, ret);
+}
+
+static int specifier_prefix_unescaped(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = unit_name_to_prefix(u->id, &p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return unit_name_unescape(p, ret);
+}
+
+static int specifier_instance_unescaped(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        return unit_name_unescape(strempty(u->instance), ret);
+}
+
+static int specifier_filename(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->instance)
+                return unit_name_path_unescape(u->instance, ret);
+        else
+                return unit_name_to_path(u->id, ret);
+}
+
+static int specifier_cgroup(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        char *n;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->cgroup_path)
+                n = strdup(u->cgroup_path);
+        else
+                n = unit_default_cgroup_path(u);
+        if (!n)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = n;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int specifier_cgroup_root(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        char *n;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        n = strdup(u->manager->cgroup_root);
+        if (!n)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = n;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int specifier_cgroup_slice(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        char *n;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (UNIT_ISSET(u->slice)) {
+                Unit *slice;
+
+                slice = UNIT_DEREF(u->slice);
+
+                if (slice->cgroup_path)
+                        n = strdup(slice->cgroup_path);
+                else
+                        n = unit_default_cgroup_path(slice);
+        } else
+                n = strdup(u->manager->cgroup_root);
+        if (!n)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = n;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int specifier_runtime(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        const char *e;
+        char *n = NULL;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                e = "/run";
+        else {
+                e = getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");
+                if (!e)
+                        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+        }
+
+        n = strdup(e);
+        if (!n)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = n;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int specifier_user_name(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        char *t;
+
+        /* If we are UID 0 (root), this will not result in NSS,
+         * otherwise it might. This is good, as we want to be able to
+         * run this in PID 1, where our user ID is 0, but where NSS
+         * lookups are not allowed. */
+
+        t = getusername_malloc();
+        if (!t)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = t;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int specifier_user_id(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+
+        if (asprintf(ret, UID_FMT, getuid()) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int specifier_user_home(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+
+        /* On PID 1 (which runs as root) this will not result in NSS,
+         * which is good. See above */
+
+        return get_home_dir(ret);
+}
+
+static int specifier_user_shell(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+
+        /* On PID 1 (which runs as root) this will not result in NSS,
+         * which is good. See above */
+
+        return get_shell(ret);
+}
+
+int unit_name_printf(Unit *u, const char* format, char **ret) {
+
+        /*
+         * This will use the passed string as format string and
+         * replace the following specifiers:
+         *
+         * %n: the full id of the unit                 (foo@bar.waldo)
+         * %N: the id of the unit without the suffix   (foo@bar)
+         * %p: the prefix                              (foo)
+         * %i: the instance                            (bar)
+         */
+
+        const Specifier table[] = {
+                { 'n', specifier_string,              u->id },
+                { 'N', specifier_prefix_and_instance, NULL },
+                { 'p', specifier_prefix,              NULL },
+                { 'i', specifier_string,              u->instance },
+                { 0, NULL, NULL }
+        };
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(format);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        return specifier_printf(format, table, u, ret);
+}
+
+int unit_full_printf(Unit *u, const char *format, char **ret) {
+
+        /* This is similar to unit_name_printf() but also supports
+         * unescaping. Also, adds a couple of additional codes:
+         *
+         * %f the instance if set, otherwise the id
+         * %c cgroup path of unit
+         * %r where units in this slice are placed in the cgroup tree
+         * %R the root of this systemd's instance tree
+         * %t the runtime directory to place sockets in (e.g. "/run" or $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR)
+         * %U the UID of the running user
+         * %u the username of the running user
+         * %h the homedir of the running user
+         * %s the shell of the running user
+         * %m the machine ID of the running system
+         * %H the host name of the running system
+         * %b the boot ID of the running system
+         * %v `uname -r` of the running system
+         */
+
+        const Specifier table[] = {
+                { 'n', specifier_string,              u->id },
+                { 'N', specifier_prefix_and_instance, NULL },
+                { 'p', specifier_prefix,              NULL },
+                { 'P', specifier_prefix_unescaped,    NULL },
+                { 'i', specifier_string,              u->instance },
+                { 'I', specifier_instance_unescaped,  NULL },
+
+                { 'f', specifier_filename,            NULL },
+                { 'c', specifier_cgroup,              NULL },
+                { 'r', specifier_cgroup_slice,        NULL },
+                { 'R', specifier_cgroup_root,         NULL },
+                { 't', specifier_runtime,             NULL },
+
+                { 'U', specifier_user_id,             NULL },
+                { 'u', specifier_user_name,           NULL },
+                { 'h', specifier_user_home,           NULL },
+                { 's', specifier_user_shell,          NULL },
+
+                { 'm', specifier_machine_id,          NULL },
+                { 'H', specifier_host_name,           NULL },
+                { 'b', specifier_boot_id,             NULL },
+                { 'v', specifier_kernel_release,      NULL },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(format);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        return specifier_printf(format, table, u, ret);
+}
+
+int unit_full_printf_strv(Unit *u, char **l, char ***ret) {
+        size_t n;
+        char **r, **i, **j;
+        int q;
+
+        /* Applies unit_full_printf to every entry in l */
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        n = strv_length(l);
+        r = new(char*, n+1);
+        if (!r)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        for (i = l, j = r; *i; i++, j++) {
+                q = unit_full_printf(u, *i, j);
+                if (q < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        *j = NULL;
+        *ret = r;
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        for (j--; j >= r; j--)
+                free(*j);
+
+        free(r);
+        return q;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/unit-printf.h b/src/libcore/unit-printf.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4fc8531228
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/unit-printf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+int unit_name_printf(Unit *u, const char* text, char **ret);
+int unit_full_printf(Unit *u, const char *text, char **ret);
+int unit_full_printf_strv(Unit *u, char **l, char ***ret);
diff --git a/src/libcore/unit.c b/src/libcore/unit.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f7c0e2449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/unit.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3756 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-id128.h>
+#include <systemd/sd-messages.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-common-errors.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus.h"
+#include "dropin.h"
+#include "escape.h"
+#include "execute.h"
+#include "fileio-label.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "load-dropin.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "stat-util.h"
+#include "stdio-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+
+const UnitVTable * const unit_vtable[_UNIT_TYPE_MAX] = {
+        [UNIT_SERVICE] = &service_vtable,
+        [UNIT_SOCKET] = &socket_vtable,
+        [UNIT_BUSNAME] = &busname_vtable,
+        [UNIT_TARGET] = &target_vtable,
+        [UNIT_DEVICE] = &device_vtable,
+        [UNIT_MOUNT] = &mount_vtable,
+        [UNIT_AUTOMOUNT] = &automount_vtable,
+        [UNIT_SWAP] = &swap_vtable,
+        [UNIT_TIMER] = &timer_vtable,
+        [UNIT_PATH] = &path_vtable,
+        [UNIT_SLICE] = &slice_vtable,
+        [UNIT_SCOPE] = &scope_vtable
+};
+
+static void maybe_warn_about_dependency(Unit *u, const char *other, UnitDependency dependency);
+
+Unit *unit_new(Manager *m, size_t size) {
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(size >= sizeof(Unit));
+
+        u = malloc0(size);
+        if (!u)
+                return NULL;
+
+        u->names = set_new(&string_hash_ops);
+        if (!u->names) {
+                free(u);
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        u->manager = m;
+        u->type = _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID;
+        u->default_dependencies = true;
+        u->unit_file_state = _UNIT_FILE_STATE_INVALID;
+        u->unit_file_preset = -1;
+        u->on_failure_job_mode = JOB_REPLACE;
+        u->cgroup_inotify_wd = -1;
+        u->job_timeout = USEC_INFINITY;
+
+        RATELIMIT_INIT(u->start_limit, m->default_start_limit_interval, m->default_start_limit_burst);
+        RATELIMIT_INIT(u->auto_stop_ratelimit, 10 * USEC_PER_SEC, 16);
+
+        return u;
+}
+
+bool unit_has_name(Unit *u, const char *name) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+
+        return !!set_get(u->names, (char*) name);
+}
+
+static void unit_init(Unit *u) {
+        CGroupContext *cc;
+        ExecContext *ec;
+        KillContext *kc;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->manager);
+        assert(u->type >= 0);
+
+        cc = unit_get_cgroup_context(u);
+        if (cc) {
+                cgroup_context_init(cc);
+
+                /* Copy in the manager defaults into the cgroup
+                 * context, _before_ the rest of the settings have
+                 * been initialized */
+
+                cc->cpu_accounting = u->manager->default_cpu_accounting;
+                cc->blockio_accounting = u->manager->default_blockio_accounting;
+                cc->memory_accounting = u->manager->default_memory_accounting;
+                cc->tasks_accounting = u->manager->default_tasks_accounting;
+
+                if (u->type != UNIT_SLICE)
+                        cc->tasks_max = u->manager->default_tasks_max;
+        }
+
+        ec = unit_get_exec_context(u);
+        if (ec)
+                exec_context_init(ec);
+
+        kc = unit_get_kill_context(u);
+        if (kc)
+                kill_context_init(kc);
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->init)
+                UNIT_VTABLE(u)->init(u);
+}
+
+int unit_add_name(Unit *u, const char *text) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL, *i = NULL;
+        UnitType t;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(text);
+
+        if (unit_name_is_valid(text, UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE)) {
+
+                if (!u->instance)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                r = unit_name_replace_instance(text, u->instance, &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else {
+                s = strdup(text);
+                if (!s)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (set_contains(u->names, s))
+                return 0;
+        if (hashmap_contains(u->manager->units, s))
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        if (!unit_name_is_valid(s, UNIT_NAME_PLAIN|UNIT_NAME_INSTANCE))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        t = unit_name_to_type(s);
+        if (t < 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (u->type != _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID && t != u->type)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = unit_name_to_instance(s, &i);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (i && unit_vtable[t]->no_instances)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        /* Ensure that this unit is either instanced or not instanced,
+         * but not both. Note that we do allow names with different
+         * instance names however! */
+        if (u->type != _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID && !u->instance != !i)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (unit_vtable[t]->no_alias && !set_isempty(u->names))
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        if (hashmap_size(u->manager->units) >= MANAGER_MAX_NAMES)
+                return -E2BIG;
+
+        r = set_put(u->names, s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        assert(r > 0);
+
+        r = hashmap_put(u->manager->units, s, u);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                (void) set_remove(u->names, s);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (u->type == _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID) {
+                u->type = t;
+                u->id = s;
+                u->instance = i;
+
+                LIST_PREPEND(units_by_type, u->manager->units_by_type[t], u);
+
+                unit_init(u);
+
+                i = NULL;
+        }
+
+        s = NULL;
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_choose_id(Unit *u, const char *name) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+        char *s, *i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (unit_name_is_valid(name, UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE)) {
+
+                if (!u->instance)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                r = unit_name_replace_instance(name, u->instance, &t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                name = t;
+        }
+
+        /* Selects one of the names of this unit as the id */
+        s = set_get(u->names, (char*) name);
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        /* Determine the new instance from the new id */
+        r = unit_name_to_instance(s, &i);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        u->id = s;
+
+        free(u->instance);
+        u->instance = i;
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_set_description(Unit *u, const char *description) {
+        char *s;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (isempty(description))
+                s = NULL;
+        else {
+                s = strdup(description);
+                if (!s)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        free(u->description);
+        u->description = s;
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+bool unit_check_gc(Unit *u) {
+        UnitActiveState state;
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->job)
+                return true;
+
+        if (u->nop_job)
+                return true;
+
+        state = unit_active_state(u);
+
+        /* If the unit is inactive and failed and no job is queued for
+         * it, then release its runtime resources */
+        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(state) &&
+            UNIT_VTABLE(u)->release_resources)
+                UNIT_VTABLE(u)->release_resources(u);
+
+        /* But we keep the unit object around for longer when it is
+         * referenced or configured to not be gc'ed */
+        if (state != UNIT_INACTIVE)
+                return true;
+
+        if (u->no_gc)
+                return true;
+
+        if (u->refs)
+                return true;
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->check_gc)
+                if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->check_gc(u))
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+void unit_add_to_load_queue(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->type != _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID);
+
+        if (u->load_state != UNIT_STUB || u->in_load_queue)
+                return;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(load_queue, u->manager->load_queue, u);
+        u->in_load_queue = true;
+}
+
+void unit_add_to_cleanup_queue(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->in_cleanup_queue)
+                return;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(cleanup_queue, u->manager->cleanup_queue, u);
+        u->in_cleanup_queue = true;
+}
+
+void unit_add_to_gc_queue(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->in_gc_queue || u->in_cleanup_queue)
+                return;
+
+        if (unit_check_gc(u))
+                return;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(gc_queue, u->manager->gc_queue, u);
+        u->in_gc_queue = true;
+
+        u->manager->n_in_gc_queue ++;
+}
+
+void unit_add_to_dbus_queue(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->type != _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID);
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB || u->in_dbus_queue)
+                return;
+
+        /* Shortcut things if nobody cares */
+        if (sd_bus_track_count(u->manager->subscribed) <= 0 &&
+            set_isempty(u->manager->private_buses)) {
+                u->sent_dbus_new_signal = true;
+                return;
+        }
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(dbus_queue, u->manager->dbus_unit_queue, u);
+        u->in_dbus_queue = true;
+}
+
+static void bidi_set_free(Unit *u, Set *s) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Frees the set and makes sure we are dropped from the
+         * inverse pointers */
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, s, i) {
+                UnitDependency d;
+
+                for (d = 0; d < _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX; d++)
+                        set_remove(other->dependencies[d], u);
+
+                unit_add_to_gc_queue(other);
+        }
+
+        set_free(s);
+}
+
+static void unit_remove_transient(Unit *u) {
+        char **i;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!u->transient)
+                return;
+
+        if (u->fragment_path)
+                (void) unlink(u->fragment_path);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, u->dropin_paths) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+                (void) unlink(*i);
+
+                p = dirname_malloc(*i);
+                if (p)
+                        (void) rmdir(p);
+        }
+}
+
+static void unit_free_requires_mounts_for(Unit *u) {
+        char **j;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(j, u->requires_mounts_for) {
+                char s[strlen(*j) + 1];
+
+                PATH_FOREACH_PREFIX_MORE(s, *j) {
+                        char *y;
+                        Set *x;
+
+                        x = hashmap_get2(u->manager->units_requiring_mounts_for, s, (void**) &y);
+                        if (!x)
+                                continue;
+
+                        set_remove(x, u);
+
+                        if (set_isempty(x)) {
+                                hashmap_remove(u->manager->units_requiring_mounts_for, y);
+                                free(y);
+                                set_free(x);
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        u->requires_mounts_for = strv_free(u->requires_mounts_for);
+}
+
+static void unit_done(Unit *u) {
+        ExecContext *ec;
+        CGroupContext *cc;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->type < 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->done)
+                UNIT_VTABLE(u)->done(u);
+
+        ec = unit_get_exec_context(u);
+        if (ec)
+                exec_context_done(ec);
+
+        cc = unit_get_cgroup_context(u);
+        if (cc)
+                cgroup_context_done(cc);
+}
+
+void unit_free(Unit *u) {
+        UnitDependency d;
+        Iterator i;
+        char *t;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->manager->n_reloading <= 0)
+                unit_remove_transient(u);
+
+        bus_unit_send_removed_signal(u);
+
+        unit_done(u);
+
+        sd_bus_slot_unref(u->match_bus_slot);
+
+        unit_free_requires_mounts_for(u);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(t, u->names, i)
+                hashmap_remove_value(u->manager->units, t, u);
+
+        if (u->job) {
+                Job *j = u->job;
+                job_uninstall(j);
+                job_free(j);
+        }
+
+        if (u->nop_job) {
+                Job *j = u->nop_job;
+                job_uninstall(j);
+                job_free(j);
+        }
+
+        for (d = 0; d < _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX; d++)
+                bidi_set_free(u, u->dependencies[d]);
+
+        if (u->type != _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID)
+                LIST_REMOVE(units_by_type, u->manager->units_by_type[u->type], u);
+
+        if (u->in_load_queue)
+                LIST_REMOVE(load_queue, u->manager->load_queue, u);
+
+        if (u->in_dbus_queue)
+                LIST_REMOVE(dbus_queue, u->manager->dbus_unit_queue, u);
+
+        if (u->in_cleanup_queue)
+                LIST_REMOVE(cleanup_queue, u->manager->cleanup_queue, u);
+
+        if (u->in_gc_queue) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(gc_queue, u->manager->gc_queue, u);
+                u->manager->n_in_gc_queue--;
+        }
+
+        if (u->in_cgroup_queue)
+                LIST_REMOVE(cgroup_queue, u->manager->cgroup_queue, u);
+
+        unit_release_cgroup(u);
+
+        (void) manager_update_failed_units(u->manager, u, false);
+        set_remove(u->manager->startup_units, u);
+
+        free(u->description);
+        strv_free(u->documentation);
+        free(u->fragment_path);
+        free(u->source_path);
+        strv_free(u->dropin_paths);
+        free(u->instance);
+
+        free(u->job_timeout_reboot_arg);
+
+        set_free_free(u->names);
+
+        unit_unwatch_all_pids(u);
+
+        condition_free_list(u->conditions);
+        condition_free_list(u->asserts);
+
+        free(u->reboot_arg);
+
+        unit_ref_unset(&u->slice);
+
+        while (u->refs)
+                unit_ref_unset(u->refs);
+
+        free(u);
+}
+
+UnitActiveState unit_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_MERGED)
+                return unit_active_state(unit_follow_merge(u));
+
+        /* After a reload it might happen that a unit is not correctly
+         * loaded but still has a process around. That's why we won't
+         * shortcut failed loading to UNIT_INACTIVE_FAILED. */
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->active_state(u);
+}
+
+const char* unit_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->sub_state_to_string(u);
+}
+
+static int complete_move(Set **s, Set **other) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(other);
+
+        if (!*other)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (*s) {
+                r = set_move(*s, *other);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else {
+                *s = *other;
+                *other = NULL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int merge_names(Unit *u, Unit *other) {
+        char *t;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(other);
+
+        r = complete_move(&u->names, &other->names);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        set_free_free(other->names);
+        other->names = NULL;
+        other->id = NULL;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(t, u->names, i)
+                assert_se(hashmap_replace(u->manager->units, t, u) == 0);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int reserve_dependencies(Unit *u, Unit *other, UnitDependency d) {
+        unsigned n_reserve;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(other);
+        assert(d < _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX);
+
+        /*
+         * If u does not have this dependency set allocated, there is no need
+         * to reserve anything. In that case other's set will be transferred
+         * as a whole to u by complete_move().
+         */
+        if (!u->dependencies[d])
+                return 0;
+
+        /* merge_dependencies() will skip a u-on-u dependency */
+        n_reserve = set_size(other->dependencies[d]) - !!set_get(other->dependencies[d], u);
+
+        return set_reserve(u->dependencies[d], n_reserve);
+}
+
+static void merge_dependencies(Unit *u, Unit *other, const char *other_id, UnitDependency d) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *back;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(other);
+        assert(d < _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX);
+
+        /* Fix backwards pointers */
+        SET_FOREACH(back, other->dependencies[d], i) {
+                UnitDependency k;
+
+                for (k = 0; k < _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX; k++) {
+                        /* Do not add dependencies between u and itself */
+                        if (back == u) {
+                                if (set_remove(back->dependencies[k], other))
+                                        maybe_warn_about_dependency(u, other_id, k);
+                        } else {
+                                r = set_remove_and_put(back->dependencies[k], other, u);
+                                if (r == -EEXIST)
+                                        set_remove(back->dependencies[k], other);
+                                else
+                                        assert(r >= 0 || r == -ENOENT);
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Also do not move dependencies on u to itself */
+        back = set_remove(other->dependencies[d], u);
+        if (back)
+                maybe_warn_about_dependency(u, other_id, d);
+
+        /* The move cannot fail. The caller must have performed a reservation. */
+        assert_se(complete_move(&u->dependencies[d], &other->dependencies[d]) == 0);
+
+        other->dependencies[d] = set_free(other->dependencies[d]);
+}
+
+int unit_merge(Unit *u, Unit *other) {
+        UnitDependency d;
+        const char *other_id = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(other);
+        assert(u->manager == other->manager);
+        assert(u->type != _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID);
+
+        other = unit_follow_merge(other);
+
+        if (other == u)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (u->type != other->type)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!u->instance != !other->instance)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (other->load_state != UNIT_STUB &&
+            other->load_state != UNIT_NOT_FOUND)
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        if (other->job)
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        if (other->nop_job)
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(unit_active_state(other)))
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        if (other->id)
+                other_id = strdupa(other->id);
+
+        /* Make reservations to ensure merge_dependencies() won't fail */
+        for (d = 0; d < _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX; d++) {
+                r = reserve_dependencies(u, other, d);
+                /*
+                 * We don't rollback reservations if we fail. We don't have
+                 * a way to undo reservations. A reservation is not a leak.
+                 */
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Merge names */
+        r = merge_names(u, other);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Redirect all references */
+        while (other->refs)
+                unit_ref_set(other->refs, u);
+
+        /* Merge dependencies */
+        for (d = 0; d < _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX; d++)
+                merge_dependencies(u, other, other_id, d);
+
+        other->load_state = UNIT_MERGED;
+        other->merged_into = u;
+
+        /* If there is still some data attached to the other node, we
+         * don't need it anymore, and can free it. */
+        if (other->load_state != UNIT_STUB)
+                if (UNIT_VTABLE(other)->done)
+                        UNIT_VTABLE(other)->done(other);
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        unit_add_to_cleanup_queue(other);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_merge_by_name(Unit *u, const char *name) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (unit_name_is_valid(name, UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE)) {
+                if (!u->instance)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                r = unit_name_replace_instance(name, u->instance, &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                name = s;
+        }
+
+        other = manager_get_unit(u->manager, name);
+        if (other)
+                return unit_merge(u, other);
+
+        return unit_add_name(u, name);
+}
+
+Unit* unit_follow_merge(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        while (u->load_state == UNIT_MERGED)
+                assert_se(u = u->merged_into);
+
+        return u;
+}
+
+int unit_add_exec_dependencies(Unit *u, ExecContext *c) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->working_directory) {
+                r = unit_require_mounts_for(u, c->working_directory);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (c->root_directory) {
+                r = unit_require_mounts_for(u, c->root_directory);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (u->manager->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (c->private_tmp) {
+                r = unit_require_mounts_for(u, "/tmp");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = unit_require_mounts_for(u, "/var/tmp");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (c->std_output != EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG &&
+            c->std_output != EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG &&
+            c->std_output != EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL &&
+            c->std_output != EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE &&
+            c->std_output != EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE &&
+            c->std_output != EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE &&
+            c->std_error != EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG &&
+            c->std_error != EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG &&
+            c->std_error != EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL &&
+            c->std_error != EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE &&
+            c->std_error != EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE &&
+            c->std_error != EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* If syslog or kernel logging is requested, make sure our own
+         * logging daemon is run first. */
+
+        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, UNIT_AFTER, SPECIAL_JOURNALD_SOCKET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+const char *unit_description(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->description)
+                return u->description;
+
+        return strna(u->id);
+}
+
+void unit_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        char *t, **j;
+        UnitDependency d;
+        Iterator i;
+        const char *prefix2;
+        char
+                timestamp0[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX],
+                timestamp1[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX],
+                timestamp2[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX],
+                timestamp3[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX],
+                timestamp4[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX],
+                timespan[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+        Unit *following;
+        _cleanup_set_free_ Set *following_set = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->type >= 0);
+
+        prefix = strempty(prefix);
+        prefix2 = strjoina(prefix, "\t");
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%s-> Unit %s:\n"
+                "%s\tDescription: %s\n"
+                "%s\tInstance: %s\n"
+                "%s\tUnit Load State: %s\n"
+                "%s\tUnit Active State: %s\n"
+                "%s\nState Change Timestamp: %s\n"
+                "%s\tInactive Exit Timestamp: %s\n"
+                "%s\tActive Enter Timestamp: %s\n"
+                "%s\tActive Exit Timestamp: %s\n"
+                "%s\tInactive Enter Timestamp: %s\n"
+                "%s\tGC Check Good: %s\n"
+                "%s\tNeed Daemon Reload: %s\n"
+                "%s\tTransient: %s\n"
+                "%s\tSlice: %s\n"
+                "%s\tCGroup: %s\n"
+                "%s\tCGroup realized: %s\n"
+                "%s\tCGroup mask: 0x%x\n"
+                "%s\tCGroup members mask: 0x%x\n",
+                prefix, u->id,
+                prefix, unit_description(u),
+                prefix, strna(u->instance),
+                prefix, unit_load_state_to_string(u->load_state),
+                prefix, unit_active_state_to_string(unit_active_state(u)),
+                prefix, strna(format_timestamp(timestamp0, sizeof(timestamp0), u->state_change_timestamp.realtime)),
+                prefix, strna(format_timestamp(timestamp1, sizeof(timestamp1), u->inactive_exit_timestamp.realtime)),
+                prefix, strna(format_timestamp(timestamp2, sizeof(timestamp2), u->active_enter_timestamp.realtime)),
+                prefix, strna(format_timestamp(timestamp3, sizeof(timestamp3), u->active_exit_timestamp.realtime)),
+                prefix, strna(format_timestamp(timestamp4, sizeof(timestamp4), u->inactive_enter_timestamp.realtime)),
+                prefix, yes_no(unit_check_gc(u)),
+                prefix, yes_no(unit_need_daemon_reload(u)),
+                prefix, yes_no(u->transient),
+                prefix, strna(unit_slice_name(u)),
+                prefix, strna(u->cgroup_path),
+                prefix, yes_no(u->cgroup_realized),
+                prefix, u->cgroup_realized_mask,
+                prefix, u->cgroup_members_mask);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(t, u->names, i)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tName: %s\n", prefix, t);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(j, u->documentation)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tDocumentation: %s\n", prefix, *j);
+
+        following = unit_following(u);
+        if (following)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tFollowing: %s\n", prefix, following->id);
+
+        r = unit_following_set(u, &following_set);
+        if (r >= 0) {
+                Unit *other;
+
+                SET_FOREACH(other, following_set, i)
+                        fprintf(f, "%s\tFollowing Set Member: %s\n", prefix, other->id);
+        }
+
+        if (u->fragment_path)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tFragment Path: %s\n", prefix, u->fragment_path);
+
+        if (u->source_path)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tSource Path: %s\n", prefix, u->source_path);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(j, u->dropin_paths)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tDropIn Path: %s\n", prefix, *j);
+
+        if (u->job_timeout != USEC_INFINITY)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tJob Timeout: %s\n", prefix, format_timespan(timespan, sizeof(timespan), u->job_timeout, 0));
+
+        if (u->job_timeout_action != FAILURE_ACTION_NONE)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tJob Timeout Action: %s\n", prefix, failure_action_to_string(u->job_timeout_action));
+
+        if (u->job_timeout_reboot_arg)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tJob Timeout Reboot Argument: %s\n", prefix, u->job_timeout_reboot_arg);
+
+        condition_dump_list(u->conditions, f, prefix, condition_type_to_string);
+        condition_dump_list(u->asserts, f, prefix, assert_type_to_string);
+
+        if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&u->condition_timestamp))
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%s\tCondition Timestamp: %s\n"
+                        "%s\tCondition Result: %s\n",
+                        prefix, strna(format_timestamp(timestamp1, sizeof(timestamp1), u->condition_timestamp.realtime)),
+                        prefix, yes_no(u->condition_result));
+
+        if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&u->assert_timestamp))
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%s\tAssert Timestamp: %s\n"
+                        "%s\tAssert Result: %s\n",
+                        prefix, strna(format_timestamp(timestamp1, sizeof(timestamp1), u->assert_timestamp.realtime)),
+                        prefix, yes_no(u->assert_result));
+
+        for (d = 0; d < _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX; d++) {
+                Unit *other;
+
+                SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[d], i)
+                        fprintf(f, "%s\t%s: %s\n", prefix, unit_dependency_to_string(d), other->id);
+        }
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(u->requires_mounts_for)) {
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%s\tRequiresMountsFor:", prefix);
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(j, u->requires_mounts_for)
+                        fprintf(f, " %s", *j);
+
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%s\tStopWhenUnneeded: %s\n"
+                        "%s\tRefuseManualStart: %s\n"
+                        "%s\tRefuseManualStop: %s\n"
+                        "%s\tDefaultDependencies: %s\n"
+                        "%s\tOnFailureJobMode: %s\n"
+                        "%s\tIgnoreOnIsolate: %s\n",
+                        prefix, yes_no(u->stop_when_unneeded),
+                        prefix, yes_no(u->refuse_manual_start),
+                        prefix, yes_no(u->refuse_manual_stop),
+                        prefix, yes_no(u->default_dependencies),
+                        prefix, job_mode_to_string(u->on_failure_job_mode),
+                        prefix, yes_no(u->ignore_on_isolate));
+
+                if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->dump)
+                        UNIT_VTABLE(u)->dump(u, f, prefix2);
+
+        } else if (u->load_state == UNIT_MERGED)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%s\tMerged into: %s\n",
+                        prefix, u->merged_into->id);
+        else if (u->load_state == UNIT_ERROR)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tLoad Error Code: %s\n", prefix, strerror(-u->load_error));
+
+
+        if (u->job)
+                job_dump(u->job, f, prefix2);
+
+        if (u->nop_job)
+                job_dump(u->nop_job, f, prefix2);
+
+}
+
+/* Common implementation for multiple backends */
+int unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Load a .{service,socket,...} file */
+        r = unit_load_fragment(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        /* Load drop-in directory data */
+        r = unit_load_dropin(unit_follow_merge(u));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/* Common implementation for multiple backends */
+int unit_load_fragment_and_dropin_optional(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Same as unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(), but whether
+         * something can be loaded or not doesn't matter. */
+
+        /* Load a .service file */
+        r = unit_load_fragment(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB)
+                u->load_state = UNIT_LOADED;
+
+        /* Load drop-in directory data */
+        r = unit_load_dropin(unit_follow_merge(u));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_add_default_target_dependency(Unit *u, Unit *target) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(target);
+
+        if (target->type != UNIT_TARGET)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Only add the dependency if both units are loaded, so that
+         * that loop check below is reliable */
+        if (u->load_state != UNIT_LOADED ||
+            target->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* If either side wants no automatic dependencies, then let's
+         * skip this */
+        if (!u->default_dependencies ||
+            !target->default_dependencies)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Don't create loops */
+        if (set_get(target->dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE], u))
+                return 0;
+
+        return unit_add_dependency(target, UNIT_AFTER, u, true);
+}
+
+static int unit_add_target_dependencies(Unit *u) {
+
+        static const UnitDependency deps[] = {
+                UNIT_REQUIRED_BY,
+                UNIT_REQUISITE_OF,
+                UNIT_WANTED_BY,
+                UNIT_BOUND_BY
+        };
+
+        Unit *target;
+        Iterator i;
+        unsigned k;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        for (k = 0; k < ELEMENTSOF(deps); k++)
+                SET_FOREACH(target, u->dependencies[deps[k]], i) {
+                        r = unit_add_default_target_dependency(u, target);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int unit_add_slice_dependencies(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!UNIT_HAS_CGROUP_CONTEXT(u))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (UNIT_ISSET(u->slice))
+                return unit_add_two_dependencies(u, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES, UNIT_DEREF(u->slice), true);
+
+        if (unit_has_name(u, SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE))
+                return 0;
+
+        return unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(u, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES, SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE, NULL, true);
+}
+
+static int unit_add_mount_dependencies(Unit *u) {
+        char **i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, u->requires_mounts_for) {
+                char prefix[strlen(*i) + 1];
+
+                PATH_FOREACH_PREFIX_MORE(prefix, *i) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+                        Unit *m;
+
+                        r = unit_name_from_path(prefix, ".mount", &p);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        m = manager_get_unit(u->manager, p);
+                        if (!m) {
+                                /* Make sure to load the mount unit if
+                                 * it exists. If so the dependencies
+                                 * on this unit will be added later
+                                 * during the loading of the mount
+                                 * unit. */
+                                (void) manager_load_unit_prepare(u->manager, p, NULL, NULL, &m);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+                        if (m == u)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (m->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = unit_add_dependency(u, UNIT_AFTER, m, true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (m->fragment_path) {
+                                r = unit_add_dependency(u, UNIT_REQUIRES, m, true);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int unit_add_startup_units(Unit *u) {
+        CGroupContext *c;
+        int r;
+
+        c = unit_get_cgroup_context(u);
+        if (!c)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (c->startup_cpu_shares == CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID &&
+            c->startup_blockio_weight == CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(&u->manager->startup_units, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return set_put(u->manager->startup_units, u);
+}
+
+int unit_load(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->in_load_queue) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(load_queue, u->manager->load_queue, u);
+                u->in_load_queue = false;
+        }
+
+        if (u->type == _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (u->load_state != UNIT_STUB)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->load) {
+                r = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->load(u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB) {
+                r = -ENOENT;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+
+                r = unit_add_target_dependencies(u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = unit_add_slice_dependencies(u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = unit_add_mount_dependencies(u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = unit_add_startup_units(u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                if (u->on_failure_job_mode == JOB_ISOLATE && set_size(u->dependencies[UNIT_ON_FAILURE]) > 1) {
+                        log_unit_error(u, "More than one OnFailure= dependencies specified but OnFailureJobMode=isolate set. Refusing.");
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                unit_update_cgroup_members_masks(u);
+        }
+
+        assert((u->load_state != UNIT_MERGED) == !u->merged_into);
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(unit_follow_merge(u));
+        unit_add_to_gc_queue(u);
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        u->load_state = u->load_state == UNIT_STUB ? UNIT_NOT_FOUND : UNIT_ERROR;
+        u->load_error = r;
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        unit_add_to_gc_queue(u);
+
+        log_unit_debug_errno(u, r, "Failed to load configuration: %m");
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static bool unit_condition_test_list(Unit *u, Condition *first, const char *(*to_string)(ConditionType t)) {
+        Condition *c;
+        int triggered = -1;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(to_string);
+
+        /* If the condition list is empty, then it is true */
+        if (!first)
+                return true;
+
+        /* Otherwise, if all of the non-trigger conditions apply and
+         * if any of the trigger conditions apply (unless there are
+         * none) we return true */
+        LIST_FOREACH(conditions, c, first) {
+                int r;
+
+                r = condition_test(c);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning(u,
+                                         "Couldn't determine result for %s=%s%s%s, assuming failed: %m",
+                                         to_string(c->type),
+                                         c->trigger ? "|" : "",
+                                         c->negate ? "!" : "",
+                                         c->parameter);
+                else
+                        log_unit_debug(u,
+                                       "%s=%s%s%s %s.",
+                                       to_string(c->type),
+                                       c->trigger ? "|" : "",
+                                       c->negate ? "!" : "",
+                                       c->parameter,
+                                       condition_result_to_string(c->result));
+
+                if (!c->trigger && r <= 0)
+                        return false;
+
+                if (c->trigger && triggered <= 0)
+                        triggered = r > 0;
+        }
+
+        return triggered != 0;
+}
+
+static bool unit_condition_test(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        dual_timestamp_get(&u->condition_timestamp);
+        u->condition_result = unit_condition_test_list(u, u->conditions, condition_type_to_string);
+
+        return u->condition_result;
+}
+
+static bool unit_assert_test(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        dual_timestamp_get(&u->assert_timestamp);
+        u->assert_result = unit_condition_test_list(u, u->asserts, assert_type_to_string);
+
+        return u->assert_result;
+}
+
+void unit_status_printf(Unit *u, const char *status, const char *unit_status_msg_format) {
+        DISABLE_WARNING_FORMAT_NONLITERAL;
+        manager_status_printf(u->manager, STATUS_TYPE_NORMAL, status, unit_status_msg_format, unit_description(u));
+        REENABLE_WARNING;
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char* unit_get_status_message_format(Unit *u, JobType t) {
+        const char *format;
+        const UnitStatusMessageFormats *format_table;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(IN_SET(t, JOB_START, JOB_STOP, JOB_RELOAD));
+
+        if (t != JOB_RELOAD) {
+                format_table = &UNIT_VTABLE(u)->status_message_formats;
+                if (format_table) {
+                        format = format_table->starting_stopping[t == JOB_STOP];
+                        if (format)
+                                return format;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Return generic strings */
+        if (t == JOB_START)
+                return "Starting %s.";
+        else if (t == JOB_STOP)
+                return "Stopping %s.";
+        else
+                return "Reloading %s.";
+}
+
+static void unit_status_print_starting_stopping(Unit *u, JobType t) {
+        const char *format;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Reload status messages have traditionally not been printed to console. */
+        if (!IN_SET(t, JOB_START, JOB_STOP))
+                return;
+
+        format = unit_get_status_message_format(u, t);
+
+        DISABLE_WARNING_FORMAT_NONLITERAL;
+        unit_status_printf(u, "", format);
+        REENABLE_WARNING;
+}
+
+static void unit_status_log_starting_stopping_reloading(Unit *u, JobType t) {
+        const char *format;
+        char buf[LINE_MAX];
+        sd_id128_t mid;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(t, JOB_START, JOB_STOP, JOB_RELOAD))
+                return;
+
+        if (log_on_console())
+                return;
+
+        /* We log status messages for all units and all operations. */
+
+        format = unit_get_status_message_format(u, t);
+
+        DISABLE_WARNING_FORMAT_NONLITERAL;
+        xsprintf(buf, format, unit_description(u));
+        REENABLE_WARNING;
+
+        mid = t == JOB_START ? SD_MESSAGE_UNIT_STARTING :
+              t == JOB_STOP  ? SD_MESSAGE_UNIT_STOPPING :
+                               SD_MESSAGE_UNIT_RELOADING;
+
+        /* Note that we deliberately use LOG_MESSAGE() instead of
+         * LOG_UNIT_MESSAGE() here, since this is supposed to mimic
+         * closely what is written to screen using the status output,
+         * which is supposed the highest level, friendliest output
+         * possible, which means we should avoid the low-level unit
+         * name. */
+        log_struct(LOG_INFO,
+                   LOG_MESSAGE_ID(mid),
+                   LOG_UNIT_ID(u),
+                   LOG_MESSAGE("%s", buf),
+                   NULL);
+}
+
+void unit_status_emit_starting_stopping_reloading(Unit *u, JobType t) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(t >= 0);
+        assert(t < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        unit_status_log_starting_stopping_reloading(u, t);
+        unit_status_print_starting_stopping(u, t);
+}
+
+static int unit_start_limit_test(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (ratelimit_test(&u->start_limit)) {
+                u->start_limit_hit = false;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        log_unit_warning(u, "Start request repeated too quickly.");
+        u->start_limit_hit = true;
+
+        return failure_action(u->manager, u->start_limit_action, u->reboot_arg);
+}
+
+/* Errors:
+ *         -EBADR:      This unit type does not support starting.
+ *         -EALREADY:   Unit is already started.
+ *         -EAGAIN:     An operation is already in progress. Retry later.
+ *         -ECANCELED:  Too many requests for now.
+ *         -EPROTO:     Assert failed
+ *         -EINVAL:     Unit not loaded
+ *         -EOPNOTSUPP: Unit type not supported
+ */
+int unit_start(Unit *u) {
+        UnitActiveState state;
+        Unit *following;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* If this is already started, then this will succeed. Note
+         * that this will even succeed if this unit is not startable
+         * by the user. This is relied on to detect when we need to
+         * wait for units and when waiting is finished. */
+        state = unit_active_state(u);
+        if (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(state))
+                return -EALREADY;
+
+        /* Make sure we don't enter a busy loop of some kind. */
+        r = unit_start_limit_test(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Units that aren't loaded cannot be started */
+        if (u->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        /* If the conditions failed, don't do anything at all. If we
+         * already are activating this call might still be useful to
+         * speed up activation in case there is some hold-off time,
+         * but we don't want to recheck the condition in that case. */
+        if (state != UNIT_ACTIVATING &&
+            !unit_condition_test(u)) {
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Starting requested but condition failed. Not starting unit.");
+                return -EALREADY;
+        }
+
+        /* If the asserts failed, fail the entire job */
+        if (state != UNIT_ACTIVATING &&
+            !unit_assert_test(u)) {
+                log_unit_notice(u, "Starting requested but asserts failed.");
+                return -EPROTO;
+        }
+
+        /* Units of types that aren't supported cannot be
+         * started. Note that we do this test only after the condition
+         * checks, so that we rather return condition check errors
+         * (which are usually not considered a true failure) than "not
+         * supported" errors (which are considered a failure).
+         */
+        if (!unit_supported(u))
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+
+        /* Forward to the main object, if we aren't it. */
+        following = unit_following(u);
+        if (following) {
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Redirecting start request from %s to %s.", u->id, following->id);
+                return unit_start(following);
+        }
+
+        /* If it is stopped, but we cannot start it, then fail */
+        if (!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->start)
+                return -EBADR;
+
+        /* We don't suppress calls to ->start() here when we are
+         * already starting, to allow this request to be used as a
+         * "hurry up" call, for example when the unit is in some "auto
+         * restart" state where it waits for a holdoff timer to elapse
+         * before it will start again. */
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->start(u);
+}
+
+bool unit_can_start(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return false;
+
+        if (!unit_supported(u))
+                return false;
+
+        return !!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->start;
+}
+
+bool unit_can_isolate(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return unit_can_start(u) &&
+                u->allow_isolate;
+}
+
+/* Errors:
+ *         -EBADR:    This unit type does not support stopping.
+ *         -EALREADY: Unit is already stopped.
+ *         -EAGAIN:   An operation is already in progress. Retry later.
+ */
+int unit_stop(Unit *u) {
+        UnitActiveState state;
+        Unit *following;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        state = unit_active_state(u);
+        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(state))
+                return -EALREADY;
+
+        following = unit_following(u);
+        if (following) {
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Redirecting stop request from %s to %s.", u->id, following->id);
+                return unit_stop(following);
+        }
+
+        if (!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->stop)
+                return -EBADR;
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->stop(u);
+}
+
+/* Errors:
+ *         -EBADR:    This unit type does not support reloading.
+ *         -ENOEXEC:  Unit is not started.
+ *         -EAGAIN:   An operation is already in progress. Retry later.
+ */
+int unit_reload(Unit *u) {
+        UnitActiveState state;
+        Unit *following;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!unit_can_reload(u))
+                return -EBADR;
+
+        state = unit_active_state(u);
+        if (state == UNIT_RELOADING)
+                return -EALREADY;
+
+        if (state != UNIT_ACTIVE) {
+                log_unit_warning(u, "Unit cannot be reloaded because it is inactive.");
+                return -ENOEXEC;
+        }
+
+        following = unit_following(u);
+        if (following) {
+                log_unit_debug(u, "Redirecting reload request from %s to %s.", u->id, following->id);
+                return unit_reload(following);
+        }
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->reload(u);
+}
+
+bool unit_can_reload(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->reload)
+                return false;
+
+        if (!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->can_reload)
+                return true;
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->can_reload(u);
+}
+
+static void unit_check_unneeded(Unit *u) {
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+
+        static const UnitDependency needed_dependencies[] = {
+                UNIT_REQUIRED_BY,
+                UNIT_REQUISITE_OF,
+                UNIT_WANTED_BY,
+                UNIT_BOUND_BY,
+        };
+
+        Unit *other;
+        Iterator i;
+        unsigned j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* If this service shall be shut down when unneeded then do
+         * so. */
+
+        if (!u->stop_when_unneeded)
+                return;
+
+        if (!UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u)))
+                return;
+
+        for (j = 0; j < ELEMENTSOF(needed_dependencies); j++)
+                SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[needed_dependencies[j]], i)
+                        if (unit_active_or_pending(other))
+                                return;
+
+        /* If stopping a unit fails continously we might enter a stop
+         * loop here, hence stop acting on the service being
+         * unnecessary after a while. */
+        if (!ratelimit_test(&u->auto_stop_ratelimit)) {
+                log_unit_warning(u, "Unit not needed anymore, but not stopping since we tried this too often recently.");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        log_unit_info(u, "Unit not needed anymore. Stopping.");
+
+        /* Ok, nobody needs us anymore. Sniff. Then let's commit suicide */
+        r = manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_STOP, u, JOB_FAIL, &error, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to enqueue stop job, ignoring: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+}
+
+static void unit_check_binds_to(Unit *u) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        bool stop = false;
+        Unit *other;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->job)
+                return;
+
+        if (unit_active_state(u) != UNIT_ACTIVE)
+                return;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_BINDS_TO], i) {
+                if (other->job)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        continue;
+
+                stop = true;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        if (!stop)
+                return;
+
+        /* If stopping a unit fails continously we might enter a stop
+         * loop here, hence stop acting on the service being
+         * unnecessary after a while. */
+        if (!ratelimit_test(&u->auto_stop_ratelimit)) {
+                log_unit_warning(u, "Unit is bound to inactive unit %s, but not stopping since we tried this too often recently.", other->id);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        assert(other);
+        log_unit_info(u, "Unit is bound to inactive unit %s. Stopping, too.", other->id);
+
+        /* A unit we need to run is gone. Sniff. Let's stop this. */
+        r = manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_STOP, u, JOB_FAIL, &error, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to enqueue stop job, ignoring: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+}
+
+static void retroactively_start_dependencies(Unit *u) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u)));
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRES], i)
+                if (!set_get(u->dependencies[UNIT_AFTER], other) &&
+                    !UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_START, other, JOB_REPLACE, NULL, NULL);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_BINDS_TO], i)
+                if (!set_get(u->dependencies[UNIT_AFTER], other) &&
+                    !UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_START, other, JOB_REPLACE, NULL, NULL);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_WANTS], i)
+                if (!set_get(u->dependencies[UNIT_AFTER], other) &&
+                    !UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_START, other, JOB_FAIL, NULL, NULL);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_CONFLICTS], i)
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_STOP, other, JOB_REPLACE, NULL, NULL);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY], i)
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_STOP, other, JOB_REPLACE, NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+static void retroactively_stop_dependencies(Unit *u) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u)));
+
+        /* Pull down units which are bound to us recursively if enabled */
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_BOUND_BY], i)
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_STOP, other, JOB_REPLACE, NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+static void check_unneeded_dependencies(Unit *u) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u)));
+
+        /* Garbage collect services that might not be needed anymore, if enabled */
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRES], i)
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        unit_check_unneeded(other);
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_WANTS], i)
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        unit_check_unneeded(other);
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_REQUISITE], i)
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        unit_check_unneeded(other);
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_BINDS_TO], i)
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        unit_check_unneeded(other);
+}
+
+void unit_start_on_failure(Unit *u) {
+        Unit *other;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (set_size(u->dependencies[UNIT_ON_FAILURE]) <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        log_unit_info(u, "Triggering OnFailure= dependencies.");
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_ON_FAILURE], i) {
+                int r;
+
+                r = manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_START, other, u->on_failure_job_mode, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed to enqueue OnFailure= job: %m");
+        }
+}
+
+void unit_trigger_notify(Unit *u) {
+        Unit *other;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY], i)
+                if (UNIT_VTABLE(other)->trigger_notify)
+                        UNIT_VTABLE(other)->trigger_notify(other, u);
+}
+
+void unit_notify(Unit *u, UnitActiveState os, UnitActiveState ns, bool reload_success) {
+        Manager *m;
+        bool unexpected;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(os < _UNIT_ACTIVE_STATE_MAX);
+        assert(ns < _UNIT_ACTIVE_STATE_MAX);
+
+        /* Note that this is called for all low-level state changes,
+         * even if they might map to the same high-level
+         * UnitActiveState! That means that ns == os is an expected
+         * behavior here. For example: if a mount point is remounted
+         * this function will be called too! */
+
+        m = u->manager;
+
+        /* Update timestamps for state changes */
+        if (m->n_reloading <= 0) {
+                dual_timestamp_get(&u->state_change_timestamp);
+
+                if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(os) && !UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns))
+                        u->inactive_exit_timestamp = u->state_change_timestamp;
+                else if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(os) && UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns))
+                        u->inactive_enter_timestamp = u->state_change_timestamp;
+
+                if (!UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(os) && UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(ns))
+                        u->active_enter_timestamp = u->state_change_timestamp;
+                else if (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(os) && !UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(ns))
+                        u->active_exit_timestamp = u->state_change_timestamp;
+        }
+
+        /* Keep track of failed units */
+        (void) manager_update_failed_units(u->manager, u, ns == UNIT_FAILED);
+
+        /* Make sure the cgroup is always removed when we become inactive */
+        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns))
+                unit_prune_cgroup(u);
+
+        /* Note that this doesn't apply to RemainAfterExit services exiting
+         * successfully, since there's no change of state in that case. Which is
+         * why it is handled in service_set_state() */
+        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(os) != UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns)) {
+                ExecContext *ec;
+
+                ec = unit_get_exec_context(u);
+                if (ec && exec_context_may_touch_console(ec)) {
+                        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns)) {
+                                m->n_on_console --;
+
+                                if (m->n_on_console == 0)
+                                        /* unset no_console_output flag, since the console is free */
+                                        m->no_console_output = false;
+                        } else
+                                m->n_on_console ++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (u->job) {
+                unexpected = false;
+
+                if (u->job->state == JOB_WAITING)
+
+                        /* So we reached a different state for this
+                         * job. Let's see if we can run it now if it
+                         * failed previously due to EAGAIN. */
+                        job_add_to_run_queue(u->job);
+
+                /* Let's check whether this state change constitutes a
+                 * finished job, or maybe contradicts a running job and
+                 * hence needs to invalidate jobs. */
+
+                switch (u->job->type) {
+
+                case JOB_START:
+                case JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE:
+
+                        if (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(ns))
+                                job_finish_and_invalidate(u->job, JOB_DONE, true);
+                        else if (u->job->state == JOB_RUNNING && ns != UNIT_ACTIVATING) {
+                                unexpected = true;
+
+                                if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns))
+                                        job_finish_and_invalidate(u->job, ns == UNIT_FAILED ? JOB_FAILED : JOB_DONE, true);
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case JOB_RELOAD:
+                case JOB_RELOAD_OR_START:
+                case JOB_TRY_RELOAD:
+
+                        if (u->job->state == JOB_RUNNING) {
+                                if (ns == UNIT_ACTIVE)
+                                        job_finish_and_invalidate(u->job, reload_success ? JOB_DONE : JOB_FAILED, true);
+                                else if (ns != UNIT_ACTIVATING && ns != UNIT_RELOADING) {
+                                        unexpected = true;
+
+                                        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns))
+                                                job_finish_and_invalidate(u->job, ns == UNIT_FAILED ? JOB_FAILED : JOB_DONE, true);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case JOB_STOP:
+                case JOB_RESTART:
+                case JOB_TRY_RESTART:
+
+                        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns))
+                                job_finish_and_invalidate(u->job, JOB_DONE, true);
+                        else if (u->job->state == JOB_RUNNING && ns != UNIT_DEACTIVATING) {
+                                unexpected = true;
+                                job_finish_and_invalidate(u->job, JOB_FAILED, true);
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Job type unknown");
+                }
+
+        } else
+                unexpected = true;
+
+        if (m->n_reloading <= 0) {
+
+                /* If this state change happened without being
+                 * requested by a job, then let's retroactively start
+                 * or stop dependencies. We skip that step when
+                 * deserializing, since we don't want to create any
+                 * additional jobs just because something is already
+                 * activated. */
+
+                if (unexpected) {
+                        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(os) && UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(ns))
+                                retroactively_start_dependencies(u);
+                        else if (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(os) && UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(ns))
+                                retroactively_stop_dependencies(u);
+                }
+
+                /* stop unneeded units regardless if going down was expected or not */
+                if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(ns))
+                        check_unneeded_dependencies(u);
+
+                if (ns != os && ns == UNIT_FAILED) {
+                        log_unit_notice(u, "Unit entered failed state.");
+                        unit_start_on_failure(u);
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Some names are special */
+        if (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(ns)) {
+
+                if (unit_has_name(u, SPECIAL_DBUS_SERVICE))
+                        /* The bus might have just become available,
+                         * hence try to connect to it, if we aren't
+                         * yet connected. */
+                        bus_init(m, true);
+
+                if (u->type == UNIT_SERVICE &&
+                    !UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(os) &&
+                    m->n_reloading <= 0) {
+                        /* Write audit record if we have just finished starting up */
+                        manager_send_unit_audit(m, u, AUDIT_SERVICE_START, true);
+                        u->in_audit = true;
+                }
+
+                if (!UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(os))
+                        manager_send_unit_plymouth(m, u);
+
+        } else {
+
+                /* We don't care about D-Bus here, since we'll get an
+                 * asynchronous notification for it anyway. */
+
+                if (u->type == UNIT_SERVICE &&
+                    UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns) &&
+                    !UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(os) &&
+                    m->n_reloading <= 0) {
+
+                        /* Hmm, if there was no start record written
+                         * write it now, so that we always have a nice
+                         * pair */
+                        if (!u->in_audit) {
+                                manager_send_unit_audit(m, u, AUDIT_SERVICE_START, ns == UNIT_INACTIVE);
+
+                                if (ns == UNIT_INACTIVE)
+                                        manager_send_unit_audit(m, u, AUDIT_SERVICE_STOP, true);
+                        } else
+                                /* Write audit record if we have just finished shutting down */
+                                manager_send_unit_audit(m, u, AUDIT_SERVICE_STOP, ns == UNIT_INACTIVE);
+
+                        u->in_audit = false;
+                }
+        }
+
+        manager_recheck_journal(m);
+        unit_trigger_notify(u);
+
+        if (u->manager->n_reloading <= 0) {
+                /* Maybe we finished startup and are now ready for
+                 * being stopped because unneeded? */
+                unit_check_unneeded(u);
+
+                /* Maybe we finished startup, but something we needed
+                 * has vanished? Let's die then. (This happens when
+                 * something BindsTo= to a Type=oneshot unit, as these
+                 * units go directly from starting to inactive,
+                 * without ever entering started.) */
+                unit_check_binds_to(u);
+        }
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        unit_add_to_gc_queue(u);
+}
+
+int unit_watch_pid(Unit *u, pid_t pid) {
+        int q, r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(pid >= 1);
+
+        /* Watch a specific PID. We only support one or two units
+         * watching each PID for now, not more. */
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(&u->pids, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&u->manager->watch_pids1, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = hashmap_put(u->manager->watch_pids1, PID_TO_PTR(pid), u);
+        if (r == -EEXIST) {
+                r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&u->manager->watch_pids2, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = hashmap_put(u->manager->watch_pids2, PID_TO_PTR(pid), u);
+        }
+
+        q = set_put(u->pids, PID_TO_PTR(pid));
+        if (q < 0)
+                return q;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+void unit_unwatch_pid(Unit *u, pid_t pid) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(pid >= 1);
+
+        (void) hashmap_remove_value(u->manager->watch_pids1, PID_TO_PTR(pid), u);
+        (void) hashmap_remove_value(u->manager->watch_pids2, PID_TO_PTR(pid), u);
+        (void) set_remove(u->pids, PID_TO_PTR(pid));
+}
+
+void unit_unwatch_all_pids(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        while (!set_isempty(u->pids))
+                unit_unwatch_pid(u, PTR_TO_PID(set_first(u->pids)));
+
+        u->pids = set_free(u->pids);
+}
+
+void unit_tidy_watch_pids(Unit *u, pid_t except1, pid_t except2) {
+        Iterator i;
+        void *e;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Cleans dead PIDs from our list */
+
+        SET_FOREACH(e, u->pids, i) {
+                pid_t pid = PTR_TO_PID(e);
+
+                if (pid == except1 || pid == except2)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!pid_is_unwaited(pid))
+                        unit_unwatch_pid(u, pid);
+        }
+}
+
+bool unit_job_is_applicable(Unit *u, JobType j) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(j >= 0 && j < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        switch (j) {
+
+        case JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE:
+        case JOB_START:
+        case JOB_STOP:
+        case JOB_NOP:
+                return true;
+
+        case JOB_RESTART:
+        case JOB_TRY_RESTART:
+                return unit_can_start(u);
+
+        case JOB_RELOAD:
+        case JOB_TRY_RELOAD:
+                return unit_can_reload(u);
+
+        case JOB_RELOAD_OR_START:
+                return unit_can_reload(u) && unit_can_start(u);
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Invalid job type");
+        }
+}
+
+static void maybe_warn_about_dependency(Unit *u, const char *other, UnitDependency dependency) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Only warn about some unit types */
+        if (!IN_SET(dependency, UNIT_CONFLICTS, UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY, UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_ON_FAILURE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY))
+                return;
+
+        if (streq_ptr(u->id, other))
+                log_unit_warning(u, "Dependency %s=%s dropped", unit_dependency_to_string(dependency), u->id);
+        else
+                log_unit_warning(u, "Dependency %s=%s dropped, merged into %s", unit_dependency_to_string(dependency), strna(other), u->id);
+}
+
+int unit_add_dependency(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, Unit *other, bool add_reference) {
+
+        static const UnitDependency inverse_table[_UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX] = {
+                [UNIT_REQUIRES] = UNIT_REQUIRED_BY,
+                [UNIT_WANTS] = UNIT_WANTED_BY,
+                [UNIT_REQUISITE] = UNIT_REQUISITE_OF,
+                [UNIT_BINDS_TO] = UNIT_BOUND_BY,
+                [UNIT_PART_OF] = UNIT_CONSISTS_OF,
+                [UNIT_REQUIRED_BY] = UNIT_REQUIRES,
+                [UNIT_REQUISITE_OF] = UNIT_REQUISITE,
+                [UNIT_WANTED_BY] = UNIT_WANTS,
+                [UNIT_BOUND_BY] = UNIT_BINDS_TO,
+                [UNIT_CONSISTS_OF] = UNIT_PART_OF,
+                [UNIT_CONFLICTS] = UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY,
+                [UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY] = UNIT_CONFLICTS,
+                [UNIT_BEFORE] = UNIT_AFTER,
+                [UNIT_AFTER] = UNIT_BEFORE,
+                [UNIT_ON_FAILURE] = _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_INVALID,
+                [UNIT_REFERENCES] = UNIT_REFERENCED_BY,
+                [UNIT_REFERENCED_BY] = UNIT_REFERENCES,
+                [UNIT_TRIGGERS] = UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY,
+                [UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY] = UNIT_TRIGGERS,
+                [UNIT_PROPAGATES_RELOAD_TO] = UNIT_RELOAD_PROPAGATED_FROM,
+                [UNIT_RELOAD_PROPAGATED_FROM] = UNIT_PROPAGATES_RELOAD_TO,
+                [UNIT_JOINS_NAMESPACE_OF] = UNIT_JOINS_NAMESPACE_OF,
+        };
+        int r, q = 0, v = 0, w = 0;
+        Unit *orig_u = u, *orig_other = other;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(d >= 0 && d < _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX);
+        assert(other);
+
+        u = unit_follow_merge(u);
+        other = unit_follow_merge(other);
+
+        /* We won't allow dependencies on ourselves. We will not
+         * consider them an error however. */
+        if (u == other) {
+                maybe_warn_about_dependency(orig_u, orig_other->id, d);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(&u->dependencies[d], NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (inverse_table[d] != _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_INVALID) {
+                r = set_ensure_allocated(&other->dependencies[inverse_table[d]], NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (add_reference) {
+                r = set_ensure_allocated(&u->dependencies[UNIT_REFERENCES], NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = set_ensure_allocated(&other->dependencies[UNIT_REFERENCED_BY], NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        q = set_put(u->dependencies[d], other);
+        if (q < 0)
+                return q;
+
+        if (inverse_table[d] != _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_INVALID && inverse_table[d] != d) {
+                v = set_put(other->dependencies[inverse_table[d]], u);
+                if (v < 0) {
+                        r = v;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (add_reference) {
+                w = set_put(u->dependencies[UNIT_REFERENCES], other);
+                if (w < 0) {
+                        r = w;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = set_put(other->dependencies[UNIT_REFERENCED_BY], u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (q > 0)
+                set_remove(u->dependencies[d], other);
+
+        if (v > 0)
+                set_remove(other->dependencies[inverse_table[d]], u);
+
+        if (w > 0)
+                set_remove(u->dependencies[UNIT_REFERENCES], other);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int unit_add_two_dependencies(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, UnitDependency e, Unit *other, bool add_reference) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = unit_add_dependency(u, d, other, add_reference);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return unit_add_dependency(u, e, other, add_reference);
+}
+
+static int resolve_template(Unit *u, const char *name, const char*path, char **buf, const char **ret) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name || path);
+        assert(buf);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (!name)
+                name = basename(path);
+
+        if (!unit_name_is_valid(name, UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE)) {
+                *buf = NULL;
+                *ret = name;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (u->instance)
+                r = unit_name_replace_instance(name, u->instance, buf);
+        else {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *i = NULL;
+
+                r = unit_name_to_prefix(u->id, &i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = unit_name_replace_instance(name, i, buf);
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret = *buf;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_add_dependency_by_name(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, const char *name, const char *path, bool add_reference) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name || path);
+
+        r = resolve_template(u, name, path, &buf, &name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(u->manager, name, path, NULL, &other);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return unit_add_dependency(u, d, other, add_reference);
+}
+
+int unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, UnitDependency e, const char *name, const char *path, bool add_reference) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name || path);
+
+        r = resolve_template(u, name, path, &buf, &name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(u->manager, name, path, NULL, &other);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return unit_add_two_dependencies(u, d, e, other, add_reference);
+}
+
+int set_unit_path(const char *p) {
+        /* This is mostly for debug purposes */
+        if (setenv("SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH", p, 1) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+char *unit_dbus_path(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!u->id)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return unit_dbus_path_from_name(u->id);
+}
+
+int unit_set_slice(Unit *u, Unit *slice) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(slice);
+
+        /* Sets the unit slice if it has not been set before. Is extra
+         * careful, to only allow this for units that actually have a
+         * cgroup context. Also, we don't allow to set this for slices
+         * (since the parent slice is derived from the name). Make
+         * sure the unit we set is actually a slice. */
+
+        if (!UNIT_HAS_CGROUP_CONTEXT(u))
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+
+        if (u->type == UNIT_SLICE)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (unit_active_state(u) != UNIT_INACTIVE)
+                return -EBUSY;
+
+        if (slice->type != UNIT_SLICE)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (unit_has_name(u, SPECIAL_INIT_SCOPE) &&
+            !unit_has_name(slice, SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE))
+                return -EPERM;
+
+        if (UNIT_DEREF(u->slice) == slice)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (UNIT_ISSET(u->slice))
+                return -EBUSY;
+
+        unit_ref_set(&u->slice, slice);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int unit_set_default_slice(Unit *u) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *b = NULL;
+        const char *slice_name;
+        Unit *slice;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (UNIT_ISSET(u->slice))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (u->instance) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *prefix = NULL, *escaped = NULL;
+
+                /* Implicitly place all instantiated units in their
+                 * own per-template slice */
+
+                r = unit_name_to_prefix(u->id, &prefix);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* The prefix is already escaped, but it might include
+                 * "-" which has a special meaning for slice units,
+                 * hence escape it here extra. */
+                escaped = unit_name_escape(prefix);
+                if (!escaped)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (u->manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
+                        b = strjoin("system-", escaped, ".slice", NULL);
+                else
+                        b = strappend(escaped, ".slice");
+                if (!b)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                slice_name = b;
+        } else
+                slice_name =
+                        u->manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM && !unit_has_name(u, SPECIAL_INIT_SCOPE)
+                        ? SPECIAL_SYSTEM_SLICE
+                        : SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE;
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(u->manager, slice_name, NULL, NULL, &slice);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return unit_set_slice(u, slice);
+}
+
+const char *unit_slice_name(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!UNIT_ISSET(u->slice))
+                return NULL;
+
+        return UNIT_DEREF(u->slice)->id;
+}
+
+int unit_load_related_unit(Unit *u, const char *type, Unit **_found) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(type);
+        assert(_found);
+
+        r = unit_name_change_suffix(u->id, type, &t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (unit_has_name(u, t))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(u->manager, t, NULL, NULL, _found);
+        assert(r < 0 || *_found != u);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int signal_name_owner_changed(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        const char *name, *old_owner, *new_owner;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(message);
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "sss", &name, &old_owner, &new_owner);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                bus_log_parse_error(r);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_name_owner_change)
+                UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_name_owner_change(u, name, old_owner, new_owner);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_install_bus_match(Unit *u, sd_bus *bus, const char *name) {
+        const char *match;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (u->match_bus_slot)
+                return -EBUSY;
+
+        match = strjoina("type='signal',"
+                        "sender='org.freedesktop.DBus',"
+                        "path='/org/freedesktop/DBus',"
+                        "interface='org.freedesktop.DBus',"
+                        "member='NameOwnerChanged',"
+                        "arg0='", name, "'",
+                        NULL);
+
+        return sd_bus_add_match(bus, &u->match_bus_slot, match, signal_name_owner_changed, u);
+}
+
+int unit_watch_bus_name(Unit *u, const char *name) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+
+        /* Watch a specific name on the bus. We only support one unit
+         * watching each name for now. */
+
+        if (u->manager->api_bus) {
+                /* If the bus is already available, install the match directly.
+                 * Otherwise, just put the name in the list. bus_setup_api() will take care later. */
+                r = unit_install_bus_match(u, u->manager->api_bus, name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to subscribe to NameOwnerChanged signal for '%s': %m", name);
+        }
+
+        r = hashmap_put(u->manager->watch_bus, name, u);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                u->match_bus_slot = sd_bus_slot_unref(u->match_bus_slot);
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to put bus name to hashmap: %m");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void unit_unwatch_bus_name(Unit *u, const char *name) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+
+        hashmap_remove_value(u->manager->watch_bus, name, u);
+        u->match_bus_slot = sd_bus_slot_unref(u->match_bus_slot);
+}
+
+bool unit_can_serialize(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->serialize && UNIT_VTABLE(u)->deserialize_item;
+}
+
+int unit_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds, bool serialize_jobs) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (unit_can_serialize(u)) {
+                ExecRuntime *rt;
+
+                r = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->serialize(u, f, fds);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                rt = unit_get_exec_runtime(u);
+                if (rt) {
+                        r = exec_runtime_serialize(u, rt, f, fds);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "state-change-timestamp", &u->state_change_timestamp);
+
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "inactive-exit-timestamp", &u->inactive_exit_timestamp);
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "active-enter-timestamp", &u->active_enter_timestamp);
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "active-exit-timestamp", &u->active_exit_timestamp);
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "inactive-enter-timestamp", &u->inactive_enter_timestamp);
+
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "condition-timestamp", &u->condition_timestamp);
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "assert-timestamp", &u->assert_timestamp);
+
+        if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&u->condition_timestamp))
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "condition-result", yes_no(u->condition_result));
+
+        if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&u->assert_timestamp))
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "assert-result", yes_no(u->assert_result));
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "transient", yes_no(u->transient));
+        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "cpuacct-usage-base", "%" PRIu64, u->cpuacct_usage_base);
+
+        if (u->cgroup_path)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "cgroup", u->cgroup_path);
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "cgroup-realized", yes_no(u->cgroup_realized));
+
+        if (serialize_jobs) {
+                if (u->job) {
+                        fprintf(f, "job\n");
+                        job_serialize(u->job, f, fds);
+                }
+
+                if (u->nop_job) {
+                        fprintf(f, "job\n");
+                        job_serialize(u->nop_job, f, fds);
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* End marker */
+        fputc('\n', f);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_serialize_item(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *key, const char *value) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(key);
+
+        if (!value)
+                return 0;
+
+        fputs(key, f);
+        fputc('=', f);
+        fputs(value, f);
+        fputc('\n', f);
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int unit_serialize_item_escaped(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *key, const char *value) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *c = NULL;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(key);
+
+        if (!value)
+                return 0;
+
+        c = cescape(value);
+        if (!c)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        fputs(key, f);
+        fputc('=', f);
+        fputs(c, f);
+        fputc('\n', f);
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int unit_serialize_item_fd(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds, const char *key, int fd) {
+        int copy;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(key);
+
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        copy = fdset_put_dup(fds, fd);
+        if (copy < 0)
+                return copy;
+
+        fprintf(f, "%s=%i\n", key, copy);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+void unit_serialize_item_format(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *key, const char *format, ...) {
+        va_list ap;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(format);
+
+        fputs(key, f);
+        fputc('=', f);
+
+        va_start(ap, format);
+        vfprintf(f, format, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        fputc('\n', f);
+}
+
+int unit_deserialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        ExecRuntime **rt = NULL;
+        size_t offset;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        offset = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->exec_runtime_offset;
+        if (offset > 0)
+                rt = (ExecRuntime**) ((uint8_t*) u + offset);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char line[LINE_MAX], *l, *v;
+                size_t k;
+
+                if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                return 0;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                char_array_0(line);
+                l = strstrip(line);
+
+                /* End marker */
+                if (isempty(l))
+                        break;
+
+                k = strcspn(l, "=");
+
+                if (l[k] == '=') {
+                        l[k] = 0;
+                        v = l+k+1;
+                } else
+                        v = l+k;
+
+                if (streq(l, "job")) {
+                        if (v[0] == '\0') {
+                                /* new-style serialized job */
+                                Job *j;
+
+                                j = job_new_raw(u);
+                                if (!j)
+                                        return log_oom();
+
+                                r = job_deserialize(j, f, fds);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        job_free(j);
+                                        return r;
+                                }
+
+                                r = hashmap_put(u->manager->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(j->id), j);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        job_free(j);
+                                        return r;
+                                }
+
+                                r = job_install_deserialized(j);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        hashmap_remove(u->manager->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(j->id));
+                                        job_free(j);
+                                        return r;
+                                }
+                        } else  /* legacy for pre-44 */
+                                log_unit_warning(u, "Update from too old systemd versions are unsupported, cannot deserialize job: %s", v);
+                        continue;
+                } else if (streq(l, "state-change-timestamp")) {
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(v, &u->state_change_timestamp);
+                        continue;
+                } else if (streq(l, "inactive-exit-timestamp")) {
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(v, &u->inactive_exit_timestamp);
+                        continue;
+                } else if (streq(l, "active-enter-timestamp")) {
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(v, &u->active_enter_timestamp);
+                        continue;
+                } else if (streq(l, "active-exit-timestamp")) {
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(v, &u->active_exit_timestamp);
+                        continue;
+                } else if (streq(l, "inactive-enter-timestamp")) {
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(v, &u->inactive_enter_timestamp);
+                        continue;
+                } else if (streq(l, "condition-timestamp")) {
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(v, &u->condition_timestamp);
+                        continue;
+                } else if (streq(l, "assert-timestamp")) {
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(v, &u->assert_timestamp);
+                        continue;
+                } else if (streq(l, "condition-result")) {
+
+                        r = parse_boolean(v);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse condition result value %s, ignoring.", v);
+                        else
+                                u->condition_result = r;
+
+                        continue;
+
+                } else if (streq(l, "assert-result")) {
+
+                        r = parse_boolean(v);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse assert result value %s, ignoring.", v);
+                        else
+                                u->assert_result = r;
+
+                        continue;
+
+                } else if (streq(l, "transient")) {
+
+                        r = parse_boolean(v);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse transient bool %s, ignoring.", v);
+                        else
+                                u->transient = r;
+
+                        continue;
+
+                } else if (streq(l, "cpuacct-usage-base")) {
+
+                        r = safe_atou64(v, &u->cpuacct_usage_base);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse CPU usage %s, ignoring.", v);
+
+                        continue;
+
+                } else if (streq(l, "cgroup")) {
+
+                        r = unit_set_cgroup_path(u, v);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_unit_debug_errno(u, r, "Failed to set cgroup path %s, ignoring: %m", v);
+
+                        (void) unit_watch_cgroup(u);
+
+                        continue;
+                } else if (streq(l, "cgroup-realized")) {
+                        int b;
+
+                        b = parse_boolean(v);
+                        if (b < 0)
+                                log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse cgroup-realized bool %s, ignoring.", v);
+                        else
+                                u->cgroup_realized = b;
+
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (unit_can_serialize(u)) {
+                        if (rt) {
+                                r = exec_runtime_deserialize_item(u, rt, l, v, fds);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_unit_warning(u, "Failed to deserialize runtime parameter '%s', ignoring.", l);
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+
+                                /* Returns positive if key was handled by the call */
+                                if (r > 0)
+                                        continue;
+                        }
+
+                        r = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->deserialize_item(u, l, v, fds);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_unit_warning(u, "Failed to deserialize unit parameter '%s', ignoring.", l);
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Versions before 228 did not carry a state change timestamp. In this case, take the current time. This is
+         * useful, so that timeouts based on this timestamp don't trigger too early, and is in-line with the logic from
+         * before 228 where the base for timeouts was not persistent across reboots. */
+
+        if (!dual_timestamp_is_set(&u->state_change_timestamp))
+                dual_timestamp_get(&u->state_change_timestamp);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_add_node_link(Unit *u, const char *what, bool wants, UnitDependency dep) {
+        Unit *device;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Adds in links to the device node that this unit is based on */
+        if (isempty(what))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!is_device_path(what))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* When device units aren't supported (such as in a
+         * container), don't create dependencies on them. */
+        if (!unit_type_supported(UNIT_DEVICE))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_name_from_path(what, ".device", &e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(u->manager, e, NULL, NULL, &device);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies(u, UNIT_AFTER,
+                                      u->manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? dep : UNIT_WANTS,
+                                      device, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (wants) {
+                r = unit_add_dependency(device, UNIT_WANTS, u, false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        int r = 0, q = 0;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Make sure we don't enter a loop, when coldplugging
+         * recursively. */
+        if (u->coldplugged)
+                return 0;
+
+        u->coldplugged = true;
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->coldplug)
+                r = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->coldplug(u);
+
+        if (u->job)
+                q = job_coldplug(u->job);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (q < 0)
+                return q;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+bool unit_need_daemon_reload(Unit *u) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **t = NULL;
+        char **path;
+        struct stat st;
+        unsigned loaded_cnt, current_cnt;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->fragment_path) {
+                zero(st);
+                if (stat(u->fragment_path, &st) < 0)
+                        /* What, cannot access this anymore? */
+                        return true;
+
+                if (u->fragment_mtime > 0 &&
+                    timespec_load(&st.st_mtim) != u->fragment_mtime)
+                        return true;
+        }
+
+        if (u->source_path) {
+                zero(st);
+                if (stat(u->source_path, &st) < 0)
+                        return true;
+
+                if (u->source_mtime > 0 &&
+                    timespec_load(&st.st_mtim) != u->source_mtime)
+                        return true;
+        }
+
+        (void) unit_find_dropin_paths(u, &t);
+        loaded_cnt = strv_length(t);
+        current_cnt = strv_length(u->dropin_paths);
+
+        if (loaded_cnt == current_cnt) {
+                if (loaded_cnt == 0)
+                        return false;
+
+                if (strv_overlap(u->dropin_paths, t)) {
+                        STRV_FOREACH(path, u->dropin_paths) {
+                                zero(st);
+                                if (stat(*path, &st) < 0)
+                                        return true;
+
+                                if (u->dropin_mtime > 0 &&
+                                    timespec_load(&st.st_mtim) > u->dropin_mtime)
+                                        return true;
+                        }
+
+                        return false;
+                } else
+                        return true;
+        } else
+                return true;
+}
+
+void unit_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->reset_failed)
+                UNIT_VTABLE(u)->reset_failed(u);
+
+        RATELIMIT_RESET(u->start_limit);
+        u->start_limit_hit = false;
+}
+
+Unit *unit_following(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->following)
+                return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->following(u);
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+bool unit_stop_pending(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* This call does check the current state of the unit. It's
+         * hence useful to be called from state change calls of the
+         * unit itself, where the state isn't updated yet. This is
+         * different from unit_inactive_or_pending() which checks both
+         * the current state and for a queued job. */
+
+        return u->job && u->job->type == JOB_STOP;
+}
+
+bool unit_inactive_or_pending(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Returns true if the unit is inactive or going down */
+
+        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u)))
+                return true;
+
+        if (unit_stop_pending(u))
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+bool unit_active_or_pending(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Returns true if the unit is active or going up */
+
+        if (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u)))
+                return true;
+
+        if (u->job &&
+            (u->job->type == JOB_START ||
+             u->job->type == JOB_RELOAD_OR_START ||
+             u->job->type == JOB_RESTART))
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+int unit_kill(Unit *u, KillWho w, int signo, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(w >= 0 && w < _KILL_WHO_MAX);
+        assert(signo > 0);
+        assert(signo < _NSIG);
+
+        if (!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->kill)
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->kill(u, w, signo, error);
+}
+
+static Set *unit_pid_set(pid_t main_pid, pid_t control_pid) {
+        Set *pid_set;
+        int r;
+
+        pid_set = set_new(NULL);
+        if (!pid_set)
+                return NULL;
+
+        /* Exclude the main/control pids from being killed via the cgroup */
+        if (main_pid > 0) {
+                r = set_put(pid_set, PID_TO_PTR(main_pid));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (control_pid > 0) {
+                r = set_put(pid_set, PID_TO_PTR(control_pid));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        return pid_set;
+
+fail:
+        set_free(pid_set);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+int unit_kill_common(
+                Unit *u,
+                KillWho who,
+                int signo,
+                pid_t main_pid,
+                pid_t control_pid,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        int r = 0;
+        bool killed = false;
+
+        if (IN_SET(who, KILL_MAIN, KILL_MAIN_FAIL)) {
+                if (main_pid < 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_PROCESS, "%s units have no main processes", unit_type_to_string(u->type));
+                else if (main_pid == 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_set_const(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_PROCESS, "No main process to kill");
+        }
+
+        if (IN_SET(who, KILL_CONTROL, KILL_CONTROL_FAIL)) {
+                if (control_pid < 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_PROCESS, "%s units have no control processes", unit_type_to_string(u->type));
+                else if (control_pid == 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_set_const(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_PROCESS, "No control process to kill");
+        }
+
+        if (IN_SET(who, KILL_CONTROL, KILL_CONTROL_FAIL, KILL_ALL, KILL_ALL_FAIL))
+                if (control_pid > 0) {
+                        if (kill(control_pid, signo) < 0)
+                                r = -errno;
+                        else
+                                killed = true;
+                }
+
+        if (IN_SET(who, KILL_MAIN, KILL_MAIN_FAIL, KILL_ALL, KILL_ALL_FAIL))
+                if (main_pid > 0) {
+                        if (kill(main_pid, signo) < 0)
+                                r = -errno;
+                        else
+                                killed = true;
+                }
+
+        if (IN_SET(who, KILL_ALL, KILL_ALL_FAIL) && u->cgroup_path) {
+                _cleanup_set_free_ Set *pid_set = NULL;
+                int q;
+
+                /* Exclude the main/control pids from being killed via the cgroup */
+                pid_set = unit_pid_set(main_pid, control_pid);
+                if (!pid_set)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                q = cg_kill_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, u->cgroup_path, signo, false, false, false, pid_set);
+                if (q < 0 && q != -EAGAIN && q != -ESRCH && q != -ENOENT)
+                        r = q;
+                else
+                        killed = true;
+        }
+
+        if (r == 0 && !killed && IN_SET(who, KILL_ALL_FAIL, KILL_CONTROL_FAIL))
+                return -ESRCH;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int unit_following_set(Unit *u, Set **s) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->following_set)
+                return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->following_set(u, s);
+
+        *s = NULL;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+UnitFileState unit_get_unit_file_state(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->unit_file_state < 0 && u->fragment_path) {
+                r = unit_file_get_state(
+                                u->manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM : UNIT_FILE_USER,
+                                NULL,
+                                basename(u->fragment_path),
+                                &u->unit_file_state);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        u->unit_file_state = UNIT_FILE_BAD;
+        }
+
+        return u->unit_file_state;
+}
+
+int unit_get_unit_file_preset(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->unit_file_preset < 0 && u->fragment_path)
+                u->unit_file_preset = unit_file_query_preset(
+                                u->manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM : UNIT_FILE_USER,
+                                NULL,
+                                basename(u->fragment_path));
+
+        return u->unit_file_preset;
+}
+
+Unit* unit_ref_set(UnitRef *ref, Unit *u) {
+        assert(ref);
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (ref->unit)
+                unit_ref_unset(ref);
+
+        ref->unit = u;
+        LIST_PREPEND(refs, u->refs, ref);
+        return u;
+}
+
+void unit_ref_unset(UnitRef *ref) {
+        assert(ref);
+
+        if (!ref->unit)
+                return;
+
+        LIST_REMOVE(refs, ref->unit->refs, ref);
+        ref->unit = NULL;
+}
+
+int unit_patch_contexts(Unit *u) {
+        CGroupContext *cc;
+        ExecContext *ec;
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Patch in the manager defaults into the exec and cgroup
+         * contexts, _after_ the rest of the settings have been
+         * initialized */
+
+        ec = unit_get_exec_context(u);
+        if (ec) {
+                /* This only copies in the ones that need memory */
+                for (i = 0; i < _RLIMIT_MAX; i++)
+                        if (u->manager->rlimit[i] && !ec->rlimit[i]) {
+                                ec->rlimit[i] = newdup(struct rlimit, u->manager->rlimit[i], 1);
+                                if (!ec->rlimit[i])
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+                        }
+
+                if (u->manager->running_as == MANAGER_USER &&
+                    !ec->working_directory) {
+
+                        r = get_home_dir(&ec->working_directory);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        /* Allow user services to run, even if the
+                         * home directory is missing */
+                        ec->working_directory_missing_ok = true;
+                }
+
+                if (u->manager->running_as == MANAGER_USER &&
+                    (ec->syscall_whitelist ||
+                     !set_isempty(ec->syscall_filter) ||
+                     !set_isempty(ec->syscall_archs) ||
+                     ec->address_families_whitelist ||
+                     !set_isempty(ec->address_families)))
+                        ec->no_new_privileges = true;
+
+                if (ec->private_devices)
+                        ec->capability_bounding_set &= ~(UINT64_C(1) << CAP_MKNOD);
+        }
+
+        cc = unit_get_cgroup_context(u);
+        if (cc) {
+
+                if (ec &&
+                    ec->private_devices &&
+                    cc->device_policy == CGROUP_AUTO)
+                        cc->device_policy = CGROUP_CLOSED;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+ExecContext *unit_get_exec_context(Unit *u) {
+        size_t offset;
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->type < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        offset = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->exec_context_offset;
+        if (offset <= 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return (ExecContext*) ((uint8_t*) u + offset);
+}
+
+KillContext *unit_get_kill_context(Unit *u) {
+        size_t offset;
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->type < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        offset = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->kill_context_offset;
+        if (offset <= 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return (KillContext*) ((uint8_t*) u + offset);
+}
+
+CGroupContext *unit_get_cgroup_context(Unit *u) {
+        size_t offset;
+
+        if (u->type < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        offset = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->cgroup_context_offset;
+        if (offset <= 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return (CGroupContext*) ((uint8_t*) u + offset);
+}
+
+ExecRuntime *unit_get_exec_runtime(Unit *u) {
+        size_t offset;
+
+        if (u->type < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        offset = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->exec_runtime_offset;
+        if (offset <= 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return *(ExecRuntime**) ((uint8_t*) u + offset);
+}
+
+static int unit_drop_in_dir(Unit *u, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, bool transient, char **dir) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->manager->running_as == MANAGER_USER) {
+                int r;
+
+                if (mode == UNIT_PERSISTENT && !transient)
+                        r = user_config_home(dir);
+                else
+                        r = user_runtime_dir(dir);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return -ENOENT;
+
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (mode == UNIT_PERSISTENT && !transient)
+                *dir = strdup("/etc/systemd/system");
+        else
+                *dir = strdup("/run/systemd/system");
+        if (!*dir)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_write_drop_in(Unit *u, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, const char *name, const char *data) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *dir = NULL, *p = NULL, *q = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(mode, UNIT_PERSISTENT, UNIT_RUNTIME))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_drop_in_dir(u, mode, u->transient, &dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = write_drop_in(dir, u->id, 50, name, data);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = drop_in_file(dir, u->id, 50, name, &p, &q);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = strv_extend(&u->dropin_paths, q);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        strv_sort(u->dropin_paths);
+        strv_uniq(u->dropin_paths);
+
+        u->dropin_mtime = now(CLOCK_REALTIME);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_write_drop_in_format(Unit *u, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, const char *name, const char *format, ...) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        va_list ap;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(format);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(mode, UNIT_PERSISTENT, UNIT_RUNTIME))
+                return 0;
+
+        va_start(ap, format);
+        r = vasprintf(&p, format, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return unit_write_drop_in(u, mode, name, p);
+}
+
+int unit_write_drop_in_private(Unit *u, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, const char *name, const char *data) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *ndata = NULL;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->private_section)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!IN_SET(mode, UNIT_PERSISTENT, UNIT_RUNTIME))
+                return 0;
+
+        ndata = strjoin("[", UNIT_VTABLE(u)->private_section, "]\n", data, NULL);
+        if (!ndata)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return unit_write_drop_in(u, mode, name, ndata);
+}
+
+int unit_write_drop_in_private_format(Unit *u, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, const char *name, const char *format, ...) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        va_list ap;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(format);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(mode, UNIT_PERSISTENT, UNIT_RUNTIME))
+                return 0;
+
+        va_start(ap, format);
+        r = vasprintf(&p, format, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, p);
+}
+
+int unit_make_transient(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->can_transient)
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+
+        u->load_state = UNIT_STUB;
+        u->load_error = 0;
+        u->transient = true;
+
+        u->fragment_path = mfree(u->fragment_path);
+        u->source_path = mfree(u->source_path);
+        u->dropin_paths = strv_free(u->dropin_paths);
+        u->fragment_mtime = u->source_mtime = u->dropin_mtime = 0;
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        unit_add_to_gc_queue(u);
+        unit_add_to_load_queue(u);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_kill_context(
+                Unit *u,
+                KillContext *c,
+                KillOperation k,
+                pid_t main_pid,
+                pid_t control_pid,
+                bool main_pid_alien) {
+
+        bool wait_for_exit = false;
+        int sig, r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->kill_mode == KILL_NONE)
+                return 0;
+
+        switch (k) {
+        case KILL_KILL:
+                sig = SIGKILL;
+                break;
+        case KILL_ABORT:
+                sig = SIGABRT;
+                break;
+        case KILL_TERMINATE:
+                sig = c->kill_signal;
+                break;
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("KillOperation unknown");
+        }
+
+        if (main_pid > 0) {
+                r = kill_and_sigcont(main_pid, sig);
+
+                if (r < 0 && r != -ESRCH) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *comm = NULL;
+                        get_process_comm(main_pid, &comm);
+
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to kill main process " PID_FMT " (%s), ignoring: %m", main_pid, strna(comm));
+                } else {
+                        if (!main_pid_alien)
+                                wait_for_exit = true;
+
+                        if (c->send_sighup && k == KILL_TERMINATE)
+                                (void) kill(main_pid, SIGHUP);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (control_pid > 0) {
+                r = kill_and_sigcont(control_pid, sig);
+
+                if (r < 0 && r != -ESRCH) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *comm = NULL;
+                        get_process_comm(control_pid, &comm);
+
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to kill control process " PID_FMT " (%s), ignoring: %m", control_pid, strna(comm));
+                } else {
+                        wait_for_exit = true;
+
+                        if (c->send_sighup && k == KILL_TERMINATE)
+                                (void) kill(control_pid, SIGHUP);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (u->cgroup_path &&
+            (c->kill_mode == KILL_CONTROL_GROUP || (c->kill_mode == KILL_MIXED && k == KILL_KILL))) {
+                _cleanup_set_free_ Set *pid_set = NULL;
+
+                /* Exclude the main/control pids from being killed via the cgroup */
+                pid_set = unit_pid_set(main_pid, control_pid);
+                if (!pid_set)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = cg_kill_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, u->cgroup_path, sig, true, k != KILL_TERMINATE, false, pid_set);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (r != -EAGAIN && r != -ESRCH && r != -ENOENT)
+                                log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to kill control group %s, ignoring: %m", u->cgroup_path);
+
+                } else if (r > 0) {
+
+                        /* FIXME: For now, on the legacy hierarchy, we
+                         * will not wait for the cgroup members to die
+                         * if we are running in a container or if this
+                         * is a delegation unit, simply because cgroup
+                         * notification is unreliable in these
+                         * cases. It doesn't work at all in
+                         * containers, and outside of containers it
+                         * can be confused easily by left-over
+                         * directories in the cgroup -- which however
+                         * should not exist in non-delegated units. On
+                         * the unified hierarchy that's different,
+                         * there we get proper events. Hence rely on
+                         * them.*/
+
+                        if  (cg_unified() > 0 ||
+                             (detect_container() == 0 && !unit_cgroup_delegate(u)))
+                                wait_for_exit = true;
+
+                        if (c->send_sighup && k != KILL_KILL) {
+                                set_free(pid_set);
+
+                                pid_set = unit_pid_set(main_pid, control_pid);
+                                if (!pid_set)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                cg_kill_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, u->cgroup_path, SIGHUP, false, true, false, pid_set);
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        return wait_for_exit;
+}
+
+int unit_require_mounts_for(Unit *u, const char *path) {
+        char prefix[strlen(path) + 1], *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(path);
+
+        /* Registers a unit for requiring a certain path and all its
+         * prefixes. We keep a simple array of these paths in the
+         * unit, since its usually short. However, we build a prefix
+         * table for all possible prefixes so that new appearing mount
+         * units can easily determine which units to make themselves a
+         * dependency of. */
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(path))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        p = strdup(path);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        path_kill_slashes(p);
+
+        if (!path_is_safe(p)) {
+                free(p);
+                return -EPERM;
+        }
+
+        if (strv_contains(u->requires_mounts_for, p)) {
+                free(p);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = strv_consume(&u->requires_mounts_for, p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        PATH_FOREACH_PREFIX_MORE(prefix, p) {
+                Set *x;
+
+                x = hashmap_get(u->manager->units_requiring_mounts_for, prefix);
+                if (!x) {
+                        char *q;
+
+                        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(&u->manager->units_requiring_mounts_for, &string_hash_ops);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        q = strdup(prefix);
+                        if (!q)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        x = set_new(NULL);
+                        if (!x) {
+                                free(q);
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                        }
+
+                        r = hashmap_put(u->manager->units_requiring_mounts_for, q, x);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                free(q);
+                                set_free(x);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                r = set_put(x, u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_setup_exec_runtime(Unit *u) {
+        ExecRuntime **rt;
+        size_t offset;
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+
+        offset = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->exec_runtime_offset;
+        assert(offset > 0);
+
+        /* Check if there already is an ExecRuntime for this unit? */
+        rt = (ExecRuntime**) ((uint8_t*) u + offset);
+        if (*rt)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Try to get it from somebody else */
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_JOINS_NAMESPACE_OF], i) {
+
+                *rt = unit_get_exec_runtime(other);
+                if (*rt) {
+                        exec_runtime_ref(*rt);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return exec_runtime_make(rt, unit_get_exec_context(u), u->id);
+}
+
+bool unit_type_supported(UnitType t) {
+        if (_unlikely_(t < 0))
+                return false;
+        if (_unlikely_(t >= _UNIT_TYPE_MAX))
+                return false;
+
+        if (!unit_vtable[t]->supported)
+                return true;
+
+        return unit_vtable[t]->supported();
+}
+
+void unit_warn_if_dir_nonempty(Unit *u, const char* where) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(where);
+
+        r = dir_is_empty(where);
+        if (r > 0)
+                return;
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to check directory %s: %m", where);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        log_struct(LOG_NOTICE,
+                   LOG_MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_OVERMOUNTING),
+                   LOG_UNIT_ID(u),
+                   LOG_UNIT_MESSAGE(u, "Directory %s to mount over is not empty, mounting anyway.", where),
+                   "WHERE=%s", where,
+                   NULL);
+}
+
+int unit_fail_if_symlink(Unit *u, const char* where) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(where);
+
+        r = is_symlink(where);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_unit_debug_errno(u, r, "Failed to check symlink %s, ignoring: %m", where);
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        log_struct(LOG_ERR,
+                   LOG_MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_OVERMOUNTING),
+                   LOG_UNIT_ID(u),
+                   LOG_UNIT_MESSAGE(u, "Mount on symlink %s not allowed.", where),
+                   "WHERE=%s", where,
+                   NULL);
+
+        return -ELOOP;
+}
+
+bool unit_is_pristine(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Check if the unit already exists or is already around,
+         * in a number of different ways. Note that to cater for unit
+         * types such as slice, we are generally fine with units that
+         * are marked UNIT_LOADED even even though nothing was
+         * actually loaded, as those unit types don't require a file
+         * on disk to validly load. */
+
+        return !(!IN_SET(u->load_state, UNIT_NOT_FOUND, UNIT_LOADED) ||
+                 u->fragment_path ||
+                 u->source_path ||
+                 !strv_isempty(u->dropin_paths) ||
+                 u->job ||
+                 u->merged_into);
+}
diff --git a/src/libcore/unit.h b/src/libcore/unit.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..601e763ce2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcore/unit.h
@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+typedef struct Unit Unit;
+typedef struct UnitVTable UnitVTable;
+typedef struct UnitRef UnitRef;
+typedef struct UnitStatusMessageFormats UnitStatusMessageFormats;
+
+#include "condition.h"
+#include "failure-action.h"
+#include "install.h"
+#include "list.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+
+typedef enum KillOperation {
+        KILL_TERMINATE,
+        KILL_KILL,
+        KILL_ABORT,
+        _KILL_OPERATION_MAX,
+        _KILL_OPERATION_INVALID = -1
+} KillOperation;
+
+static inline bool UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(UnitActiveState t) {
+        return t == UNIT_ACTIVE || t == UNIT_RELOADING;
+}
+
+static inline bool UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(UnitActiveState t) {
+        return t == UNIT_ACTIVE || t == UNIT_ACTIVATING || t == UNIT_RELOADING;
+}
+
+static inline bool UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(UnitActiveState t) {
+        return t == UNIT_INACTIVE || t == UNIT_FAILED || t == UNIT_DEACTIVATING;
+}
+
+static inline bool UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(UnitActiveState t) {
+        return t == UNIT_INACTIVE || t == UNIT_FAILED;
+}
+
+#include "job.h"
+
+struct UnitRef {
+        /* Keeps tracks of references to a unit. This is useful so
+         * that we can merge two units if necessary and correct all
+         * references to them */
+
+        Unit* unit;
+        LIST_FIELDS(UnitRef, refs);
+};
+
+struct Unit {
+        Manager *manager;
+
+        UnitType type;
+        UnitLoadState load_state;
+        Unit *merged_into;
+
+        char *id; /* One name is special because we use it for identification. Points to an entry in the names set */
+        char *instance;
+
+        Set *names;
+        Set *dependencies[_UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX];
+
+        char **requires_mounts_for;
+
+        char *description;
+        char **documentation;
+
+        char *fragment_path; /* if loaded from a config file this is the primary path to it */
+        char *source_path; /* if converted, the source file */
+        char **dropin_paths;
+
+        usec_t fragment_mtime;
+        usec_t source_mtime;
+        usec_t dropin_mtime;
+
+        /* If there is something to do with this unit, then this is the installed job for it */
+        Job *job;
+
+        /* JOB_NOP jobs are special and can be installed without disturbing the real job. */
+        Job *nop_job;
+
+        /* The slot used for watching NameOwnerChanged signals */
+        sd_bus_slot *match_bus_slot;
+
+        /* Job timeout and action to take */
+        usec_t job_timeout;
+        FailureAction job_timeout_action;
+        char *job_timeout_reboot_arg;
+
+        /* References to this */
+        LIST_HEAD(UnitRef, refs);
+
+        /* Conditions to check */
+        LIST_HEAD(Condition, conditions);
+        LIST_HEAD(Condition, asserts);
+
+        dual_timestamp condition_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp assert_timestamp;
+
+        /* Updated whenever the low-level state changes */
+        dual_timestamp state_change_timestamp;
+
+        /* Updated whenever the (high-level) active state enters or leaves the active or inactive states */
+        dual_timestamp inactive_exit_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp active_enter_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp active_exit_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp inactive_enter_timestamp;
+
+        UnitRef slice;
+
+        /* Per type list */
+        LIST_FIELDS(Unit, units_by_type);
+
+        /* All units which have requires_mounts_for set */
+        LIST_FIELDS(Unit, has_requires_mounts_for);
+
+        /* Load queue */
+        LIST_FIELDS(Unit, load_queue);
+
+        /* D-Bus queue */
+        LIST_FIELDS(Unit, dbus_queue);
+
+        /* Cleanup queue */
+        LIST_FIELDS(Unit, cleanup_queue);
+
+        /* GC queue */
+        LIST_FIELDS(Unit, gc_queue);
+
+        /* CGroup realize members queue */
+        LIST_FIELDS(Unit, cgroup_queue);
+
+        /* Units with the same CGroup netclass */
+        LIST_FIELDS(Unit, cgroup_netclass);
+
+        /* PIDs we keep an eye on. Note that a unit might have many
+         * more, but these are the ones we care enough about to
+         * process SIGCHLD for */
+        Set *pids;
+
+        /* Used during GC sweeps */
+        unsigned gc_marker;
+
+        /* Error code when we didn't manage to load the unit (negative) */
+        int load_error;
+
+        /* Put a ratelimit on unit starting */
+        RateLimit start_limit;
+        FailureAction start_limit_action;
+        char *reboot_arg;
+
+        /* Make sure we never enter endless loops with the check unneeded logic, or the BindsTo= logic */
+        RateLimit auto_stop_ratelimit;
+
+        /* Cached unit file state and preset */
+        UnitFileState unit_file_state;
+        int unit_file_preset;
+
+        /* Where the cpuacct.usage cgroup counter was at the time the unit was started */
+        nsec_t cpuacct_usage_base;
+
+        /* Counterparts in the cgroup filesystem */
+        char *cgroup_path;
+        CGroupMask cgroup_realized_mask;
+        CGroupMask cgroup_subtree_mask;
+        CGroupMask cgroup_members_mask;
+        int cgroup_inotify_wd;
+
+        uint32_t cgroup_netclass_id;
+
+        /* How to start OnFailure units */
+        JobMode on_failure_job_mode;
+
+        /* Garbage collect us we nobody wants or requires us anymore */
+        bool stop_when_unneeded;
+
+        /* Create default dependencies */
+        bool default_dependencies;
+
+        /* Refuse manual starting, allow starting only indirectly via dependency. */
+        bool refuse_manual_start;
+
+        /* Don't allow the user to stop this unit manually, allow stopping only indirectly via dependency. */
+        bool refuse_manual_stop;
+
+        /* Allow isolation requests */
+        bool allow_isolate;
+
+        /* Ignore this unit when isolating */
+        bool ignore_on_isolate;
+
+        /* Did the last condition check succeed? */
+        bool condition_result;
+        bool assert_result;
+
+        /* Is this a transient unit? */
+        bool transient;
+
+        bool in_load_queue:1;
+        bool in_dbus_queue:1;
+        bool in_cleanup_queue:1;
+        bool in_gc_queue:1;
+        bool in_cgroup_queue:1;
+
+        bool sent_dbus_new_signal:1;
+
+        bool no_gc:1;
+
+        bool in_audit:1;
+
+        bool cgroup_realized:1;
+        bool cgroup_members_mask_valid:1;
+        bool cgroup_subtree_mask_valid:1;
+
+        bool start_limit_hit:1;
+
+        /* Did we already invoke unit_coldplug() for this unit? */
+        bool coldplugged:1;
+};
+
+struct UnitStatusMessageFormats {
+        const char *starting_stopping[2];
+        const char *finished_start_job[_JOB_RESULT_MAX];
+        const char *finished_stop_job[_JOB_RESULT_MAX];
+};
+
+typedef enum UnitSetPropertiesMode {
+        UNIT_CHECK = 0,
+        UNIT_RUNTIME = 1,
+        UNIT_PERSISTENT = 2,
+} UnitSetPropertiesMode;
+
+#include "automount.h"
+#include "busname.h"
+#include "device.h"
+#include "path.h"
+#include "scope.h"
+#include "slice.h"
+#include "socket.h"
+#include "swap.h"
+#include "target.h"
+#include "timer.h"
+
+struct UnitVTable {
+        /* How much memory does an object of this unit type need */
+        size_t object_size;
+
+        /* If greater than 0, the offset into the object where
+         * ExecContext is found, if the unit type has that */
+        size_t exec_context_offset;
+
+        /* If greater than 0, the offset into the object where
+         * CGroupContext is found, if the unit type has that */
+        size_t cgroup_context_offset;
+
+        /* If greater than 0, the offset into the object where
+         * KillContext is found, if the unit type has that */
+        size_t kill_context_offset;
+
+        /* If greater than 0, the offset into the object where the
+         * pointer to ExecRuntime is found, if the unit type has
+         * that */
+        size_t exec_runtime_offset;
+
+        /* The name of the configuration file section with the private settings of this unit */
+        const char *private_section;
+
+        /* Config file sections this unit type understands, separated
+         * by NUL chars */
+        const char *sections;
+
+        /* This should reset all type-specific variables. This should
+         * not allocate memory, and is called with zero-initialized
+         * data. It should hence only initialize variables that need
+         * to be set != 0. */
+        void (*init)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* This should free all type-specific variables. It should be
+         * idempotent. */
+        void (*done)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Actually load data from disk. This may fail, and should set
+         * load_state to UNIT_LOADED, UNIT_MERGED or leave it at
+         * UNIT_STUB if no configuration could be found. */
+        int (*load)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* If a lot of units got created via enumerate(), this is
+         * where to actually set the state and call unit_notify(). */
+        int (*coldplug)(Unit *u);
+
+        void (*dump)(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+
+        int (*start)(Unit *u);
+        int (*stop)(Unit *u);
+        int (*reload)(Unit *u);
+
+        int (*kill)(Unit *u, KillWho w, int signo, sd_bus_error *error);
+
+        bool (*can_reload)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Write all data that cannot be restored from other sources
+         * away using unit_serialize_item() */
+        int (*serialize)(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds);
+
+        /* Restore one item from the serialization */
+        int (*deserialize_item)(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *data, FDSet *fds);
+
+        /* Try to match up fds with what we need for this unit */
+        void (*distribute_fds)(Unit *u, FDSet *fds);
+
+        /* Boils down the more complex internal state of this unit to
+         * a simpler one that the engine can understand */
+        UnitActiveState (*active_state)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Returns the substate specific to this unit type as
+         * string. This is purely information so that we can give the
+         * user a more fine grained explanation in which actual state a
+         * unit is in. */
+        const char* (*sub_state_to_string)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Return true when there is reason to keep this entry around
+         * even nothing references it and it isn't active in any
+         * way */
+        bool (*check_gc)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* When the unit is not running and no job for it queued we
+         * shall release its runtime resources */
+        void (*release_resources)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Invoked on every child that died */
+        void (*sigchld_event)(Unit *u, pid_t pid, int code, int status);
+
+        /* Reset failed state if we are in failed state */
+        void (*reset_failed)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Called whenever any of the cgroups this unit watches for
+         * ran empty */
+        void (*notify_cgroup_empty)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Called whenever a process of this unit sends us a message */
+        void (*notify_message)(Unit *u, pid_t pid, char **tags, FDSet *fds);
+
+        /* Called whenever a name this Unit registered for comes or
+         * goes away. */
+        void (*bus_name_owner_change)(Unit *u, const char *name, const char *old_owner, const char *new_owner);
+
+        /* Called for each property that is being set */
+        int (*bus_set_property)(Unit *u, const char *name, sd_bus_message *message, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, sd_bus_error *error);
+
+        /* Called after at least one property got changed to apply the necessary change */
+        int (*bus_commit_properties)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Return the unit this unit is following */
+        Unit *(*following)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Return the set of units that are following each other */
+        int (*following_set)(Unit *u, Set **s);
+
+        /* Invoked each time a unit this unit is triggering changes
+         * state or gains/loses a job */
+        void (*trigger_notify)(Unit *u, Unit *trigger);
+
+        /* Called whenever CLOCK_REALTIME made a jump */
+        void (*time_change)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Returns the next timeout of a unit */
+        int (*get_timeout)(Unit *u, usec_t *timeout);
+
+        /* This is called for each unit type and should be used to
+         * enumerate existing devices and load them. However,
+         * everything that is loaded here should still stay in
+         * inactive state. It is the job of the coldplug() call above
+         * to put the units into the initial state.  */
+        void (*enumerate)(Manager *m);
+
+        /* Type specific cleanups. */
+        void (*shutdown)(Manager *m);
+
+        /* If this function is set and return false all jobs for units
+         * of this type will immediately fail. */
+        bool (*supported)(void);
+
+        /* The bus vtable */
+        const sd_bus_vtable *bus_vtable;
+
+        /* The strings to print in status messages */
+        UnitStatusMessageFormats status_message_formats;
+
+        /* Can units of this type have multiple names? */
+        bool no_alias:1;
+
+        /* Instances make no sense for this type */
+        bool no_instances:1;
+
+        /* True if transient units of this type are OK */
+        bool can_transient:1;
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable * const unit_vtable[_UNIT_TYPE_MAX];
+
+#define UNIT_VTABLE(u) unit_vtable[(u)->type]
+
+/* For casting a unit into the various unit types */
+#define DEFINE_CAST(UPPERCASE, MixedCase)                               \
+        static inline MixedCase* UPPERCASE(Unit *u) {                   \
+                if (_unlikely_(!u || u->type != UNIT_##UPPERCASE))      \
+                        return NULL;                                    \
+                                                                        \
+                return (MixedCase*) u;                                  \
+        }
+
+/* For casting the various unit types into a unit */
+#define UNIT(u) (&(u)->meta)
+
+#define UNIT_HAS_EXEC_CONTEXT(u) (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->exec_context_offset > 0)
+#define UNIT_HAS_CGROUP_CONTEXT(u) (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->cgroup_context_offset > 0)
+#define UNIT_HAS_KILL_CONTEXT(u) (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->kill_context_offset > 0)
+
+#define UNIT_TRIGGER(u) ((Unit*) set_first((u)->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERS]))
+
+DEFINE_CAST(SERVICE, Service);
+DEFINE_CAST(SOCKET, Socket);
+DEFINE_CAST(BUSNAME, BusName);
+DEFINE_CAST(TARGET, Target);
+DEFINE_CAST(DEVICE, Device);
+DEFINE_CAST(MOUNT, Mount);
+DEFINE_CAST(AUTOMOUNT, Automount);
+DEFINE_CAST(SWAP, Swap);
+DEFINE_CAST(TIMER, Timer);
+DEFINE_CAST(PATH, Path);
+DEFINE_CAST(SLICE, Slice);
+DEFINE_CAST(SCOPE, Scope);
+
+Unit *unit_new(Manager *m, size_t size);
+void unit_free(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_add_name(Unit *u, const char *name);
+
+int unit_add_dependency(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, Unit *other, bool add_reference);
+int unit_add_two_dependencies(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, UnitDependency e, Unit *other, bool add_reference);
+
+int unit_add_dependency_by_name(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, const char *name, const char *filename, bool add_reference);
+int unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, UnitDependency e, const char *name, const char *path, bool add_reference);
+
+int unit_add_exec_dependencies(Unit *u, ExecContext *c);
+
+int unit_choose_id(Unit *u, const char *name);
+int unit_set_description(Unit *u, const char *description);
+
+bool unit_check_gc(Unit *u);
+
+void unit_add_to_load_queue(Unit *u);
+void unit_add_to_dbus_queue(Unit *u);
+void unit_add_to_cleanup_queue(Unit *u);
+void unit_add_to_gc_queue(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_merge(Unit *u, Unit *other);
+int unit_merge_by_name(Unit *u, const char *other);
+
+Unit *unit_follow_merge(Unit *u) _pure_;
+
+int unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(Unit *u);
+int unit_load_fragment_and_dropin_optional(Unit *u);
+int unit_load(Unit *unit);
+
+int unit_set_slice(Unit *u, Unit *slice);
+int unit_set_default_slice(Unit *u);
+
+const char *unit_description(Unit *u) _pure_;
+
+bool unit_has_name(Unit *u, const char *name);
+
+UnitActiveState unit_active_state(Unit *u);
+
+const char* unit_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u);
+
+void unit_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+
+bool unit_can_reload(Unit *u) _pure_;
+bool unit_can_start(Unit *u) _pure_;
+bool unit_can_isolate(Unit *u) _pure_;
+
+int unit_start(Unit *u);
+int unit_stop(Unit *u);
+int unit_reload(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_kill(Unit *u, KillWho w, int signo, sd_bus_error *error);
+int unit_kill_common(Unit *u, KillWho who, int signo, pid_t main_pid, pid_t control_pid, sd_bus_error *error);
+
+void unit_notify(Unit *u, UnitActiveState os, UnitActiveState ns, bool reload_success);
+
+int unit_watch_pid(Unit *u, pid_t pid);
+void unit_unwatch_pid(Unit *u, pid_t pid);
+void unit_unwatch_all_pids(Unit *u);
+
+void unit_tidy_watch_pids(Unit *u, pid_t except1, pid_t except2);
+
+int unit_install_bus_match(Unit *u, sd_bus *bus, const char *name);
+int unit_watch_bus_name(Unit *u, const char *name);
+void unit_unwatch_bus_name(Unit *u, const char *name);
+
+bool unit_job_is_applicable(Unit *u, JobType j);
+
+int set_unit_path(const char *p);
+
+char *unit_dbus_path(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_load_related_unit(Unit *u, const char *type, Unit **_found);
+
+bool unit_can_serialize(Unit *u) _pure_;
+
+int unit_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds, bool serialize_jobs);
+int unit_deserialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds);
+
+int unit_serialize_item(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *key, const char *value);
+int unit_serialize_item_escaped(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *key, const char *value);
+int unit_serialize_item_fd(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds, const char *key, int fd);
+void unit_serialize_item_format(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *key, const char *value, ...) _printf_(4,5);
+
+int unit_add_node_link(Unit *u, const char *what, bool wants, UnitDependency d);
+
+int unit_coldplug(Unit *u);
+
+void unit_status_printf(Unit *u, const char *status, const char *unit_status_msg_format) _printf_(3, 0);
+void unit_status_emit_starting_stopping_reloading(Unit *u, JobType t);
+
+bool unit_need_daemon_reload(Unit *u);
+
+void unit_reset_failed(Unit *u);
+
+Unit *unit_following(Unit *u);
+int unit_following_set(Unit *u, Set **s);
+
+const char *unit_slice_name(Unit *u);
+
+bool unit_stop_pending(Unit *u) _pure_;
+bool unit_inactive_or_pending(Unit *u) _pure_;
+bool unit_active_or_pending(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_add_default_target_dependency(Unit *u, Unit *target);
+
+void unit_start_on_failure(Unit *u);
+void unit_trigger_notify(Unit *u);
+
+UnitFileState unit_get_unit_file_state(Unit *u);
+int unit_get_unit_file_preset(Unit *u);
+
+Unit* unit_ref_set(UnitRef *ref, Unit *u);
+void unit_ref_unset(UnitRef *ref);
+
+#define UNIT_DEREF(ref) ((ref).unit)
+#define UNIT_ISSET(ref) (!!(ref).unit)
+
+int unit_patch_contexts(Unit *u);
+
+ExecContext *unit_get_exec_context(Unit *u) _pure_;
+KillContext *unit_get_kill_context(Unit *u) _pure_;
+CGroupContext *unit_get_cgroup_context(Unit *u) _pure_;
+
+ExecRuntime *unit_get_exec_runtime(Unit *u) _pure_;
+
+int unit_setup_exec_runtime(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_write_drop_in(Unit *u, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, const char *name, const char *data);
+int unit_write_drop_in_format(Unit *u, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, const char *name, const char *format, ...) _printf_(4,5);
+
+int unit_write_drop_in_private(Unit *u, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, const char *name, const char *data);
+int unit_write_drop_in_private_format(Unit *u, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, const char *name, const char *format, ...) _printf_(4,5);
+
+int unit_kill_context(Unit *u, KillContext *c, KillOperation k, pid_t main_pid, pid_t control_pid, bool main_pid_alien);
+
+int unit_make_transient(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_require_mounts_for(Unit *u, const char *path);
+
+bool unit_type_supported(UnitType t);
+
+bool unit_is_pristine(Unit *u);
+
+static inline bool unit_supported(Unit *u) {
+        return unit_type_supported(u->type);
+}
+
+void unit_warn_if_dir_nonempty(Unit *u, const char* where);
+int unit_fail_if_symlink(Unit *u, const char* where);
+
+/* Macros which append UNIT= or USER_UNIT= to the message */
+
+#define log_unit_full(unit, level, error, ...)                          \
+        ({                                                              \
+                Unit *_u = (unit);                                      \
+                _u ? log_object_internal(level, error, __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__, _u->manager->unit_log_field, _u->id, ##__VA_ARGS__) : \
+                        log_internal(level, error, __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__, ##__VA_ARGS__); \
+        })
+
+#define log_unit_debug(unit, ...)   log_unit_full(unit, LOG_DEBUG, 0, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define log_unit_info(unit, ...)    log_unit_full(unit, LOG_INFO, 0, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define log_unit_notice(unit, ...)  log_unit_full(unit, LOG_NOTICE, 0, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define log_unit_warning(unit, ...) log_unit_full(unit, LOG_WARNING, 0, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define log_unit_error(unit, ...)   log_unit_full(unit, LOG_ERR, 0, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define log_unit_debug_errno(unit, error, ...)   log_unit_full(unit, LOG_DEBUG, error, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define log_unit_info_errno(unit, error, ...)    log_unit_full(unit, LOG_INFO, error, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define log_unit_notice_errno(unit, error, ...)  log_unit_full(unit, LOG_NOTICE, error, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define log_unit_warning_errno(unit, error, ...) log_unit_full(unit, LOG_WARNING, error, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define log_unit_error_errno(unit, error, ...)   log_unit_full(unit, LOG_ERR, error, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define LOG_UNIT_MESSAGE(unit, fmt, ...) "MESSAGE=%s: " fmt, (unit)->id, ##__VA_ARGS__
+#define LOG_UNIT_ID(unit) (unit)->manager->unit_log_format_string, (unit)->id