src/udev: restore needed deps from src/share

20 files changed, 11160 insertions, 9 deletions

diff --git a/src/libudev/libudev.c b/src/libudev/libudev.c
index d860ebc080..3341ee8ada 100644
--- a/src/libudev/libudev.c
+++ b/src/libudev/libudev.c
@@ -117,7 +117,6 @@ _public_ void udev_set_userdata(struct udev *udev, void *userdata)
 _public_ struct udev *udev_new(void)
 {
         struct udev *udev;
-        const char *env;
         FILE *f;
 
         udev = calloc(1, sizeof(struct udev));
@@ -199,11 +198,6 @@ _public_ struct udev *udev_new(void)
                 fclose(f);
         }
 
-        /* environment overrides config */
-        env = secure_getenv("UDEV_LOG");
-        if (env != NULL)
-                udev_set_log_priority(udev, util_log_priority(env));
-
         return udev;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/shared/cgroup-util.h b/src/shared/cgroup-util.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..697669deba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/shared/cgroup-util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+
+#include "set.h"
+#include "def.h"
+
+int cg_enumerate_processes(const char *controller, const char *path, FILE **_f);
+int cg_enumerate_tasks(const char *controller, const char *path, FILE **_f);
+int cg_read_pid(FILE *f, pid_t *_pid);
+
+int cg_enumerate_subgroups(const char *controller, const char *path, DIR **_d);
+int cg_read_subgroup(DIR *d, char **fn);
+
+int cg_kill(const char *controller, const char *path, int sig, bool sigcont, bool ignore_self, Set *s);
+int cg_kill_recursive(const char *controller, const char *path, int sig, bool sigcont, bool ignore_self, bool remove, Set *s);
+int cg_kill_recursive_and_wait(const char *controller, const char *path, bool remove);
+
+int cg_migrate(const char *controller, const char *from, const char *to, bool ignore_self);
+int cg_migrate_recursive(const char *controller, const char *from, const char *to, bool ignore_self, bool remove);
+
+int cg_split_spec(const char *spec, char **controller, char **path);
+int cg_join_spec(const char *controller, const char *path, char **spec);
+int cg_fix_path(const char *path, char **result);
+
+int cg_get_path(const char *controller, const char *path, const char *suffix, char **fs);
+int cg_get_path_and_check(const char *controller, const char *path, const char *suffix, char **fs);
+int cg_get_by_pid(const char *controller, pid_t pid, char **path);
+
+int cg_trim(const char *controller, const char *path, bool delete_root);
+
+int cg_rmdir(const char *controller, const char *path, bool honour_sticky);
+int cg_delete(const char *controller, const char *path);
+
+int cg_create(const char *controller, const char *path);
+int cg_attach(const char *controller, const char *path, pid_t pid);
+int cg_create_and_attach(const char *controller, const char *path, pid_t pid);
+
+int cg_set_group_access(const char *controller, const char *path, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
+int cg_set_task_access(const char *controller, const char *path, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, int sticky);
+
+int cg_install_release_agent(const char *controller, const char *agent);
+
+int cg_is_empty(const char *controller, const char *path, bool ignore_self);
+int cg_is_empty_recursive(const char *controller, const char *path, bool ignore_self);
+
+int cg_get_user_path(char **path);
+int cg_pid_get_cgroup(pid_t pid, char **root, char **cgroup);
+int cg_pid_get_unit(pid_t pid, char **unit);
+
+char **cg_shorten_controllers(char **controllers);
diff --git a/src/shared/dev-setup.h b/src/shared/dev-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..320c0b30ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/shared/dev-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010-2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+void dev_setup(const char *pathprefix);
diff --git a/src/shared/exit-status.h b/src/shared/exit-status.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d3b548fc96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/shared/exit-status.h
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include "set.h"
+typedef enum ExitStatus {
+        /* EXIT_SUCCESS defined by libc */
+        /* EXIT_FAILURE defined by libc */
+        EXIT_INVALIDARGUMENT = 2,
+        EXIT_NOTIMPLEMENTED = 3,
+        EXIT_NOPERMISSION = 4,
+        EXIT_NOTINSTALLED = 5,
+        EXIT_NOTCONFIGURED = 6,
+        EXIT_NOTRUNNING = 7,
+
+        /* The LSB suggests that error codes >= 200 are "reserved". We
+         * use them here under the assumption that they hence are
+         * unused by init scripts.
+         *
+         * http://refspecs.freestandards.org/LSB_3.1.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/iniscrptact.html */
+
+        EXIT_CHDIR = 200,
+        EXIT_NICE,
+        EXIT_FDS,
+        EXIT_EXEC,
+        EXIT_MEMORY,
+        EXIT_LIMITS,
+        EXIT_OOM_ADJUST,
+        EXIT_SIGNAL_MASK,
+        EXIT_STDIN,
+        EXIT_STDOUT,
+        EXIT_CHROOT,   /* 210 */
+        EXIT_IOPRIO,
+        EXIT_TIMERSLACK,
+        EXIT_SECUREBITS,
+        EXIT_SETSCHEDULER,
+        EXIT_CPUAFFINITY,
+        EXIT_GROUP,
+        EXIT_USER,
+        EXIT_CAPABILITIES,
+        EXIT_CGROUP,
+        EXIT_SETSID,   /* 220 */
+        EXIT_CONFIRM,
+        EXIT_STDERR,
+        EXIT_TCPWRAP,
+        EXIT_PAM,
+        EXIT_NETWORK,
+        EXIT_NAMESPACE,
+        EXIT_NO_NEW_PRIVILEGES,
+        EXIT_SECCOMP
+} ExitStatus;
+
+typedef enum ExitStatusLevel {
+        EXIT_STATUS_MINIMAL,
+        EXIT_STATUS_SYSTEMD,
+        EXIT_STATUS_LSB,
+        EXIT_STATUS_FULL = EXIT_STATUS_LSB
+} ExitStatusLevel;
+
+typedef struct ExitStatusSet {
+        Set *code;
+        Set *signal;
+} ExitStatusSet;
+
+const char* exit_status_to_string(ExitStatus status, ExitStatusLevel level);
+
+bool is_clean_exit(int code, int status, ExitStatusSet *success_status);
+bool is_clean_exit_lsb(int code, int status, ExitStatusSet *success_status);
diff --git a/src/shared/hashmap.h b/src/shared/hashmap.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6fd71cf519
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/shared/hashmap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+/* Pretty straightforward hash table implementation. As a minor
+ * optimization a NULL hashmap object will be treated as empty hashmap
+ * for all read operations. That way it is not necessary to
+ * instantiate an object for each Hashmap use. */
+
+typedef struct Hashmap Hashmap;
+typedef struct _IteratorStruct _IteratorStruct;
+typedef _IteratorStruct* Iterator;
+
+#define ITERATOR_FIRST ((Iterator) 0)
+#define ITERATOR_LAST ((Iterator) -1)
+
+typedef unsigned (*hash_func_t)(const void *p);
+typedef int (*compare_func_t)(const void *a, const void *b);
+
+unsigned string_hash_func(const void *p);
+int string_compare_func(const void *a, const void *b);
+
+unsigned trivial_hash_func(const void *p);
+int trivial_compare_func(const void *a, const void *b);
+
+unsigned uint64_hash_func(const void *p);
+int uint64_compare_func(const void *a, const void *b);
+
+Hashmap *hashmap_new(hash_func_t hash_func, compare_func_t compare_func);
+void hashmap_free(Hashmap *h);
+void hashmap_free_free(Hashmap *h);
+Hashmap *hashmap_copy(Hashmap *h);
+int hashmap_ensure_allocated(Hashmap **h, hash_func_t hash_func, compare_func_t compare_func);
+
+int hashmap_put(Hashmap *h, const void *key, void *value);
+int hashmap_update(Hashmap *h, const void *key, void *value);
+int hashmap_replace(Hashmap *h, const void *key, void *value);
+void* hashmap_get(Hashmap *h, const void *key);
+void* hashmap_get2(Hashmap *h, const void *key, void **rkey);
+bool hashmap_contains(Hashmap *h, const void *key);
+void* hashmap_remove(Hashmap *h, const void *key);
+void* hashmap_remove_value(Hashmap *h, const void *key, void *value);
+int hashmap_remove_and_put(Hashmap *h, const void *old_key, const void *new_key, void *value);
+int hashmap_remove_and_replace(Hashmap *h, const void *old_key, const void *new_key, void *value);
+
+int hashmap_merge(Hashmap *h, Hashmap *other);
+void hashmap_move(Hashmap *h, Hashmap *other);
+int hashmap_move_one(Hashmap *h, Hashmap *other, const void *key);
+
+unsigned hashmap_size(Hashmap *h);
+bool hashmap_isempty(Hashmap *h);
+
+void *hashmap_iterate(Hashmap *h, Iterator *i, const void **key);
+void *hashmap_iterate_backwards(Hashmap *h, Iterator *i, const void **key);
+void *hashmap_iterate_skip(Hashmap *h, const void *key, Iterator *i);
+
+void hashmap_clear(Hashmap *h);
+void hashmap_clear_free(Hashmap *h);
+
+void *hashmap_steal_first(Hashmap *h);
+void *hashmap_steal_first_key(Hashmap *h);
+void* hashmap_first(Hashmap *h);
+void* hashmap_first_key(Hashmap *h);
+void* hashmap_last(Hashmap *h);
+
+void *hashmap_next(Hashmap *h, const void *key);
+
+char **hashmap_get_strv(Hashmap *h);
+
+#define HASHMAP_FOREACH(e, h, i) \
+        for ((i) = ITERATOR_FIRST, (e) = hashmap_iterate((h), &(i), NULL); (e); (e) = hashmap_iterate((h), &(i), NULL))
+
+#define HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(e, k, h, i) \
+        for ((i) = ITERATOR_FIRST, (e) = hashmap_iterate((h), &(i), (const void**) &(k)); (e); (e) = hashmap_iterate((h), &(i), (const void**) &(k)))
+
+#define HASHMAP_FOREACH_BACKWARDS(e, h, i) \
+        for ((i) = ITERATOR_LAST, (e) = hashmap_iterate_backwards((h), &(i), NULL); (e); (e) = hashmap_iterate_backwards((h), &(i), NULL))
diff --git a/src/shared/ioprio.h b/src/shared/ioprio.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9800fc2553
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/shared/ioprio.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#ifndef IOPRIO_H
+#define IOPRIO_H
+
+/* This is minimal version of Linux' linux/ioprio.h header file, which
+ * is licensed GPL2 */
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+
+/*
+ * Gives us 8 prio classes with 13-bits of data for each class
+ */
+#define IOPRIO_BITS             (16)
+#define IOPRIO_CLASS_SHIFT      (13)
+#define IOPRIO_PRIO_MASK        ((1UL << IOPRIO_CLASS_SHIFT) - 1)
+
+#define IOPRIO_PRIO_CLASS(mask) ((mask) >> IOPRIO_CLASS_SHIFT)
+#define IOPRIO_PRIO_DATA(mask)  ((mask) & IOPRIO_PRIO_MASK)
+#define IOPRIO_PRIO_VALUE(class, data)  (((class) << IOPRIO_CLASS_SHIFT) | data)
+
+#define ioprio_valid(mask)      (IOPRIO_PRIO_CLASS((mask)) != IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE)
+
+/*
+ * These are the io priority groups as implemented by CFQ. RT is the realtime
+ * class, it always gets premium service. BE is the best-effort scheduling
+ * class, the default for any process. IDLE is the idle scheduling class, it
+ * is only served when no one else is using the disk.
+ */
+enum {
+        IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE,
+        IOPRIO_CLASS_RT,
+        IOPRIO_CLASS_BE,
+        IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE,
+};
+
+/*
+ * 8 best effort priority levels are supported
+ */
+#define IOPRIO_BE_NR    (8)
+
+enum {
+        IOPRIO_WHO_PROCESS = 1,
+        IOPRIO_WHO_PGRP,
+        IOPRIO_WHO_USER,
+};
+
+static inline int ioprio_set(int which, int who, int ioprio)
+{
+        return syscall(__NR_ioprio_set, which, who, ioprio);
+}
+
+static inline int ioprio_get(int which, int who)
+{
+        return syscall(__NR_ioprio_get, which, who);
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/shared/set.h b/src/shared/set.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9162e2ae80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/shared/set.h
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+/* Pretty straightforward set implementation. Internally based on the
+ * hashmap. That means that as a minor optimization a NULL set
+ * object will be treated as empty set for all read
+ * operations. That way it is not necessary to instantiate an object
+ * for each set use. */
+
+#include "hashmap.h"
+
+typedef struct Set Set;
+
+Set *set_new(hash_func_t hash_func, compare_func_t compare_func);
+void set_free(Set* s);
+void set_free_free(Set *s);
+Set* set_copy(Set *s);
+int set_ensure_allocated(Set **s, hash_func_t hash_func, compare_func_t compare_func);
+
+int set_put(Set *s, void *value);
+int set_replace(Set *s, void *value);
+void *set_get(Set *s, void *value);
+bool set_contains(Set *s, void *value);
+void *set_remove(Set *s, void *value);
+int set_remove_and_put(Set *s, void *old_value, void *new_value);
+
+int set_merge(Set *s, Set *other);
+void set_move(Set *s, Set *other);
+int set_move_one(Set *s, Set *other, void *value);
+
+unsigned set_size(Set *s);
+bool set_isempty(Set *s);
+
+void *set_iterate(Set *s, Iterator *i);
+void *set_iterate_backwards(Set *s, Iterator *i);
+void *set_iterate_skip(Set *s, void *value, Iterator *i);
+
+void set_clear(Set *s);
+void set_clear_free(Set *s);
+
+void *set_steal_first(Set *s);
+void* set_first(Set *s);
+void* set_last(Set *s);
+
+char **set_get_strv(Set *s);
+
+#define SET_FOREACH(e, s, i) \
+        for ((i) = ITERATOR_FIRST, (e) = set_iterate((s), &(i)); (e); (e) = set_iterate((s), &(i)))
+
+#define SET_FOREACH_BACKWARDS(e, s, i) \
+        for ((i) = ITERATOR_LAST, (e) = set_iterate_backwards((s), &(i)); (e); (e) = set_iterate_backwards((s), &(i)))
diff --git a/src/udev/Makefile.am b/src/udev/Makefile.am
index ddef9ecea5..a1e5e3e51a 100644
--- a/src/udev/Makefile.am
+++ b/src/udev/Makefile.am
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4 ${ACLOCAL_FLAGS}
 
 rootprefix=@rootprefix@
+udevlibexecdir=$(rootprefix)/lib/udev
+udevhomedir = $(udevlibexecdir)
 
 AM_CPPFLAGS = \
 	-include $(top_builddir)/config.h \
@@ -16,7 +18,19 @@ sbin_PROGRAMS = \
 
 udevd_SOURCES = \
 	udevd.c \
-	log.c
+	conf-files.c \
+	cgroup-util.c \
+	dev-setup.c \
+	exit-status.c \
+	hashmap.c \
+	label.c \
+	log.c \
+	mkdir.c \
+	path-util.c \
+	set.c \
+	strbuf.c \
+	strv.c \
+	util.c
 
 udevd_LDADD = \
 	libudev-core.la
@@ -96,8 +110,6 @@ CLEANFILES = \
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-udevlibexecdir=$(rootprefix)/lib/udev
-udevhomedir = $(udevlibexecdir)
 udevlibexec_PROGRAMS =
 
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/src/udev/cgroup-util.c b/src/udev/cgroup-util.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b0d378de5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/udev/cgroup-util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1256 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <ftw.h>
+
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+
+int cg_enumerate_processes(const char *controller, const char *path, FILE **_f) {
+        char *fs;
+        int r;
+        FILE *f;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(_f);
+
+        r = cg_get_path(controller, path, "cgroup.procs", &fs);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        f = fopen(fs, "re");
+        free(fs);
+
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        *_f = f;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int cg_enumerate_tasks(const char *controller, const char *path, FILE **_f) {
+        char *fs;
+        int r;
+        FILE *f;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(_f);
+
+        r = cg_get_path(controller, path, "tasks", &fs);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        f = fopen(fs, "re");
+        free(fs);
+
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        *_f = f;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int cg_read_pid(FILE *f, pid_t *_pid) {
+        unsigned long ul;
+
+        /* Note that the cgroup.procs might contain duplicates! See
+         * cgroups.txt for details. */
+
+        errno = 0;
+        if (fscanf(f, "%lu", &ul) != 1) {
+
+                if (feof(f))
+                        return 0;
+
+                return errno ? -errno : -EIO;
+        }
+
+        if (ul <= 0)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        *_pid = (pid_t) ul;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int cg_enumerate_subgroups(const char *controller, const char *path, DIR **_d) {
+        char *fs;
+        int r;
+        DIR *d;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(_d);
+
+        /* This is not recursive! */
+
+        r = cg_get_path(controller, path, NULL, &fs);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        d = opendir(fs);
+        free(fs);
+
+        if (!d)
+                return -errno;
+
+        *_d = d;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int cg_read_subgroup(DIR *d, char **fn) {
+        struct dirent *de;
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        errno = 0;
+        while ((de = readdir(d))) {
+                char *b;
+
+                if (de->d_type != DT_DIR)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (streq(de->d_name, ".") ||
+                    streq(de->d_name, ".."))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!(b = strdup(de->d_name)))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                *fn = b;
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        if (errno)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int cg_rmdir(const char *controller, const char *path, bool honour_sticky) {
+        char *p;
+        int r;
+
+        r = cg_get_path(controller, path, NULL, &p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (honour_sticky) {
+                char *tasks;
+
+                /* If the sticky bit is set don't remove the directory */
+
+                tasks = strappend(p, "/tasks");
+                if (!tasks) {
+                        free(p);
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                r = file_is_priv_sticky(tasks);
+                free(tasks);
+
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        free(p);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = rmdir(p);
+        free(p);
+
+        return (r < 0 && errno != ENOENT) ? -errno : 0;
+}
+
+int cg_kill(const char *controller, const char *path, int sig, bool sigcont, bool ignore_self, Set *s) {
+        bool done = false;
+        int r, ret = 0;
+        pid_t my_pid;
+        FILE *f = NULL;
+        Set *allocated_set = NULL;
+
+        assert(controller);
+        assert(path);
+        assert(sig >= 0);
+
+        /* This goes through the tasks list and kills them all. This
+         * is repeated until no further processes are added to the
+         * tasks list, to properly handle forking processes */
+
+        if (!s)
+                if (!(s = allocated_set = set_new(trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func)))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+        my_pid = getpid();
+
+        do {
+                pid_t pid = 0;
+                done = true;
+
+                if ((r = cg_enumerate_processes(controller, path, &f)) < 0) {
+                        if (ret >= 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                                ret = r;
+
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                while ((r = cg_read_pid(f, &pid)) > 0) {
+
+                        if (pid == my_pid && ignore_self)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (set_get(s, LONG_TO_PTR(pid)) == LONG_TO_PTR(pid))
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* If we haven't killed this process yet, kill
+                         * it */
+                        if (kill(pid, sig) < 0) {
+                                if (ret >= 0 && errno != ESRCH)
+                                        ret = -errno;
+                        } else if (ret == 0) {
+
+                                if (sigcont)
+                                        kill(pid, SIGCONT);
+
+                                ret = 1;
+                        }
+
+                        done = false;
+
+                        if ((r = set_put(s, LONG_TO_PTR(pid))) < 0) {
+                                if (ret >= 0)
+                                        ret = r;
+
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (ret >= 0)
+                                ret = r;
+
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                fclose(f);
+                f = NULL;
+
+                /* To avoid racing against processes which fork
+                 * quicker than we can kill them we repeat this until
+                 * no new pids need to be killed. */
+
+        } while (!done);
+
+finish:
+        if (allocated_set)
+                set_free(allocated_set);
+
+        if (f)
+                fclose(f);
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+int cg_kill_recursive(const char *controller, const char *path, int sig, bool sigcont, bool ignore_self, bool rem, Set *s) {
+        int r, ret = 0;
+        DIR *d = NULL;
+        char *fn;
+        Set *allocated_set = NULL;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(controller);
+        assert(sig >= 0);
+
+        if (!s)
+                if (!(s = allocated_set = set_new(trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func)))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+        ret = cg_kill(controller, path, sig, sigcont, ignore_self, s);
+
+        if ((r = cg_enumerate_subgroups(controller, path, &d)) < 0) {
+                if (ret >= 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                        ret = r;
+
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        while ((r = cg_read_subgroup(d, &fn)) > 0) {
+                char *p = NULL;
+
+                r = asprintf(&p, "%s/%s", path, fn);
+                free(fn);
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (ret >= 0)
+                                ret = -ENOMEM;
+
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = cg_kill_recursive(controller, p, sig, sigcont, ignore_self, rem, s);
+                free(p);
+
+                if (r != 0 && ret >= 0)
+                        ret = r;
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0 && ret >= 0)
+                ret = r;
+
+        if (rem)
+                if ((r = cg_rmdir(controller, path, true)) < 0) {
+                        if (ret >= 0 &&
+                            r != -ENOENT &&
+                            r != -EBUSY)
+                                ret = r;
+                }
+
+finish:
+        if (d)
+                closedir(d);
+
+        if (allocated_set)
+                set_free(allocated_set);
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+int cg_kill_recursive_and_wait(const char *controller, const char *path, bool rem) {
+        unsigned i;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(controller);
+
+        /* This safely kills all processes; first it sends a SIGTERM,
+         * then checks 8 times after 200ms whether the group is now
+         * empty, then kills everything that is left with SIGKILL and
+         * finally checks 5 times after 200ms each whether the group
+         * is finally empty. */
+
+        for (i = 0; i < 15; i++) {
+                int sig, r;
+
+                if (i <= 0)
+                        sig = SIGTERM;
+                else if (i == 9)
+                        sig = SIGKILL;
+                else
+                        sig = 0;
+
+                if ((r = cg_kill_recursive(controller, path, sig, true, true, rem, NULL)) <= 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                usleep(200 * USEC_PER_MSEC);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int cg_migrate(const char *controller, const char *from, const char *to, bool ignore_self) {
+        bool done = false;
+        Set *s;
+        int r, ret = 0;
+        pid_t my_pid;
+        FILE *f = NULL;
+
+        assert(controller);
+        assert(from);
+        assert(to);
+
+        if (!(s = set_new(trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func)))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        my_pid = getpid();
+
+        do {
+                pid_t pid = 0;
+                done = true;
+
+                if ((r = cg_enumerate_tasks(controller, from, &f)) < 0) {
+                        if (ret >= 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                                ret = r;
+
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                while ((r = cg_read_pid(f, &pid)) > 0) {
+
+                        /* This might do weird stuff if we aren't a
+                         * single-threaded program. However, we
+                         * luckily know we are not */
+                        if (pid == my_pid && ignore_self)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (set_get(s, LONG_TO_PTR(pid)) == LONG_TO_PTR(pid))
+                                continue;
+
+                        if ((r = cg_attach(controller, to, pid)) < 0) {
+                                if (ret >= 0 && r != -ESRCH)
+                                        ret = r;
+                        } else if (ret == 0)
+                                ret = 1;
+
+                        done = false;
+
+                        if ((r = set_put(s, LONG_TO_PTR(pid))) < 0) {
+                                if (ret >= 0)
+                                        ret = r;
+
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (ret >= 0)
+                                ret = r;
+
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                fclose(f);
+                f = NULL;
+
+        } while (!done);
+
+finish:
+        set_free(s);
+
+        if (f)
+                fclose(f);
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+int cg_migrate_recursive(const char *controller, const char *from, const char *to, bool ignore_self, bool rem) {
+        int r, ret = 0;
+        DIR *d = NULL;
+        char *fn;
+
+        assert(controller);
+        assert(from);
+        assert(to);
+
+        ret = cg_migrate(controller, from, to, ignore_self);
+
+        if ((r = cg_enumerate_subgroups(controller, from, &d)) < 0) {
+                if (ret >= 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                        ret = r;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        while ((r = cg_read_subgroup(d, &fn)) > 0) {
+                char *p = NULL;
+
+                r = asprintf(&p, "%s/%s", from, fn);
+                free(fn);
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (ret >= 0)
+                                ret = -ENOMEM;
+
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = cg_migrate_recursive(controller, p, to, ignore_self, rem);
+                free(p);
+
+                if (r != 0 && ret >= 0)
+                        ret = r;
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0 && ret >= 0)
+                ret = r;
+
+        if (rem)
+                if ((r = cg_rmdir(controller, from, true)) < 0) {
+                        if (ret >= 0 &&
+                            r != -ENOENT &&
+                            r != -EBUSY)
+                                ret = r;
+                }
+
+finish:
+        if (d)
+                closedir(d);
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+static const char *normalize_controller(const char *controller) {
+
+        if (streq(controller, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER))
+                return "systemd";
+        else if (startswith(controller, "name="))
+                return controller + 5;
+        else
+                return controller;
+}
+
+static int join_path(const char *controller, const char *path, const char *suffix, char **fs) {
+        char *t = NULL;
+
+        if (!(controller || path))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (controller) {
+                if (path && suffix)
+                        t = strjoin("/sys/fs/cgroup/", controller, "/", path, "/", suffix, NULL);
+                else if (path)
+                        t = strjoin("/sys/fs/cgroup/", controller, "/", path, NULL);
+                else if (suffix)
+                        t = strjoin("/sys/fs/cgroup/", controller, "/", suffix, NULL);
+                else
+                        t = strjoin("/sys/fs/cgroup/", controller, NULL);
+        } else {
+                if (path && suffix)
+                        t = strjoin(path, "/", suffix, NULL);
+                else if (path)
+                        t = strdup(path);
+        }
+
+        if (!t)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        path_kill_slashes(t);
+
+        *fs = t;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int cg_get_path(const char *controller, const char *path, const char *suffix, char **fs) {
+        const char *p;
+        static __thread bool good = false;
+
+        assert(fs);
+
+        if (_unlikely_(!good)) {
+                int r;
+
+                r = path_is_mount_point("/sys/fs/cgroup", false);
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        return r < 0 ? r : -ENOENT;
+
+                /* Cache this to save a few stat()s */
+                good = true;
+        }
+
+        p = controller ? normalize_controller(controller) : NULL;
+        return join_path(p, path, suffix, fs);
+}
+
+static int check(const char *p) {
+        char *cc;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        /* Check if this controller actually really exists */
+        cc = alloca(sizeof("/sys/fs/cgroup/") + strlen(p));
+        strcpy(stpcpy(cc, "/sys/fs/cgroup/"), p);
+        if (access(cc, F_OK) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int cg_get_path_and_check(const char *controller, const char *path, const char *suffix, char **fs) {
+        const char *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(controller);
+        assert(fs);
+
+        if (isempty(controller))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        /* Normalize the controller syntax */
+        p = normalize_controller(controller);
+
+        /* Check if this controller actually really exists */
+        r = check(p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return join_path(p, path, suffix, fs);
+}
+
+static int trim_cb(const char *path, const struct stat *sb, int typeflag, struct FTW *ftwbuf) {
+        char *p;
+        bool is_sticky;
+
+        if (typeflag != FTW_DP)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (ftwbuf->level < 1)
+                return 0;
+
+        p = strappend(path, "/tasks");
+        if (!p) {
+                errno = ENOMEM;
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        is_sticky = file_is_priv_sticky(p) > 0;
+        free(p);
+
+        if (is_sticky)
+                return 0;
+
+        rmdir(path);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int cg_trim(const char *controller, const char *path, bool delete_root) {
+        char *fs;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(controller);
+        assert(path);
+
+        r = cg_get_path(controller, path, NULL, &fs);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        errno = 0;
+        if (nftw(fs, trim_cb, 64, FTW_DEPTH|FTW_MOUNT|FTW_PHYS) < 0)
+                r = errno ? -errno : -EIO;
+
+        if (delete_root) {
+                bool is_sticky;
+                char *p;
+
+                p = strappend(fs, "/tasks");
+                if (!p) {
+                        free(fs);
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                is_sticky = file_is_priv_sticky(p) > 0;
+                free(p);
+
+                if (!is_sticky)
+                        if (rmdir(fs) < 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        r = -errno;
+                        }
+        }
+
+        free(fs);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int cg_delete(const char *controller, const char *path) {
+        char *parent;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(controller);
+        assert(path);
+
+        if ((r = path_get_parent(path, &parent)) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = cg_migrate_recursive(controller, path, parent, false, true);
+        free(parent);
+
+        return r == -ENOENT ? 0 : r;
+}
+
+int cg_attach(const char *controller, const char *path, pid_t pid) {
+        char *fs;
+        int r;
+        char c[32];
+
+        assert(controller);
+        assert(path);
+        assert(pid >= 0);
+
+        r = cg_get_path_and_check(controller, path, "tasks", &fs);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (pid == 0)
+                pid = getpid();
+
+        snprintf(c, sizeof(c), "%lu\n", (unsigned long) pid);
+        char_array_0(c);
+
+        r = write_one_line_file(fs, c);
+        free(fs);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int cg_set_group_access(const char *controller, const char *path, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
+        char *fs;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(controller);
+        assert(path);
+
+        if (mode != (mode_t) -1)
+                mode &= 0777;
+
+        r = cg_get_path(controller, path, NULL, &fs);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = chmod_and_chown(fs, mode, uid, gid);
+        free(fs);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int cg_set_task_access(const char *controller, const char *path, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, int sticky) {
+        char *fs;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(controller);
+        assert(path);
+
+        if (mode == (mode_t) -1 && uid == (uid_t) -1 && gid == (gid_t) -1 && sticky < 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (mode != (mode_t) -1)
+                mode &= 0666;
+
+        r = cg_get_path(controller, path, "tasks", &fs);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (sticky >= 0 && mode != (mode_t) -1)
+                /* Both mode and sticky param are passed */
+                mode |= (sticky ? S_ISVTX : 0);
+        else if ((sticky >= 0 && mode == (mode_t) -1) ||
+                 (mode != (mode_t) -1 && sticky < 0)) {
+                struct stat st;
+
+                /* Only one param is passed, hence read the current
+                 * mode from the file itself */
+
+                r = lstat(fs, &st);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        free(fs);
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                if (mode == (mode_t) -1)
+                        /* No mode set, we just shall set the sticky bit */
+                        mode = (st.st_mode & ~S_ISVTX) | (sticky ? S_ISVTX : 0);
+                else
+                        /* Only mode set, leave sticky bit untouched */
+                        mode = (st.st_mode & ~0777) | mode;
+        }
+
+        r = chmod_and_chown(fs, mode, uid, gid);
+        free(fs);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int cg_get_by_pid(const char *controller, pid_t pid, char **path) {
+        int r;
+        char *p = NULL;
+        FILE *f;
+        char *fs;
+        size_t cs;
+
+        assert(controller);
+        assert(path);
+        assert(pid >= 0);
+
+        if (pid == 0)
+                pid = getpid();
+
+        if (asprintf(&fs, "/proc/%lu/cgroup", (unsigned long) pid) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        f = fopen(fs, "re");
+        free(fs);
+
+        if (!f)
+                return errno == ENOENT ? -ESRCH : -errno;
+
+        cs = strlen(controller);
+
+        while (!feof(f)) {
+                char line[LINE_MAX];
+                char *l;
+
+                errno = 0;
+                if (!(fgets(line, sizeof(line), f))) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                break;
+
+                        r = errno ? -errno : -EIO;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                truncate_nl(line);
+
+                if (!(l = strchr(line, ':')))
+                        continue;
+
+                l++;
+                if (strncmp(l, controller, cs) != 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (l[cs] != ':')
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!(p = strdup(l + cs + 1))) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                *path = p;
+                r = 0;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = -ENOENT;
+
+finish:
+        fclose(f);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int cg_install_release_agent(const char *controller, const char *agent) {
+        char *fs = NULL, *contents = NULL, *line = NULL, *sc;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(controller);
+        assert(agent);
+
+        if ((r = cg_get_path(controller, NULL, "release_agent", &fs)) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if ((r = read_one_line_file(fs, &contents)) < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        sc = strstrip(contents);
+        if (sc[0] == 0) {
+
+                if (asprintf(&line, "%s\n", agent) < 0) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if ((r = write_one_line_file(fs, line)) < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+        } else if (!streq(sc, agent)) {
+                r = -EEXIST;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        free(fs);
+        fs = NULL;
+        if ((r = cg_get_path(controller, NULL, "notify_on_release", &fs)) < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        free(contents);
+        contents = NULL;
+        if ((r = read_one_line_file(fs, &contents)) < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        sc = strstrip(contents);
+
+        if (streq(sc, "0")) {
+                if ((r = write_one_line_file(fs, "1\n")) < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                r = 1;
+        } else if (!streq(sc, "1")) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        } else
+                r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        free(fs);
+        free(contents);
+        free(line);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int cg_is_empty(const char *controller, const char *path, bool ignore_self) {
+        pid_t pid = 0, self_pid;
+        int r;
+        FILE *f = NULL;
+        bool found = false;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        r = cg_enumerate_tasks(controller, path, &f);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r == -ENOENT ? 1 : r;
+
+        self_pid = getpid();
+
+        while ((r = cg_read_pid(f, &pid)) > 0) {
+
+                if (ignore_self && pid == self_pid)
+                        continue;
+
+                found = true;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        fclose(f);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return !found;
+}
+
+int cg_is_empty_recursive(const char *controller, const char *path, bool ignore_self) {
+        int r;
+        DIR *d = NULL;
+        char *fn;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        r = cg_is_empty(controller, path, ignore_self);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = cg_enumerate_subgroups(controller, path, &d);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r == -ENOENT ? 1 : r;
+
+        while ((r = cg_read_subgroup(d, &fn)) > 0) {
+                char *p = NULL;
+
+                r = asprintf(&p, "%s/%s", path, fn);
+                free(fn);
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = cg_is_empty_recursive(controller, p, ignore_self);
+                free(p);
+
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (r >= 0)
+                r = 1;
+
+finish:
+
+        if (d)
+                closedir(d);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int cg_split_spec(const char *spec, char **controller, char **path) {
+        const char *e;
+        char *t = NULL, *u = NULL;
+
+        assert(spec);
+        assert(controller || path);
+
+        if (*spec == '/') {
+
+                if (path) {
+                        if (!(t = strdup(spec)))
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        *path = t;
+                }
+
+                if (controller)
+                        *controller = NULL;
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!(e = strchr(spec, ':'))) {
+
+                if (strchr(spec, '/') || spec[0] == 0)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                if (controller) {
+                        if (!(t = strdup(spec)))
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        *controller = t;
+                }
+
+                if (path)
+                        *path = NULL;
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (e[1] != '/' ||
+            e == spec ||
+            memchr(spec, '/', e-spec))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (controller)
+                if (!(t = strndup(spec, e-spec)))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (path)
+                if (!(u = strdup(e+1))) {
+                        free(t);
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+        if (controller)
+                *controller = t;
+
+        if (path)
+                *path = u;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int cg_join_spec(const char *controller, const char *path, char **spec) {
+        assert(controller);
+        assert(path);
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(path) ||
+            controller[0] == 0 ||
+            strchr(controller, ':') ||
+            strchr(controller, '/'))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (asprintf(spec, "%s:%s", controller, path) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int cg_fix_path(const char *path, char **result) {
+        char *t, *c, *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(result);
+
+        /* First check if it already is a filesystem path */
+        if (path_startswith(path, "/sys/fs/cgroup") &&
+            access(path, F_OK) >= 0) {
+
+                t = strdup(path);
+                if (!t)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                *result = t;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Otherwise treat it as cg spec */
+        r = cg_split_spec(path, &c, &p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = cg_get_path(c ? c : SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, p ? p : "/", NULL, result);
+        free(c);
+        free(p);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int cg_get_user_path(char **path) {
+        char *root, *p;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        /* Figure out the place to put user cgroups below. We use the
+         * same as PID 1 has but with the "/system" suffix replaced by
+         * "/user" */
+
+        if (cg_get_by_pid(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, 1, &root) < 0)
+                p = strdup("/user");
+        else {
+                if (endswith(root, "/system"))
+                        root[strlen(root) - 7] = 0;
+                else if (streq(root, "/"))
+                        root[0] = 0;
+
+                p = strappend(root, "/user");
+                free(root);
+        }
+
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *path = p;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+char **cg_shorten_controllers(char **controllers) {
+        char **f, **t;
+
+        controllers = strv_uniq(controllers);
+
+        if (!controllers)
+                return controllers;
+
+        for (f = controllers, t = controllers; *f; f++) {
+                int r;
+                const char *p;
+
+                if (streq(*f, "systemd") || streq(*f, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER)) {
+                        free(*f);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                p = normalize_controller(*f);
+
+                r = check(p);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_debug("Controller %s is not available, removing from controllers list.", *f);
+                        free(*f);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                *(t++) = *f;
+        }
+
+        *t = NULL;
+        return controllers;
+}
+
+int cg_pid_get_cgroup(pid_t pid, char **root, char **cgroup) {
+        char *cg_process, *cg_init, *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(pid >= 0);
+
+        if (pid == 0)
+                pid = getpid();
+
+        r = cg_get_by_pid(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, pid, &cg_process);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = cg_get_by_pid(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, 1, &cg_init);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                free(cg_process);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (endswith(cg_init, "/system"))
+                cg_init[strlen(cg_init)-7] = 0;
+        else if (streq(cg_init, "/"))
+                cg_init[0] = 0;
+
+        if (startswith(cg_process, cg_init))
+                p = cg_process + strlen(cg_init);
+        else
+                p = cg_process;
+
+        free(cg_init);
+
+        if (cgroup) {
+                char* c;
+
+                c = strdup(p);
+                if (!c) {
+                        free(cg_process);
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                *cgroup = c;
+        }
+
+        if (root) {
+                cg_process[p-cg_process] = 0;
+                *root = cg_process;
+        } else
+                free(cg_process);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int cg_pid_get_unit(pid_t pid, char **unit) {
+        int r;
+        char *cgroup, *p, *at, *b;
+        size_t k;
+
+        assert(pid >= 0);
+        assert(unit);
+
+        r = cg_pid_get_cgroup(pid, NULL, &cgroup);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!startswith(cgroup, "/system/")) {
+                free(cgroup);
+                return -ENOENT;
+        }
+
+        p = cgroup + 8;
+        k = strcspn(p, "/");
+
+        at = memchr(p, '@', k);
+        if (at && at[1] == '.') {
+                size_t j;
+
+                /* This is a templated service */
+                if (p[k] != '/') {
+                        free(cgroup);
+                        return -EIO;
+                }
+
+                j = strcspn(p+k+1, "/");
+
+                b = malloc(k + j + 1);
+
+                if (b) {
+                        memcpy(b, p, at - p + 1);
+                        memcpy(b + (at - p) + 1, p + k + 1, j);
+                        memcpy(b + (at - p) + 1 + j, at + 1, k - (at - p) - 1);
+                        b[k+j] = 0;
+                }
+        } else
+                  b = strndup(p, k);
+
+        free(cgroup);
+
+        if (!b)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *unit = b;
+        return 0;
+
+}
diff --git a/src/udev/conf-files.c b/src/udev/conf-files.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34b86293d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/udev/conf-files.c
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "conf-files.h"
+
+static int files_add(Hashmap *h, const char *path, const char *suffix) {
+        DIR *dir;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        dir = opendir(path);
+        if (!dir) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                struct dirent *de;
+                union dirent_storage buf;
+                int k;
+                char *p;
+
+                k = readdir_r(dir, &buf.de, &de);
+                if (k != 0) {
+                        r = -k;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (!de)
+                        break;
+
+                if (!dirent_is_file_with_suffix(de, suffix))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (asprintf(&p, "%s/%s", path, de->d_name) < 0) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (hashmap_put(h, path_get_file_name(p), p) <= 0) {
+                        log_debug("Skip overridden file: %s.", p);
+                        free(p);
+                }
+        }
+
+finish:
+        closedir(dir);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int base_cmp(const void *a, const void *b) {
+        const char *s1, *s2;
+
+        s1 = *(char * const *)a;
+        s2 = *(char * const *)b;
+        return strcmp(path_get_file_name(s1), path_get_file_name(s2));
+}
+
+int conf_files_list_strv(char ***strv, const char *suffix, const char **dirs) {
+        Hashmap *fh = NULL;
+        char **files = NULL;
+        const char **p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(dirs);
+
+        fh = hashmap_new(string_hash_func, string_compare_func);
+        if (!fh) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(p, dirs) {
+                r = files_add(fh, *p, suffix);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to search for files in %s: %s",
+                                    *p, strerror(-r));
+        }
+
+        files = hashmap_get_strv(fh);
+        if (files == NULL) {
+                log_error("Failed to compose list of files.");
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+        qsort(files, hashmap_size(fh), sizeof(char *), base_cmp);
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        hashmap_free(fh);
+        *strv = files;
+        return r;
+}
+
+int conf_files_list(char ***strv, const char *suffix, const char *dir, ...) {
+        char **dirs = NULL;
+        va_list ap;
+        int r;
+
+        va_start(ap, dir);
+        dirs = strv_new_ap(dir, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+        if (!dirs) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (!path_strv_canonicalize(dirs)) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+        strv_uniq(dirs);
+
+        r = conf_files_list_strv(strv, suffix, (const char **)dirs);
+
+finish:
+        strv_free(dirs);
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/udev/dev-setup.c b/src/udev/dev-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b0ac02d461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/udev/dev-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010-2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "dev-setup.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "label.h"
+
+static int symlink_and_label(const char *old_path, const char *new_path) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(old_path);
+        assert(new_path);
+
+        r = label_context_set(new_path, S_IFLNK);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (symlink(old_path, new_path) < 0)
+                r = -errno;
+
+        label_context_clear();
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+void dev_setup(const char *prefix) {
+        const char *j, *k;
+
+        static const char symlinks[] =
+                "/proc/kcore\0"      "/dev/core\0"
+                "/proc/self/fd\0"    "/dev/fd\0"
+                "/proc/self/fd/0\0"  "/dev/stdin\0"
+                "/proc/self/fd/1\0"  "/dev/stdout\0"
+                "/proc/self/fd/2\0"  "/dev/stderr\0";
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH_PAIR(j, k, symlinks) {
+
+                if (prefix) {
+                        char *linkname;
+
+                        if (asprintf(&linkname, "%s/%s", prefix, k) < 0) {
+                                log_oom();
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        symlink_and_label(j, linkname);
+                        free(linkname);
+                } else
+                        symlink_and_label(j, k);
+        }
+}
diff --git a/src/udev/exit-status.c b/src/udev/exit-status.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45131f2b2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/udev/exit-status.c
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+
+const char* exit_status_to_string(ExitStatus status, ExitStatusLevel level) {
+
+        /* We cast to int here, so that -Wenum doesn't complain that
+         * EXIT_SUCCESS/EXIT_FAILURE aren't in the enum */
+
+        switch ((int) status) {
+
+        case EXIT_SUCCESS:
+                return "SUCCESS";
+
+        case EXIT_FAILURE:
+                return "FAILURE";
+        }
+
+
+        if (level == EXIT_STATUS_SYSTEMD || level == EXIT_STATUS_LSB) {
+                switch ((int) status) {
+
+                case EXIT_CHDIR:
+                        return "CHDIR";
+
+                case EXIT_NICE:
+                        return "NICE";
+
+                case EXIT_FDS:
+                        return "FDS";
+
+                case EXIT_EXEC:
+                        return "EXEC";
+
+                case EXIT_MEMORY:
+                        return "MEMORY";
+
+                case EXIT_LIMITS:
+                        return "LIMITS";
+
+                case EXIT_OOM_ADJUST:
+                        return "OOM_ADJUST";
+
+                case EXIT_SIGNAL_MASK:
+                        return "SIGNAL_MASK";
+
+                case EXIT_STDIN:
+                        return "STDIN";
+
+                case EXIT_STDOUT:
+                        return "STDOUT";
+
+                case EXIT_CHROOT:
+                        return "CHROOT";
+
+                case EXIT_IOPRIO:
+                        return "IOPRIO";
+
+                case EXIT_TIMERSLACK:
+                        return "TIMERSLACK";
+
+                case EXIT_SECUREBITS:
+                        return "SECUREBITS";
+
+                case EXIT_SETSCHEDULER:
+                        return "SETSCHEDULER";
+
+                case EXIT_CPUAFFINITY:
+                        return "CPUAFFINITY";
+
+                case EXIT_GROUP:
+                        return "GROUP";
+
+                case EXIT_USER:
+                        return "USER";
+
+                case EXIT_CAPABILITIES:
+                        return "CAPABILITIES";
+
+                case EXIT_CGROUP:
+                        return "CGROUP";
+
+                case EXIT_SETSID:
+                        return "SETSID";
+
+                case EXIT_CONFIRM:
+                        return "CONFIRM";
+
+                case EXIT_STDERR:
+                        return "STDERR";
+
+                case EXIT_TCPWRAP:
+                        return "TCPWRAP";
+
+                case EXIT_PAM:
+                        return "PAM";
+
+                case EXIT_NETWORK:
+                        return "NETWORK";
+
+                case EXIT_NAMESPACE:
+                        return "NAMESPACE";
+
+                case EXIT_NO_NEW_PRIVILEGES:
+                        return "NO_NEW_PRIVILEGES";
+
+                case EXIT_SECCOMP:
+                        return "SECCOMP";
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (level == EXIT_STATUS_LSB) {
+                switch ((int) status) {
+
+                case EXIT_INVALIDARGUMENT:
+                        return "INVALIDARGUMENT";
+
+                case EXIT_NOTIMPLEMENTED:
+                        return "NOTIMPLEMENTED";
+
+                case EXIT_NOPERMISSION:
+                        return "NOPERMISSION";
+
+                case EXIT_NOTINSTALLED:
+                        return "NOTINSSTALLED";
+
+                case EXIT_NOTCONFIGURED:
+                        return "NOTCONFIGURED";
+
+                case EXIT_NOTRUNNING:
+                        return "NOTRUNNING";
+                }
+        }
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+
+bool is_clean_exit(int code, int status, ExitStatusSet *success_status) {
+
+        if (code == CLD_EXITED)
+                return status == 0 ||
+                       (success_status &&
+                       set_contains(success_status->code, INT_TO_PTR(status)));
+
+        /* If a daemon does not implement handlers for some of the
+         * signals that's not considered an unclean shutdown */
+        if (code == CLD_KILLED)
+                return
+                        status == SIGHUP ||
+                        status == SIGINT ||
+                        status == SIGTERM ||
+                        status == SIGPIPE ||
+                        (success_status &&
+                        set_contains(success_status->signal, INT_TO_PTR(status)));
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+bool is_clean_exit_lsb(int code, int status, ExitStatusSet *success_status) {
+
+        if (is_clean_exit(code, status, success_status))
+                return true;
+
+        return
+                code == CLD_EXITED &&
+                (status == EXIT_NOTINSTALLED || status == EXIT_NOTCONFIGURED);
+}
diff --git a/src/udev/hashmap.c b/src/udev/hashmap.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dcfbb67228
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/udev/hashmap.c
@@ -0,0 +1,835 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "util.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+
+#define NBUCKETS 127
+
+struct hashmap_entry {
+        const void *key;
+        void *value;
+        struct hashmap_entry *bucket_next, *bucket_previous;
+        struct hashmap_entry *iterate_next, *iterate_previous;
+};
+
+struct Hashmap {
+        hash_func_t hash_func;
+        compare_func_t compare_func;
+
+        struct hashmap_entry *iterate_list_head, *iterate_list_tail;
+        unsigned n_entries;
+
+        bool from_pool;
+};
+
+#define BY_HASH(h) ((struct hashmap_entry**) ((uint8_t*) (h) + ALIGN(sizeof(Hashmap))))
+
+struct pool {
+        struct pool *next;
+        unsigned n_tiles;
+        unsigned n_used;
+};
+
+static struct pool *first_hashmap_pool = NULL;
+static void *first_hashmap_tile = NULL;
+
+static struct pool *first_entry_pool = NULL;
+static void *first_entry_tile = NULL;
+
+static void* allocate_tile(struct pool **first_pool, void **first_tile, size_t tile_size) {
+        unsigned i;
+
+        if (*first_tile) {
+                void *r;
+
+                r = *first_tile;
+                *first_tile = * (void**) (*first_tile);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (_unlikely_(!*first_pool) || _unlikely_((*first_pool)->n_used >= (*first_pool)->n_tiles)) {
+                unsigned n;
+                size_t size;
+                struct pool *p;
+
+                n = *first_pool ? (*first_pool)->n_tiles : 0;
+                n = MAX(512U, n * 2);
+                size = PAGE_ALIGN(ALIGN(sizeof(struct pool)) + n*tile_size);
+                n = (size - ALIGN(sizeof(struct pool))) / tile_size;
+
+                p = malloc(size);
+                if (!p)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                p->next = *first_pool;
+                p->n_tiles = n;
+                p->n_used = 0;
+
+                *first_pool = p;
+        }
+
+        i = (*first_pool)->n_used++;
+
+        return ((uint8_t*) (*first_pool)) + ALIGN(sizeof(struct pool)) + i*tile_size;
+}
+
+static void deallocate_tile(void **first_tile, void *p) {
+        * (void**) p = *first_tile;
+        *first_tile = p;
+}
+
+#ifndef __OPTIMIZE__
+
+static void drop_pool(struct pool *p) {
+        while (p) {
+                struct pool *n;
+                n = p->next;
+                free(p);
+                p = n;
+        }
+}
+
+__attribute__((destructor)) static void cleanup_pool(void) {
+        /* Be nice to valgrind */
+
+        drop_pool(first_hashmap_pool);
+        drop_pool(first_entry_pool);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+unsigned string_hash_func(const void *p) {
+        unsigned hash = 5381;
+        const signed char *c;
+
+        /* DJB's hash function */
+
+        for (c = p; *c; c++)
+                hash = (hash << 5) + hash + (unsigned) *c;
+
+        return hash;
+}
+
+int string_compare_func(const void *a, const void *b) {
+        return strcmp(a, b);
+}
+
+unsigned trivial_hash_func(const void *p) {
+        return PTR_TO_UINT(p);
+}
+
+int trivial_compare_func(const void *a, const void *b) {
+        return a < b ? -1 : (a > b ? 1 : 0);
+}
+
+unsigned uint64_hash_func(const void *p) {
+        uint64_t u;
+
+        assert_cc(sizeof(uint64_t) == 2*sizeof(unsigned));
+
+        u = *(const uint64_t*) p;
+
+        return (unsigned) ((u >> 32) ^ u);
+}
+
+int uint64_compare_func(const void *_a, const void *_b) {
+        uint64_t a, b;
+
+        a = *(const uint64_t*) _a;
+        b = *(const uint64_t*) _b;
+
+        return a < b ? -1 : (a > b ? 1 : 0);
+}
+
+Hashmap *hashmap_new(hash_func_t hash_func, compare_func_t compare_func) {
+        bool b;
+        Hashmap *h;
+        size_t size;
+
+        b = is_main_thread();
+
+        size = ALIGN(sizeof(Hashmap)) + NBUCKETS * sizeof(struct hashmap_entry*);
+
+        if (b) {
+                h = allocate_tile(&first_hashmap_pool, &first_hashmap_tile, size);
+                if (!h)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                memset(h, 0, size);
+        } else {
+                h = malloc0(size);
+
+                if (!h)
+                        return NULL;
+        }
+
+        h->hash_func = hash_func ? hash_func : trivial_hash_func;
+        h->compare_func = compare_func ? compare_func : trivial_compare_func;
+
+        h->n_entries = 0;
+        h->iterate_list_head = h->iterate_list_tail = NULL;
+
+        h->from_pool = b;
+
+        return h;
+}
+
+int hashmap_ensure_allocated(Hashmap **h, hash_func_t hash_func, compare_func_t compare_func) {
+        assert(h);
+
+        if (*h)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!(*h = hashmap_new(hash_func, compare_func)))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void link_entry(Hashmap *h, struct hashmap_entry *e, unsigned hash) {
+        assert(h);
+        assert(e);
+
+        /* Insert into hash table */
+        e->bucket_next = BY_HASH(h)[hash];
+        e->bucket_previous = NULL;
+        if (BY_HASH(h)[hash])
+                BY_HASH(h)[hash]->bucket_previous = e;
+        BY_HASH(h)[hash] = e;
+
+        /* Insert into iteration list */
+        e->iterate_previous = h->iterate_list_tail;
+        e->iterate_next = NULL;
+        if (h->iterate_list_tail) {
+                assert(h->iterate_list_head);
+                h->iterate_list_tail->iterate_next = e;
+        } else {
+                assert(!h->iterate_list_head);
+                h->iterate_list_head = e;
+        }
+        h->iterate_list_tail = e;
+
+        h->n_entries++;
+        assert(h->n_entries >= 1);
+}
+
+static void unlink_entry(Hashmap *h, struct hashmap_entry *e, unsigned hash) {
+        assert(h);
+        assert(e);
+
+        /* Remove from iteration list */
+        if (e->iterate_next)
+                e->iterate_next->iterate_previous = e->iterate_previous;
+        else
+                h->iterate_list_tail = e->iterate_previous;
+
+        if (e->iterate_previous)
+                e->iterate_previous->iterate_next = e->iterate_next;
+        else
+                h->iterate_list_head = e->iterate_next;
+
+        /* Remove from hash table bucket list */
+        if (e->bucket_next)
+                e->bucket_next->bucket_previous = e->bucket_previous;
+
+        if (e->bucket_previous)
+                e->bucket_previous->bucket_next = e->bucket_next;
+        else
+                BY_HASH(h)[hash] = e->bucket_next;
+
+        assert(h->n_entries >= 1);
+        h->n_entries--;
+}
+
+static void remove_entry(Hashmap *h, struct hashmap_entry *e) {
+        unsigned hash;
+
+        assert(h);
+        assert(e);
+
+        hash = h->hash_func(e->key) % NBUCKETS;
+
+        unlink_entry(h, e, hash);
+
+        if (h->from_pool)
+                deallocate_tile(&first_entry_tile, e);
+        else
+                free(e);
+}
+
+void hashmap_free(Hashmap*h) {
+
+        /* Free the hashmap, but nothing in it */
+
+        if (!h)
+                return;
+
+        hashmap_clear(h);
+
+        if (h->from_pool)
+                deallocate_tile(&first_hashmap_tile, h);
+        else
+                free(h);
+}
+
+void hashmap_free_free(Hashmap *h) {
+
+        /* Free the hashmap and all data objects in it, but not the
+         * keys */
+
+        if (!h)
+                return;
+
+        hashmap_clear_free(h);
+        hashmap_free(h);
+}
+
+void hashmap_clear(Hashmap *h) {
+        if (!h)
+                return;
+
+        while (h->iterate_list_head)
+                remove_entry(h, h->iterate_list_head);
+}
+
+void hashmap_clear_free(Hashmap *h) {
+        void *p;
+
+        if (!h)
+                return;
+
+        while ((p = hashmap_steal_first(h)))
+                free(p);
+}
+
+static struct hashmap_entry *hash_scan(Hashmap *h, unsigned hash, const void *key) {
+        struct hashmap_entry *e;
+        assert(h);
+        assert(hash < NBUCKETS);
+
+        for (e = BY_HASH(h)[hash]; e; e = e->bucket_next)
+                if (h->compare_func(e->key, key) == 0)
+                        return e;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+int hashmap_put(Hashmap *h, const void *key, void *value) {
+        struct hashmap_entry *e;
+        unsigned hash;
+
+        assert(h);
+
+        hash = h->hash_func(key) % NBUCKETS;
+
+        e = hash_scan(h, hash, key);
+        if (e) {
+
+                if (e->value == value)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return -EEXIST;
+        }
+
+        if (h->from_pool)
+                e = allocate_tile(&first_entry_pool, &first_entry_tile, sizeof(struct hashmap_entry));
+        else
+                e = new(struct hashmap_entry, 1);
+
+        if (!e)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        e->key = key;
+        e->value = value;
+
+        link_entry(h, e, hash);
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int hashmap_replace(Hashmap *h, const void *key, void *value) {
+        struct hashmap_entry *e;
+        unsigned hash;
+
+        assert(h);
+
+        hash = h->hash_func(key) % NBUCKETS;
+        e = hash_scan(h, hash, key);
+        if (e) {
+                e->key = key;
+                e->value = value;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return hashmap_put(h, key, value);
+}
+
+int hashmap_update(Hashmap *h, const void *key, void *value) {
+        struct hashmap_entry *e;
+        unsigned hash;
+
+        assert(h);
+
+        hash = h->hash_func(key) % NBUCKETS;
+        e = hash_scan(h, hash, key);
+        if (!e)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        e->value = value;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void* hashmap_get(Hashmap *h, const void *key) {
+        unsigned hash;
+        struct hashmap_entry *e;
+
+        if (!h)
+                return NULL;
+
+        hash = h->hash_func(key) % NBUCKETS;
+        e = hash_scan(h, hash, key);
+        if (!e)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return e->value;
+}
+
+void* hashmap_get2(Hashmap *h, const void *key, void **key2) {
+        unsigned hash;
+        struct hashmap_entry *e;
+
+        if (!h)
+                return NULL;
+
+        hash = h->hash_func(key) % NBUCKETS;
+        e = hash_scan(h, hash, key);
+        if (!e)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (key2)
+                *key2 = (void*) e->key;
+
+        return e->value;
+}
+
+bool hashmap_contains(Hashmap *h, const void *key) {
+        unsigned hash;
+
+        if (!h)
+                return false;
+
+        hash = h->hash_func(key) % NBUCKETS;
+
+        if (!hash_scan(h, hash, key))
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+void* hashmap_remove(Hashmap *h, const void *key) {
+        struct hashmap_entry *e;
+        unsigned hash;
+        void *data;
+
+        if (!h)
+                return NULL;
+
+        hash = h->hash_func(key) % NBUCKETS;
+
+        if (!(e = hash_scan(h, hash, key)))
+                return NULL;
+
+        data = e->value;
+        remove_entry(h, e);
+
+        return data;
+}
+
+int hashmap_remove_and_put(Hashmap *h, const void *old_key, const void *new_key, void *value) {
+        struct hashmap_entry *e;
+        unsigned old_hash, new_hash;
+
+        if (!h)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        old_hash = h->hash_func(old_key) % NBUCKETS;
+        if (!(e = hash_scan(h, old_hash, old_key)))
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        new_hash = h->hash_func(new_key) % NBUCKETS;
+        if (hash_scan(h, new_hash, new_key))
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        unlink_entry(h, e, old_hash);
+
+        e->key = new_key;
+        e->value = value;
+
+        link_entry(h, e, new_hash);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int hashmap_remove_and_replace(Hashmap *h, const void *old_key, const void *new_key, void *value) {
+        struct hashmap_entry *e, *k;
+        unsigned old_hash, new_hash;
+
+        if (!h)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        old_hash = h->hash_func(old_key) % NBUCKETS;
+        if (!(e = hash_scan(h, old_hash, old_key)))
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        new_hash = h->hash_func(new_key) % NBUCKETS;
+
+        if ((k = hash_scan(h, new_hash, new_key)))
+                if (e != k)
+                        remove_entry(h, k);
+
+        unlink_entry(h, e, old_hash);
+
+        e->key = new_key;
+        e->value = value;
+
+        link_entry(h, e, new_hash);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void* hashmap_remove_value(Hashmap *h, const void *key, void *value) {
+        struct hashmap_entry *e;
+        unsigned hash;
+
+        if (!h)
+                return NULL;
+
+        hash = h->hash_func(key) % NBUCKETS;
+
+        if (!(e = hash_scan(h, hash, key)))
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (e->value != value)
+                return NULL;
+
+        remove_entry(h, e);
+
+        return value;
+}
+
+void *hashmap_iterate(Hashmap *h, Iterator *i, const void **key) {
+        struct hashmap_entry *e;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        if (!h)
+                goto at_end;
+
+        if (*i == ITERATOR_LAST)
+                goto at_end;
+
+        if (*i == ITERATOR_FIRST && !h->iterate_list_head)
+                goto at_end;
+
+        e = *i == ITERATOR_FIRST ? h->iterate_list_head : (struct hashmap_entry*) *i;
+
+        if (e->iterate_next)
+                *i = (Iterator) e->iterate_next;
+        else
+                *i = ITERATOR_LAST;
+
+        if (key)
+                *key = e->key;
+
+        return e->value;
+
+at_end:
+        *i = ITERATOR_LAST;
+
+        if (key)
+                *key = NULL;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+void *hashmap_iterate_backwards(Hashmap *h, Iterator *i, const void **key) {
+        struct hashmap_entry *e;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        if (!h)
+                goto at_beginning;
+
+        if (*i == ITERATOR_FIRST)
+                goto at_beginning;
+
+        if (*i == ITERATOR_LAST && !h->iterate_list_tail)
+                goto at_beginning;
+
+        e = *i == ITERATOR_LAST ? h->iterate_list_tail : (struct hashmap_entry*) *i;
+
+        if (e->iterate_previous)
+                *i = (Iterator) e->iterate_previous;
+        else
+                *i = ITERATOR_FIRST;
+
+        if (key)
+                *key = e->key;
+
+        return e->value;
+
+at_beginning:
+        *i = ITERATOR_FIRST;
+
+        if (key)
+                *key = NULL;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+void *hashmap_iterate_skip(Hashmap *h, const void *key, Iterator *i) {
+        unsigned hash;
+        struct hashmap_entry *e;
+
+        if (!h)
+                return NULL;
+
+        hash = h->hash_func(key) % NBUCKETS;
+
+        if (!(e = hash_scan(h, hash, key)))
+                return NULL;
+
+        *i = (Iterator) e;
+
+        return e->value;
+}
+
+void* hashmap_first(Hashmap *h) {
+
+        if (!h)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (!h->iterate_list_head)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return h->iterate_list_head->value;
+}
+
+void* hashmap_first_key(Hashmap *h) {
+
+        if (!h)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (!h->iterate_list_head)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return (void*) h->iterate_list_head->key;
+}
+
+void* hashmap_last(Hashmap *h) {
+
+        if (!h)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (!h->iterate_list_tail)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return h->iterate_list_tail->value;
+}
+
+void* hashmap_steal_first(Hashmap *h) {
+        void *data;
+
+        if (!h)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (!h->iterate_list_head)
+                return NULL;
+
+        data = h->iterate_list_head->value;
+        remove_entry(h, h->iterate_list_head);
+
+        return data;
+}
+
+void* hashmap_steal_first_key(Hashmap *h) {
+        void *key;
+
+        if (!h)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (!h->iterate_list_head)
+                return NULL;
+
+        key = (void*) h->iterate_list_head->key;
+        remove_entry(h, h->iterate_list_head);
+
+        return key;
+}
+
+unsigned hashmap_size(Hashmap *h) {
+
+        if (!h)
+                return 0;
+
+        return h->n_entries;
+}
+
+bool hashmap_isempty(Hashmap *h) {
+
+        if (!h)
+                return true;
+
+        return h->n_entries == 0;
+}
+
+int hashmap_merge(Hashmap *h, Hashmap *other) {
+        struct hashmap_entry *e;
+
+        assert(h);
+
+        if (!other)
+                return 0;
+
+        for (e = other->iterate_list_head; e; e = e->iterate_next) {
+                int r;
+
+                if ((r = hashmap_put(h, e->key, e->value)) < 0)
+                        if (r != -EEXIST)
+                                return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void hashmap_move(Hashmap *h, Hashmap *other) {
+        struct hashmap_entry *e, *n;
+
+        assert(h);
+
+        /* The same as hashmap_merge(), but every new item from other
+         * is moved to h. This function is guaranteed to succeed. */
+
+        if (!other)
+                return;
+
+        for (e = other->iterate_list_head; e; e = n) {
+                unsigned h_hash, other_hash;
+
+                n = e->iterate_next;
+
+                h_hash = h->hash_func(e->key) % NBUCKETS;
+
+                if (hash_scan(h, h_hash, e->key))
+                        continue;
+
+                other_hash = other->hash_func(e->key) % NBUCKETS;
+
+                unlink_entry(other, e, other_hash);
+                link_entry(h, e, h_hash);
+        }
+}
+
+int hashmap_move_one(Hashmap *h, Hashmap *other, const void *key) {
+        unsigned h_hash, other_hash;
+        struct hashmap_entry *e;
+
+        if (!other)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(h);
+
+        h_hash = h->hash_func(key) % NBUCKETS;
+        if (hash_scan(h, h_hash, key))
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        other_hash = other->hash_func(key) % NBUCKETS;
+        if (!(e = hash_scan(other, other_hash, key)))
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        unlink_entry(other, e, other_hash);
+        link_entry(h, e, h_hash);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+Hashmap *hashmap_copy(Hashmap *h) {
+        Hashmap *copy;
+
+        assert(h);
+
+        if (!(copy = hashmap_new(h->hash_func, h->compare_func)))
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (hashmap_merge(copy, h) < 0) {
+                hashmap_free(copy);
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        return copy;
+}
+
+char **hashmap_get_strv(Hashmap *h) {
+        char **sv;
+        Iterator it;
+        char *item;
+        int n;
+
+        sv = new(char*, h->n_entries+1);
+        if (!sv)
+                return NULL;
+
+        n = 0;
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(item, h, it)
+                sv[n++] = item;
+        sv[n] = NULL;
+
+        return sv;
+}
+
+void *hashmap_next(Hashmap *h, const void *key) {
+        unsigned hash;
+        struct hashmap_entry *e;
+
+        assert(h);
+        assert(key);
+
+        if (!h)
+                return NULL;
+
+        hash = h->hash_func(key) % NBUCKETS;
+        e = hash_scan(h, hash, key);
+        if (!e)
+                return NULL;
+
+        e = e->iterate_next;
+        if (!e)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return e->value;
+}
diff --git a/src/udev/label.c b/src/udev/label.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d353da57ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/udev/label.c
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <malloc.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/un.h>
+
+#include "label.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+#include "selinux-util.h"
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#include <selinux/label.h>
+
+static struct selabel_handle *label_hnd = NULL;
+
+#endif
+
+int label_init(const char *prefix) {
+        int r = 0;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        usec_t before_timestamp, after_timestamp;
+        struct mallinfo before_mallinfo, after_mallinfo;
+
+        if (!use_selinux())
+                return 0;
+
+        if (label_hnd)
+                return 0;
+
+        before_mallinfo = mallinfo();
+        before_timestamp = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+        if (prefix) {
+                struct selinux_opt options[] = {
+                        { .type = SELABEL_OPT_SUBSET, .value = prefix },
+                };
+
+                label_hnd = selabel_open(SELABEL_CTX_FILE, options, ELEMENTSOF(options));
+        } else
+                label_hnd = selabel_open(SELABEL_CTX_FILE, NULL, 0);
+
+        if (!label_hnd) {
+                log_full(security_getenforce() == 1 ? LOG_ERR : LOG_DEBUG,
+                         "Failed to initialize SELinux context: %m");
+                r = security_getenforce() == 1 ? -errno : 0;
+        } else  {
+                char timespan[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+                int l;
+
+                after_timestamp = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+                after_mallinfo = mallinfo();
+
+                l = after_mallinfo.uordblks > before_mallinfo.uordblks ? after_mallinfo.uordblks - before_mallinfo.uordblks : 0;
+
+                log_debug("Successfully loaded SELinux database in %s, size on heap is %iK.",
+                          format_timespan(timespan, sizeof(timespan), after_timestamp - before_timestamp),
+                          (l+1023)/1024);
+        }
+#endif
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int label_fix(const char *path, bool ignore_enoent, bool ignore_erofs) {
+        int r = 0;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        struct stat st;
+        security_context_t fcon;
+
+        if (!use_selinux() || !label_hnd)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = lstat(path, &st);
+        if (r == 0) {
+                r = selabel_lookup_raw(label_hnd, &fcon, path, st.st_mode);
+
+                /* If there's no label to set, then exit without warning */
+                if (r < 0 && errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                if (r == 0) {
+                        r = lsetfilecon(path, fcon);
+                        freecon(fcon);
+
+                        /* If the FS doesn't support labels, then exit without warning */
+                        if (r < 0 && errno == ENOTSUP)
+                                return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+                /* Ignore ENOENT in some cases */
+                if (ignore_enoent && errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                if (ignore_erofs && errno == EROFS)
+                        return 0;
+
+                log_full(security_getenforce() == 1 ? LOG_ERR : LOG_DEBUG,
+                         "Unable to fix label of %s: %m", path);
+                r = security_getenforce() == 1 ? -errno : 0;
+        }
+#endif
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+void label_finish(void) {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        if (use_selinux() && label_hnd)
+                selabel_close(label_hnd);
+#endif
+}
+
+int label_get_create_label_from_exe(const char *exe, char **label) {
+
+        int r = 0;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        security_context_t mycon = NULL, fcon = NULL;
+        security_class_t sclass;
+
+        if (!use_selinux()) {
+                *label = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = getcon(&mycon);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = getfilecon(exe, &fcon);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        sclass = string_to_security_class("process");
+        r = security_compute_create(mycon, fcon, sclass, (security_context_t *) label);
+        if (r == 0)
+                log_debug("SELinux Socket context for %s will be set to %s", exe, *label);
+
+fail:
+        if (r < 0 && security_getenforce() == 1)
+                r = -errno;
+
+        freecon(mycon);
+        freecon(fcon);
+#endif
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int label_context_set(const char *path, mode_t mode) {
+        int r = 0;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        security_context_t filecon = NULL;
+
+        if (!use_selinux() || !label_hnd)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = selabel_lookup_raw(label_hnd, &filecon, path, mode);
+        if (r < 0 && errno != ENOENT)
+                r = -errno;
+        else if (r == 0) {
+                r = setfscreatecon(filecon);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to set SELinux file context on %s: %m", path);
+                        r = -errno;
+                }
+
+                freecon(filecon);
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0 && security_getenforce() == 0)
+                r = 0;
+#endif
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int label_socket_set(const char *label) {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        if (!use_selinux())
+                return 0;
+
+        if (setsockcreatecon((security_context_t) label) < 0) {
+                log_full(security_getenforce() == 1 ? LOG_ERR : LOG_DEBUG,
+                         "Failed to set SELinux context (%s) on socket: %m", label);
+
+                if (security_getenforce() == 1)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+#endif
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void label_context_clear(void) {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        if (!use_selinux())
+                return;
+
+        setfscreatecon(NULL);
+#endif
+}
+
+void label_socket_clear(void) {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        if (!use_selinux())
+                return;
+
+        setsockcreatecon(NULL);
+#endif
+}
+
+void label_free(const char *label) {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        if (!use_selinux())
+                return;
+
+        freecon((security_context_t) label);
+#endif
+}
+
+int label_mkdir(const char *path, mode_t mode, bool apply) {
+
+        /* Creates a directory and labels it according to the SELinux policy */
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        int r;
+        security_context_t fcon = NULL;
+
+        if (!apply || !use_selinux() || !label_hnd)
+                goto skipped;
+
+        if (path_is_absolute(path))
+                r = selabel_lookup_raw(label_hnd, &fcon, path, S_IFDIR);
+        else {
+                char *newpath;
+
+                newpath = path_make_absolute_cwd(path);
+                if (!newpath)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = selabel_lookup_raw(label_hnd, &fcon, newpath, S_IFDIR);
+                free(newpath);
+        }
+
+        if (r == 0)
+                r = setfscreatecon(fcon);
+
+        if (r < 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
+                log_error("Failed to set security context %s for %s: %m", fcon, path);
+
+                if (security_getenforce() == 1) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = mkdir(path, mode);
+        if (r < 0)
+                r = -errno;
+
+finish:
+        setfscreatecon(NULL);
+        freecon(fcon);
+
+        return r;
+
+skipped:
+#endif
+        return mkdir(path, mode) < 0 ? -errno : 0;
+}
+
+int label_bind(int fd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen) {
+
+        /* Binds a socket and label its file system object according to the SELinux policy */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        int r;
+        security_context_t fcon = NULL;
+        const struct sockaddr_un *un;
+        char *path = NULL;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(addr);
+        assert(addrlen >= sizeof(sa_family_t));
+
+        if (!use_selinux() || !label_hnd)
+                goto skipped;
+
+        /* Filter out non-local sockets */
+        if (addr->sa_family != AF_UNIX)
+                goto skipped;
+
+        /* Filter out anonymous sockets */
+        if (addrlen < sizeof(sa_family_t) + 1)
+                goto skipped;
+
+        /* Filter out abstract namespace sockets */
+        un = (const struct sockaddr_un*) addr;
+        if (un->sun_path[0] == 0)
+                goto skipped;
+
+        path = strndup(un->sun_path, addrlen - offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path));
+        if (!path)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (path_is_absolute(path))
+                r = selabel_lookup_raw(label_hnd, &fcon, path, S_IFSOCK);
+        else {
+                char *newpath;
+
+                newpath = path_make_absolute_cwd(path);
+
+                if (!newpath) {
+                        free(path);
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                r = selabel_lookup_raw(label_hnd, &fcon, newpath, S_IFSOCK);
+                free(newpath);
+        }
+
+        if (r == 0)
+                r = setfscreatecon(fcon);
+
+        if (r < 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
+                log_error("Failed to set security context %s for %s: %m", fcon, path);
+
+                if (security_getenforce() == 1) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = bind(fd, addr, addrlen);
+        if (r < 0)
+                r = -errno;
+
+finish:
+        setfscreatecon(NULL);
+        freecon(fcon);
+        free(path);
+
+        return r;
+
+skipped:
+#endif
+        return bind(fd, addr, addrlen) < 0 ? -errno : 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/udev/mkdir.c b/src/udev/mkdir.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e51b64f69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/udev/mkdir.c
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "label.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+int mkdir_label(const char *path, mode_t mode) {
+        return label_mkdir(path, mode, true);
+}
+
+static int makedir_safe(const char *path, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, bool apply) {
+        struct stat st;
+
+        if (label_mkdir(path, mode, apply) >= 0)
+                if (chmod_and_chown(path, mode, uid, gid) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+        if (lstat(path, &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if ((st.st_mode & 0777) != mode ||
+            st.st_uid != uid ||
+            st.st_gid != gid ||
+            !S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
+                errno = EEXIST;
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int mkdir_safe(const char *path, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
+        return makedir_safe(path, mode, uid, gid, false);
+}
+
+int mkdir_safe_label(const char *path, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
+        return makedir_safe(path, mode, uid, gid, true);
+}
+
+static int makedir_parents(const char *path, mode_t mode, bool apply) {
+        struct stat st;
+        const char *p, *e;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        /* return immediately if directory exists */
+        e = strrchr(path, '/');
+        if (!e)
+                return -EINVAL;
+        p = strndupa(path, e - path);
+        if (stat(p, &st) >= 0) {
+                if ((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR)
+                        return 0;
+                else
+                        return -ENOTDIR;
+        }
+
+        /* create every parent directory in the path, except the last component */
+        p = path + strspn(path, "/");
+        for (;;) {
+                int r;
+                char *t;
+
+                e = p + strcspn(p, "/");
+                p = e + strspn(e, "/");
+
+                /* Is this the last component? If so, then we're
+                 * done */
+                if (*p == 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                t = strndup(path, e - path);
+                if (!t)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = label_mkdir(t, mode, apply);
+                free(t);
+
+                if (r < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+}
+
+int mkdir_parents(const char *path, mode_t mode) {
+        return makedir_parents(path, mode, false);
+}
+
+int mkdir_parents_label(const char *path, mode_t mode) {
+        return makedir_parents(path, mode, true);
+}
+
+static int is_dir(const char* path) {
+        struct stat st;
+        if (stat(path, &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+        return S_ISDIR(st.st_mode);
+}
+
+static int makedir_p(const char *path, mode_t mode, bool apply) {
+        int r;
+
+        /* Like mkdir -p */
+
+        r = makedir_parents(path, mode, apply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = label_mkdir(path, mode, apply);
+        if (r < 0 && (errno != EEXIST || is_dir(path) <= 0))
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int mkdir_p(const char *path, mode_t mode) {
+        return makedir_p(path, mode, false);
+}
+
+int mkdir_p_label(const char *path, mode_t mode) {
+        return makedir_p(path, mode, true);
+}
diff --git a/src/udev/path-util.c b/src/udev/path-util.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70c8a8af06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/udev/path-util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010-2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <sys/statvfs.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+
+bool path_is_absolute(const char *p) {
+        return p[0] == '/';
+}
+
+bool is_path(const char *p) {
+        return !!strchr(p, '/');
+}
+
+char *path_get_file_name(const char *p) {
+        char *r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        if ((r = strrchr(p, '/')))
+                return r + 1;
+
+        return (char*) p;
+}
+
+int path_get_parent(const char *path, char **_r) {
+        const char *e, *a = NULL, *b = NULL, *p;
+        char *r;
+        bool slash = false;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(_r);
+
+        if (!*path)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        for (e = path; *e; e++) {
+
+                if (!slash && *e == '/') {
+                        a = b;
+                        b = e;
+                        slash = true;
+                } else if (slash && *e != '/')
+                        slash = false;
+        }
+
+        if (*(e-1) == '/')
+                p = a;
+        else
+                p = b;
+
+        if (!p)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (p == path)
+                r = strdup("/");
+        else
+                r = strndup(path, p-path);
+
+        if (!r)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *_r = r;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+char **path_split_and_make_absolute(const char *p) {
+        char **l;
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (!(l = strv_split(p, ":")))
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (!path_strv_make_absolute_cwd(l)) {
+                strv_free(l);
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        return l;
+}
+
+char *path_make_absolute(const char *p, const char *prefix) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        /* Makes every item in the list an absolute path by prepending
+         * the prefix, if specified and necessary */
+
+        if (path_is_absolute(p) || !prefix)
+                return strdup(p);
+
+        return strjoin(prefix, "/", p, NULL);
+}
+
+char *path_make_absolute_cwd(const char *p) {
+        char *cwd, *r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        /* Similar to path_make_absolute(), but prefixes with the
+         * current working directory. */
+
+        if (path_is_absolute(p))
+                return strdup(p);
+
+        if (!(cwd = get_current_dir_name()))
+                return NULL;
+
+        r = path_make_absolute(p, cwd);
+        free(cwd);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+char **path_strv_make_absolute_cwd(char **l) {
+        char **s;
+
+        /* Goes through every item in the string list and makes it
+         * absolute. This works in place and won't rollback any
+         * changes on failure. */
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(s, l) {
+                char *t;
+
+                if (!(t = path_make_absolute_cwd(*s)))
+                        return NULL;
+
+                free(*s);
+                *s = t;
+        }
+
+        return l;
+}
+
+char **path_strv_canonicalize(char **l) {
+        char **s;
+        unsigned k = 0;
+        bool enomem = false;
+
+        if (strv_isempty(l))
+                return l;
+
+        /* Goes through every item in the string list and canonicalize
+         * the path. This works in place and won't rollback any
+         * changes on failure. */
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(s, l) {
+                char *t, *u;
+
+                t = path_make_absolute_cwd(*s);
+                free(*s);
+
+                if (!t) {
+                        enomem = true;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                errno = 0;
+                u = canonicalize_file_name(t);
+                free(t);
+
+                if (!u) {
+                        if (errno == ENOMEM || !errno)
+                                enomem = true;
+
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                l[k++] = u;
+        }
+
+        l[k] = NULL;
+
+        if (enomem)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return l;
+}
+
+char **path_strv_remove_empty(char **l) {
+        char **f, **t;
+
+        if (!l)
+                return NULL;
+
+        for (f = t = l; *f; f++) {
+
+                if (dir_is_empty(*f) > 0) {
+                        free(*f);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                *(t++) = *f;
+        }
+
+        *t = NULL;
+        return l;
+}
+
+char *path_kill_slashes(char *path) {
+        char *f, *t;
+        bool slash = false;
+
+        /* Removes redundant inner and trailing slashes. Modifies the
+         * passed string in-place.
+         *
+         * ///foo///bar/ becomes /foo/bar
+         */
+
+        for (f = path, t = path; *f; f++) {
+
+                if (*f == '/') {
+                        slash = true;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (slash) {
+                        slash = false;
+                        *(t++) = '/';
+                }
+
+                *(t++) = *f;
+        }
+
+        /* Special rule, if we are talking of the root directory, a
+        trailing slash is good */
+
+        if (t == path && slash)
+                *(t++) = '/';
+
+        *t = 0;
+        return path;
+}
+
+char* path_startswith(const char *path, const char *prefix) {
+        assert(path);
+        assert(prefix);
+
+        if ((path[0] == '/') != (prefix[0] == '/'))
+                return NULL;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                size_t a, b;
+
+                path += strspn(path, "/");
+                prefix += strspn(prefix, "/");
+
+                if (*prefix == 0)
+                        return (char*) path;
+
+                if (*path == 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                a = strcspn(path, "/");
+                b = strcspn(prefix, "/");
+
+                if (a != b)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                if (memcmp(path, prefix, a) != 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                path += a;
+                prefix += b;
+        }
+}
+
+bool path_equal(const char *a, const char *b) {
+        assert(a);
+        assert(b);
+
+        if ((a[0] == '/') != (b[0] == '/'))
+                return false;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                size_t j, k;
+
+                a += strspn(a, "/");
+                b += strspn(b, "/");
+
+                if (*a == 0 && *b == 0)
+                        return true;
+
+                if (*a == 0 || *b == 0)
+                        return false;
+
+                j = strcspn(a, "/");
+                k = strcspn(b, "/");
+
+                if (j != k)
+                        return false;
+
+                if (memcmp(a, b, j) != 0)
+                        return false;
+
+                a += j;
+                b += k;
+        }
+}
+
+int path_is_mount_point(const char *t, bool allow_symlink) {
+        char *parent;
+        int r;
+        struct file_handle *h;
+        int mount_id, mount_id_parent;
+        struct stat a, b;
+
+        /* We are not actually interested in the file handles, but
+         * name_to_handle_at() also passes us the mount ID, hence use
+         * it but throw the handle away */
+
+        if (path_equal(t, "/"))
+                return 1;
+
+        h = alloca(MAX_HANDLE_SZ);
+        h->handle_bytes = MAX_HANDLE_SZ;
+
+        r = name_to_handle_at(AT_FDCWD, t, h, &mount_id, allow_symlink ? AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW : 0);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (errno == ENOSYS || errno == ENOTSUP)
+                        /* This kernel or file system does not support
+                         * name_to_handle_at(), hence fallback to the
+                         * traditional stat() logic */
+                        goto fallback;
+
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        r = path_get_parent(t, &parent);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        h->handle_bytes = MAX_HANDLE_SZ;
+        r = name_to_handle_at(AT_FDCWD, parent, h, &mount_id_parent, 0);
+        free(parent);
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+                /* The parent can't do name_to_handle_at() but the
+                 * directory we are interested in can? If so, it must
+                 * be a mount point */
+                if (errno == ENOTSUP)
+                        return 1;
+
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        return mount_id != mount_id_parent;
+
+fallback:
+        if (allow_symlink)
+                r = stat(t, &a);
+        else
+                r = lstat(t, &a);
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        r = path_get_parent(t, &parent);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = lstat(parent, &b);
+        free(parent);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return a.st_dev != b.st_dev;
+}
+
+int path_is_read_only_fs(const char *path) {
+        struct statvfs st;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        if (statvfs(path, &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return !!(st.f_flag & ST_RDONLY);
+}
diff --git a/src/udev/set.c b/src/udev/set.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5f83c50839
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/udev/set.c
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "set.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+
+#define MAKE_SET(h) ((Set*) (h))
+#define MAKE_HASHMAP(s) ((Hashmap*) (s))
+
+/* For now this is not much more than a wrapper around a hashmap */
+
+Set *set_new(hash_func_t hash_func, compare_func_t compare_func) {
+        return MAKE_SET(hashmap_new(hash_func, compare_func));
+}
+
+void set_free(Set* s) {
+        hashmap_free(MAKE_HASHMAP(s));
+}
+
+void set_free_free(Set *s) {
+        hashmap_free_free(MAKE_HASHMAP(s));
+}
+
+int set_ensure_allocated(Set **s, hash_func_t hash_func, compare_func_t compare_func) {
+        return hashmap_ensure_allocated((Hashmap**) s, hash_func, compare_func);
+}
+
+int set_put(Set *s, void *value) {
+        return hashmap_put(MAKE_HASHMAP(s), value, value);
+}
+
+int set_replace(Set *s, void *value) {
+        return hashmap_replace(MAKE_HASHMAP(s), value, value);
+}
+
+void *set_get(Set *s, void *value) {
+        return hashmap_get(MAKE_HASHMAP(s), value);
+}
+
+bool set_contains(Set *s, void *value) {
+        return hashmap_contains(MAKE_HASHMAP(s), value);
+}
+
+void *set_remove(Set *s, void *value) {
+        return hashmap_remove(MAKE_HASHMAP(s), value);
+}
+
+int set_remove_and_put(Set *s, void *old_value, void *new_value) {
+        return hashmap_remove_and_put(MAKE_HASHMAP(s), old_value, new_value, new_value);
+}
+
+unsigned set_size(Set *s) {
+        return hashmap_size(MAKE_HASHMAP(s));
+}
+
+bool set_isempty(Set *s) {
+        return hashmap_isempty(MAKE_HASHMAP(s));
+}
+
+void *set_iterate(Set *s, Iterator *i) {
+        return hashmap_iterate(MAKE_HASHMAP(s), i, NULL);
+}
+
+void *set_iterate_backwards(Set *s, Iterator *i) {
+        return hashmap_iterate_backwards(MAKE_HASHMAP(s), i, NULL);
+}
+
+void *set_iterate_skip(Set *s, void *value, Iterator *i) {
+        return hashmap_iterate_skip(MAKE_HASHMAP(s), value, i);
+}
+
+void *set_steal_first(Set *s) {
+        return hashmap_steal_first(MAKE_HASHMAP(s));
+}
+
+void* set_first(Set *s) {
+        return hashmap_first(MAKE_HASHMAP(s));
+}
+
+void* set_last(Set *s) {
+        return hashmap_last(MAKE_HASHMAP(s));
+}
+
+int set_merge(Set *s, Set *other) {
+        return hashmap_merge(MAKE_HASHMAP(s), MAKE_HASHMAP(other));
+}
+
+void set_move(Set *s, Set *other) {
+        return hashmap_move(MAKE_HASHMAP(s), MAKE_HASHMAP(other));
+}
+
+int set_move_one(Set *s, Set *other, void *value) {
+        return hashmap_move_one(MAKE_HASHMAP(s), MAKE_HASHMAP(other), value);
+}
+
+Set* set_copy(Set *s) {
+        return MAKE_SET(hashmap_copy(MAKE_HASHMAP(s)));
+}
+
+void set_clear(Set *s) {
+        hashmap_clear(MAKE_HASHMAP(s));
+}
+
+void set_clear_free(Set *s) {
+        hashmap_clear_free(MAKE_HASHMAP(s));
+}
+
+char **set_get_strv(Set *s) {
+        return hashmap_get_strv(MAKE_HASHMAP(s));
+}
diff --git a/src/udev/strbuf.c b/src/udev/strbuf.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..915cd3ac99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/udev/strbuf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Kay Sievers <kay@vrfy.org>
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "util.h"
+#include "strbuf.h"
+
+/*
+ * Strbuf stores given strings in a single continous allocated memory
+ * area. Identical strings are de-duplicated and return the same offset
+ * as the first string stored. If the tail of a string already exists
+ * in the buffer, the tail is returned.
+ *
+ * A trie (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trie) is used to maintain the
+ * information about the stored strings.
+ *
+ * Example of udev rules:
+ *   $ ./udevadm test .
+ *   ...
+ *   read rules file: /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/99-systemd.rules
+ *   rules contain 196608 bytes tokens (16384 * 12 bytes), 39742 bytes strings
+ *   23939 strings (207859 bytes), 20404 de-duplicated (171653 bytes), 3536 trie nodes used
+ *   ...
+ */
+
+struct strbuf *strbuf_new(void) {
+        struct strbuf *str;
+
+        str = new0(struct strbuf, 1);
+        if (!str)
+                return NULL;
+
+        str->buf = new0(char, 1);
+        if (!str->buf)
+                goto err;
+        str->len = 1;
+
+        str->root = new0(struct strbuf_node, 1);
+        if (!str->root)
+                goto err;
+        str->nodes_count = 1;
+        return str;
+err:
+        free(str->buf);
+        free(str->root);
+        free(str);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static void strbuf_node_cleanup(struct strbuf_node *node) {
+        size_t i;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < node->children_count; i++)
+                strbuf_node_cleanup(node->children[i].child);
+        free(node->children);
+        free(node);
+}
+
+/* clean up trie data, leave only the string buffer */
+void strbuf_complete(struct strbuf *str) {
+        if (!str)
+                return;
+        if (str->root)
+                strbuf_node_cleanup(str->root);
+        str->root = NULL;
+}
+
+/* clean up everything */
+void strbuf_cleanup(struct strbuf *str) {
+        if (!str)
+                return;
+        if (str->root)
+                strbuf_node_cleanup(str->root);
+        free(str->buf);
+        free(str);
+}
+
+static int strbuf_children_cmp(const void *v1, const void *v2) {
+        const struct strbuf_child_entry *n1 = v1;
+        const struct strbuf_child_entry *n2 = v2;
+
+        return n1->c - n2->c;
+}
+
+/* add string, return the index/offset into the buffer */
+ssize_t strbuf_add_string(struct strbuf *str, const char *s, size_t len) {
+        uint8_t c;
+        struct strbuf_node *node;
+        size_t depth;
+        char *buf_new;
+        struct strbuf_child_entry *child;
+        struct strbuf_node *node_child;
+        ssize_t off;
+
+        if (!str->root)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        /* search string; start from last character to find possibly matching tails */
+        if (len == 0)
+                return 0;
+        str->in_count++;
+        str->in_len += len;
+
+        node = str->root;
+        c = s[len-1];
+        for (depth = 0; depth <= len; depth++) {
+                struct strbuf_child_entry search;
+
+                /* match against current node */
+                off = node->value_off + node->value_len - len;
+                if (depth == len || (node->value_len >= len && memcmp(str->buf + off, s, len) == 0)) {
+                        str->dedup_len += len;
+                        str->dedup_count++;
+                        return off;
+                }
+
+                /* lookup child node */
+                c = s[len - 1 - depth];
+                search.c = c;
+                child = bsearch(&search, node->children, node->children_count, sizeof(struct strbuf_child_entry),
+                                strbuf_children_cmp);
+                if (!child)
+                        break;
+                node = child->child;
+        }
+
+        /* add new string */
+        buf_new = realloc(str->buf, str->len + len+1);
+        if (!buf_new)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        str->buf = buf_new;
+        off = str->len;
+        memcpy(str->buf + off, s, len);
+        str->len += len;
+        str->buf[str->len++] = '\0';
+
+        /* new node */
+        node_child = new0(struct strbuf_node, 1);
+        if (!node_child)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        str->nodes_count++;
+        node_child->value_off = off;
+        node_child->value_len = len;
+
+        /* extend array, add new entry, sort for bisection */
+        child = realloc(node->children, (node->children_count + 1) * sizeof(struct strbuf_child_entry));
+        if (!child)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        node->children = child;
+        node->children[node->children_count].c = c;
+        node->children[node->children_count].child = node_child;
+        node->children_count++;
+        qsort(node->children, node->children_count, sizeof(struct strbuf_child_entry), strbuf_children_cmp);
+
+        return off;
+}
diff --git a/src/udev/strv.c b/src/udev/strv.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b76d0eaef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/udev/strv.c
@@ -0,0 +1,750 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+
+char *strv_find(char **l, const char *name) {
+        char **i;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, l)
+                if (streq(*i, name))
+                        return *i;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+char *strv_find_prefix(char **l, const char *name) {
+        char **i;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, l)
+                if (startswith(*i, name))
+                        return *i;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+void strv_free(char **l) {
+        char **k;
+
+        if (!l)
+                return;
+
+        for (k = l; *k; k++)
+                free(*k);
+
+        free(l);
+}
+
+void strv_freep(char ***l) {
+        if (!l)
+                return;
+
+        strv_free(*l);
+        *l = NULL;
+}
+
+char **strv_copy(char **l) {
+        char **r, **k;
+
+        k = r = new(char*, strv_length(l) + 1);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (l)
+                for (; *l; k++, l++) {
+                        *k = strdup(*l);
+                        if (!*k) {
+                                strv_free(r);
+                                return NULL;
+                        }
+                }
+
+        *k = NULL;
+        return r;
+}
+
+unsigned strv_length(char **l) {
+        unsigned n = 0;
+
+        if (!l)
+                return 0;
+
+        for (; *l; l++)
+                n++;
+
+        return n;
+}
+
+char **strv_new_ap(const char *x, va_list ap) {
+        const char *s;
+        char **a;
+        unsigned n = 0, i = 0;
+        va_list aq;
+
+        /* As a special trick we ignore all listed strings that equal
+         * (const char*) -1. This is supposed to be used with the
+         * STRV_IFNOTNULL() macro to include possibly NULL strings in
+         * the string list. */
+
+        if (x) {
+                n = x == (const char*) -1 ? 0 : 1;
+
+                va_copy(aq, ap);
+                while ((s = va_arg(aq, const char*))) {
+                        if (s == (const char*) -1)
+                                continue;
+
+                        n++;
+                }
+
+                va_end(aq);
+        }
+
+        a = new(char*, n+1);
+        if (!a)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (x) {
+                if (x != (const char*) -1) {
+                        a[i] = strdup(x);
+                        if (!a[i])
+                                goto fail;
+                        i++;
+                }
+
+                while ((s = va_arg(ap, const char*))) {
+
+                        if (s == (const char*) -1)
+                                continue;
+
+                        a[i] = strdup(s);
+                        if (!a[i])
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        i++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        a[i] = NULL;
+
+        return a;
+
+fail:
+        strv_free(a);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+char **strv_new(const char *x, ...) {
+        char **r;
+        va_list ap;
+
+        va_start(ap, x);
+        r = strv_new_ap(x, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+char **strv_merge(char **a, char **b) {
+        char **r, **k;
+
+        if (!a)
+                return strv_copy(b);
+
+        if (!b)
+                return strv_copy(a);
+
+        r = new(char*, strv_length(a) + strv_length(b) + 1);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        for (k = r; *a; k++, a++) {
+                *k = strdup(*a);
+                if (!*k)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        for (; *b; k++, b++) {
+                *k = strdup(*b);
+                if (!*k)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        *k = NULL;
+        return r;
+
+fail:
+        strv_free(r);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+char **strv_merge_concat(char **a, char **b, const char *suffix) {
+        char **r, **k;
+
+        /* Like strv_merge(), but appends suffix to all strings in b, before adding */
+
+        if (!b)
+                return strv_copy(a);
+
+        r = new(char*, strv_length(a) + strv_length(b) + 1);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        k = r;
+        if (a)
+                for (; *a; k++, a++) {
+                        *k = strdup(*a);
+                        if (!*k)
+                                goto fail;
+                }
+
+        for (; *b; k++, b++) {
+                *k = strappend(*b, suffix);
+                if (!*k)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        *k = NULL;
+        return r;
+
+fail:
+        strv_free(r);
+        return NULL;
+
+}
+
+char **strv_split(const char *s, const char *separator) {
+        char *state;
+        char *w;
+        size_t l;
+        unsigned n, i;
+        char **r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        n = 0;
+        FOREACH_WORD_SEPARATOR(w, l, s, separator, state)
+                n++;
+
+        r = new(char*, n+1);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        i = 0;
+        FOREACH_WORD_SEPARATOR(w, l, s, separator, state) {
+                r[i] = strndup(w, l);
+                if (!r[i]) {
+                        strv_free(r);
+                        return NULL;
+                }
+
+                i++;
+        }
+
+        r[i] = NULL;
+        return r;
+}
+
+char **strv_split_quoted(const char *s) {
+        char *state;
+        char *w;
+        size_t l;
+        unsigned n, i;
+        char **r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        n = 0;
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, s, state)
+                n++;
+
+        r = new(char*, n+1);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        i = 0;
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, s, state) {
+                r[i] = cunescape_length(w, l);
+                if (!r[i]) {
+                        strv_free(r);
+                        return NULL;
+                }
+                i++;
+        }
+
+        r[i] = NULL;
+        return r;
+}
+
+char *strv_join(char **l, const char *separator) {
+        char *r, *e;
+        char **s;
+        size_t n, k;
+
+        if (!separator)
+                separator = " ";
+
+        k = strlen(separator);
+
+        n = 0;
+        STRV_FOREACH(s, l) {
+                if (n != 0)
+                        n += k;
+                n += strlen(*s);
+        }
+
+        r = new(char, n+1);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        e = r;
+        STRV_FOREACH(s, l) {
+                if (e != r)
+                        e = stpcpy(e, separator);
+
+                e = stpcpy(e, *s);
+        }
+
+        *e = 0;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+char **strv_append(char **l, const char *s) {
+        char **r, **k;
+
+        if (!l)
+                return strv_new(s, NULL);
+
+        if (!s)
+                return strv_copy(l);
+
+        r = new(char*, strv_length(l)+2);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        for (k = r; *l; k++, l++) {
+                *k = strdup(*l);
+                if (!*k)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        k[0] = strdup(s);
+        if (!k[0])
+                goto fail;
+
+        k[1] = NULL;
+        return r;
+
+fail:
+        strv_free(r);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+char **strv_uniq(char **l) {
+        char **i;
+
+        /* Drops duplicate entries. The first identical string will be
+         * kept, the others dropped */
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, l)
+                strv_remove(i+1, *i);
+
+        return l;
+}
+
+char **strv_remove(char **l, const char *s) {
+        char **f, **t;
+
+        if (!l)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Drops every occurrence of s in the string list, edits
+         * in-place. */
+
+        for (f = t = l; *f; f++) {
+
+                if (streq(*f, s)) {
+                        free(*f);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                *(t++) = *f;
+        }
+
+        *t = NULL;
+        return l;
+}
+
+char **strv_remove_prefix(char **l, const char *s) {
+        char **f, **t;
+
+        if (!l)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Drops every occurrence of a string prefixed with s in the
+         * string list, edits in-place. */
+
+        for (f = t = l; *f; f++) {
+
+                if (startswith(*f, s)) {
+                        free(*f);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                *(t++) = *f;
+        }
+
+        *t = NULL;
+        return l;
+}
+
+static int env_append(char **r, char ***k, char **a) {
+        assert(r);
+        assert(k);
+
+        if (!a)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Add the entries of a to *k unless they already exist in *r
+         * in which case they are overridden instead. This assumes
+         * there is enough space in the r array. */
+
+        for (; *a; a++) {
+                char **j;
+                size_t n;
+
+                n = strcspn(*a, "=");
+
+                if ((*a)[n] == '=')
+                        n++;
+
+                for (j = r; j < *k; j++)
+                        if (strncmp(*j, *a, n) == 0)
+                                break;
+
+                if (j >= *k)
+                        (*k)++;
+                else
+                        free(*j);
+
+                *j = strdup(*a);
+                if (!*j)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+char **strv_env_merge(unsigned n_lists, ...) {
+        size_t n = 0;
+        char **l, **k, **r;
+        va_list ap;
+        unsigned i;
+
+        /* Merges an arbitrary number of environment sets */
+
+        va_start(ap, n_lists);
+        for (i = 0; i < n_lists; i++) {
+                l = va_arg(ap, char**);
+                n += strv_length(l);
+        }
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        r = new(char*, n+1);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        k = r;
+
+        va_start(ap, n_lists);
+        for (i = 0; i < n_lists; i++) {
+                l = va_arg(ap, char**);
+                if (env_append(r, &k, l) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        *k = NULL;
+
+        return r;
+
+fail:
+        va_end(ap);
+        strv_free(r);
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static bool env_match(const char *t, const char *pattern) {
+        assert(t);
+        assert(pattern);
+
+        /* pattern a matches string a
+         *         a matches a=
+         *         a matches a=b
+         *         a= matches a=
+         *         a=b matches a=b
+         *         a= does not match a
+         *         a=b does not match a=
+         *         a=b does not match a
+         *         a=b does not match a=c */
+
+        if (streq(t, pattern))
+                return true;
+
+        if (!strchr(pattern, '=')) {
+                size_t l = strlen(pattern);
+
+                return strncmp(t, pattern, l) == 0 && t[l] == '=';
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+char **strv_env_delete(char **x, unsigned n_lists, ...) {
+        size_t n, i = 0;
+        char **k, **r;
+        va_list ap;
+
+        /* Deletes every entry from x that is mentioned in the other
+         * string lists */
+
+        n = strv_length(x);
+
+        r = new(char*, n+1);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(k, x) {
+                unsigned v;
+
+                va_start(ap, n_lists);
+                for (v = 0; v < n_lists; v++) {
+                        char **l, **j;
+
+                        l = va_arg(ap, char**);
+                        STRV_FOREACH(j, l)
+                                if (env_match(*k, *j))
+                                        goto skip;
+                }
+                va_end(ap);
+
+                r[i] = strdup(*k);
+                if (!r[i]) {
+                        strv_free(r);
+                        return NULL;
+                }
+
+                i++;
+                continue;
+
+        skip:
+                va_end(ap);
+        }
+
+        r[i] = NULL;
+
+        assert(i <= n);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+char **strv_env_unset(char **l, const char *p) {
+
+        char **f, **t;
+
+        if (!l)
+                return NULL;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        /* Drops every occurrence of the env var setting p in the
+         * string list. edits in-place. */
+
+        for (f = t = l; *f; f++) {
+
+                if (env_match(*f, p)) {
+                        free(*f);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                *(t++) = *f;
+        }
+
+        *t = NULL;
+        return l;
+}
+
+char **strv_env_set(char **x, const char *p) {
+
+        char **k, **r;
+        char* m[2] = { (char*) p, NULL };
+
+        /* Overrides the env var setting of p, returns a new copy */
+
+        r = new(char*, strv_length(x)+2);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        k = r;
+        if (env_append(r, &k, x) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (env_append(r, &k, m) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        *k = NULL;
+
+        return r;
+
+fail:
+        strv_free(r);
+        return NULL;
+
+}
+
+char *strv_env_get_with_length(char **l, const char *name, size_t k) {
+        char **i;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, l)
+                if (strncmp(*i, name, k) == 0 &&
+                    (*i)[k] == '=')
+                        return *i + k + 1;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+char *strv_env_get(char **l, const char *name) {
+        return strv_env_get_with_length(l, name, strlen(name));
+}
+
+char **strv_env_clean(char **l) {
+        char **r, **ret;
+
+        for (r = ret = l; *l; l++) {
+                const char *equal;
+
+                equal = strchr(*l, '=');
+
+                if (equal && equal[1] == 0) {
+                        free(*l);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                *(r++) = *l;
+        }
+
+        *r = NULL;
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+char **strv_parse_nulstr(const char *s, size_t l) {
+        const char *p;
+        unsigned c = 0, i = 0;
+        char **v;
+
+        assert(s || l <= 0);
+
+        if (l <= 0)
+                return strv_new(NULL, NULL);
+
+        for (p = s; p < s + l; p++)
+                if (*p == 0)
+                        c++;
+
+        if (s[l-1] != 0)
+                c++;
+
+        v = new0(char*, c+1);
+        if (!v)
+                return NULL;
+
+        p = s;
+        while (p < s + l) {
+                const char *e;
+
+                e = memchr(p, 0, s + l - p);
+
+                v[i] = strndup(p, e ? e - p : s + l - p);
+                if (!v[i]) {
+                        strv_free(v);
+                        return NULL;
+                }
+
+                i++;
+
+                if (!e)
+                        break;
+
+                p = e + 1;
+        }
+
+        assert(i == c);
+
+        return v;
+}
+
+bool strv_overlap(char **a, char **b) {
+        char **i, **j;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, a) {
+                STRV_FOREACH(j, b) {
+                        if (streq(*i, *j))
+                                return true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int str_compare(const void *_a, const void *_b) {
+        const char **a = (const char**) _a, **b = (const char**) _b;
+
+        return strcmp(*a, *b);
+}
+
+char **strv_sort(char **l) {
+
+        if (strv_isempty(l))
+                return l;
+
+        qsort(l, strv_length(l), sizeof(char*), str_compare);
+        return l;
+}
diff --git a/src/udev/util.c b/src/udev/util.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6d826b6f5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/udev/util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,6215 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <syslog.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <linux/sched.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <linux/vt.h>
+#include <linux/tiocl.h>
+#include <termios.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <sys/inotify.h>
+#include <sys/poll.h>
+#include <libgen.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <sys/utsname.h>
+#include <pwd.h>
+#include <netinet/ip.h>
+#include <linux/kd.h>
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <glob.h>
+#include <grp.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/vfs.h>
+#include <linux/magic.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <langinfo.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "ioprio.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "label.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+
+int saved_argc = 0;
+char **saved_argv = NULL;
+
+static volatile unsigned cached_columns = 0;
+static volatile unsigned cached_lines = 0;
+
+bool is_efiboot(void) {
+        return access("/sys/firmware/efi", F_OK) >= 0;
+}
+
+size_t page_size(void) {
+        static __thread size_t pgsz = 0;
+        long r;
+
+        if (_likely_(pgsz > 0))
+                return pgsz;
+
+        r = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
+        assert(r > 0);
+
+        pgsz = (size_t) r;
+        return pgsz;
+}
+
+bool streq_ptr(const char *a, const char *b) {
+
+        /* Like streq(), but tries to make sense of NULL pointers */
+
+        if (a && b)
+                return streq(a, b);
+
+        if (!a && !b)
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+usec_t now(clockid_t clock_id) {
+        struct timespec ts;
+
+        assert_se(clock_gettime(clock_id, &ts) == 0);
+
+        return timespec_load(&ts);
+}
+
+dual_timestamp* dual_timestamp_get(dual_timestamp *ts) {
+        assert(ts);
+
+        ts->realtime = now(CLOCK_REALTIME);
+        ts->monotonic = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+        return ts;
+}
+
+dual_timestamp* dual_timestamp_from_realtime(dual_timestamp *ts, usec_t u) {
+        int64_t delta;
+        assert(ts);
+
+        ts->realtime = u;
+
+        if (u == 0)
+                ts->monotonic = 0;
+        else {
+                delta = (int64_t) now(CLOCK_REALTIME) - (int64_t) u;
+
+                ts->monotonic = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+                if ((int64_t) ts->monotonic > delta)
+                        ts->monotonic -= delta;
+                else
+                        ts->monotonic = 0;
+        }
+
+        return ts;
+}
+
+usec_t timespec_load(const struct timespec *ts) {
+        assert(ts);
+
+        if (ts->tv_sec == (time_t) -1 &&
+            ts->tv_nsec == (long) -1)
+                return (usec_t) -1;
+
+        if ((usec_t) ts->tv_sec > (UINT64_MAX - (ts->tv_nsec / NSEC_PER_USEC)) / USEC_PER_SEC)
+                return (usec_t) -1;
+
+        return
+                (usec_t) ts->tv_sec * USEC_PER_SEC +
+                (usec_t) ts->tv_nsec / NSEC_PER_USEC;
+}
+
+struct timespec *timespec_store(struct timespec *ts, usec_t u)  {
+        assert(ts);
+
+        if (u == (usec_t) -1) {
+                ts->tv_sec = (time_t) -1;
+                ts->tv_nsec = (long) -1;
+                return ts;
+        }
+
+        ts->tv_sec = (time_t) (u / USEC_PER_SEC);
+        ts->tv_nsec = (long int) ((u % USEC_PER_SEC) * NSEC_PER_USEC);
+
+        return ts;
+}
+
+usec_t timeval_load(const struct timeval *tv) {
+        assert(tv);
+
+        if (tv->tv_sec == (time_t) -1 &&
+            tv->tv_usec == (suseconds_t) -1)
+                return (usec_t) -1;
+
+        if ((usec_t) tv->tv_sec > (UINT64_MAX - tv->tv_usec) / USEC_PER_SEC)
+                return (usec_t) -1;
+
+        return
+                (usec_t) tv->tv_sec * USEC_PER_SEC +
+                (usec_t) tv->tv_usec;
+}
+
+struct timeval *timeval_store(struct timeval *tv, usec_t u) {
+        assert(tv);
+
+        if (u == (usec_t) -1) {
+                tv->tv_sec = (time_t) -1;
+                tv->tv_usec = (suseconds_t) -1;
+                return tv;
+        }
+
+        tv->tv_sec = (time_t) (u / USEC_PER_SEC);
+        tv->tv_usec = (suseconds_t) (u % USEC_PER_SEC);
+
+        return tv;
+}
+
+char* endswith(const char *s, const char *postfix) {
+        size_t sl, pl;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(postfix);
+
+        sl = strlen(s);
+        pl = strlen(postfix);
+
+        if (pl == 0)
+                return (char*) s + sl;
+
+        if (sl < pl)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (memcmp(s + sl - pl, postfix, pl) != 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return (char*) s + sl - pl;
+}
+
+char* startswith(const char *s, const char *prefix) {
+        const char *a, *b;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(prefix);
+
+        a = s, b = prefix;
+        for (;;) {
+                if (*b == 0)
+                        return (char*) a;
+                if (*a != *b)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                a++, b++;
+        }
+}
+
+char* startswith_no_case(const char *s, const char *prefix) {
+        const char *a, *b;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(prefix);
+
+        a = s, b = prefix;
+        for (;;) {
+                if (*b == 0)
+                        return (char*) a;
+                if (tolower(*a) != tolower(*b))
+                        return NULL;
+
+                a++, b++;
+        }
+}
+
+bool first_word(const char *s, const char *word) {
+        size_t sl, wl;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(word);
+
+        sl = strlen(s);
+        wl = strlen(word);
+
+        if (sl < wl)
+                return false;
+
+        if (wl == 0)
+                return true;
+
+        if (memcmp(s, word, wl) != 0)
+                return false;
+
+        return s[wl] == 0 ||
+                strchr(WHITESPACE, s[wl]);
+}
+
+int close_nointr(int fd) {
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                int r;
+
+                r = close(fd);
+                if (r >= 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (errno != EINTR)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+}
+
+void close_nointr_nofail(int fd) {
+        int saved_errno = errno;
+
+        /* like close_nointr() but cannot fail, and guarantees errno
+         * is unchanged */
+
+        assert_se(close_nointr(fd) == 0);
+
+        errno = saved_errno;
+}
+
+void close_many(const int fds[], unsigned n_fd) {
+        unsigned i;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n_fd; i++)
+                close_nointr_nofail(fds[i]);
+}
+
+int parse_boolean(const char *v) {
+        assert(v);
+
+        if (streq(v, "1") || v[0] == 'y' || v[0] == 'Y' || v[0] == 't' || v[0] == 'T' || !strcasecmp(v, "on"))
+                return 1;
+        else if (streq(v, "0") || v[0] == 'n' || v[0] == 'N' || v[0] == 'f' || v[0] == 'F' || !strcasecmp(v, "off"))
+                return 0;
+
+        return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+int parse_pid(const char *s, pid_t* ret_pid) {
+        unsigned long ul = 0;
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(ret_pid);
+
+        r = safe_atolu(s, &ul);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        pid = (pid_t) ul;
+
+        if ((unsigned long) pid != ul)
+                return -ERANGE;
+
+        if (pid <= 0)
+                return -ERANGE;
+
+        *ret_pid = pid;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int parse_uid(const char *s, uid_t* ret_uid) {
+        unsigned long ul = 0;
+        uid_t uid;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(ret_uid);
+
+        r = safe_atolu(s, &ul);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        uid = (uid_t) ul;
+
+        if ((unsigned long) uid != ul)
+                return -ERANGE;
+
+        *ret_uid = uid;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int safe_atou(const char *s, unsigned *ret_u) {
+        char *x = NULL;
+        unsigned long l;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(ret_u);
+
+        errno = 0;
+        l = strtoul(s, &x, 0);
+
+        if (!x || x == s || *x || errno)
+                return errno ? -errno : -EINVAL;
+
+        if ((unsigned long) (unsigned) l != l)
+                return -ERANGE;
+
+        *ret_u = (unsigned) l;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int safe_atoi(const char *s, int *ret_i) {
+        char *x = NULL;
+        long l;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(ret_i);
+
+        errno = 0;
+        l = strtol(s, &x, 0);
+
+        if (!x || x == s || *x || errno)
+                return errno ? -errno : -EINVAL;
+
+        if ((long) (int) l != l)
+                return -ERANGE;
+
+        *ret_i = (int) l;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int safe_atollu(const char *s, long long unsigned *ret_llu) {
+        char *x = NULL;
+        unsigned long long l;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(ret_llu);
+
+        errno = 0;
+        l = strtoull(s, &x, 0);
+
+        if (!x || x == s || *x || errno)
+                return errno ? -errno : -EINVAL;
+
+        *ret_llu = l;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int safe_atolli(const char *s, long long int *ret_lli) {
+        char *x = NULL;
+        long long l;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(ret_lli);
+
+        errno = 0;
+        l = strtoll(s, &x, 0);
+
+        if (!x || x == s || *x || errno)
+                return errno ? -errno : -EINVAL;
+
+        *ret_lli = l;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/* Split a string into words. */
+char *split(const char *c, size_t *l, const char *separator, char **state) {
+        char *current;
+
+        current = *state ? *state : (char*) c;
+
+        if (!*current || *c == 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        current += strspn(current, separator);
+        *l = strcspn(current, separator);
+        *state = current+*l;
+
+        return (char*) current;
+}
+
+/* Split a string into words, but consider strings enclosed in '' and
+ * "" as words even if they include spaces. */
+char *split_quoted(const char *c, size_t *l, char **state) {
+        char *current, *e;
+        bool escaped = false;
+
+        current = *state ? *state : (char*) c;
+
+        if (!*current || *c == 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        current += strspn(current, WHITESPACE);
+
+        if (*current == '\'') {
+                current ++;
+
+                for (e = current; *e; e++) {
+                        if (escaped)
+                                escaped = false;
+                        else if (*e == '\\')
+                                escaped = true;
+                        else if (*e == '\'')
+                                break;
+                }
+
+                *l = e-current;
+                *state = *e == 0 ? e : e+1;
+        } else if (*current == '\"') {
+                current ++;
+
+                for (e = current; *e; e++) {
+                        if (escaped)
+                                escaped = false;
+                        else if (*e == '\\')
+                                escaped = true;
+                        else if (*e == '\"')
+                                break;
+                }
+
+                *l = e-current;
+                *state = *e == 0 ? e : e+1;
+        } else {
+                for (e = current; *e; e++) {
+                        if (escaped)
+                                escaped = false;
+                        else if (*e == '\\')
+                                escaped = true;
+                        else if (strchr(WHITESPACE, *e))
+                                break;
+                }
+                *l = e-current;
+                *state = e;
+        }
+
+        return (char*) current;
+}
+
+int get_parent_of_pid(pid_t pid, pid_t *_ppid) {
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        char fn[PATH_MAX], line[LINE_MAX], *p;
+        long unsigned ppid;
+
+        assert(pid > 0);
+        assert(_ppid);
+
+        assert_se(snprintf(fn, sizeof(fn)-1, "/proc/%lu/stat", (unsigned long) pid) < (int) (sizeof(fn)-1));
+        char_array_0(fn);
+
+        f = fopen(fn, "re");
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
+                r = feof(f) ? -EIO : -errno;
+                fclose(f);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Let's skip the pid and comm fields. The latter is enclosed
+         * in () but does not escape any () in its value, so let's
+         * skip over it manually */
+
+        p = strrchr(line, ')');
+        if (!p)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        p++;
+
+        if (sscanf(p, " "
+                   "%*c "  /* state */
+                   "%lu ", /* ppid */
+                   &ppid) != 1)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        if ((long unsigned) (pid_t) ppid != ppid)
+                return -ERANGE;
+
+        *_ppid = (pid_t) ppid;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int get_starttime_of_pid(pid_t pid, unsigned long long *st) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        char fn[PATH_MAX], line[LINE_MAX], *p;
+
+        assert(pid > 0);
+        assert(st);
+
+        assert_se(snprintf(fn, sizeof(fn)-1, "/proc/%lu/stat", (unsigned long) pid) < (int) (sizeof(fn)-1));
+        char_array_0(fn);
+
+        f = fopen(fn, "re");
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
+                if (ferror(f))
+                        return -errno;
+
+                return -EIO;
+        }
+
+        /* Let's skip the pid and comm fields. The latter is enclosed
+         * in () but does not escape any () in its value, so let's
+         * skip over it manually */
+
+        p = strrchr(line, ')');
+        if (!p)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        p++;
+
+        if (sscanf(p, " "
+                   "%*c "  /* state */
+                   "%*d "  /* ppid */
+                   "%*d "  /* pgrp */
+                   "%*d "  /* session */
+                   "%*d "  /* tty_nr */
+                   "%*d "  /* tpgid */
+                   "%*u "  /* flags */
+                   "%*u "  /* minflt */
+                   "%*u "  /* cminflt */
+                   "%*u "  /* majflt */
+                   "%*u "  /* cmajflt */
+                   "%*u "  /* utime */
+                   "%*u "  /* stime */
+                   "%*d "  /* cutime */
+                   "%*d "  /* cstime */
+                   "%*d "  /* priority */
+                   "%*d "  /* nice */
+                   "%*d "  /* num_threads */
+                   "%*d "  /* itrealvalue */
+                   "%llu "  /* starttime */,
+                   st) != 1)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int write_one_line_file(const char *fn, const char *line) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+
+        assert(fn);
+        assert(line);
+
+        f = fopen(fn, "we");
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        errno = 0;
+        if (fputs(line, f) < 0)
+                return errno ? -errno : -EIO;
+
+        if (!endswith(line, "\n"))
+                fputc('\n', f);
+
+        fflush(f);
+
+        if (ferror(f))
+                return errno ? -errno : -EIO;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int fchmod_umask(int fd, mode_t m) {
+        mode_t u;
+        int r;
+
+        u = umask(0777);
+        r = fchmod(fd, m & (~u)) < 0 ? -errno : 0;
+        umask(u);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int write_one_line_file_atomic(const char *fn, const char *line) {
+        FILE *f;
+        int r;
+        char *p;
+
+        assert(fn);
+        assert(line);
+
+        r = fopen_temporary(fn, &f, &p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        fchmod_umask(fileno(f), 0644);
+
+        errno = 0;
+        if (fputs(line, f) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (!endswith(line, "\n"))
+                fputc('\n', f);
+
+        fflush(f);
+
+        if (ferror(f)) {
+                if (errno != 0)
+                        r = -errno;
+                else
+                        r = -EIO;
+        } else {
+                if (rename(p, fn) < 0)
+                        r = -errno;
+                else
+                        r = 0;
+        }
+
+finish:
+        if (r < 0)
+                unlink(p);
+
+        fclose(f);
+        free(p);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int read_one_line_file(const char *fn, char **line) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        char t[LINE_MAX], *c;
+
+        assert(fn);
+        assert(line);
+
+        f = fopen(fn, "re");
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (!fgets(t, sizeof(t), f)) {
+
+                if (ferror(f))
+                        return errno ? -errno : -EIO;
+
+                t[0] = 0;
+        }
+
+        c = strdup(t);
+        if (!c)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        truncate_nl(c);
+
+        *line = c;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int read_full_file(const char *fn, char **contents, size_t *size) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        size_t n, l;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+        struct stat st;
+
+        f = fopen(fn, "re");
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (fstat(fileno(f), &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        /* Safety check */
+        if (st.st_size > 4*1024*1024)
+                return -E2BIG;
+
+        n = st.st_size > 0 ? st.st_size : LINE_MAX;
+        l = 0;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char *t;
+                size_t k;
+
+                t = realloc(buf, n+1);
+                if (!t)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                buf = t;
+                k = fread(buf + l, 1, n - l, f);
+
+                if (k <= 0) {
+                        if (ferror(f))
+                                return -errno;
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                l += k;
+                n *= 2;
+
+                /* Safety check */
+                if (n > 4*1024*1024)
+                        return -E2BIG;
+        }
+
+        buf[l] = 0;
+        *contents = buf;
+        buf = NULL;
+
+        if (size)
+                *size = l;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int parse_env_file(
+                const char *fname,
+                const char *separator, ...) {
+
+        int r = 0;
+        char *contents = NULL, *p;
+
+        assert(fname);
+        assert(separator);
+
+        if ((r = read_full_file(fname, &contents, NULL)) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        p = contents;
+        for (;;) {
+                const char *key = NULL;
+
+                p += strspn(p, separator);
+                p += strspn(p, WHITESPACE);
+
+                if (!*p)
+                        break;
+
+                if (!strchr(COMMENTS, *p)) {
+                        va_list ap;
+                        char **value;
+
+                        va_start(ap, separator);
+                        while ((key = va_arg(ap, char *))) {
+                                size_t n;
+                                char *v;
+
+                                value = va_arg(ap, char **);
+
+                                n = strlen(key);
+                                if (strncmp(p, key, n) != 0 ||
+                                    p[n] != '=')
+                                        continue;
+
+                                p += n + 1;
+                                n = strcspn(p, separator);
+
+                                if (n >= 2 &&
+                                    strchr(QUOTES, p[0]) &&
+                                    p[n-1] == p[0])
+                                        v = strndup(p+1, n-2);
+                                else
+                                        v = strndup(p, n);
+
+                                if (!v) {
+                                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                                        va_end(ap);
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
+
+                                if (v[0] == '\0') {
+                                        /* return empty value strings as NULL */
+                                        free(v);
+                                        v = NULL;
+                                }
+
+                                free(*value);
+                                *value = v;
+
+                                p += n;
+
+                                r ++;
+                                break;
+                        }
+                        va_end(ap);
+                }
+
+                if (!key)
+                        p += strcspn(p, separator);
+        }
+
+fail:
+        free(contents);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int load_env_file(
+                const char *fname,
+                char ***rl) {
+
+        FILE *f;
+        char **m = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(fname);
+        assert(rl);
+
+        if (!(f = fopen(fname, "re")))
+                return -errno;
+
+        while (!feof(f)) {
+                char l[LINE_MAX], *p, *u;
+                char **t;
+
+                if (!fgets(l, sizeof(l), f)) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                break;
+
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                p = strstrip(l);
+
+                if (!*p)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (strchr(COMMENTS, *p))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!(u = normalize_env_assignment(p))) {
+                        r = log_oom();
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                t = strv_append(m, u);
+                free(u);
+
+                if (!t) {
+                        r = log_oom();
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                strv_free(m);
+                m = t;
+        }
+
+        r = 0;
+
+        *rl = m;
+        m = NULL;
+
+finish:
+        if (f)
+                fclose(f);
+
+        strv_free(m);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int write_env_file(const char *fname, char **l) {
+        char **i, *p;
+        FILE *f;
+        int r;
+
+        r = fopen_temporary(fname, &f, &p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        fchmod_umask(fileno(f), 0644);
+
+        errno = 0;
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, l) {
+                fputs(*i, f);
+                fputc('\n', f);
+        }
+
+        fflush(f);
+
+        if (ferror(f)) {
+                if (errno != 0)
+                        r = -errno;
+                else
+                        r = -EIO;
+        } else {
+                if (rename(p, fname) < 0)
+                        r = -errno;
+                else
+                        r = 0;
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                unlink(p);
+
+        fclose(f);
+        free(p);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+char *truncate_nl(char *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        s[strcspn(s, NEWLINE)] = 0;
+        return s;
+}
+
+int get_process_comm(pid_t pid, char **name) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (pid == 0)
+                r = read_one_line_file("/proc/self/comm", name);
+        else {
+                char *p;
+                if (asprintf(&p, "/proc/%lu/comm", (unsigned long) pid) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = read_one_line_file(p, name);
+                free(p);
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int get_process_cmdline(pid_t pid, size_t max_length, bool comm_fallback, char **line) {
+        char *r, *k;
+        int c;
+        bool space = false;
+        size_t left;
+        FILE *f;
+
+        assert(max_length > 0);
+        assert(line);
+
+        if (pid == 0)
+                f = fopen("/proc/self/cmdline", "re");
+        else {
+                char *p;
+                if (asprintf(&p, "/proc/%lu/cmdline", (unsigned long) pid) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                f = fopen(p, "re");
+                free(p);
+        }
+
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = new(char, max_length);
+        if (!r) {
+                fclose(f);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        k = r;
+        left = max_length;
+        while ((c = getc(f)) != EOF) {
+
+                if (isprint(c)) {
+                        if (space) {
+                                if (left <= 4)
+                                        break;
+
+                                *(k++) = ' ';
+                                left--;
+                                space = false;
+                        }
+
+                        if (left <= 4)
+                                break;
+
+                        *(k++) = (char) c;
+                        left--;
+                }  else
+                        space = true;
+        }
+
+        if (left <= 4) {
+                size_t n = MIN(left-1, 3U);
+                memcpy(k, "...", n);
+                k[n] = 0;
+        } else
+                *k = 0;
+
+        fclose(f);
+
+        /* Kernel threads have no argv[] */
+        if (r[0] == 0) {
+                char *t;
+                int h;
+
+                free(r);
+
+                if (!comm_fallback)
+                        return -ENOENT;
+
+                h = get_process_comm(pid, &t);
+                if (h < 0)
+                        return h;
+
+                r = strjoin("[", t, "]", NULL);
+                free(t);
+
+                if (!r)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        *line = r;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int is_kernel_thread(pid_t pid) {
+        char *p;
+        size_t count;
+        char c;
+        bool eof;
+        FILE *f;
+
+        if (pid == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (asprintf(&p, "/proc/%lu/cmdline", (unsigned long) pid) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        f = fopen(p, "re");
+        free(p);
+
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        count = fread(&c, 1, 1, f);
+        eof = feof(f);
+        fclose(f);
+
+        /* Kernel threads have an empty cmdline */
+
+        if (count <= 0)
+                return eof ? 1 : -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int get_process_exe(pid_t pid, char **name) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (pid == 0)
+                r = readlink_malloc("/proc/self/exe", name);
+        else {
+                char *p;
+                if (asprintf(&p, "/proc/%lu/exe", (unsigned long) pid) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = readlink_malloc(p, name);
+                free(p);
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int get_process_id(pid_t pid, const char *field, uid_t *uid) {
+        char *p;
+        FILE *f;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(uid);
+
+        if (pid == 0)
+                return getuid();
+
+        if (asprintf(&p, "/proc/%lu/status", (unsigned long) pid) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        f = fopen(p, "re");
+        free(p);
+
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        while (!feof(f)) {
+                char line[LINE_MAX], *l;
+
+                if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                break;
+
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                l = strstrip(line);
+
+                if (startswith(l, field)) {
+                        l += strlen(field);
+                        l += strspn(l, WHITESPACE);
+
+                        l[strcspn(l, WHITESPACE)] = 0;
+
+                        r = parse_uid(l, uid);
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = -EIO;
+
+finish:
+        fclose(f);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int get_process_uid(pid_t pid, uid_t *uid) {
+        return get_process_id(pid, "Uid:", uid);
+}
+
+int get_process_gid(pid_t pid, gid_t *gid) {
+        return get_process_id(pid, "Gid:", gid);
+}
+
+char *strnappend(const char *s, const char *suffix, size_t b) {
+        size_t a;
+        char *r;
+
+        if (!s && !suffix)
+                return strdup("");
+
+        if (!s)
+                return strndup(suffix, b);
+
+        if (!suffix)
+                return strdup(s);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(suffix);
+
+        a = strlen(s);
+        if (b > ((size_t) -1) - a)
+                return NULL;
+
+        r = new(char, a+b+1);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        memcpy(r, s, a);
+        memcpy(r+a, suffix, b);
+        r[a+b] = 0;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+char *strappend(const char *s, const char *suffix) {
+        return strnappend(s, suffix, suffix ? strlen(suffix) : 0);
+}
+
+int readlink_malloc(const char *p, char **r) {
+        size_t l = 100;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(r);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char *c;
+                ssize_t n;
+
+                if (!(c = new(char, l)))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if ((n = readlink(p, c, l-1)) < 0) {
+                        int ret = -errno;
+                        free(c);
+                        return ret;
+                }
+
+                if ((size_t) n < l-1) {
+                        c[n] = 0;
+                        *r = c;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                free(c);
+                l *= 2;
+        }
+}
+
+int readlink_and_make_absolute(const char *p, char **r) {
+        char *target, *k;
+        int j;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(r);
+
+        if ((j = readlink_malloc(p, &target)) < 0)
+                return j;
+
+        k = file_in_same_dir(p, target);
+        free(target);
+
+        if (!k)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *r = k;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int readlink_and_canonicalize(const char *p, char **r) {
+        char *t, *s;
+        int j;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(r);
+
+        j = readlink_and_make_absolute(p, &t);
+        if (j < 0)
+                return j;
+
+        s = canonicalize_file_name(t);
+        if (s) {
+                free(t);
+                *r = s;
+        } else
+                *r = t;
+
+        path_kill_slashes(*r);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int reset_all_signal_handlers(void) {
+        int sig;
+
+        for (sig = 1; sig < _NSIG; sig++) {
+                struct sigaction sa;
+
+                if (sig == SIGKILL || sig == SIGSTOP)
+                        continue;
+
+                zero(sa);
+                sa.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
+                sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
+
+                /* On Linux the first two RT signals are reserved by
+                 * glibc, and sigaction() will return EINVAL for them. */
+                if ((sigaction(sig, &sa, NULL) < 0))
+                        if (errno != EINVAL)
+                                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+char *strstrip(char *s) {
+        char *e;
+
+        /* Drops trailing whitespace. Modifies the string in
+         * place. Returns pointer to first non-space character */
+
+        s += strspn(s, WHITESPACE);
+
+        for (e = strchr(s, 0); e > s; e --)
+                if (!strchr(WHITESPACE, e[-1]))
+                        break;
+
+        *e = 0;
+
+        return s;
+}
+
+char *delete_chars(char *s, const char *bad) {
+        char *f, *t;
+
+        /* Drops all whitespace, regardless where in the string */
+
+        for (f = s, t = s; *f; f++) {
+                if (strchr(bad, *f))
+                        continue;
+
+                *(t++) = *f;
+        }
+
+        *t = 0;
+
+        return s;
+}
+
+bool in_charset(const char *s, const char* charset) {
+        const char *i;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(charset);
+
+        for (i = s; *i; i++)
+                if (!strchr(charset, *i))
+                        return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+char *file_in_same_dir(const char *path, const char *filename) {
+        char *e, *r;
+        size_t k;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(filename);
+
+        /* This removes the last component of path and appends
+         * filename, unless the latter is absolute anyway or the
+         * former isn't */
+
+        if (path_is_absolute(filename))
+                return strdup(filename);
+
+        if (!(e = strrchr(path, '/')))
+                return strdup(filename);
+
+        k = strlen(filename);
+        if (!(r = new(char, e-path+1+k+1)))
+                return NULL;
+
+        memcpy(r, path, e-path+1);
+        memcpy(r+(e-path)+1, filename, k+1);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int rmdir_parents(const char *path, const char *stop) {
+        size_t l;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(stop);
+
+        l = strlen(path);
+
+        /* Skip trailing slashes */
+        while (l > 0 && path[l-1] == '/')
+                l--;
+
+        while (l > 0) {
+                char *t;
+
+                /* Skip last component */
+                while (l > 0 && path[l-1] != '/')
+                        l--;
+
+                /* Skip trailing slashes */
+                while (l > 0 && path[l-1] == '/')
+                        l--;
+
+                if (l <= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (!(t = strndup(path, l)))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (path_startswith(stop, t)) {
+                        free(t);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                r = rmdir(t);
+                free(t);
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        if (errno != ENOENT)
+                                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+
+char hexchar(int x) {
+        static const char table[16] = "0123456789abcdef";
+
+        return table[x & 15];
+}
+
+int unhexchar(char c) {
+
+        if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
+                return c - '0';
+
+        if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')
+                return c - 'a' + 10;
+
+        if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F')
+                return c - 'A' + 10;
+
+        return -1;
+}
+
+char octchar(int x) {
+        return '0' + (x & 7);
+}
+
+int unoctchar(char c) {
+
+        if (c >= '0' && c <= '7')
+                return c - '0';
+
+        return -1;
+}
+
+char decchar(int x) {
+        return '0' + (x % 10);
+}
+
+int undecchar(char c) {
+
+        if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
+                return c - '0';
+
+        return -1;
+}
+
+char *cescape(const char *s) {
+        char *r, *t;
+        const char *f;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Does C style string escaping. */
+
+        r = new(char, strlen(s)*4 + 1);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        for (f = s, t = r; *f; f++)
+
+                switch (*f) {
+
+                case '\a':
+                        *(t++) = '\\';
+                        *(t++) = 'a';
+                        break;
+                case '\b':
+                        *(t++) = '\\';
+                        *(t++) = 'b';
+                        break;
+                case '\f':
+                        *(t++) = '\\';
+                        *(t++) = 'f';
+                        break;
+                case '\n':
+                        *(t++) = '\\';
+                        *(t++) = 'n';
+                        break;
+                case '\r':
+                        *(t++) = '\\';
+                        *(t++) = 'r';
+                        break;
+                case '\t':
+                        *(t++) = '\\';
+                        *(t++) = 't';
+                        break;
+                case '\v':
+                        *(t++) = '\\';
+                        *(t++) = 'v';
+                        break;
+                case '\\':
+                        *(t++) = '\\';
+                        *(t++) = '\\';
+                        break;
+                case '"':
+                        *(t++) = '\\';
+                        *(t++) = '"';
+                        break;
+                case '\'':
+                        *(t++) = '\\';
+                        *(t++) = '\'';
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        /* For special chars we prefer octal over
+                         * hexadecimal encoding, simply because glib's
+                         * g_strescape() does the same */
+                        if ((*f < ' ') || (*f >= 127)) {
+                                *(t++) = '\\';
+                                *(t++) = octchar((unsigned char) *f >> 6);
+                                *(t++) = octchar((unsigned char) *f >> 3);
+                                *(t++) = octchar((unsigned char) *f);
+                        } else
+                                *(t++) = *f;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+        *t = 0;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+char *cunescape_length_with_prefix(const char *s, size_t length, const char *prefix) {
+        char *r, *t;
+        const char *f;
+        size_t pl;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Undoes C style string escaping, and optionally prefixes it. */
+
+        pl = prefix ? strlen(prefix) : 0;
+
+        r = new(char, pl+length+1);
+        if (!r)
+                return r;
+
+        if (prefix)
+                memcpy(r, prefix, pl);
+
+        for (f = s, t = r + pl; f < s + length; f++) {
+
+                if (*f != '\\') {
+                        *(t++) = *f;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                f++;
+
+                switch (*f) {
+
+                case 'a':
+                        *(t++) = '\a';
+                        break;
+                case 'b':
+                        *(t++) = '\b';
+                        break;
+                case 'f':
+                        *(t++) = '\f';
+                        break;
+                case 'n':
+                        *(t++) = '\n';
+                        break;
+                case 'r':
+                        *(t++) = '\r';
+                        break;
+                case 't':
+                        *(t++) = '\t';
+                        break;
+                case 'v':
+                        *(t++) = '\v';
+                        break;
+                case '\\':
+                        *(t++) = '\\';
+                        break;
+                case '"':
+                        *(t++) = '"';
+                        break;
+                case '\'':
+                        *(t++) = '\'';
+                        break;
+
+                case 's':
+                        /* This is an extension of the XDG syntax files */
+                        *(t++) = ' ';
+                        break;
+
+                case 'x': {
+                        /* hexadecimal encoding */
+                        int a, b;
+
+                        a = unhexchar(f[1]);
+                        b = unhexchar(f[2]);
+
+                        if (a < 0 || b < 0) {
+                                /* Invalid escape code, let's take it literal then */
+                                *(t++) = '\\';
+                                *(t++) = 'x';
+                        } else {
+                                *(t++) = (char) ((a << 4) | b);
+                                f += 2;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case '0':
+                case '1':
+                case '2':
+                case '3':
+                case '4':
+                case '5':
+                case '6':
+                case '7': {
+                        /* octal encoding */
+                        int a, b, c;
+
+                        a = unoctchar(f[0]);
+                        b = unoctchar(f[1]);
+                        c = unoctchar(f[2]);
+
+                        if (a < 0 || b < 0 || c < 0) {
+                                /* Invalid escape code, let's take it literal then */
+                                *(t++) = '\\';
+                                *(t++) = f[0];
+                        } else {
+                                *(t++) = (char) ((a << 6) | (b << 3) | c);
+                                f += 2;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case 0:
+                        /* premature end of string.*/
+                        *(t++) = '\\';
+                        goto finish;
+
+                default:
+                        /* Invalid escape code, let's take it literal then */
+                        *(t++) = '\\';
+                        *(t++) = *f;
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+finish:
+        *t = 0;
+        return r;
+}
+
+char *cunescape_length(const char *s, size_t length) {
+        return cunescape_length_with_prefix(s, length, NULL);
+}
+
+char *cunescape(const char *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        return cunescape_length(s, strlen(s));
+}
+
+char *xescape(const char *s, const char *bad) {
+        char *r, *t;
+        const char *f;
+
+        /* Escapes all chars in bad, in addition to \ and all special
+         * chars, in \xFF style escaping. May be reversed with
+         * cunescape. */
+
+        r = new(char, strlen(s) * 4 + 1);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        for (f = s, t = r; *f; f++) {
+
+                if ((*f < ' ') || (*f >= 127) ||
+                    (*f == '\\') || strchr(bad, *f)) {
+                        *(t++) = '\\';
+                        *(t++) = 'x';
+                        *(t++) = hexchar(*f >> 4);
+                        *(t++) = hexchar(*f);
+                } else
+                        *(t++) = *f;
+        }
+
+        *t = 0;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+char *bus_path_escape(const char *s) {
+        char *r, *t;
+        const char *f;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Escapes all chars that D-Bus' object path cannot deal
+         * with. Can be reverse with bus_path_unescape() */
+
+        if (!(r = new(char, strlen(s)*3+1)))
+                return NULL;
+
+        for (f = s, t = r; *f; f++) {
+
+                if (!(*f >= 'A' && *f <= 'Z') &&
+                    !(*f >= 'a' && *f <= 'z') &&
+                    !(*f >= '0' && *f <= '9')) {
+                        *(t++) = '_';
+                        *(t++) = hexchar(*f >> 4);
+                        *(t++) = hexchar(*f);
+                } else
+                        *(t++) = *f;
+        }
+
+        *t = 0;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+char *bus_path_unescape(const char *f) {
+        char *r, *t;
+
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (!(r = strdup(f)))
+                return NULL;
+
+        for (t = r; *f; f++) {
+
+                if (*f == '_') {
+                        int a, b;
+
+                        if ((a = unhexchar(f[1])) < 0 ||
+                            (b = unhexchar(f[2])) < 0) {
+                                /* Invalid escape code, let's take it literal then */
+                                *(t++) = '_';
+                        } else {
+                                *(t++) = (char) ((a << 4) | b);
+                                f += 2;
+                        }
+                } else
+                        *(t++) = *f;
+        }
+
+        *t = 0;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+char *ascii_strlower(char *t) {
+        char *p;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        for (p = t; *p; p++)
+                if (*p >= 'A' && *p <= 'Z')
+                        *p = *p - 'A' + 'a';
+
+        return t;
+}
+
+static bool ignore_file_allow_backup(const char *filename) {
+        assert(filename);
+
+        return
+                filename[0] == '.' ||
+                streq(filename, "lost+found") ||
+                streq(filename, "aquota.user") ||
+                streq(filename, "aquota.group") ||
+                endswith(filename, ".rpmnew") ||
+                endswith(filename, ".rpmsave") ||
+                endswith(filename, ".rpmorig") ||
+                endswith(filename, ".dpkg-old") ||
+                endswith(filename, ".dpkg-new") ||
+                endswith(filename, ".swp");
+}
+
+bool ignore_file(const char *filename) {
+        assert(filename);
+
+        if (endswith(filename, "~"))
+                return false;
+
+        return ignore_file_allow_backup(filename);
+}
+
+int fd_nonblock(int fd, bool nonblock) {
+        int flags;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        if ((flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL, 0)) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (nonblock)
+                flags |= O_NONBLOCK;
+        else
+                flags &= ~O_NONBLOCK;
+
+        if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int fd_cloexec(int fd, bool cloexec) {
+        int flags;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        if ((flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFD, 0)) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (cloexec)
+                flags |= FD_CLOEXEC;
+        else
+                flags &= ~FD_CLOEXEC;
+
+        if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, flags) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool fd_in_set(int fd, const int fdset[], unsigned n_fdset) {
+        unsigned i;
+
+        assert(n_fdset == 0 || fdset);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n_fdset; i++)
+                if (fdset[i] == fd)
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+int close_all_fds(const int except[], unsigned n_except) {
+        DIR *d;
+        struct dirent *de;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(n_except == 0 || except);
+
+        d = opendir("/proc/self/fd");
+        if (!d) {
+                int fd;
+                struct rlimit rl;
+
+                /* When /proc isn't available (for example in chroots)
+                 * the fallback is brute forcing through the fd
+                 * table */
+
+                assert_se(getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rl) >= 0);
+                for (fd = 3; fd < (int) rl.rlim_max; fd ++) {
+
+                        if (fd_in_set(fd, except, n_except))
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (close_nointr(fd) < 0)
+                                if (errno != EBADF && r == 0)
+                                        r = -errno;
+                }
+
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        while ((de = readdir(d))) {
+                int fd = -1;
+
+                if (ignore_file(de->d_name))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (safe_atoi(de->d_name, &fd) < 0)
+                        /* Let's better ignore this, just in case */
+                        continue;
+
+                if (fd < 3)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (fd == dirfd(d))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (fd_in_set(fd, except, n_except))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (close_nointr(fd) < 0) {
+                        /* Valgrind has its own FD and doesn't want to have it closed */
+                        if (errno != EBADF && r == 0)
+                                r = -errno;
+                }
+        }
+
+        closedir(d);
+        return r;
+}
+
+bool chars_intersect(const char *a, const char *b) {
+        const char *p;
+
+        /* Returns true if any of the chars in a are in b. */
+        for (p = a; *p; p++)
+                if (strchr(b, *p))
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+char *format_timestamp(char *buf, size_t l, usec_t t) {
+        struct tm tm;
+        time_t sec;
+
+        assert(buf);
+        assert(l > 0);
+
+        if (t <= 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        sec = (time_t) (t / USEC_PER_SEC);
+
+        if (strftime(buf, l, "%a, %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z", localtime_r(&sec, &tm)) <= 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return buf;
+}
+
+char *format_timestamp_pretty(char *buf, size_t l, usec_t t) {
+        usec_t n, d;
+
+        n = now(CLOCK_REALTIME);
+
+        if (t <= 0 || t > n || t + USEC_PER_DAY*7 <= t)
+                return NULL;
+
+        d = n - t;
+
+        if (d >= USEC_PER_YEAR)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%llu years and %llu months ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_YEAR),
+                         (unsigned long long) ((d % USEC_PER_YEAR) / USEC_PER_MONTH));
+        else if (d >= USEC_PER_MONTH)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%llu months and %llu days ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_MONTH),
+                         (unsigned long long) ((d % USEC_PER_MONTH) / USEC_PER_DAY));
+        else if (d >= USEC_PER_WEEK)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%llu weeks and %llu days ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_WEEK),
+                         (unsigned long long) ((d % USEC_PER_WEEK) / USEC_PER_DAY));
+        else if (d >= 2*USEC_PER_DAY)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%llu days ago", (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_DAY));
+        else if (d >= 25*USEC_PER_HOUR)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "1 day and %lluh ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) ((d - USEC_PER_DAY) / USEC_PER_HOUR));
+        else if (d >= 6*USEC_PER_HOUR)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%lluh ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_HOUR));
+        else if (d >= USEC_PER_HOUR)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%lluh %llumin ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_HOUR),
+                         (unsigned long long) ((d % USEC_PER_HOUR) / USEC_PER_MINUTE));
+        else if (d >= 5*USEC_PER_MINUTE)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%llumin ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_MINUTE));
+        else if (d >= USEC_PER_MINUTE)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%llumin %llus ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_MINUTE),
+                         (unsigned long long) ((d % USEC_PER_MINUTE) / USEC_PER_SEC));
+        else if (d >= USEC_PER_SEC)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%llus ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_SEC));
+        else if (d >= USEC_PER_MSEC)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%llums ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_MSEC));
+        else if (d > 0)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%lluus ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) d);
+        else
+                snprintf(buf, l, "now");
+
+        buf[l-1] = 0;
+        return buf;
+}
+
+char *format_timespan(char *buf, size_t l, usec_t t) {
+        static const struct {
+                const char *suffix;
+                usec_t usec;
+        } table[] = {
+                { "w", USEC_PER_WEEK },
+                { "d", USEC_PER_DAY },
+                { "h", USEC_PER_HOUR },
+                { "min", USEC_PER_MINUTE },
+                { "s", USEC_PER_SEC },
+                { "ms", USEC_PER_MSEC },
+                { "us", 1 },
+        };
+
+        unsigned i;
+        char *p = buf;
+
+        assert(buf);
+        assert(l > 0);
+
+        if (t == (usec_t) -1)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (t == 0) {
+                snprintf(p, l, "0");
+                p[l-1] = 0;
+                return p;
+        }
+
+        /* The result of this function can be parsed with parse_usec */
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(table); i++) {
+                int k;
+                size_t n;
+
+                if (t < table[i].usec)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (l <= 1)
+                        break;
+
+                k = snprintf(p, l, "%s%llu%s", p > buf ? " " : "", (unsigned long long) (t / table[i].usec), table[i].suffix);
+                n = MIN((size_t) k, l);
+
+                l -= n;
+                p += n;
+
+                t %= table[i].usec;
+        }
+
+        *p = 0;
+
+        return buf;
+}
+
+bool fstype_is_network(const char *fstype) {
+        static const char table[] =
+                "cifs\0"
+                "smbfs\0"
+                "ncpfs\0"
+                "nfs\0"
+                "nfs4\0"
+                "gfs\0"
+                "gfs2\0";
+
+        return nulstr_contains(table, fstype);
+}
+
+int chvt(int vt) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd;
+
+        fd = open_terminal("/dev/tty0", O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (vt < 0) {
+                int tiocl[2] = {
+                        TIOCL_GETKMSGREDIRECT,
+                        0
+                };
+
+                if (ioctl(fd, TIOCLINUX, tiocl) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                vt = tiocl[0] <= 0 ? 1 : tiocl[0];
+        }
+
+        if (ioctl(fd, VT_ACTIVATE, vt) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int read_one_char(FILE *f, char *ret, usec_t t, bool *need_nl) {
+        struct termios old_termios, new_termios;
+        char c;
+        char line[LINE_MAX];
+
+        assert(f);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (tcgetattr(fileno(f), &old_termios) >= 0) {
+                new_termios = old_termios;
+
+                new_termios.c_lflag &= ~ICANON;
+                new_termios.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
+                new_termios.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
+
+                if (tcsetattr(fileno(f), TCSADRAIN, &new_termios) >= 0) {
+                        size_t k;
+
+                        if (t != (usec_t) -1) {
+                                if (fd_wait_for_event(fileno(f), POLLIN, t) <= 0) {
+                                        tcsetattr(fileno(f), TCSADRAIN, &old_termios);
+                                        return -ETIMEDOUT;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        k = fread(&c, 1, 1, f);
+
+                        tcsetattr(fileno(f), TCSADRAIN, &old_termios);
+
+                        if (k <= 0)
+                                return -EIO;
+
+                        if (need_nl)
+                                *need_nl = c != '\n';
+
+                        *ret = c;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (t != (usec_t) -1)
+                if (fd_wait_for_event(fileno(f), POLLIN, t) <= 0)
+                        return -ETIMEDOUT;
+
+        if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f))
+                return -EIO;
+
+        truncate_nl(line);
+
+        if (strlen(line) != 1)
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        if (need_nl)
+                *need_nl = false;
+
+        *ret = line[0];
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int ask(char *ret, const char *replies, const char *text, ...) {
+
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(replies);
+        assert(text);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                va_list ap;
+                char c;
+                int r;
+                bool need_nl = true;
+
+                if (on_tty())
+                        fputs(ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_ON, stdout);
+
+                va_start(ap, text);
+                vprintf(text, ap);
+                va_end(ap);
+
+                if (on_tty())
+                        fputs(ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF, stdout);
+
+                fflush(stdout);
+
+                r = read_one_char(stdin, &c, (usec_t) -1, &need_nl);
+                if (r < 0) {
+
+                        if (r == -EBADMSG) {
+                                puts("Bad input, please try again.");
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        putchar('\n');
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                if (need_nl)
+                        putchar('\n');
+
+                if (strchr(replies, c)) {
+                        *ret = c;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                puts("Read unexpected character, please try again.");
+        }
+}
+
+int reset_terminal_fd(int fd, bool switch_to_text) {
+        struct termios termios;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        /* Set terminal to some sane defaults */
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        /* We leave locked terminal attributes untouched, so that
+         * Plymouth may set whatever it wants to set, and we don't
+         * interfere with that. */
+
+        /* Disable exclusive mode, just in case */
+        ioctl(fd, TIOCNXCL);
+
+        /* Switch to text mode */
+        if (switch_to_text)
+                ioctl(fd, KDSETMODE, KD_TEXT);
+
+        /* Enable console unicode mode */
+        ioctl(fd, KDSKBMODE, K_UNICODE);
+
+        if (tcgetattr(fd, &termios) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        /* We only reset the stuff that matters to the software. How
+         * hardware is set up we don't touch assuming that somebody
+         * else will do that for us */
+
+        termios.c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK | BRKINT | ISTRIP | INLCR | IGNCR | IUCLC);
+        termios.c_iflag |= ICRNL | IMAXBEL | IUTF8;
+        termios.c_oflag |= ONLCR;
+        termios.c_cflag |= CREAD;
+        termios.c_lflag = ISIG | ICANON | IEXTEN | ECHO | ECHOE | ECHOK | ECHOCTL | ECHOPRT | ECHOKE;
+
+        termios.c_cc[VINTR]    =   03;  /* ^C */
+        termios.c_cc[VQUIT]    =  034;  /* ^\ */
+        termios.c_cc[VERASE]   = 0177;
+        termios.c_cc[VKILL]    =  025;  /* ^X */
+        termios.c_cc[VEOF]     =   04;  /* ^D */
+        termios.c_cc[VSTART]   =  021;  /* ^Q */
+        termios.c_cc[VSTOP]    =  023;  /* ^S */
+        termios.c_cc[VSUSP]    =  032;  /* ^Z */
+        termios.c_cc[VLNEXT]   =  026;  /* ^V */
+        termios.c_cc[VWERASE]  =  027;  /* ^W */
+        termios.c_cc[VREPRINT] =  022;  /* ^R */
+        termios.c_cc[VEOL]     =    0;
+        termios.c_cc[VEOL2]    =    0;
+
+        termios.c_cc[VTIME]  = 0;
+        termios.c_cc[VMIN]   = 1;
+
+        if (tcsetattr(fd, TCSANOW, &termios) < 0)
+                r = -errno;
+
+finish:
+        /* Just in case, flush all crap out */
+        tcflush(fd, TCIOFLUSH);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int reset_terminal(const char *name) {
+        int fd, r;
+
+        fd = open_terminal(name, O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        r = reset_terminal_fd(fd, true);
+        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int open_terminal(const char *name, int mode) {
+        int fd, r;
+        unsigned c = 0;
+
+        /*
+         * If a TTY is in the process of being closed opening it might
+         * cause EIO. This is horribly awful, but unlikely to be
+         * changed in the kernel. Hence we work around this problem by
+         * retrying a couple of times.
+         *
+         * https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/554172/comments/245
+         */
+
+        for (;;) {
+                fd = open(name, mode);
+                if (fd >= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (errno != EIO)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                /* Max 1s in total */
+                if (c >= 20)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                usleep(50 * USEC_PER_MSEC);
+                c++;
+        }
+
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = isatty(fd);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (!r) {
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                return -ENOTTY;
+        }
+
+        return fd;
+}
+
+int flush_fd(int fd) {
+        struct pollfd pollfd;
+
+        zero(pollfd);
+        pollfd.fd = fd;
+        pollfd.events = POLLIN;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char buf[LINE_MAX];
+                ssize_t l;
+                int r;
+
+                if ((r = poll(&pollfd, 1, 0)) < 0) {
+
+                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                continue;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                if ((l = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf))) < 0) {
+
+                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (errno == EAGAIN)
+                                return 0;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                if (l <= 0)
+                        return 0;
+        }
+}
+
+int acquire_terminal(
+                const char *name,
+                bool fail,
+                bool force,
+                bool ignore_tiocstty_eperm,
+                usec_t timeout) {
+
+        int fd = -1, notify = -1, r = 0, wd = -1;
+        usec_t ts = 0;
+        struct sigaction sa_old, sa_new;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        /* We use inotify to be notified when the tty is closed. We
+         * create the watch before checking if we can actually acquire
+         * it, so that we don't lose any event.
+         *
+         * Note: strictly speaking this actually watches for the
+         * device being closed, it does *not* really watch whether a
+         * tty loses its controlling process. However, unless some
+         * rogue process uses TIOCNOTTY on /dev/tty *after* closing
+         * its tty otherwise this will not become a problem. As long
+         * as the administrator makes sure not configure any service
+         * on the same tty as an untrusted user this should not be a
+         * problem. (Which he probably should not do anyway.) */
+
+        if (timeout != (usec_t) -1)
+                ts = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+        if (!fail && !force) {
+                notify = inotify_init1(IN_CLOEXEC | (timeout != (usec_t) -1 ? IN_NONBLOCK : 0));
+                if (notify < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                wd = inotify_add_watch(notify, name, IN_CLOSE);
+                if (wd < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                if (notify >= 0) {
+                        r = flush_fd(notify);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                }
+
+                /* We pass here O_NOCTTY only so that we can check the return
+                 * value TIOCSCTTY and have a reliable way to figure out if we
+                 * successfully became the controlling process of the tty */
+                fd = open_terminal(name, O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+                if (fd < 0)
+                        return fd;
+
+                /* Temporarily ignore SIGHUP, so that we don't get SIGHUP'ed
+                 * if we already own the tty. */
+                zero(sa_new);
+                sa_new.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
+                sa_new.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
+                assert_se(sigaction(SIGHUP, &sa_new, &sa_old) == 0);
+
+                /* First, try to get the tty */
+                if (ioctl(fd, TIOCSCTTY, force) < 0)
+                        r = -errno;
+
+                assert_se(sigaction(SIGHUP, &sa_old, NULL) == 0);
+
+                /* Sometimes it makes sense to ignore TIOCSCTTY
+                 * returning EPERM, i.e. when very likely we already
+                 * are have this controlling terminal. */
+                if (r < 0 && r == -EPERM && ignore_tiocstty_eperm)
+                        r = 0;
+
+                if (r < 0 && (force || fail || r != -EPERM)) {
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                if (r >= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                assert(!fail);
+                assert(!force);
+                assert(notify >= 0);
+
+                for (;;) {
+                        uint8_t inotify_buffer[sizeof(struct inotify_event) + FILENAME_MAX];
+                        ssize_t l;
+                        struct inotify_event *e;
+
+                        if (timeout != (usec_t) -1) {
+                                usec_t n;
+
+                                n = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+                                if (ts + timeout < n) {
+                                        r = -ETIMEDOUT;
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
+
+                                r = fd_wait_for_event(fd, POLLIN, ts + timeout - n);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        goto fail;
+
+                                if (r == 0) {
+                                        r = -ETIMEDOUT;
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        l = read(notify, inotify_buffer, sizeof(inotify_buffer));
+                        if (l < 0) {
+
+                                if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                r = -errno;
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+
+                        e = (struct inotify_event*) inotify_buffer;
+
+                        while (l > 0) {
+                                size_t step;
+
+                                if (e->wd != wd || !(e->mask & IN_CLOSE)) {
+                                        r = -EIO;
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
+
+                                step = sizeof(struct inotify_event) + e->len;
+                                assert(step <= (size_t) l);
+
+                                e = (struct inotify_event*) ((uint8_t*) e + step);
+                                l -= step;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                /* We close the tty fd here since if the old session
+                 * ended our handle will be dead. It's important that
+                 * we do this after sleeping, so that we don't enter
+                 * an endless loop. */
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+        }
+
+        if (notify >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(notify);
+
+        r = reset_terminal_fd(fd, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning("Failed to reset terminal: %s", strerror(-r));
+
+        return fd;
+
+fail:
+        if (fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        if (notify >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(notify);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int release_terminal(void) {
+        int r = 0, fd;
+        struct sigaction sa_old, sa_new;
+
+        if ((fd = open("/dev/tty", O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY|O_NDELAY|O_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        /* Temporarily ignore SIGHUP, so that we don't get SIGHUP'ed
+         * by our own TIOCNOTTY */
+
+        zero(sa_new);
+        sa_new.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
+        sa_new.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
+        assert_se(sigaction(SIGHUP, &sa_new, &sa_old) == 0);
+
+        if (ioctl(fd, TIOCNOTTY) < 0)
+                r = -errno;
+
+        assert_se(sigaction(SIGHUP, &sa_old, NULL) == 0);
+
+        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int sigaction_many(const struct sigaction *sa, ...) {
+        va_list ap;
+        int r = 0, sig;
+
+        va_start(ap, sa);
+        while ((sig = va_arg(ap, int)) > 0)
+                if (sigaction(sig, sa, NULL) < 0)
+                        r = -errno;
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int ignore_signals(int sig, ...) {
+        struct sigaction sa;
+        va_list ap;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        zero(sa);
+        sa.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
+        sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
+
+        if (sigaction(sig, &sa, NULL) < 0)
+                r = -errno;
+
+        va_start(ap, sig);
+        while ((sig = va_arg(ap, int)) > 0)
+                if (sigaction(sig, &sa, NULL) < 0)
+                        r = -errno;
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int default_signals(int sig, ...) {
+        struct sigaction sa;
+        va_list ap;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        zero(sa);
+        sa.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
+        sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
+
+        if (sigaction(sig, &sa, NULL) < 0)
+                r = -errno;
+
+        va_start(ap, sig);
+        while ((sig = va_arg(ap, int)) > 0)
+                if (sigaction(sig, &sa, NULL) < 0)
+                        r = -errno;
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int close_pipe(int p[]) {
+        int a = 0, b = 0;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (p[0] >= 0) {
+                a = close_nointr(p[0]);
+                p[0] = -1;
+        }
+
+        if (p[1] >= 0) {
+                b = close_nointr(p[1]);
+                p[1] = -1;
+        }
+
+        return a < 0 ? a : b;
+}
+
+ssize_t loop_read(int fd, void *buf, size_t nbytes, bool do_poll) {
+        uint8_t *p;
+        ssize_t n = 0;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(buf);
+
+        p = buf;
+
+        while (nbytes > 0) {
+                ssize_t k;
+
+                if ((k = read(fd, p, nbytes)) <= 0) {
+
+                        if (k < 0 && errno == EINTR)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (k < 0 && errno == EAGAIN && do_poll) {
+                                struct pollfd pollfd;
+
+                                zero(pollfd);
+                                pollfd.fd = fd;
+                                pollfd.events = POLLIN;
+
+                                if (poll(&pollfd, 1, -1) < 0) {
+                                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                                continue;
+
+                                        return n > 0 ? n : -errno;
+                                }
+
+                                if (pollfd.revents != POLLIN)
+                                        return n > 0 ? n : -EIO;
+
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        return n > 0 ? n : (k < 0 ? -errno : 0);
+                }
+
+                p += k;
+                nbytes -= k;
+                n += k;
+        }
+
+        return n;
+}
+
+ssize_t loop_write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t nbytes, bool do_poll) {
+        const uint8_t *p;
+        ssize_t n = 0;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(buf);
+
+        p = buf;
+
+        while (nbytes > 0) {
+                ssize_t k;
+
+                k = write(fd, p, nbytes);
+                if (k <= 0) {
+
+                        if (k < 0 && errno == EINTR)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (k < 0 && errno == EAGAIN && do_poll) {
+                                struct pollfd pollfd;
+
+                                zero(pollfd);
+                                pollfd.fd = fd;
+                                pollfd.events = POLLOUT;
+
+                                if (poll(&pollfd, 1, -1) < 0) {
+                                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                                continue;
+
+                                        return n > 0 ? n : -errno;
+                                }
+
+                                if (pollfd.revents != POLLOUT)
+                                        return n > 0 ? n : -EIO;
+
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        return n > 0 ? n : (k < 0 ? -errno : 0);
+                }
+
+                p += k;
+                nbytes -= k;
+                n += k;
+        }
+
+        return n;
+}
+
+int parse_usec(const char *t, usec_t *usec) {
+        static const struct {
+                const char *suffix;
+                usec_t usec;
+        } table[] = {
+                { "seconds", USEC_PER_SEC },
+                { "second", USEC_PER_SEC },
+                { "sec", USEC_PER_SEC },
+                { "s", USEC_PER_SEC },
+                { "minutes", USEC_PER_MINUTE },
+                { "minute", USEC_PER_MINUTE },
+                { "min", USEC_PER_MINUTE },
+                { "months", USEC_PER_MONTH },
+                { "month", USEC_PER_MONTH },
+                { "msec", USEC_PER_MSEC },
+                { "ms", USEC_PER_MSEC },
+                { "m", USEC_PER_MINUTE },
+                { "hours", USEC_PER_HOUR },
+                { "hour", USEC_PER_HOUR },
+                { "hr", USEC_PER_HOUR },
+                { "h", USEC_PER_HOUR },
+                { "days", USEC_PER_DAY },
+                { "day", USEC_PER_DAY },
+                { "d", USEC_PER_DAY },
+                { "weeks", USEC_PER_WEEK },
+                { "week", USEC_PER_WEEK },
+                { "w", USEC_PER_WEEK },
+                { "years", USEC_PER_YEAR },
+                { "year", USEC_PER_YEAR },
+                { "y", USEC_PER_YEAR },
+                { "usec", 1ULL },
+                { "us", 1ULL },
+                { "", USEC_PER_SEC }, /* default is sec */
+        };
+
+        const char *p;
+        usec_t r = 0;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(usec);
+
+        p = t;
+        do {
+                long long l;
+                char *e;
+                unsigned i;
+
+                errno = 0;
+                l = strtoll(p, &e, 10);
+
+                if (errno != 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (l < 0)
+                        return -ERANGE;
+
+                if (e == p)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                e += strspn(e, WHITESPACE);
+
+                for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(table); i++)
+                        if (startswith(e, table[i].suffix)) {
+                                r += (usec_t) l * table[i].usec;
+                                p = e + strlen(table[i].suffix);
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                if (i >= ELEMENTSOF(table))
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+        } while (*p != 0);
+
+        *usec = r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int parse_nsec(const char *t, nsec_t *nsec) {
+        static const struct {
+                const char *suffix;
+                nsec_t nsec;
+        } table[] = {
+                { "seconds", NSEC_PER_SEC },
+                { "second", NSEC_PER_SEC },
+                { "sec", NSEC_PER_SEC },
+                { "s", NSEC_PER_SEC },
+                { "minutes", NSEC_PER_MINUTE },
+                { "minute", NSEC_PER_MINUTE },
+                { "min", NSEC_PER_MINUTE },
+                { "months", NSEC_PER_MONTH },
+                { "month", NSEC_PER_MONTH },
+                { "msec", NSEC_PER_MSEC },
+                { "ms", NSEC_PER_MSEC },
+                { "m", NSEC_PER_MINUTE },
+                { "hours", NSEC_PER_HOUR },
+                { "hour", NSEC_PER_HOUR },
+                { "hr", NSEC_PER_HOUR },
+                { "h", NSEC_PER_HOUR },
+                { "days", NSEC_PER_DAY },
+                { "day", NSEC_PER_DAY },
+                { "d", NSEC_PER_DAY },
+                { "weeks", NSEC_PER_WEEK },
+                { "week", NSEC_PER_WEEK },
+                { "w", NSEC_PER_WEEK },
+                { "years", NSEC_PER_YEAR },
+                { "year", NSEC_PER_YEAR },
+                { "y", NSEC_PER_YEAR },
+                { "usec", NSEC_PER_USEC },
+                { "us", NSEC_PER_USEC },
+                { "nsec", 1ULL },
+                { "ns", 1ULL },
+                { "", 1ULL }, /* default is nsec */
+        };
+
+        const char *p;
+        nsec_t r = 0;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(nsec);
+
+        p = t;
+        do {
+                long long l;
+                char *e;
+                unsigned i;
+
+                errno = 0;
+                l = strtoll(p, &e, 10);
+
+                if (errno != 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (l < 0)
+                        return -ERANGE;
+
+                if (e == p)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                e += strspn(e, WHITESPACE);
+
+                for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(table); i++)
+                        if (startswith(e, table[i].suffix)) {
+                                r += (nsec_t) l * table[i].nsec;
+                                p = e + strlen(table[i].suffix);
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                if (i >= ELEMENTSOF(table))
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+        } while (*p != 0);
+
+        *nsec = r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int parse_bytes(const char *t, off_t *bytes) {
+        static const struct {
+                const char *suffix;
+                off_t factor;
+        } table[] = {
+                { "B", 1 },
+                { "K", 1024ULL },
+                { "M", 1024ULL*1024ULL },
+                { "G", 1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL },
+                { "T", 1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL },
+                { "P", 1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL },
+                { "E", 1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL },
+                { "", 1 },
+        };
+
+        const char *p;
+        off_t r = 0;
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(bytes);
+
+        p = t;
+        do {
+                long long l;
+                char *e;
+                unsigned i;
+
+                errno = 0;
+                l = strtoll(p, &e, 10);
+
+                if (errno != 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (l < 0)
+                        return -ERANGE;
+
+                if (e == p)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                e += strspn(e, WHITESPACE);
+
+                for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(table); i++)
+                        if (startswith(e, table[i].suffix)) {
+                                r += (off_t) l * table[i].factor;
+                                p = e + strlen(table[i].suffix);
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                if (i >= ELEMENTSOF(table))
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+        } while (*p != 0);
+
+        *bytes = r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int make_stdio(int fd) {
+        int r, s, t;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        r = dup3(fd, STDIN_FILENO, 0);
+        s = dup3(fd, STDOUT_FILENO, 0);
+        t = dup3(fd, STDERR_FILENO, 0);
+
+        if (fd >= 3)
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        if (r < 0 || s < 0 || t < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        /* We rely here that the new fd has O_CLOEXEC not set */
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int make_null_stdio(void) {
+        int null_fd;
+
+        null_fd = open("/dev/null", O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY);
+        if (null_fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return make_stdio(null_fd);
+}
+
+bool is_device_path(const char *path) {
+
+        /* Returns true on paths that refer to a device, either in
+         * sysfs or in /dev */
+
+        return
+                path_startswith(path, "/dev/") ||
+                path_startswith(path, "/sys/");
+}
+
+int dir_is_empty(const char *path) {
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d;
+        int r;
+
+        d = opendir(path);
+        if (!d)
+                return -errno;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                struct dirent *de;
+                union dirent_storage buf;
+
+                r = readdir_r(d, &buf.de, &de);
+                if (r > 0)
+                        return -r;
+
+                if (!de)
+                        return 1;
+
+                if (!ignore_file(de->d_name))
+                        return 0;
+        }
+}
+
+unsigned long long random_ull(void) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd;
+        uint64_t ull;
+        ssize_t r;
+
+        fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                goto fallback;
+
+        r = loop_read(fd, &ull, sizeof(ull), true);
+        if (r != sizeof(ull))
+                goto fallback;
+
+        return ull;
+
+fallback:
+        return random() * RAND_MAX + random();
+}
+
+void rename_process(const char name[8]) {
+        assert(name);
+
+        /* This is a like a poor man's setproctitle(). It changes the
+         * comm field, argv[0], and also the glibc's internally used
+         * name of the process. For the first one a limit of 16 chars
+         * applies, to the second one usually one of 10 (i.e. length
+         * of "/sbin/init"), to the third one one of 7 (i.e. length of
+         * "systemd"). If you pass a longer string it will be
+         * truncated */
+
+        prctl(PR_SET_NAME, name);
+
+        if (program_invocation_name)
+                strncpy(program_invocation_name, name, strlen(program_invocation_name));
+
+        if (saved_argc > 0) {
+                int i;
+
+                if (saved_argv[0])
+                        strncpy(saved_argv[0], name, strlen(saved_argv[0]));
+
+                for (i = 1; i < saved_argc; i++) {
+                        if (!saved_argv[i])
+                                break;
+
+                        memset(saved_argv[i], 0, strlen(saved_argv[i]));
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+void sigset_add_many(sigset_t *ss, ...) {
+        va_list ap;
+        int sig;
+
+        assert(ss);
+
+        va_start(ap, ss);
+        while ((sig = va_arg(ap, int)) > 0)
+                assert_se(sigaddset(ss, sig) == 0);
+        va_end(ap);
+}
+
+char* gethostname_malloc(void) {
+        struct utsname u;
+
+        assert_se(uname(&u) >= 0);
+
+        if (!isempty(u.nodename) && !streq(u.nodename, "(none)"))
+                return strdup(u.nodename);
+
+        return strdup(u.sysname);
+}
+
+bool hostname_is_set(void) {
+        struct utsname u;
+
+        assert_se(uname(&u) >= 0);
+
+        return !isempty(u.nodename) && !streq(u.nodename, "(none)");
+}
+
+static char *lookup_uid(uid_t uid) {
+        long bufsize;
+        char *name;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+        struct passwd pwbuf, *pw = NULL;
+
+        /* Shortcut things to avoid NSS lookups */
+        if (uid == 0)
+                return strdup("root");
+
+        bufsize = sysconf(_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX);
+        if (bufsize <= 0)
+                bufsize = 4096;
+
+        buf = malloc(bufsize);
+        if (!buf)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (getpwuid_r(uid, &pwbuf, buf, bufsize, &pw) == 0 && pw)
+                return strdup(pw->pw_name);
+
+        if (asprintf(&name, "%lu", (unsigned long) uid) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return name;
+}
+
+char* getlogname_malloc(void) {
+        uid_t uid;
+        struct stat st;
+
+        if (isatty(STDIN_FILENO) && fstat(STDIN_FILENO, &st) >= 0)
+                uid = st.st_uid;
+        else
+                uid = getuid();
+
+        return lookup_uid(uid);
+}
+
+char *getusername_malloc(void) {
+        const char *e;
+
+        e = getenv("USER");
+        if (e)
+                return strdup(e);
+
+        return lookup_uid(getuid());
+}
+
+int getttyname_malloc(int fd, char **r) {
+        char path[PATH_MAX], *c;
+        int k;
+
+        assert(r);
+
+        k = ttyname_r(fd, path, sizeof(path));
+        if (k != 0)
+                return -k;
+
+        char_array_0(path);
+
+        c = strdup(startswith(path, "/dev/") ? path + 5 : path);
+        if (!c)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *r = c;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int getttyname_harder(int fd, char **r) {
+        int k;
+        char *s;
+
+        k = getttyname_malloc(fd, &s);
+        if (k < 0)
+                return k;
+
+        if (streq(s, "tty")) {
+                free(s);
+                return get_ctty(0, NULL, r);
+        }
+
+        *r = s;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int get_ctty_devnr(pid_t pid, dev_t *d) {
+        int k;
+        char line[LINE_MAX], *p, *fn;
+        unsigned long ttynr;
+        FILE *f;
+
+        if (asprintf(&fn, "/proc/%lu/stat", (unsigned long) (pid <= 0 ? getpid() : pid)) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        f = fopen(fn, "re");
+        free(fn);
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
+                k = feof(f) ? -EIO : -errno;
+                fclose(f);
+                return k;
+        }
+
+        fclose(f);
+
+        p = strrchr(line, ')');
+        if (!p)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        p++;
+
+        if (sscanf(p, " "
+                   "%*c "  /* state */
+                   "%*d "  /* ppid */
+                   "%*d "  /* pgrp */
+                   "%*d "  /* session */
+                   "%lu ", /* ttynr */
+                   &ttynr) != 1)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        *d = (dev_t) ttynr;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int get_ctty(pid_t pid, dev_t *_devnr, char **r) {
+        int k;
+        char fn[PATH_MAX], *s, *b, *p;
+        dev_t devnr;
+
+        assert(r);
+
+        k = get_ctty_devnr(pid, &devnr);
+        if (k < 0)
+                return k;
+
+        snprintf(fn, sizeof(fn), "/dev/char/%u:%u", major(devnr), minor(devnr));
+        char_array_0(fn);
+
+        if ((k = readlink_malloc(fn, &s)) < 0) {
+
+                if (k != -ENOENT)
+                        return k;
+
+                /* This is an ugly hack */
+                if (major(devnr) == 136) {
+                        if (asprintf(&b, "pts/%lu", (unsigned long) minor(devnr)) < 0)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        *r = b;
+                        if (_devnr)
+                                *_devnr = devnr;
+
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                /* Probably something like the ptys which have no
+                 * symlink in /dev/char. Let's return something
+                 * vaguely useful. */
+
+                if (!(b = strdup(fn + 5)))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                *r = b;
+                if (_devnr)
+                        *_devnr = devnr;
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (startswith(s, "/dev/"))
+                p = s + 5;
+        else if (startswith(s, "../"))
+                p = s + 3;
+        else
+                p = s;
+
+        b = strdup(p);
+        free(s);
+
+        if (!b)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *r = b;
+        if (_devnr)
+                *_devnr = devnr;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int rm_rf_children_dangerous(int fd, bool only_dirs, bool honour_sticky, struct stat *root_dev) {
+        DIR *d;
+        int ret = 0;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        /* This returns the first error we run into, but nevertheless
+         * tries to go on. This closes the passed fd. */
+
+        d = fdopendir(fd);
+        if (!d) {
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+                return errno == ENOENT ? 0 : -errno;
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                struct dirent *de;
+                union dirent_storage buf;
+                bool is_dir, keep_around;
+                struct stat st;
+                int r;
+
+                r = readdir_r(d, &buf.de, &de);
+                if (r != 0 && ret == 0) {
+                        ret = -r;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                if (!de)
+                        break;
+
+                if (streq(de->d_name, ".") || streq(de->d_name, ".."))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (de->d_type == DT_UNKNOWN ||
+                    honour_sticky ||
+                    (de->d_type == DT_DIR && root_dev)) {
+                        if (fstatat(fd, de->d_name, &st, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) < 0) {
+                                if (ret == 0 && errno != ENOENT)
+                                        ret = -errno;
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        is_dir = S_ISDIR(st.st_mode);
+                        keep_around =
+                                honour_sticky &&
+                                (st.st_uid == 0 || st.st_uid == getuid()) &&
+                                (st.st_mode & S_ISVTX);
+                } else {
+                        is_dir = de->d_type == DT_DIR;
+                        keep_around = false;
+                }
+
+                if (is_dir) {
+                        int subdir_fd;
+
+                        /* if root_dev is set, remove subdirectories only, if device is same as dir */
+                        if (root_dev && st.st_dev != root_dev->st_dev)
+                                continue;
+
+                        subdir_fd = openat(fd, de->d_name,
+                                           O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOFOLLOW|O_NOATIME);
+                        if (subdir_fd < 0) {
+                                if (ret == 0 && errno != ENOENT)
+                                        ret = -errno;
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        r = rm_rf_children_dangerous(subdir_fd, only_dirs, honour_sticky, root_dev);
+                        if (r < 0 && ret == 0)
+                                ret = r;
+
+                        if (!keep_around)
+                                if (unlinkat(fd, de->d_name, AT_REMOVEDIR) < 0) {
+                                        if (ret == 0 && errno != ENOENT)
+                                                ret = -errno;
+                                }
+
+                } else if (!only_dirs && !keep_around) {
+
+                        if (unlinkat(fd, de->d_name, 0) < 0) {
+                                if (ret == 0 && errno != ENOENT)
+                                        ret = -errno;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        closedir(d);
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+int rm_rf_children(int fd, bool only_dirs, bool honour_sticky, struct stat *root_dev) {
+        struct statfs s;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        if (fstatfs(fd, &s) < 0) {
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        /* We refuse to clean disk file systems with this call. This
+         * is extra paranoia just to be sure we never ever remove
+         * non-state data */
+
+        if (s.f_type != TMPFS_MAGIC &&
+            s.f_type != RAMFS_MAGIC) {
+                log_error("Attempted to remove disk file system, and we can't allow that.");
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                return -EPERM;
+        }
+
+        return rm_rf_children_dangerous(fd, only_dirs, honour_sticky, root_dev);
+}
+
+static int rm_rf_internal(const char *path, bool only_dirs, bool delete_root, bool honour_sticky, bool dangerous) {
+        int fd, r;
+        struct statfs s;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        /* We refuse to clean the root file system with this
+         * call. This is extra paranoia to never cause a really
+         * seriously broken system. */
+        if (path_equal(path, "/")) {
+                log_error("Attempted to remove entire root file system, and we can't allow that.");
+                return -EPERM;
+        }
+
+        fd = open(path, O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOFOLLOW|O_NOATIME);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+
+                if (errno != ENOTDIR)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (!dangerous) {
+                        if (statfs(path, &s) < 0)
+                                return -errno;
+
+                        if (s.f_type != TMPFS_MAGIC &&
+                            s.f_type != RAMFS_MAGIC) {
+                                log_error("Attempted to remove disk file system, and we can't allow that.");
+                                return -EPERM;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (delete_root && !only_dirs)
+                        if (unlink(path) < 0 && errno != ENOENT)
+                                return -errno;
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!dangerous) {
+                if (fstatfs(fd, &s) < 0) {
+                        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                if (s.f_type != TMPFS_MAGIC &&
+                    s.f_type != RAMFS_MAGIC) {
+                        log_error("Attempted to remove disk file system, and we can't allow that.");
+                        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                        return -EPERM;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = rm_rf_children_dangerous(fd, only_dirs, honour_sticky, NULL);
+        if (delete_root) {
+
+                if (honour_sticky && file_is_priv_sticky(path) > 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (rmdir(path) < 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                r = -errno;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int rm_rf(const char *path, bool only_dirs, bool delete_root, bool honour_sticky) {
+        return rm_rf_internal(path, only_dirs, delete_root, honour_sticky, false);
+}
+
+int rm_rf_dangerous(const char *path, bool only_dirs, bool delete_root, bool honour_sticky) {
+        return rm_rf_internal(path, only_dirs, delete_root, honour_sticky, true);
+}
+
+int chmod_and_chown(const char *path, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
+        assert(path);
+
+        /* Under the assumption that we are running privileged we
+         * first change the access mode and only then hand out
+         * ownership to avoid a window where access is too open. */
+
+        if (mode != (mode_t) -1)
+                if (chmod(path, mode) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+        if (uid != (uid_t) -1 || gid != (gid_t) -1)
+                if (chown(path, uid, gid) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int fchmod_and_fchown(int fd, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        /* Under the assumption that we are running privileged we
+         * first change the access mode and only then hand out
+         * ownership to avoid a window where access is too open. */
+
+        if (fchmod(fd, mode) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (fchown(fd, uid, gid) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+cpu_set_t* cpu_set_malloc(unsigned *ncpus) {
+        cpu_set_t *r;
+        unsigned n = 1024;
+
+        /* Allocates the cpuset in the right size */
+
+        for (;;) {
+                if (!(r = CPU_ALLOC(n)))
+                        return NULL;
+
+                if (sched_getaffinity(0, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(n), r) >= 0) {
+                        CPU_ZERO_S(CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(n), r);
+
+                        if (ncpus)
+                                *ncpus = n;
+
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                CPU_FREE(r);
+
+                if (errno != EINVAL)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                n *= 2;
+        }
+}
+
+int status_vprintf(const char *status, bool ellipse, const char *format, va_list ap) {
+        static const char status_indent[] = "         "; /* "[" STATUS "] " */
+        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        struct iovec iovec[5];
+        int n = 0;
+
+        assert(format);
+
+        /* This is independent of logging, as status messages are
+         * optional and go exclusively to the console. */
+
+        if (vasprintf(&s, format, ap) < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        fd = open_terminal("/dev/console", O_WRONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        if (ellipse) {
+                char *e;
+                size_t emax, sl;
+                int c;
+
+                c = fd_columns(fd);
+                if (c <= 0)
+                        c = 80;
+
+                sl = status ? sizeof(status_indent)-1 : 0;
+
+                emax = c - sl - 1;
+                if (emax < 3)
+                        emax = 3;
+
+                e = ellipsize(s, emax, 75);
+                if (e) {
+                        free(s);
+                        s = e;
+                }
+        }
+
+        zero(iovec);
+
+        if (status) {
+                if (!isempty(status)) {
+                        IOVEC_SET_STRING(iovec[n++], "[");
+                        IOVEC_SET_STRING(iovec[n++], status);
+                        IOVEC_SET_STRING(iovec[n++], "] ");
+                } else
+                        IOVEC_SET_STRING(iovec[n++], status_indent);
+        }
+
+        IOVEC_SET_STRING(iovec[n++], s);
+        IOVEC_SET_STRING(iovec[n++], "\n");
+
+        if (writev(fd, iovec, n) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int status_printf(const char *status, bool ellipse, const char *format, ...) {
+        va_list ap;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(format);
+
+        va_start(ap, format);
+        r = status_vprintf(status, ellipse, format, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int status_welcome(void) {
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *pretty_name = NULL, *ansi_color = NULL;
+
+        r = parse_env_file("/etc/os-release", NEWLINE,
+                           "PRETTY_NAME", &pretty_name,
+                           "ANSI_COLOR", &ansi_color,
+                           NULL);
+        if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                log_warning("Failed to read /etc/os-release: %s", strerror(-r));
+
+        return status_printf(NULL, false,
+                             "\nWelcome to \x1B[%sm%s\x1B[0m!\n",
+                             isempty(ansi_color) ? "1" : ansi_color,
+                             isempty(pretty_name) ? "Linux" : pretty_name);
+}
+
+char *replace_env(const char *format, char **env) {
+        enum {
+                WORD,
+                CURLY,
+                VARIABLE
+        } state = WORD;
+
+        const char *e, *word = format;
+        char *r = NULL, *k;
+
+        assert(format);
+
+        for (e = format; *e; e ++) {
+
+                switch (state) {
+
+                case WORD:
+                        if (*e == '$')
+                                state = CURLY;
+                        break;
+
+                case CURLY:
+                        if (*e == '{') {
+                                if (!(k = strnappend(r, word, e-word-1)))
+                                        goto fail;
+
+                                free(r);
+                                r = k;
+
+                                word = e-1;
+                                state = VARIABLE;
+
+                        } else if (*e == '$') {
+                                if (!(k = strnappend(r, word, e-word)))
+                                        goto fail;
+
+                                free(r);
+                                r = k;
+
+                                word = e+1;
+                                state = WORD;
+                        } else
+                                state = WORD;
+                        break;
+
+                case VARIABLE:
+                        if (*e == '}') {
+                                const char *t;
+
+                                if (!(t = strv_env_get_with_length(env, word+2, e-word-2)))
+                                        t = "";
+
+                                if (!(k = strappend(r, t)))
+                                        goto fail;
+
+                                free(r);
+                                r = k;
+
+                                word = e+1;
+                                state = WORD;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!(k = strnappend(r, word, e-word)))
+                goto fail;
+
+        free(r);
+        return k;
+
+fail:
+        free(r);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+char **replace_env_argv(char **argv, char **env) {
+        char **r, **i;
+        unsigned k = 0, l = 0;
+
+        l = strv_length(argv);
+
+        if (!(r = new(char*, l+1)))
+                return NULL;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, argv) {
+
+                /* If $FOO appears as single word, replace it by the split up variable */
+                if ((*i)[0] == '$' && (*i)[1] != '{') {
+                        char *e;
+                        char **w, **m;
+                        unsigned q;
+
+                        if ((e = strv_env_get(env, *i+1))) {
+
+                                if (!(m = strv_split_quoted(e))) {
+                                        r[k] = NULL;
+                                        strv_free(r);
+                                        return NULL;
+                                }
+                        } else
+                                m = NULL;
+
+                        q = strv_length(m);
+                        l = l + q - 1;
+
+                        if (!(w = realloc(r, sizeof(char*) * (l+1)))) {
+                                r[k] = NULL;
+                                strv_free(r);
+                                strv_free(m);
+                                return NULL;
+                        }
+
+                        r = w;
+                        if (m) {
+                                memcpy(r + k, m, q * sizeof(char*));
+                                free(m);
+                        }
+
+                        k += q;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* If ${FOO} appears as part of a word, replace it by the variable as-is */
+                if (!(r[k++] = replace_env(*i, env))) {
+                        strv_free(r);
+                        return NULL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r[k] = NULL;
+        return r;
+}
+
+int fd_columns(int fd) {
+        struct winsize ws;
+        zero(ws);
+
+        if (ioctl(fd, TIOCGWINSZ, &ws) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (ws.ws_col <= 0)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        return ws.ws_col;
+}
+
+unsigned columns(void) {
+        const char *e;
+        unsigned c;
+
+        if (_likely_(cached_columns > 0))
+                return cached_columns;
+
+        c = 0;
+        e = getenv("COLUMNS");
+        if (e)
+                safe_atou(e, &c);
+
+        if (c <= 0)
+                c = fd_columns(STDOUT_FILENO);
+
+        if (c <= 0)
+                c = 80;
+
+        cached_columns = c;
+        return c;
+}
+
+int fd_lines(int fd) {
+        struct winsize ws;
+        zero(ws);
+
+        if (ioctl(fd, TIOCGWINSZ, &ws) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (ws.ws_row <= 0)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        return ws.ws_row;
+}
+
+unsigned lines(void) {
+        const char *e;
+        unsigned l;
+
+        if (_likely_(cached_lines > 0))
+                return cached_lines;
+
+        l = 0;
+        e = getenv("LINES");
+        if (e)
+                safe_atou(e, &l);
+
+        if (l <= 0)
+                l = fd_lines(STDOUT_FILENO);
+
+        if (l <= 0)
+                l = 24;
+
+        cached_lines = l;
+        return cached_lines;
+}
+
+/* intended to be used as a SIGWINCH sighandler */
+void columns_lines_cache_reset(int signum) {
+        cached_columns = 0;
+        cached_lines = 0;
+}
+
+bool on_tty(void) {
+        static int cached_on_tty = -1;
+
+        if (_unlikely_(cached_on_tty < 0))
+                cached_on_tty = isatty(STDOUT_FILENO) > 0;
+
+        return cached_on_tty;
+}
+
+int running_in_chroot(void) {
+        struct stat a, b;
+
+        zero(a);
+        zero(b);
+
+        /* Only works as root */
+
+        if (stat("/proc/1/root", &a) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (stat("/", &b) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return
+                a.st_dev != b.st_dev ||
+                a.st_ino != b.st_ino;
+}
+
+char *ellipsize_mem(const char *s, size_t old_length, size_t new_length, unsigned percent) {
+        size_t x;
+        char *r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(percent <= 100);
+        assert(new_length >= 3);
+
+        if (old_length <= 3 || old_length <= new_length)
+                return strndup(s, old_length);
+
+        r = new0(char, new_length+1);
+        if (!r)
+                return r;
+
+        x = (new_length * percent) / 100;
+
+        if (x > new_length - 3)
+                x = new_length - 3;
+
+        memcpy(r, s, x);
+        r[x] = '.';
+        r[x+1] = '.';
+        r[x+2] = '.';
+        memcpy(r + x + 3,
+               s + old_length - (new_length - x - 3),
+               new_length - x - 3);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+char *ellipsize(const char *s, size_t length, unsigned percent) {
+        return ellipsize_mem(s, strlen(s), length, percent);
+}
+
+int touch(const char *path) {
+        int fd;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        /* This just opens the file for writing, ensuring it
+         * exists. It doesn't call utimensat() the way /usr/bin/touch
+         * does it. */
+
+        fd = open(path, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY, 0644);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+char *unquote(const char *s, const char* quotes) {
+        size_t l;
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* This is rather stupid, simply removes the heading and
+         * trailing quotes if there is one. Doesn't care about
+         * escaping or anything. We should make this smarter one
+         * day...*/
+
+        l = strlen(s);
+        if (l < 2)
+                return strdup(s);
+
+        if (strchr(quotes, s[0]) && s[l-1] == s[0])
+                return strndup(s+1, l-2);
+
+        return strdup(s);
+}
+
+char *normalize_env_assignment(const char *s) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL, *value = NULL, *p = NULL;
+        char *eq, *r;
+
+        eq = strchr(s, '=');
+        if (!eq) {
+                char *t;
+
+                r = strdup(s);
+                if (!r)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                t = strstrip(r);
+                if (t == r)
+                        return r;
+
+                memmove(r, t, strlen(t) + 1);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        name = strndup(s, eq - s);
+        if (!name)
+                return NULL;
+
+        p = strdup(eq + 1);
+        if (!p)
+                return NULL;
+
+        value = unquote(strstrip(p), QUOTES);
+        if (!value)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (asprintf(&r, "%s=%s", strstrip(name), value) < 0)
+                r = NULL;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int wait_for_terminate(pid_t pid, siginfo_t *status) {
+        siginfo_t dummy;
+
+        assert(pid >= 1);
+
+        if (!status)
+                status = &dummy;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                zero(*status);
+
+                if (waitid(P_PID, pid, status, WEXITED) < 0) {
+
+                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                continue;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+}
+
+int wait_for_terminate_and_warn(const char *name, pid_t pid) {
+        int r;
+        siginfo_t status;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(pid > 1);
+
+        r = wait_for_terminate(pid, &status);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning("Failed to wait for %s: %s", name, strerror(-r));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (status.si_code == CLD_EXITED) {
+                if (status.si_status != 0) {
+                        log_warning("%s failed with error code %i.", name, status.si_status);
+                        return status.si_status;
+                }
+
+                log_debug("%s succeeded.", name);
+                return 0;
+
+        } else if (status.si_code == CLD_KILLED ||
+                   status.si_code == CLD_DUMPED) {
+
+                log_warning("%s terminated by signal %s.", name, signal_to_string(status.si_status));
+                return -EPROTO;
+        }
+
+        log_warning("%s failed due to unknown reason.", name);
+        return -EPROTO;
+}
+
+_noreturn_ void freeze(void) {
+
+        /* Make sure nobody waits for us on a socket anymore */
+        close_all_fds(NULL, 0);
+
+        sync();
+
+        for (;;)
+                pause();
+}
+
+bool null_or_empty(struct stat *st) {
+        assert(st);
+
+        if (S_ISREG(st->st_mode) && st->st_size <= 0)
+                return true;
+
+        if (S_ISCHR(st->st_mode) || S_ISBLK(st->st_mode))
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+int null_or_empty_path(const char *fn) {
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(fn);
+
+        if (stat(fn, &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return null_or_empty(&st);
+}
+
+DIR *xopendirat(int fd, const char *name, int flags) {
+        int nfd;
+        DIR *d;
+
+        nfd = openat(fd, name, O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC|flags);
+        if (nfd < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        d = fdopendir(nfd);
+        if (!d) {
+                close_nointr_nofail(nfd);
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        return d;
+}
+
+int signal_from_string_try_harder(const char *s) {
+        int signo;
+        assert(s);
+
+        signo = signal_from_string(s);
+        if (signo <= 0)
+                if (startswith(s, "SIG"))
+                        return signal_from_string(s+3);
+
+        return signo;
+}
+
+void dual_timestamp_serialize(FILE *f, const char *name, dual_timestamp *t) {
+
+        assert(f);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (!dual_timestamp_is_set(t))
+                return;
+
+        fprintf(f, "%s=%llu %llu\n",
+                name,
+                (unsigned long long) t->realtime,
+                (unsigned long long) t->monotonic);
+}
+
+void dual_timestamp_deserialize(const char *value, dual_timestamp *t) {
+        unsigned long long a, b;
+
+        assert(value);
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (sscanf(value, "%lli %llu", &a, &b) != 2)
+                log_debug("Failed to parse finish timestamp value %s", value);
+        else {
+                t->realtime = a;
+                t->monotonic = b;
+        }
+}
+
+static char *tag_to_udev_node(const char *tagvalue, const char *by) {
+        char *dn, *t, *u;
+        int r;
+
+        /* FIXME: to follow udev's logic 100% we need to leave valid
+         * UTF8 chars unescaped */
+
+        u = unquote(tagvalue, "\"\'");
+        if (u == NULL)
+                return NULL;
+
+        t = xescape(u, "/ ");
+        free(u);
+
+        if (t == NULL)
+                return NULL;
+
+        r = asprintf(&dn, "/dev/disk/by-%s/%s", by, t);
+        free(t);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return dn;
+}
+
+char *fstab_node_to_udev_node(const char *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (startswith(p, "LABEL="))
+                return tag_to_udev_node(p+6, "label");
+
+        if (startswith(p, "UUID="))
+                return tag_to_udev_node(p+5, "uuid");
+
+        if (startswith(p, "PARTUUID="))
+                return tag_to_udev_node(p+9, "partuuid");
+
+        if (startswith(p, "PARTLABEL="))
+                return tag_to_udev_node(p+10, "partlabel");
+
+        return strdup(p);
+}
+
+bool tty_is_vc(const char *tty) {
+        assert(tty);
+
+        if (startswith(tty, "/dev/"))
+                tty += 5;
+
+        return vtnr_from_tty(tty) >= 0;
+}
+
+bool tty_is_console(const char *tty) {
+        assert(tty);
+
+        if (startswith(tty, "/dev/"))
+                tty += 5;
+
+        return streq(tty, "console");
+}
+
+int vtnr_from_tty(const char *tty) {
+        int i, r;
+
+        assert(tty);
+
+        if (startswith(tty, "/dev/"))
+                tty += 5;
+
+        if (!startswith(tty, "tty") )
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (tty[3] < '0' || tty[3] > '9')
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = safe_atoi(tty+3, &i);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (i < 0 || i > 63)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        return i;
+}
+
+bool tty_is_vc_resolve(const char *tty) {
+        char *active = NULL;
+        bool b;
+
+        assert(tty);
+
+        if (startswith(tty, "/dev/"))
+                tty += 5;
+
+        /* Resolve where /dev/console is pointing to, if /sys is
+         * actually ours (i.e. not read-only-mounted which is a sign
+         * for container setups) */
+        if (streq(tty, "console") && path_is_read_only_fs("/sys") <= 0)
+                if (read_one_line_file("/sys/class/tty/console/active", &active) >= 0) {
+                        /* If multiple log outputs are configured the
+                         * last one is what /dev/console points to */
+                        tty = strrchr(active, ' ');
+                        if (tty)
+                                tty++;
+                        else
+                                tty = active;
+                }
+
+        b = tty_is_vc(tty);
+        free(active);
+
+        return b;
+}
+
+const char *default_term_for_tty(const char *tty) {
+        assert(tty);
+
+        return tty_is_vc_resolve(tty) ? "TERM=linux" : "TERM=vt102";
+}
+
+bool dirent_is_file(const struct dirent *de) {
+        assert(de);
+
+        if (ignore_file(de->d_name))
+                return false;
+
+        if (de->d_type != DT_REG &&
+            de->d_type != DT_LNK &&
+            de->d_type != DT_UNKNOWN)
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+bool dirent_is_file_with_suffix(const struct dirent *de, const char *suffix) {
+        assert(de);
+
+        if (de->d_type != DT_REG &&
+            de->d_type != DT_LNK &&
+            de->d_type != DT_UNKNOWN)
+                return false;
+
+        if (ignore_file_allow_backup(de->d_name))
+                return false;
+
+        return endswith(de->d_name, suffix);
+}
+
+void execute_directory(const char *directory, DIR *d, char *argv[]) {
+        DIR *_d = NULL;
+        struct dirent *de;
+        Hashmap *pids = NULL;
+
+        assert(directory);
+
+        /* Executes all binaries in a directory in parallel and waits
+         * until all they all finished. */
+
+        if (!d) {
+                if (!(_d = opendir(directory))) {
+
+                        if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                return;
+
+                        log_error("Failed to enumerate directory %s: %m", directory);
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                d = _d;
+        }
+
+        if (!(pids = hashmap_new(trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func))) {
+                log_error("Failed to allocate set.");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        while ((de = readdir(d))) {
+                char *path;
+                pid_t pid;
+                int k;
+
+                if (!dirent_is_file(de))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (asprintf(&path, "%s/%s", directory, de->d_name) < 0) {
+                        log_oom();
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if ((pid = fork()) < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to fork: %m");
+                        free(path);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (pid == 0) {
+                        char *_argv[2];
+                        /* Child */
+
+                        if (!argv) {
+                                _argv[0] = path;
+                                _argv[1] = NULL;
+                                argv = _argv;
+                        } else
+                                argv[0] = path;
+
+                        execv(path, argv);
+
+                        log_error("Failed to execute %s: %m", path);
+                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                }
+
+                log_debug("Spawned %s as %lu", path, (unsigned long) pid);
+
+                if ((k = hashmap_put(pids, UINT_TO_PTR(pid), path)) < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to add PID to set: %s", strerror(-k));
+                        free(path);
+                }
+        }
+
+        while (!hashmap_isempty(pids)) {
+                pid_t pid = PTR_TO_UINT(hashmap_first_key(pids));
+                siginfo_t si;
+                char *path;
+
+                zero(si);
+                if (waitid(P_PID, pid, &si, WEXITED) < 0) {
+
+                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                continue;
+
+                        log_error("waitid() failed: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if ((path = hashmap_remove(pids, UINT_TO_PTR(si.si_pid)))) {
+                        if (!is_clean_exit(si.si_code, si.si_status, NULL)) {
+                                if (si.si_code == CLD_EXITED)
+                                        log_error("%s exited with exit status %i.", path, si.si_status);
+                                else
+                                        log_error("%s terminated by signal %s.", path, signal_to_string(si.si_status));
+                        } else
+                                log_debug("%s exited successfully.", path);
+
+                        free(path);
+                }
+        }
+
+finish:
+        if (_d)
+                closedir(_d);
+
+        if (pids)
+                hashmap_free_free(pids);
+}
+
+int kill_and_sigcont(pid_t pid, int sig) {
+        int r;
+
+        r = kill(pid, sig) < 0 ? -errno : 0;
+
+        if (r >= 0)
+                kill(pid, SIGCONT);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+bool nulstr_contains(const char*nulstr, const char *needle) {
+        const char *i;
+
+        if (!nulstr)
+                return false;
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH(i, nulstr)
+                if (streq(i, needle))
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+bool plymouth_running(void) {
+        return access("/run/plymouth/pid", F_OK) >= 0;
+}
+
+char* strshorten(char *s, size_t l) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (l < strlen(s))
+                s[l] = 0;
+
+        return s;
+}
+
+static bool hostname_valid_char(char c) {
+        return
+                (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') ||
+                (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') ||
+                (c >= '0' && c <= '9') ||
+                c == '-' ||
+                c == '_' ||
+                c == '.';
+}
+
+bool hostname_is_valid(const char *s) {
+        const char *p;
+
+        if (isempty(s))
+                return false;
+
+        for (p = s; *p; p++)
+                if (!hostname_valid_char(*p))
+                        return false;
+
+        if (p-s > HOST_NAME_MAX)
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+char* hostname_cleanup(char *s) {
+        char *p, *d;
+
+        for (p = s, d = s; *p; p++)
+                if ((*p >= 'a' && *p <= 'z') ||
+                    (*p >= 'A' && *p <= 'Z') ||
+                    (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9') ||
+                    *p == '-' ||
+                    *p == '_' ||
+                    *p == '.')
+                        *(d++) = *p;
+
+        *d = 0;
+
+        strshorten(s, HOST_NAME_MAX);
+        return s;
+}
+
+int pipe_eof(int fd) {
+        struct pollfd pollfd;
+        int r;
+
+        zero(pollfd);
+        pollfd.fd = fd;
+        pollfd.events = POLLIN|POLLHUP;
+
+        r = poll(&pollfd, 1, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        return pollfd.revents & POLLHUP;
+}
+
+int fd_wait_for_event(int fd, int event, usec_t t) {
+        struct pollfd pollfd;
+        int r;
+
+        zero(pollfd);
+        pollfd.fd = fd;
+        pollfd.events = event;
+
+        r = poll(&pollfd, 1, t == (usec_t) -1 ? -1 : (int) (t / USEC_PER_MSEC));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        return pollfd.revents;
+}
+
+int fopen_temporary(const char *path, FILE **_f, char **_temp_path) {
+        FILE *f;
+        char *t;
+        const char *fn;
+        size_t k;
+        int fd;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(_f);
+        assert(_temp_path);
+
+        t = new(char, strlen(path) + 1 + 6 + 1);
+        if (!t)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        fn = path_get_file_name(path);
+        k = fn-path;
+        memcpy(t, path, k);
+        t[k] = '.';
+        stpcpy(stpcpy(t+k+1, fn), "XXXXXX");
+
+        fd = mkostemp(t, O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                free(t);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        f = fdopen(fd, "we");
+        if (!f) {
+                unlink(t);
+                free(t);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        *_f = f;
+        *_temp_path = t;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int terminal_vhangup_fd(int fd) {
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        if (ioctl(fd, TIOCVHANGUP) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int terminal_vhangup(const char *name) {
+        int fd, r;
+
+        fd = open_terminal(name, O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        r = terminal_vhangup_fd(fd);
+        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int vt_disallocate(const char *name) {
+        int fd, r;
+        unsigned u;
+
+        /* Deallocate the VT if possible. If not possible
+         * (i.e. because it is the active one), at least clear it
+         * entirely (including the scrollback buffer) */
+
+        if (!startswith(name, "/dev/"))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!tty_is_vc(name)) {
+                /* So this is not a VT. I guess we cannot deallocate
+                 * it then. But let's at least clear the screen */
+
+                fd = open_terminal(name, O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+                if (fd < 0)
+                        return fd;
+
+                loop_write(fd,
+                           "\033[r"    /* clear scrolling region */
+                           "\033[H"    /* move home */
+                           "\033[2J",  /* clear screen */
+                           10, false);
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!startswith(name, "/dev/tty"))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = safe_atou(name+8, &u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u <= 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        /* Try to deallocate */
+        fd = open_terminal("/dev/tty0", O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        r = ioctl(fd, VT_DISALLOCATE, u);
+        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        if (r >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (errno != EBUSY)
+                return -errno;
+
+        /* Couldn't deallocate, so let's clear it fully with
+         * scrollback */
+        fd = open_terminal(name, O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        loop_write(fd,
+                   "\033[r"   /* clear scrolling region */
+                   "\033[H"   /* move home */
+                   "\033[3J", /* clear screen including scrollback, requires Linux 2.6.40 */
+                   10, false);
+        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int copy_file(const char *from, const char *to) {
+        int r, fdf, fdt;
+
+        assert(from);
+        assert(to);
+
+        fdf = open(from, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
+        if (fdf < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        fdt = open(to, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY, 0644);
+        if (fdt < 0) {
+                close_nointr_nofail(fdf);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char buf[PIPE_BUF];
+                ssize_t n, k;
+
+                n = read(fdf, buf, sizeof(buf));
+                if (n < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+
+                        close_nointr_nofail(fdf);
+                        close_nointr(fdt);
+                        unlink(to);
+
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                if (n == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                errno = 0;
+                k = loop_write(fdt, buf, n, false);
+                if (n != k) {
+                        r = k < 0 ? k : (errno ? -errno : -EIO);
+
+                        close_nointr_nofail(fdf);
+                        close_nointr(fdt);
+
+                        unlink(to);
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        close_nointr_nofail(fdf);
+        r = close_nointr(fdt);
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+                unlink(to);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int symlink_atomic(const char *from, const char *to) {
+        char *x;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *t;
+        const char *fn;
+        size_t k;
+        unsigned long long ull;
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(from);
+        assert(to);
+
+        t = new(char, strlen(to) + 1 + 16 + 1);
+        if (!t)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        fn = path_get_file_name(to);
+        k = fn-to;
+        memcpy(t, to, k);
+        t[k] = '.';
+        x = stpcpy(t+k+1, fn);
+
+        ull = random_ull();
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+                *(x++) = hexchar(ull & 0xF);
+                ull >>= 4;
+        }
+
+        *x = 0;
+
+        if (symlink(from, t) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (rename(t, to) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                unlink(t);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+bool display_is_local(const char *display) {
+        assert(display);
+
+        return
+                display[0] == ':' &&
+                display[1] >= '0' &&
+                display[1] <= '9';
+}
+
+int socket_from_display(const char *display, char **path) {
+        size_t k;
+        char *f, *c;
+
+        assert(display);
+        assert(path);
+
+        if (!display_is_local(display))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        k = strspn(display+1, "0123456789");
+
+        f = new(char, sizeof("/tmp/.X11-unix/X") + k);
+        if (!f)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        c = stpcpy(f, "/tmp/.X11-unix/X");
+        memcpy(c, display+1, k);
+        c[k] = 0;
+
+        *path = f;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int get_user_creds(
+                const char **username,
+                uid_t *uid, gid_t *gid,
+                const char **home,
+                const char **shell) {
+
+        struct passwd *p;
+        uid_t u;
+
+        assert(username);
+        assert(*username);
+
+        /* We enforce some special rules for uid=0: in order to avoid
+         * NSS lookups for root we hardcode its data. */
+
+        if (streq(*username, "root") || streq(*username, "0")) {
+                *username = "root";
+
+                if (uid)
+                        *uid = 0;
+
+                if (gid)
+                        *gid = 0;
+
+                if (home)
+                        *home = "/root";
+
+                if (shell)
+                        *shell = "/bin/sh";
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (parse_uid(*username, &u) >= 0) {
+                errno = 0;
+                p = getpwuid(u);
+
+                /* If there are multiple users with the same id, make
+                 * sure to leave $USER to the configured value instead
+                 * of the first occurrence in the database. However if
+                 * the uid was configured by a numeric uid, then let's
+                 * pick the real username from /etc/passwd. */
+                if (p)
+                        *username = p->pw_name;
+        } else {
+                errno = 0;
+                p = getpwnam(*username);
+        }
+
+        if (!p)
+                return errno != 0 ? -errno : -ESRCH;
+
+        if (uid)
+                *uid = p->pw_uid;
+
+        if (gid)
+                *gid = p->pw_gid;
+
+        if (home)
+                *home = p->pw_dir;
+
+        if (shell)
+                *shell = p->pw_shell;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int get_group_creds(const char **groupname, gid_t *gid) {
+        struct group *g;
+        gid_t id;
+
+        assert(groupname);
+
+        /* We enforce some special rules for gid=0: in order to avoid
+         * NSS lookups for root we hardcode its data. */
+
+        if (streq(*groupname, "root") || streq(*groupname, "0")) {
+                *groupname = "root";
+
+                if (gid)
+                        *gid = 0;
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (parse_gid(*groupname, &id) >= 0) {
+                errno = 0;
+                g = getgrgid(id);
+
+                if (g)
+                        *groupname = g->gr_name;
+        } else {
+                errno = 0;
+                g = getgrnam(*groupname);
+        }
+
+        if (!g)
+                return errno != 0 ? -errno : -ESRCH;
+
+        if (gid)
+                *gid = g->gr_gid;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int in_group(const char *name) {
+        gid_t gid, *gids;
+        int ngroups_max, r, i;
+
+        r = get_group_creds(&name, &gid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (getgid() == gid)
+                return 1;
+
+        if (getegid() == gid)
+                return 1;
+
+        ngroups_max = sysconf(_SC_NGROUPS_MAX);
+        assert(ngroups_max > 0);
+
+        gids = alloca(sizeof(gid_t) * ngroups_max);
+
+        r = getgroups(ngroups_max, gids);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < r; i++)
+                if (gids[i] == gid)
+                        return 1;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int glob_exists(const char *path) {
+        glob_t g;
+        int r, k;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        zero(g);
+        errno = 0;
+        k = glob(path, GLOB_NOSORT|GLOB_BRACE, NULL, &g);
+
+        if (k == GLOB_NOMATCH)
+                r = 0;
+        else if (k == GLOB_NOSPACE)
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+        else if (k == 0)
+                r = !strv_isempty(g.gl_pathv);
+        else
+                r = errno ? -errno : -EIO;
+
+        globfree(&g);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int dirent_ensure_type(DIR *d, struct dirent *de) {
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(d);
+        assert(de);
+
+        if (de->d_type != DT_UNKNOWN)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (fstatat(dirfd(d), de->d_name, &st, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        de->d_type =
+                S_ISREG(st.st_mode)  ? DT_REG  :
+                S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)  ? DT_DIR  :
+                S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)  ? DT_LNK  :
+                S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode) ? DT_FIFO :
+                S_ISSOCK(st.st_mode) ? DT_SOCK :
+                S_ISCHR(st.st_mode)  ? DT_CHR  :
+                S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)  ? DT_BLK  :
+                                       DT_UNKNOWN;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int in_search_path(const char *path, char **search) {
+        char **i, *parent;
+        int r;
+
+        r = path_get_parent(path, &parent);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = 0;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, search) {
+                if (path_equal(parent, *i)) {
+                        r = 1;
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        free(parent);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int get_files_in_directory(const char *path, char ***list) {
+        DIR *d;
+        int r = 0;
+        unsigned n = 0;
+        char **l = NULL;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        /* Returns all files in a directory in *list, and the number
+         * of files as return value. If list is NULL returns only the
+         * number */
+
+        d = opendir(path);
+        if (!d)
+                return -errno;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                struct dirent *de;
+                union dirent_storage buf;
+                int k;
+
+                k = readdir_r(d, &buf.de, &de);
+                if (k != 0) {
+                        r = -k;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (!de)
+                        break;
+
+                dirent_ensure_type(d, de);
+
+                if (!dirent_is_file(de))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (list) {
+                        if ((unsigned) r >= n) {
+                                char **t;
+
+                                n = MAX(16, 2*r);
+                                t = realloc(l, sizeof(char*) * n);
+                                if (!t) {
+                                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+
+                                l = t;
+                        }
+
+                        assert((unsigned) r < n);
+
+                        l[r] = strdup(de->d_name);
+                        if (!l[r]) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                        l[++r] = NULL;
+                } else
+                        r++;
+        }
+
+finish:
+        if (d)
+                closedir(d);
+
+        if (r >= 0) {
+                if (list)
+                        *list = l;
+        } else
+                strv_free(l);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+char *strjoin(const char *x, ...) {
+        va_list ap;
+        size_t l;
+        char *r, *p;
+
+        va_start(ap, x);
+
+        if (x) {
+                l = strlen(x);
+
+                for (;;) {
+                        const char *t;
+                        size_t n;
+
+                        t = va_arg(ap, const char *);
+                        if (!t)
+                                break;
+
+                        n = strlen(t);
+                        if (n > ((size_t) -1) - l) {
+                                va_end(ap);
+                                return NULL;
+                        }
+
+                        l += n;
+                }
+        } else
+                l = 0;
+
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        r = new(char, l+1);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (x) {
+                p = stpcpy(r, x);
+
+                va_start(ap, x);
+
+                for (;;) {
+                        const char *t;
+
+                        t = va_arg(ap, const char *);
+                        if (!t)
+                                break;
+
+                        p = stpcpy(p, t);
+                }
+
+                va_end(ap);
+        } else
+                r[0] = 0;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+bool is_main_thread(void) {
+        static __thread int cached = 0;
+
+        if (_unlikely_(cached == 0))
+                cached = getpid() == gettid() ? 1 : -1;
+
+        return cached > 0;
+}
+
+int block_get_whole_disk(dev_t d, dev_t *ret) {
+        char *p, *s;
+        int r;
+        unsigned n, m;
+
+        assert(ret);
+
+        /* If it has a queue this is good enough for us */
+        if (asprintf(&p, "/sys/dev/block/%u:%u/queue", major(d), minor(d)) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = access(p, F_OK);
+        free(p);
+
+        if (r >= 0) {
+                *ret = d;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* If it is a partition find the originating device */
+        if (asprintf(&p, "/sys/dev/block/%u:%u/partition", major(d), minor(d)) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = access(p, F_OK);
+        free(p);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        /* Get parent dev_t */
+        if (asprintf(&p, "/sys/dev/block/%u:%u/../dev", major(d), minor(d)) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = read_one_line_file(p, &s);
+        free(p);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sscanf(s, "%u:%u", &m, &n);
+        free(s);
+
+        if (r != 2)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        /* Only return this if it is really good enough for us. */
+        if (asprintf(&p, "/sys/dev/block/%u:%u/queue", m, n) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = access(p, F_OK);
+        free(p);
+
+        if (r >= 0) {
+                *ret = makedev(m, n);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return -ENOENT;
+}
+
+int file_is_priv_sticky(const char *p) {
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (lstat(p, &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return
+                (st.st_uid == 0 || st.st_uid == getuid()) &&
+                (st.st_mode & S_ISVTX);
+}
+
+static const char *const ioprio_class_table[] = {
+        [IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE] = "none",
+        [IOPRIO_CLASS_RT] = "realtime",
+        [IOPRIO_CLASS_BE] = "best-effort",
+        [IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE] = "idle"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP_WITH_FALLBACK(ioprio_class, int, INT_MAX);
+
+static const char *const sigchld_code_table[] = {
+        [CLD_EXITED] = "exited",
+        [CLD_KILLED] = "killed",
+        [CLD_DUMPED] = "dumped",
+        [CLD_TRAPPED] = "trapped",
+        [CLD_STOPPED] = "stopped",
+        [CLD_CONTINUED] = "continued",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(sigchld_code, int);
+
+static const char *const log_facility_unshifted_table[LOG_NFACILITIES] = {
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_KERN)] = "kern",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_USER)] = "user",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_MAIL)] = "mail",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_DAEMON)] = "daemon",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_AUTH)] = "auth",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_SYSLOG)] = "syslog",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_LPR)] = "lpr",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_NEWS)] = "news",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_UUCP)] = "uucp",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_CRON)] = "cron",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_AUTHPRIV)] = "authpriv",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_FTP)] = "ftp",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_LOCAL0)] = "local0",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_LOCAL1)] = "local1",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_LOCAL2)] = "local2",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_LOCAL3)] = "local3",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_LOCAL4)] = "local4",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_LOCAL5)] = "local5",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_LOCAL6)] = "local6",
+        [LOG_FAC(LOG_LOCAL7)] = "local7"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP_WITH_FALLBACK(log_facility_unshifted, int, LOG_FAC(~0));
+
+static const char *const log_level_table[] = {
+        [LOG_EMERG] = "emerg",
+        [LOG_ALERT] = "alert",
+        [LOG_CRIT] = "crit",
+        [LOG_ERR] = "err",
+        [LOG_WARNING] = "warning",
+        [LOG_NOTICE] = "notice",
+        [LOG_INFO] = "info",
+        [LOG_DEBUG] = "debug"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP_WITH_FALLBACK(log_level, int, LOG_DEBUG);
+
+static const char* const sched_policy_table[] = {
+        [SCHED_OTHER] = "other",
+        [SCHED_BATCH] = "batch",
+        [SCHED_IDLE] = "idle",
+        [SCHED_FIFO] = "fifo",
+        [SCHED_RR] = "rr"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP_WITH_FALLBACK(sched_policy, int, INT_MAX);
+
+static const char* const rlimit_table[] = {
+        [RLIMIT_CPU] = "LimitCPU",
+        [RLIMIT_FSIZE] = "LimitFSIZE",
+        [RLIMIT_DATA] = "LimitDATA",
+        [RLIMIT_STACK] = "LimitSTACK",
+        [RLIMIT_CORE] = "LimitCORE",
+        [RLIMIT_RSS] = "LimitRSS",
+        [RLIMIT_NOFILE] = "LimitNOFILE",
+        [RLIMIT_AS] = "LimitAS",
+        [RLIMIT_NPROC] = "LimitNPROC",
+        [RLIMIT_MEMLOCK] = "LimitMEMLOCK",
+        [RLIMIT_LOCKS] = "LimitLOCKS",
+        [RLIMIT_SIGPENDING] = "LimitSIGPENDING",
+        [RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE] = "LimitMSGQUEUE",
+        [RLIMIT_NICE] = "LimitNICE",
+        [RLIMIT_RTPRIO] = "LimitRTPRIO",
+        [RLIMIT_RTTIME] = "LimitRTTIME"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(rlimit, int);
+
+static const char* const ip_tos_table[] = {
+        [IPTOS_LOWDELAY] = "low-delay",
+        [IPTOS_THROUGHPUT] = "throughput",
+        [IPTOS_RELIABILITY] = "reliability",
+        [IPTOS_LOWCOST] = "low-cost",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP_WITH_FALLBACK(ip_tos, int, 0xff);
+
+static const char *const __signal_table[] = {
+        [SIGHUP] = "HUP",
+        [SIGINT] = "INT",
+        [SIGQUIT] = "QUIT",
+        [SIGILL] = "ILL",
+        [SIGTRAP] = "TRAP",
+        [SIGABRT] = "ABRT",
+        [SIGBUS] = "BUS",
+        [SIGFPE] = "FPE",
+        [SIGKILL] = "KILL",
+        [SIGUSR1] = "USR1",
+        [SIGSEGV] = "SEGV",
+        [SIGUSR2] = "USR2",
+        [SIGPIPE] = "PIPE",
+        [SIGALRM] = "ALRM",
+        [SIGTERM] = "TERM",
+#ifdef SIGSTKFLT
+        [SIGSTKFLT] = "STKFLT",  /* Linux on SPARC doesn't know SIGSTKFLT */
+#endif
+        [SIGCHLD] = "CHLD",
+        [SIGCONT] = "CONT",
+        [SIGSTOP] = "STOP",
+        [SIGTSTP] = "TSTP",
+        [SIGTTIN] = "TTIN",
+        [SIGTTOU] = "TTOU",
+        [SIGURG] = "URG",
+        [SIGXCPU] = "XCPU",
+        [SIGXFSZ] = "XFSZ",
+        [SIGVTALRM] = "VTALRM",
+        [SIGPROF] = "PROF",
+        [SIGWINCH] = "WINCH",
+        [SIGIO] = "IO",
+        [SIGPWR] = "PWR",
+        [SIGSYS] = "SYS"
+};
+
+DEFINE_PRIVATE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(__signal, int);
+
+const char *signal_to_string(int signo) {
+        static __thread char buf[12];
+        const char *name;
+
+        name = __signal_to_string(signo);
+        if (name)
+                return name;
+
+        if (signo >= SIGRTMIN && signo <= SIGRTMAX)
+                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, "RTMIN+%d", signo - SIGRTMIN);
+        else
+                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, "%d", signo);
+        char_array_0(buf);
+        return buf;
+}
+
+int signal_from_string(const char *s) {
+        int signo;
+        int offset = 0;
+        unsigned u;
+
+        signo = __signal_from_string(s);
+        if (signo > 0)
+                return signo;
+
+        if (startswith(s, "RTMIN+")) {
+                s += 6;
+                offset = SIGRTMIN;
+        }
+        if (safe_atou(s, &u) >= 0) {
+                signo = (int) u + offset;
+                if (signo > 0 && signo < _NSIG)
+                        return signo;
+        }
+        return -1;
+}
+
+bool kexec_loaded(void) {
+       bool loaded = false;
+       char *s;
+
+       if (read_one_line_file("/sys/kernel/kexec_loaded", &s) >= 0) {
+               if (s[0] == '1')
+                       loaded = true;
+               free(s);
+       }
+       return loaded;
+}
+
+int strdup_or_null(const char *a, char **b) {
+        char *c;
+
+        assert(b);
+
+        if (!a) {
+                *b = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c = strdup(a);
+        if (!c)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *b = c;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int prot_from_flags(int flags) {
+
+        switch (flags & O_ACCMODE) {
+
+        case O_RDONLY:
+                return PROT_READ;
+
+        case O_WRONLY:
+                return PROT_WRITE;
+
+        case O_RDWR:
+                return PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE;
+
+        default:
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+}
+
+char *format_bytes(char *buf, size_t l, off_t t) {
+        unsigned i;
+
+        static const struct {
+                const char *suffix;
+                off_t factor;
+        } table[] = {
+                { "E", 1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL },
+                { "P", 1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL },
+                { "T", 1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL },
+                { "G", 1024ULL*1024ULL*1024ULL },
+                { "M", 1024ULL*1024ULL },
+                { "K", 1024ULL },
+        };
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(table); i++) {
+
+                if (t >= table[i].factor) {
+                        snprintf(buf, l,
+                                 "%llu.%llu%s",
+                                 (unsigned long long) (t / table[i].factor),
+                                 (unsigned long long) (((t*10ULL) / table[i].factor) % 10ULL),
+                                 table[i].suffix);
+
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        snprintf(buf, l, "%lluB", (unsigned long long) t);
+
+finish:
+        buf[l-1] = 0;
+        return buf;
+
+}
+
+void* memdup(const void *p, size_t l) {
+        void *r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        r = malloc(l);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        memcpy(r, p, l);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int fd_inc_sndbuf(int fd, size_t n) {
+        int r, value;
+        socklen_t l = sizeof(value);
+
+        r = getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &value, &l);
+        if (r >= 0 &&
+            l == sizeof(value) &&
+            (size_t) value >= n*2)
+                return 0;
+
+        value = (int) n;
+        r = setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &value, sizeof(value));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int fd_inc_rcvbuf(int fd, size_t n) {
+        int r, value;
+        socklen_t l = sizeof(value);
+
+        r = getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, &value, &l);
+        if (r >= 0 &&
+            l == sizeof(value) &&
+            (size_t) value >= n*2)
+                return 0;
+
+        value = (int) n;
+        r = setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, &value, sizeof(value));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int fork_agent(pid_t *pid, const int except[], unsigned n_except, const char *path, ...) {
+        pid_t parent_pid, agent_pid;
+        int fd;
+        bool stdout_is_tty, stderr_is_tty;
+        unsigned n, i;
+        va_list ap;
+        char **l;
+
+        assert(pid);
+        assert(path);
+
+        parent_pid = getpid();
+
+        /* Spawns a temporary TTY agent, making sure it goes away when
+         * we go away */
+
+        agent_pid = fork();
+        if (agent_pid < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (agent_pid != 0) {
+                *pid = agent_pid;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* In the child:
+         *
+         * Make sure the agent goes away when the parent dies */
+        if (prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGTERM) < 0)
+                _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+        /* Check whether our parent died before we were able
+         * to set the death signal */
+        if (getppid() != parent_pid)
+                _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+
+        /* Don't leak fds to the agent */
+        close_all_fds(except, n_except);
+
+        stdout_is_tty = isatty(STDOUT_FILENO);
+        stderr_is_tty = isatty(STDERR_FILENO);
+
+        if (!stdout_is_tty || !stderr_is_tty) {
+                /* Detach from stdout/stderr. and reopen
+                 * /dev/tty for them. This is important to
+                 * ensure that when systemctl is started via
+                 * popen() or a similar call that expects to
+                 * read EOF we actually do generate EOF and
+                 * not delay this indefinitely by because we
+                 * keep an unused copy of stdin around. */
+                fd = open("/dev/tty", O_WRONLY);
+                if (fd < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to open /dev/tty: %m");
+                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                }
+
+                if (!stdout_is_tty)
+                        dup2(fd, STDOUT_FILENO);
+
+                if (!stderr_is_tty)
+                        dup2(fd, STDERR_FILENO);
+
+                if (fd > 2)
+                        close(fd);
+        }
+
+        /* Count arguments */
+        va_start(ap, path);
+        for (n = 0; va_arg(ap, char*); n++)
+                ;
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        /* Allocate strv */
+        l = alloca(sizeof(char *) * (n + 1));
+
+        /* Fill in arguments */
+        va_start(ap, path);
+        for (i = 0; i <= n; i++)
+                l[i] = va_arg(ap, char*);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        execv(path, l);
+        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+int setrlimit_closest(int resource, const struct rlimit *rlim) {
+        struct rlimit highest, fixed;
+
+        assert(rlim);
+
+        if (setrlimit(resource, rlim) >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (errno != EPERM)
+                return -errno;
+
+        /* So we failed to set the desired setrlimit, then let's try
+         * to get as close as we can */
+        assert_se(getrlimit(resource, &highest) == 0);
+
+        fixed.rlim_cur = MIN(rlim->rlim_cur, highest.rlim_max);
+        fixed.rlim_max = MIN(rlim->rlim_max, highest.rlim_max);
+
+        if (setrlimit(resource, &fixed) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int getenv_for_pid(pid_t pid, const char *field, char **_value) {
+        char path[sizeof("/proc/")-1+10+sizeof("/environ")], *value = NULL;
+        int r;
+        FILE *f;
+        bool done = false;
+        size_t l;
+
+        assert(field);
+        assert(_value);
+
+        if (pid == 0)
+                pid = getpid();
+
+        snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/proc/%lu/environ", (unsigned long) pid);
+        char_array_0(path);
+
+        f = fopen(path, "re");
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        l = strlen(field);
+        r = 0;
+
+        do {
+                char line[LINE_MAX];
+                unsigned i;
+
+                for (i = 0; i < sizeof(line)-1; i++) {
+                        int c;
+
+                        c = getc(f);
+                        if (_unlikely_(c == EOF)) {
+                                done = true;
+                                break;
+                        } else if (c == 0)
+                                break;
+
+                        line[i] = c;
+                }
+                line[i] = 0;
+
+                if (memcmp(line, field, l) == 0 && line[l] == '=') {
+                        value = strdup(line + l + 1);
+                        if (!value) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        r = 1;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+        } while (!done);
+
+        fclose(f);
+
+        if (r >= 0)
+                *_value = value;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int can_sleep(const char *type) {
+        char *w, *state;
+        size_t l, k;
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+        assert(type);
+
+        r = read_one_line_file("/sys/power/state", &p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r == -ENOENT ? 0 : r;
+
+        k = strlen(type);
+        FOREACH_WORD_SEPARATOR(w, l, p, WHITESPACE, state)
+                if (l == k && memcmp(w, type, l) == 0)
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+int can_sleep_disk(const char *type) {
+        char *w, *state;
+        size_t l, k;
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+        assert(type);
+
+        r = read_one_line_file("/sys/power/disk", &p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r == -ENOENT ? 0 : r;
+
+        k = strlen(type);
+        FOREACH_WORD_SEPARATOR(w, l, p, WHITESPACE, state) {
+                if (l == k && memcmp(w, type, l) == 0)
+                        return true;
+
+                if (l == k + 2 && w[0] == '[' && memcmp(w + 1, type, l - 2) == 0 && w[l-1] == ']')
+                        return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+bool is_valid_documentation_url(const char *url) {
+        assert(url);
+
+        if (startswith(url, "http://") && url[7])
+                return true;
+
+        if (startswith(url, "https://") && url[8])
+                return true;
+
+        if (startswith(url, "file:") && url[5])
+                return true;
+
+        if (startswith(url, "info:") && url[5])
+                return true;
+
+        if (startswith(url, "man:") && url[4])
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+bool in_initrd(void) {
+        static __thread int saved = -1;
+        struct statfs s;
+
+        if (saved >= 0)
+                return saved;
+
+        /* We make two checks here:
+         *
+         * 1. the flag file /etc/initrd-release must exist
+         * 2. the root file system must be a memory file system
+         *
+         * The second check is extra paranoia, since misdetecting an
+         * initrd can have bad bad consequences due the initrd
+         * emptying when transititioning to the main systemd.
+         */
+
+        saved = access("/etc/initrd-release", F_OK) >= 0 &&
+                statfs("/", &s) >= 0 &&
+                (s.f_type == TMPFS_MAGIC || s.f_type == RAMFS_MAGIC);
+
+        return saved;
+}
+
+void warn_melody(void) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+
+        fd = open("/dev/console", O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return;
+
+        /* Yeah, this is synchronous. Kinda sucks. But well... */
+
+        ioctl(fd, KIOCSOUND, (int)(1193180/440));
+        usleep(125*USEC_PER_MSEC);
+
+        ioctl(fd, KIOCSOUND, (int)(1193180/220));
+        usleep(125*USEC_PER_MSEC);
+
+        ioctl(fd, KIOCSOUND, (int)(1193180/220));
+        usleep(125*USEC_PER_MSEC);
+
+        ioctl(fd, KIOCSOUND, 0);
+}
+
+int make_console_stdio(void) {
+        int fd, r;
+
+        /* Make /dev/console the controlling terminal and stdin/stdout/stderr */
+
+        fd = acquire_terminal("/dev/console", false, true, true, (usec_t) -1);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to acquire terminal: %s", strerror(-fd));
+                return fd;
+        }
+
+        r = make_stdio(fd);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to duplicate terminal fd: %s", strerror(-r));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int get_home_dir(char **_h) {
+        char *h;
+        const char *e;
+        uid_t u;
+        struct passwd *p;
+
+        assert(_h);
+
+        /* Take the user specified one */
+        e = getenv("HOME");
+        if (e) {
+                h = strdup(e);
+                if (!h)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                *_h = h;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Hardcode home directory for root to avoid NSS */
+        u = getuid();
+        if (u == 0) {
+                h = strdup("/root");
+                if (!h)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                *_h = h;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Check the database... */
+        errno = 0;
+        p = getpwuid(u);
+        if (!p)
+                return errno ? -errno : -ESRCH;
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(p->pw_dir))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        h = strdup(p->pw_dir);
+        if (!h)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *_h = h;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int get_shell(char **_sh) {
+        char *sh;
+        const char *e;
+        uid_t u;
+        struct passwd *p;
+
+        assert(_sh);
+
+        /* Take the user specified one */
+        e = getenv("SHELL");
+        if (e) {
+                sh = strdup(e);
+                if (!sh)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                *_sh = sh;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Hardcode home directory for root to avoid NSS */
+        u = getuid();
+        if (u == 0) {
+                sh = strdup("/bin/sh");
+                if (!sh)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                *_sh = sh;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Check the database... */
+        errno = 0;
+        p = getpwuid(u);
+        if (!p)
+                return errno ? -errno : -ESRCH;
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(p->pw_shell))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        sh = strdup(p->pw_shell);
+        if (!sh)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *_sh = sh;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void freep(void *p) {
+        free(*(void**) p);
+}
+
+void fclosep(FILE **f) {
+        if (*f)
+                fclose(*f);
+}
+
+void closep(int *fd) {
+        if (*fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(*fd);
+}
+
+void closedirp(DIR **d) {
+        if (*d)
+                closedir(*d);
+}
+
+void umaskp(mode_t *u) {
+        umask(*u);
+}
+
+bool filename_is_safe(const char *p) {
+
+        if (isempty(p))
+                return false;
+
+        if (strchr(p, '/'))
+                return false;
+
+        if (streq(p, "."))
+                return false;
+
+        if (streq(p, ".."))
+                return false;
+
+        if (strlen(p) > FILENAME_MAX)
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+bool string_is_safe(const char *p) {
+        const char *t;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        for (t = p; *t; t++) {
+                if (*t > 0 && *t < ' ')
+                        return false;
+
+                if (strchr("\\\"\'", *t))
+                        return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+int parse_timestamp(const char *t, usec_t *usec) {
+        const char *k;
+        struct tm tm, copy;
+        time_t x;
+        usec_t plus = 0, minus = 0, ret;
+        int r;
+
+        /*
+         * Allowed syntaxes:
+         *
+         *   2012-09-22 16:34:22
+         *   2012-09-22 16:34     (seconds will be set to 0)
+         *   2012-09-22           (time will be set to 00:00:00)
+         *   16:34:22             (date will be set to today)
+         *   16:34                (date will be set to today, seconds to 0)
+         *   now
+         *   yesterday            (time is set to 00:00:00)
+         *   today                (time is set to 00:00:00)
+         *   tomorrow             (time is set to 00:00:00)
+         *   +5min
+         *   -5days
+         *
+         */
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(usec);
+
+        x = time(NULL);
+        assert_se(localtime_r(&x, &tm));
+
+        if (streq(t, "now"))
+                goto finish;
+
+        else if (streq(t, "today")) {
+                tm.tm_sec = tm.tm_min = tm.tm_hour = 0;
+                goto finish;
+
+        } else if (streq(t, "yesterday")) {
+                tm.tm_mday --;
+                tm.tm_sec = tm.tm_min = tm.tm_hour = 0;
+                goto finish;
+
+        } else if (streq(t, "tomorrow")) {
+                tm.tm_mday ++;
+                tm.tm_sec = tm.tm_min = tm.tm_hour = 0;
+                goto finish;
+
+        } else if (t[0] == '+') {
+
+                r = parse_usec(t+1, &plus);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                goto finish;
+        } else if (t[0] == '-') {
+
+                r = parse_usec(t+1, &minus);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        copy = tm;
+        k = strptime(t, "%y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", &tm);
+        if (k && *k == 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        tm = copy;
+        k = strptime(t, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", &tm);
+        if (k && *k == 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        tm = copy;
+        k = strptime(t, "%y-%m-%d %H:%M", &tm);
+        if (k && *k == 0) {
+                tm.tm_sec = 0;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        tm = copy;
+        k = strptime(t, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M", &tm);
+        if (k && *k == 0) {
+                tm.tm_sec = 0;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        tm = copy;
+        k = strptime(t, "%y-%m-%d", &tm);
+        if (k && *k == 0) {
+                tm.tm_sec = tm.tm_min = tm.tm_hour = 0;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        tm = copy;
+        k = strptime(t, "%Y-%m-%d", &tm);
+        if (k && *k == 0) {
+                tm.tm_sec = tm.tm_min = tm.tm_hour = 0;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        tm = copy;
+        k = strptime(t, "%H:%M:%S", &tm);
+        if (k && *k == 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        tm = copy;
+        k = strptime(t, "%H:%M", &tm);
+        if (k && *k == 0) {
+                tm.tm_sec = 0;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        return -EINVAL;
+
+finish:
+        x = mktime(&tm);
+        if (x == (time_t) -1)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        ret = (usec_t) x * USEC_PER_SEC;
+
+        ret += plus;
+        if (ret > minus)
+                ret -= minus;
+        else
+                ret = 0;
+
+        *usec = ret;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/* hey glibc, APIs with callbacks without a user pointer are so useless */
+void *xbsearch_r(const void *key, const void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
+                 int (*compar) (const void *, const void *, void *), void *arg) {
+        size_t l, u, idx;
+        const void *p;
+        int comparison;
+
+        l = 0;
+        u = nmemb;
+        while (l < u) {
+                idx = (l + u) / 2;
+                p = (void *)(((const char *) base) + (idx * size));
+                comparison = compar(key, p, arg);
+                if (comparison < 0)
+                        u = idx;
+                else if (comparison > 0)
+                        l = idx + 1;
+                else
+                        return (void *)p;
+        }
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+bool is_locale_utf8(void) {
+        const char *set;
+        static int cached_answer = -1;
+
+        if (cached_answer >= 0)
+                goto out;
+
+        if (!setlocale(LC_ALL, "")) {
+                cached_answer = true;
+                goto out;
+        }
+
+        set = nl_langinfo(CODESET);
+        if (!set) {
+                cached_answer = true;
+                goto out;
+        }
+
+        cached_answer = streq(set, "UTF-8");
+out:
+        return (bool)cached_answer;
+}
+
+const char *draw_special_char(DrawSpecialChar ch) {
+        static const char *draw_table[2][_DRAW_SPECIAL_CHAR_MAX] = {
+                /* UTF-8 */ {
+                        [DRAW_TREE_VERT]          = "\342\224\202 ",            /* │  */
+                        [DRAW_TREE_BRANCH]        = "\342\224\234\342\224\200", /* ├─ */
+                        [DRAW_TREE_RIGHT]         = "\342\224\224\342\224\200", /* └─ */
+                        [DRAW_TRIANGULAR_BULLET]  = "\342\200\243 ",            /* ‣  */
+                },
+                /* ASCII fallback */ {
+                        [DRAW_TREE_VERT]          = "| ",
+                        [DRAW_TREE_BRANCH]        = "|-",
+                        [DRAW_TREE_RIGHT]         = "`-",
+                        [DRAW_TRIANGULAR_BULLET]  = "> ",
+                }
+        };
+
+        return draw_table[!is_locale_utf8()][ch];
+}
+
+char *strreplace(const char *text, const char *old_string, const char *new_string) {
+        const char *f;
+        char *t, *r;
+        size_t l, old_len, new_len;
+
+        assert(text);
+        assert(old_string);
+        assert(new_string);
+
+        old_len = strlen(old_string);
+        new_len = strlen(new_string);
+
+        l = strlen(text);
+        r = new(char, l+1);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        f = text;
+        t = r;
+        while (*f) {
+                char *a;
+                size_t d, nl;
+
+                if (!startswith(f, old_string)) {
+                        *(t++) = *(f++);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                d = t - r;
+                nl = l - old_len + new_len;
+                a = realloc(r, nl + 1);
+                if (!a)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                l = nl;
+                r = a;
+                t = r + d;
+
+                t = stpcpy(t, new_string);
+                f += old_len;
+        }
+
+        *t = 0;
+        return r;
+
+oom:
+        free(r);
+        return NULL;
+}