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diff --git a/man/journalctl.xml b/man/journalctl.xml index 0703bf9fb6..7b9f9b8a56 100644 --- a/man/journalctl.xml +++ b/man/journalctl.xml @@ -21,978 +21,822 @@ along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. --> -<refentry id="journalctl" - xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"> - - <refentryinfo> - <title>journalctl</title> - <productname>systemd</productname> - - <authorgroup> - <author> - <contrib>Developer</contrib> - <firstname>Lennart</firstname> - <surname>Poettering</surname> - <email>lennart@poettering.net</email> - </author> - </authorgroup> - </refentryinfo> - - <refmeta> - <refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle> - <manvolnum>1</manvolnum> - </refmeta> - - <refnamediv> - <refname>journalctl</refname> - <refpurpose>Query the systemd journal</refpurpose> - </refnamediv> - - <refsynopsisdiv> - <cmdsynopsis> - <command>journalctl</command> - <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> - <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">MATCHES</arg> - </cmdsynopsis> - </refsynopsisdiv> - - <refsect1> - <title>Description</title> - - <para><command>journalctl</command> may be used to - query the contents of the - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> - journal as written by - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para> - - <para>If called without parameters, it will show the full - contents of the journal, starting with the oldest - entry collected.</para> - - <para>If one or more match arguments are passed, the - output is filtered accordingly. A match is in the - format <literal>FIELD=VALUE</literal>, - e.g. <literal>_SYSTEMD_UNIT=httpd.service</literal>, - referring to the components of a structured journal - entry. See - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.journal-fields</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for a list of well-known fields. If multiple matches - are specified matching different fields, the log - entries are filtered by both, i.e. the resulting output - will show only entries matching all the specified - matches of this kind. If two matches apply to the same - field, then they are automatically matched as - alternatives, i.e. the resulting output will show - entries matching any of the specified matches for the - same field. Finally, the character - <literal>+</literal> may appears as a separate word - between other terms on the command line. This causes - all matches before and after to be combined in a - disjunction (i.e. logical OR).</para> - - <para>As shortcuts for a few types of field/value - matches, file paths may be specified. If a file path - refers to an executable file, this is equivalent to an - <literal>_EXE=</literal> match for the canonicalized - binary path. Similarly, if a path refers to a device - node, this is equivalent to a - <literal>_KERNEL_DEVICE=</literal> match for the - device.</para> - - <para>Additional constraints may be added using options - <option>--boot</option>, <option>--unit=</option>, - etc, to further limit what entries will be shown - (logical AND).</para> - - <para>Output is interleaved from all accessible - journal files, whether they are rotated or currently - being written, and regardless of whether they belong to the - system itself or are accessible user journals.</para> - - <para>The set of journal files which will be used - can be modified using the <option>--user</option>, - <option>--system</option>, <option>--directory</option>, - and <option>--file</option> options, see below.</para> - - <para>All users are granted access to their private - per-user journals. However, by default, only root and - users who are members of the <literal>systemd-journal</literal> - group get access to the system journal and the - journals of other users.</para> - - <para>The output is paged through - <command>less</command> by default, and long lines are - "truncated" to screen width. The hidden part can be - viewed by using the left-arrow and right-arrow - keys. Paging can be disabled; see the - <option>--no-pager</option> option and the "Environment" - section below.</para> - - <para>When outputting to a tty, lines are colored - according to priority: lines of level ERROR and higher - are colored red; lines of level NOTICE and higher are - highlighted; other lines are displayed normally. + <refentry id="journalctl" + xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"> + + <refentryinfo> + <title>journalctl</title> + <productname>systemd</productname> + + <authorgroup> + <author> + <contrib>Developer</contrib> + <firstname>Lennart</firstname> + <surname>Poettering</surname> + <email>lennart@poettering.net</email> + </author> + </authorgroup> + </refentryinfo> + + <refmeta> + <refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle> + <manvolnum>1</manvolnum> + </refmeta> + + <refnamediv> + <refname>journalctl</refname> + <refpurpose>Query the systemd journal</refpurpose> + </refnamediv> + + <refsynopsisdiv> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>journalctl</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">MATCHES</arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + </refsynopsisdiv> + + <refsect1> + <title>Description</title> + + <para><command>journalctl</command> may be used to query the + contents of the + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> + journal as written by + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para> + + <para>If called without parameters, it will show the full + contents of the journal, starting with the oldest entry + collected.</para> + + <para>If one or more match arguments are passed, the output is + filtered accordingly. A match is in the format + <literal>FIELD=VALUE</literal>, + e.g. <literal>_SYSTEMD_UNIT=httpd.service</literal>, referring + to the components of a structured journal entry. See + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.journal-fields</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for a list of well-known fields. If multiple matches are + specified matching different fields, the log entries are + filtered by both, i.e. the resulting output will show only + entries matching all the specified matches of this kind. If two + matches apply to the same field, then they are automatically + matched as alternatives, i.e. the resulting output will show + entries matching any of the specified matches for the same + field. Finally, the character <literal>+</literal> may appears + as a separate word between other terms on the command line. This + causes all matches before and after to be combined in a + disjunction (i.e. logical OR).</para> + + <para>As shortcuts for a few types of field/value matches, file + paths may be specified. If a file path refers to an executable + file, this is equivalent to an <literal>_EXE=</literal> match + for the canonicalized binary path. Similarly, if a path refers + to a device node, this is equivalent to a + <literal>_KERNEL_DEVICE=</literal> match for the device.</para> + + <para>Additional constraints may be added using options + <option>--boot</option>, <option>--unit=</option>, etc, to + further limit what entries will be shown (logical AND).</para> + + <para>Output is interleaved from all accessible journal files, + whether they are rotated or currently being written, and + regardless of whether they belong to the system itself or are + accessible user journals.</para> + + <para>The set of journal files which will be used can be + modified using the <option>--user</option>, + <option>--system</option>, <option>--directory</option>, and + <option>--file</option> options, see below.</para> + + <para>All users are granted access to their private per-user + journals. However, by default, only root and users who are + members of the <literal>systemd-journal</literal> group get + access to the system journal and the journals of other + users.</para> + + <para>The output is paged through <command>less</command> by + default, and long lines are "truncated" to screen width. The + hidden part can be viewed by using the left-arrow and + right-arrow keys. Paging can be disabled; see the + <option>--no-pager</option> option and the "Environment" section + below.</para> + + <para>When outputting to a tty, lines are colored according to + priority: lines of level ERROR and higher are colored red; lines + of level NOTICE and higher are highlighted; other lines are + displayed normally.</para> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>Options</title> + + <para>The following options are understood:</para> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--no-full</option></term> + <term><option>--full</option></term> + <term><option>-l</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Ellipsize fields when they do not fit in + available columns. The default is to show full fields, + allowing them to wrap or be truncated by the pager, if one + is used.</para> + + <para>The old options + <option>-l</option>/<option>--full</option> are not useful + anymore, except to undo <option>--no-full</option>.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-a</option></term> + <term><option>--all</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show all fields in full, even if they + include unprintable characters or are very + long.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-f</option></term> + <term><option>--follow</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show only the most recent journal entries, + and continuously print new entries as they are appended to + the journal.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-e</option></term> + <term><option>--pager-end</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Immediately jump to the end of the journal + inside the implied pager tool. This implies + <option>-n1000</option> to guarantee that the pager will not + buffer logs of unbounded size. This may be overridden with + an explicit <option>-n</option> with some other numeric + value while <option>-nall</option> will disable this cap. + Note that this option is only supported for the + <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> + pager.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-n</option></term> + <term><option>--lines=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show the most recent journal events and + limit the number of events shown. If + <option>--follow</option> is used, this option is + implied. The argument is a positive integer or + <literal>all</literal> to disable line limiting. The default + value is 10 if no argument is given.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--no-tail</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show all stored output lines, even in follow + mode. Undoes the effect of <option>--lines=</option>. + </para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-r</option></term> + <term><option>--reverse</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Reverse output so that the newest entries + are displayed first.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-o</option></term> + <term><option>--output=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Controls the formatting of the journal + entries that are shown. Takes one of the following + options:</para> + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>short</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>is the default and generates an output that is + mostly identical to the formatting of classic syslog + files, showing one line per journal entry.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>short-iso</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>is very similar, but shows ISO 8601 wallclock + timestamps.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>short-precise</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>is very similar, but shows timestamps with full + microsecond precision.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>short-monotonic</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>is very similar, but shows monotonic timestamps + instead of wallclock timestamps.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>verbose</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>shows the full-structured entry items with all + fields.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>export</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>serializes the journal into a binary (but mostly + text-based) stream suitable for backups and network + transfer (see + <ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/export">Journal Export Format</ulink> + for more information).</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>json</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>formats entries as JSON data structures, one per + line (see + <ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/json">Journal JSON Format</ulink> + for more information).</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>json-pretty</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>formats entries as JSON data structures, but + formats them in multiple lines in order to make them + more readable by humans.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>json-sse</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>formats entries as JSON data structures, but wraps + them in a format suitable for + <ulink url="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events">Server-Sent Events</ulink>. </para> - </refsect1> - - <refsect1> - <title>Options</title> - - <para>The following options are understood:</para> - - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--no-full</option></term> - <term><option>--full</option></term> - <term><option>-l</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Ellipsize fields when - they do not fit in available columns. - The default is to show full fields, - allowing them to wrap or be truncated - by the pager, if one is used.</para> - - <para>The old options - <option>-l</option>/<option>--full</option> - are not useful anymore, except to undo - <option>--no-full</option>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-a</option></term> - <term><option>--all</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Show all fields in - full, even if they include unprintable - characters or are very - long.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-f</option></term> - <term><option>--follow</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Show only the most recent - journal entries, and continuously print - new entries as they are appended to - the journal.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-e</option></term> - <term><option>--pager-end</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Immediately jump to - the end of the journal inside the - implied pager tool. This implies - <option>-n1000</option> to guarantee - that the pager will not buffer logs of - unbounded size. This may be overridden - with an explicit <option>-n</option> - with some other numeric value while - <option>-nall</option> will disable this cap. - Note that this option is only supported for the - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> - pager.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-n</option></term> - <term><option>--lines=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Show the most recent - journal events and limit the number of - events shown. If - <option>--follow</option> is used, - this option is implied. The argument is - a positive integer or <literal>all</literal> - to disable line limiting. The default value is - 10 if no argument is given.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--no-tail</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Show all stored output - lines, even in follow mode. Undoes the - effect of - <option>--lines=</option>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-r</option></term> - <term><option>--reverse</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Reverse output so that the newest - entries are displayed first.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-o</option></term> - <term><option>--output=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Controls the - formatting of the journal entries that - are shown. Takes one of the following options: - </para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term> - <option>short</option> - </term> - <listitem> - <para>is the default - and generates an output - that is mostly identical - to the formatting of - classic syslog files, - showing one line per - journal entry.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term> - <option>short-iso</option> - </term> - <listitem> - <para>is very similar, - but shows ISO 8601 - wallclock timestamps. - </para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term> - <option>short-precise</option> - </term> - <listitem> - <para>is very similar, - but shows timestamps - with full microsecond - precision. - </para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term> - <option>short-monotonic</option> - </term> - <listitem> - <para>is very similar, - but shows monotonic - timestamps instead of - wallclock timestamps. - </para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term> - <option>verbose</option> - </term> - <listitem> - <para>shows the - full-structured entry - items with all fields. - </para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term> - <option>export</option> - </term> - <listitem> - <para>serializes the - journal into a binary - (but mostly text-based) - stream suitable for - backups and network - transfer (see <ulink - url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/export">Journal - Export Format</ulink> - for more - information).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term> - <option>json</option> - </term> - <listitem> - <para>formats entries - as JSON data structures, - one per line (see <ulink - url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/json">Journal - JSON Format</ulink> for - more information).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term> - <option>json-pretty</option> - </term> - <listitem> - <para>formats entries as - JSON data structures, - but formats them in - multiple lines in order - to make them more - readable by humans.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term> - <option>json-sse</option> - </term> - <listitem> - <para>formats entries as - JSON data structures, - but wraps them in a - format suitable for <ulink - url="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events">Server-Sent - Events</ulink>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term> - <option>cat</option> - </term> - <listitem> - <para>generates a very - terse output, only - showing the actual - message of each journal - entry with no metadata, - not even a timestamp. - </para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--utc</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Express time in Coordinated Universal - Time (UTC).</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-x</option></term> - <term><option>--catalog</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Augment log lines with - explanation texts from the message - catalog. This will add explanatory - help texts to log messages in the - output where this is available. These - short help texts will explain the - context of an error or log event, - possible solutions, as well as - pointers to support forums, developer - documentation, and any other relevant - manuals. Note that help texts are not - available for all messages, but only - for selected ones. For more - information on the message catalog, - please refer to the <ulink - url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog">Message - Catalog Developer - Documentation</ulink>.</para> - - <para>Note: when attaching - <command>journalctl</command> output - to bug reports, please do - <emphasis>not</emphasis> use - <option>-x</option>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-q</option></term> - <term><option>--quiet</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Suppresses any warning - messages regarding inaccessible system - journals when run as a normal - user.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-m</option></term> - <term><option>--merge</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Show entries - interleaved from all available - journals, including remote - ones.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-b <optional><replaceable>ID</replaceable></optional><optional><replaceable>±offset</replaceable></optional></option></term> - <term><option>--boot=<optional><replaceable>ID</replaceable></optional><optional><replaceable>±offset</replaceable></optional></option></term> - - <listitem><para>Show messages from a specific - boot. This will add a match for - <literal>_BOOT_ID=</literal>.</para> - - <para>The argument may be empty, in which case - logs for the current boot will be shown.</para> - - <para>If the boot ID is omitted, a positive - <replaceable>offset</replaceable> will look up - the boots starting from the beginning of the - journal, and a equal-or-less-than zero - <replaceable>offset</replaceable> will look up - boots starting from the end of the - journal. Thus, <constant>1</constant> means the - first boot found in the journal in - chronological order, <constant>2</constant> the - second and so on; while <constant>-0</constant> - is the last boot, <constant>-1</constant> the - boot before last, and so on. An empty - <replaceable>offset</replaceable> is equivalent - to specifying <constant>-0</constant>, except - when the current boot is not the last boot - (e.g. because <option>--directory</option> was - specified to look at logs from a different - machine).</para> - - <para>If the 32-character - <replaceable>ID</replaceable> is specified, it - may optionally be followed by - <replaceable>offset</replaceable> which - identifies the boot relative to the one given by - boot <replaceable>ID</replaceable>. Negative - values mean earlier boots and a positive values - mean later boots. If - <replaceable>offset</replaceable> is not - specified, a value of zero is assumed, and the - logs for the boot given by - <replaceable>ID</replaceable> are shown. - </para> - - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--list-boots</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Show a tabular list of - boot numbers (relative to the current - boot), their IDs, and the timestamps - of the first and last message - pertaining to the boot. - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-k</option></term> - <term><option>--dmesg</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Show only kernel messages. This - implies <option>-b</option> and adds the match - <literal>_TRANSPORT=kernel</literal>. - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-t</option></term> - <term><option>--identifier=<replaceable>SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER</replaceable>|<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable></option></term> - - <listitem><para>Show messages for the - specified syslog identifier - <replaceable>SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER</replaceable>, or - for any of the messages with a <literal>SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER</literal> - matched by <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>.</para> - - <para>This parameter can be specified - multiple times.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-u</option></term> - <term><option>--unit=<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>|<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable></option></term> - - <listitem><para>Show messages for the - specified systemd unit - <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> (such - as a service unit), or for any of the - units matched by - <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>. - If a pattern is specified, a list of - unit names found in the journal is - compared with the specified pattern - and all that match are used. For each - unit name, a match is added for - messages from the unit - (<literal>_SYSTEMD_UNIT=<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></literal>), - along with additional matches for - messages from systemd and messages - about coredumps for the specified - unit.</para> - - <para>This parameter can be specified - multiple times.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--user-unit=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Show messages for the - specified user session unit. This will - add a match for messages from the unit - (<literal>_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT=</literal> - and <literal>_UID=</literal>) and - additional matches for messages from - session systemd and messages about - coredumps for the specified unit.</para> - <para>This parameter can be specified multiple times. - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-p</option></term> - <term><option>--priority=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Filter output by - message priorities or priority - ranges. Takes either a single numeric - or textual log level (i.e. between - 0/<literal>emerg</literal> and - 7/<literal>debug</literal>), or a - range of numeric/text log levels in - the form FROM..TO. The log levels are - the usual syslog log levels as - documented in - <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - i.e. <literal>emerg</literal> (0), - <literal>alert</literal> (1), - <literal>crit</literal> (2), - <literal>err</literal> (3), - <literal>warning</literal> (4), - <literal>notice</literal> (5), - <literal>info</literal> (6), - <literal>debug</literal> (7). If a - single log level is specified, all - messages with this log level or a - lower (hence more important) log level - are shown. If a range is specified, all - messages within the range are shown, - including both the start and the end - value of the range. This will add - <literal>PRIORITY=</literal> matches - for the specified - priorities.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-c</option></term> - <term><option>--cursor=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Start showing entries - from the location in the journal - specified by the passed - cursor.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--after-cursor=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Start showing entries - from the location in the journal - <emphasis>after</emphasis> the - location specified by the this cursor. - The cursor is shown when the - <option>--show-cursor</option> option - is used.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--show-cursor</option></term> - - <listitem><para>The cursor is shown after the last - entry after two dashes:</para> - <programlisting>-- cursor: s=0639...</programlisting> - <para>The format of the cursor is private - and subject to change.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--since=</option></term> - <term><option>--until=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Start showing entries - on or newer than the specified date, - or on or older than the specified - date, respectively. Date specifications - should be of the format - <literal>2012-10-30 18:17:16</literal>. - If the time part is omitted, - <literal>00:00:00</literal> is assumed. - If only the seconds component is omitted, - <literal>:00</literal> is assumed. If the - date component is omitted, the current - day is assumed. Alternatively the strings - <literal>yesterday</literal>, - <literal>today</literal>, - <literal>tomorrow</literal> are - understood, which refer to 00:00:00 of - the day before the current day, the - current day, or the day after the - current day, respectively. <literal>now</literal> - refers to the current time. Finally, - relative times may be specified, - prefixed with <literal>-</literal> or - <literal>+</literal>, referring to - times before or after the current - time, respectively.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-F</option></term> - <term><option>--field=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Print all possible - data values the specified field can - take in all entries of the - journal.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--system</option></term> - <term><option>--user</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Show messages from - system services and the kernel (with - <option>--system</option>). Show - messages from service of current user - (with <option>--user</option>). - If neither is specified, show all - messages that the user can see. - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-M</option></term> - <term><option>--machine=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Show messages from a - running, local container. Specify a - container name to connect - to.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-D <replaceable>DIR</replaceable></option></term> - <term><option>--directory=<replaceable>DIR</replaceable></option></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a directory path - as argument. If specified, journalctl - will operate on the specified journal - directory - <replaceable>DIR</replaceable> instead - of the default runtime and system - journal paths.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--file=<replaceable>GLOB</replaceable></option></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a file glob as an - argument. If specified, journalctl will - operate on the specified journal files - matching <replaceable>GLOB</replaceable> - instead of the default runtime and - system journal paths. May be specified - multiple times, in which case files will - be suitably interleaved.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--root=<replaceable>ROOT</replaceable></option></term> - - <listitem><para>Takes a directory path - as an argument. If specified, journalctl - will operate on catalog file hierarchy - underneath the specified directory - instead of the root directory - (e.g. <option>--update-catalog</option> - will create - <filename><replaceable>ROOT</replaceable>/var/lib/systemd/catalog/database</filename>). - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--new-id128</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Instead of showing - journal contents, generate a new 128-bit - ID suitable for identifying - messages. This is intended for usage - by developers who need a new - identifier for a new message they - introduce and want to make - recognizable. This will print the new ID in - three different formats which can be - copied into source code or - similar.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--header</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Instead of showing - journal contents, show internal header - information of the journal fields - accessed.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--disk-usage</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Shows the current disk - usage of all journal files. This shows - the sum of the disk usage of all - archived and active journal - files.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--vacuum-size=</option></term> - <term><option>--vacuum-time=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Removes archived - journal files until the disk space - they use falls below the specified - size (specified with the usual K, M, - G, T suffixes), or all journal files - contain no data older than the - specified timespan (specified with the - usual s, min, h, days, months, weeks, - years suffixes). Note that running - <option>--vacuum-size=</option> has - only indirect effect on the output - shown by <option>--disk-usage</option> - as the latter includes active journal - files, while the former only operates - on archived journal - files. <option>--vacuum-size=</option> - and <option>--vacuum-time=</option> - may be combined in a single invocation - to enforce both a size and time limit - on the archived journal - files.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--list-catalog - <optional><replaceable>128-bit-ID...</replaceable></optional> - </option></term> - - <listitem><para>List the contents of - the message catalog as a table of - message IDs, plus their short - description strings.</para> - - <para>If any - <replaceable>128-bit-ID</replaceable>s are - specified, only those entries are shown. - </para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--dump-catalog - <optional><replaceable>128-bit-ID...</replaceable></optional> - </option></term> - - <listitem><para>Show the contents of - the message catalog, with entries - separated by a line consisting of two - dashes and the ID (the format is the - same as <filename>.catalog</filename> - files).</para> - - <para>If any - <replaceable>128-bit-ID</replaceable>s are - specified, only those entries are shown. - </para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--update-catalog</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Update the message - catalog index. This command needs to - be executed each time new catalog - files are installed, removed, or - updated to rebuild the binary catalog - index.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--setup-keys</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Instead of showing - journal contents, generate a new key - pair for Forward Secure Sealing - (FSS). This will generate a sealing - key and a verification key. The - sealing key is stored in the journal - data directory and shall remain on the - host. The verification key should be - stored externally. Refer to the - <option>Seal=</option> option in - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journald.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for information on Forward Secure - Sealing and for a link to a refereed - scholarly paper detailing the - cryptographic theory it is based on. - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--force</option></term> - - <listitem><para>When - <option>--setup-keys</option> is passed and - Forward Secure Sealing (FSS) has already been - configured, recreate FSS keys.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--interval=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Specifies the change - interval for the sealing key when - generating an FSS key pair with - <option>--setup-keys</option>. Shorter - intervals increase CPU consumption but - shorten the time range of - undetectable journal - alterations. Defaults to - 15min.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--verify</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Check the journal file - for internal consistency. If the - file has been generated with FSS - enabled and the FSS verification key - has been specified with - <option>--verify-key=</option>, - authenticity of the journal file is - verified.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--verify-key=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Specifies the FSS - verification key to use for the - <option>--verify</option> - operation.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--flush</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Asks the Journal - daemon to flush any log data stored in - <filename>/run/log/journal</filename> - into - <filename>/var/log/journal</filename>, - if persistent storage is enabled. This - call does not return until the - operation is - complete.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" /> - <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" /> - <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" /> - </variablelist> - </refsect1> - - <refsect1> - <title>Exit status</title> - - <para>On success, 0 is returned; otherwise, a non-zero - failure code is returned.</para> - </refsect1> - - <xi:include href="less-variables.xml" /> - - <refsect1> - <title>Examples</title> - - <para>Without arguments, all collected logs are shown - unfiltered:</para> - - <programlisting>journalctl</programlisting> - - <para>With one match specified, all entries with a field matching the expression are shown:</para> - - <programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service</programlisting> - - <para>If two different fields are matched, only entries matching both expressions at the same time are shown:</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>cat</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>generates a very terse output, only showing the + actual message of each journal entry with no metadata, + not even a timestamp.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--utc</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Express time in Coordinated Universal Time + (UTC).</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-x</option></term> + <term><option>--catalog</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Augment log lines with explanation texts from + the message catalog. This will add explanatory help texts to + log messages in the output where this is available. These + short help texts will explain the context of an error or log + event, possible solutions, as well as pointers to support + forums, developer documentation, and any other relevant + manuals. Note that help texts are not available for all + messages, but only for selected ones. For more information on + the message catalog, please refer to the + <ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog">Message Catalog Developer Documentation</ulink>.</para> + + <para>Note: when attaching <command>journalctl</command> + output to bug reports, please do <emphasis>not</emphasis> use + <option>-x</option>.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-q</option></term> + <term><option>--quiet</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Suppresses any warning messages regarding + inaccessible system journals when run as a normal + user.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-m</option></term> + <term><option>--merge</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show entries interleaved from all available + journals, including remote ones.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-b <optional><replaceable>ID</replaceable></optional><optional><replaceable>±offset</replaceable></optional></option></term> + <term><option>--boot=<optional><replaceable>ID</replaceable></optional><optional><replaceable>±offset</replaceable></optional></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show messages from a specific boot. This will + add a match for <literal>_BOOT_ID=</literal>.</para> + + <para>The argument may be empty, in which case logs for the + current boot will be shown.</para> + + <para>If the boot ID is omitted, a positive + <replaceable>offset</replaceable> will look up the boots + starting from the beginning of the journal, and a + equal-or-less-than zero <replaceable>offset</replaceable> will + look up boots starting from the end of the journal. Thus, + <constant>1</constant> means the first boot found in the + journal in chronological order, <constant>2</constant> the + second and so on; while <constant>-0</constant> is the last + boot, <constant>-1</constant> the boot before last, and so + on. An empty <replaceable>offset</replaceable> is equivalent + to specifying <constant>-0</constant>, except when the current + boot is not the last boot (e.g. because + <option>--directory</option> was specified to look at logs + from a different machine).</para> + + <para>If the 32-character <replaceable>ID</replaceable> is + specified, it may optionally be followed by + <replaceable>offset</replaceable> which identifies the boot + relative to the one given by boot + <replaceable>ID</replaceable>. Negative values mean earlier + boots and a positive values mean later boots. If + <replaceable>offset</replaceable> is not specified, a value of + zero is assumed, and the logs for the boot given by + <replaceable>ID</replaceable> are shown.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--list-boots</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show a tabular list of boot numbers (relative to + the current boot), their IDs, and the timestamps of the first + and last message pertaining to the boot.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-k</option></term> + <term><option>--dmesg</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show only kernel messages. This implies + <option>-b</option> and adds the match + <literal>_TRANSPORT=kernel</literal>.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-t</option></term> + <term><option>--identifier=<replaceable>SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER</replaceable>|<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show messages for the specified syslog + identifier <replaceable>SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER</replaceable>, or + for any of the messages with a + <literal>SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER</literal> matched by + <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>.</para> + + <para>This parameter can be specified multiple + times.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-u</option></term> + <term><option>--unit=<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>|<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show messages for the specified systemd unit + <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> (such as a service unit), or + for any of the units matched by + <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>. If a pattern is + specified, a list of unit names found in the journal is + compared with the specified pattern and all that match are + used. For each unit name, a match is added for messages from + the unit + (<literal>_SYSTEMD_UNIT=<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></literal>), + along with additional matches for messages from systemd and + messages about coredumps for the specified unit.</para> + + <para>This parameter can be specified multiple times.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--user-unit=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show messages for the specified user session + unit. This will add a match for messages from the unit + (<literal>_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT=</literal> and + <literal>_UID=</literal>) and additional matches for messages + from session systemd and messages about coredumps for the + specified unit.</para> + + <para>This parameter can be specified multiple times.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-p</option></term> + <term><option>--priority=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Filter output by message priorities or + priority ranges. Takes either a single numeric or textual log + level (i.e. between 0/<literal>emerg</literal> and + 7/<literal>debug</literal>), or a range of numeric/text log + levels in the form FROM..TO. The log levels are the usual + syslog log levels as documented in + <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + i.e. <literal>emerg</literal> (0), + <literal>alert</literal> (1), <literal>crit</literal> (2), + <literal>err</literal> (3), <literal>warning</literal> (4), + <literal>notice</literal> (5), <literal>info</literal> (6), + <literal>debug</literal> (7). If a single log level is + specified, all messages with this log level or a lower (hence + more important) log level are shown. If a range is specified, + all messages within the range are shown, including both the + start and the end value of the range. This will add + <literal>PRIORITY=</literal> matches for the specified + priorities.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-c</option></term> + <term><option>--cursor=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Start showing entries from the location in the + journal specified by the passed cursor.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--after-cursor=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Start showing entries from the location in the + journal <emphasis>after</emphasis> the location specified by + the this cursor. The cursor is shown when the + <option>--show-cursor</option> option is used.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--show-cursor</option></term> + + <listitem><para>The cursor is shown after the last entry after + two dashes:</para> + <programlisting>-- cursor: s=0639...</programlisting> + <para>The format of the cursor is private + and subject to change.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--since=</option></term> + <term><option>--until=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Start showing entries on or newer than the + specified date, or on or older than the specified date, + respectively. Date specifications should be of the format + <literal>2012-10-30 18:17:16</literal>. If the time part is + omitted, <literal>00:00:00</literal> is assumed. If only the + seconds component is omitted, <literal>:00</literal> is + assumed. If the date component is omitted, the current day is + assumed. Alternatively the strings + <literal>yesterday</literal>, <literal>today</literal>, + <literal>tomorrow</literal> are understood, which refer to + 00:00:00 of the day before the current day, the current day, + or the day after the current day, + respectively. <literal>now</literal> refers to the current + time. Finally, relative times may be specified, prefixed with + <literal>-</literal> or <literal>+</literal>, referring to + times before or after the current time, respectively.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-F</option></term> + <term><option>--field=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Print all possible data values the specified + field can take in all entries of the journal.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--system</option></term> + <term><option>--user</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show messages from system services and the + kernel (with <option>--system</option>). Show messages from + service of current user (with <option>--user</option>). If + neither is specified, show all messages that the user can see. + </para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-M</option></term> + <term><option>--machine=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show messages from a running, local + container. Specify a container name to connect to.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-D <replaceable>DIR</replaceable></option></term> + <term><option>--directory=<replaceable>DIR</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Takes a directory path as argument. If + specified, journalctl will operate on the specified journal + directory <replaceable>DIR</replaceable> instead of the + default runtime and system journal paths.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--file=<replaceable>GLOB</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Takes a file glob as an argument. If + specified, journalctl will operate on the specified journal + files matching <replaceable>GLOB</replaceable> instead of the + default runtime and system journal paths. May be specified + multiple times, in which case files will be suitably + interleaved.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--root=<replaceable>ROOT</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Takes a directory path as an argument. If + specified, journalctl will operate on catalog file hierarchy + underneath the specified directory instead of the root + directory (e.g. <option>--update-catalog</option> will create + <filename><replaceable>ROOT</replaceable>/var/lib/systemd/catalog/database</filename>). + </para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--new-id128</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Instead of showing journal contents, generate + a new 128-bit ID suitable for identifying messages. This is + intended for usage by developers who need a new identifier for + a new message they introduce and want to make + recognizable. This will print the new ID in three different + formats which can be copied into source code or similar. + </para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--header</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Instead of showing journal contents, show + internal header information of the journal fields + accessed.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--disk-usage</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Shows the current disk usage of all journal + files. This shows the sum of the disk usage of all archived + and active journal files.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--vacuum-size=</option></term> + <term><option>--vacuum-time=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Removes archived journal files until the disk + space they use falls below the specified size (specified with + the usual <literal>K</literal>, <literal>M</literal>, + <literal>G</literal>, <literal>T</literal> suffixes), or all + journal files contain no data older than the specified + timespan (specified with the usual <literal>s</literal>, + <literal>min</literal>, <literal>h</literal>, + <literal>days</literal>, <literal>months</literal>, + <literal>weeks</literal>, <literal>years</literal> + suffixes). Note that running <option>--vacuum-size=</option> + has only indirect effect on the output shown by + <option>--disk-usage</option> as the latter includes active + journal files, while the former only operates on archived + journal files. <option>--vacuum-size=</option> and + <option>--vacuum-time=</option> may be combined in a single + invocation to enforce both a size and time limit on the + archived journal files.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--list-catalog + <optional><replaceable>128-bit-ID...</replaceable></optional> + </option></term> + + <listitem><para>List the contents of the message catalog as a + table of message IDs, plus their short description strings. + </para> + + <para>If any <replaceable>128-bit-ID</replaceable>s are + specified, only those entries are shown.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--dump-catalog + <optional><replaceable>128-bit-ID...</replaceable></optional> + </option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show the contents of the message catalog, with + entries separated by a line consisting of two dashes and the + ID (the format is the same as <filename>.catalog</filename> + files).</para> + + <para>If any <replaceable>128-bit-ID</replaceable>s are + specified, only those entries are shown.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--update-catalog</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Update the message catalog index. This command + needs to be executed each time new catalog files are + installed, removed, or updated to rebuild the binary catalog + index.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--setup-keys</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Instead of showing journal contents, generate + a new key pair for Forward Secure Sealing (FSS). This will + generate a sealing key and a verification key. The sealing key + is stored in the journal data directory and shall remain on + the host. The verification key should be stored + externally. Refer to the <option>Seal=</option> option in + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journald.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for information on Forward Secure Sealing and for a link to a + refereed scholarly paper detailing the cryptographic theory it + is based on.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--force</option></term> + + <listitem><para>When <option>--setup-keys</option> is passed + and Forward Secure Sealing (FSS) has already been configured, + recreate FSS keys.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--interval=</option></term> - <programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097</programlisting> + <listitem><para>Specifies the change interval for the sealing + key when generating an FSS key pair with + <option>--setup-keys</option>. Shorter intervals increase CPU + consumption but shorten the time range of undetectable journal + alterations. Defaults to 15min.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--verify</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Check the journal file for internal + consistency. If the file has been generated with FSS enabled and + the FSS verification key has been specified with + <option>--verify-key=</option>, authenticity of the journal file + is verified.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--verify-key=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Specifies the FSS verification key to use for + the <option>--verify</option> operation.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--flush</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Asks the Journal daemon to flush any log data + stored in <filename>/run/log/journal</filename> into + <filename>/var/log/journal</filename>, if persistent storage is + enabled. This call does not return until the operation is + complete.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> - <para>If two matches refer to the same field, all entries matching either expression are shown:</para> + <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" /> + <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" /> + <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" /> + </variablelist> + </refsect1> - <programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service</programlisting> + <refsect1> + <title>Exit status</title> - <para>If the separator <literal>+</literal> is used, - two expressions may be combined in a logical OR. The - following will show all messages from the Avahi - service process with the PID 28097 plus all messages - from the D-Bus service (from any of its - processes):</para> + <para>On success, 0 is returned; otherwise, a non-zero failure + code is returned.</para> + </refsect1> - <programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097 + _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service</programlisting> + <xi:include href="less-variables.xml" /> - <para>Show all logs generated by the D-Bus executable:</para> + <refsect1> + <title>Examples</title> - <programlisting>journalctl /usr/bin/dbus-daemon</programlisting> + <para>Without arguments, all collected logs are shown + unfiltered:</para> - <para>Show all logs of the kernel device node <filename noindex='true'>/dev/sda</filename>:</para> + <programlisting>journalctl</programlisting> - <programlisting>journalctl /dev/sda</programlisting> + <para>With one match specified, all entries with a field matching + the expression are shown:</para> - <para>Show all kernel logs from previous boot:</para> + <programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service</programlisting> - <programlisting>journalctl -k -b -1</programlisting> + <para>If two different fields are matched, only entries matching + both expressions at the same time are shown:</para> - <para>Show a live log display from a system service <filename>apache.service</filename>:</para> + <programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097</programlisting> - <programlisting>journalctl -f -u apache</programlisting> + <para>If two matches refer to the same field, all entries matching + either expression are shown:</para> - </refsect1> + <programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service</programlisting> - <refsect1> - <title>See Also</title> - <para> - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>coredumpctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.journal-fields</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journald.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> - </para> - </refsect1> + <para>If the separator <literal>+</literal> is used, two + expressions may be combined in a logical OR. The following will + show all messages from the Avahi service process with the PID + 28097 plus all messages from the D-Bus service (from any of its + processes):</para> + + <programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097 + _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service</programlisting> + + <para>Show all logs generated by the D-Bus executable:</para> + + <programlisting>journalctl /usr/bin/dbus-daemon</programlisting> + + <para>Show all logs of the kernel device node + <filename noindex='true'>/dev/sda</filename>:</para> + + <programlisting>journalctl /dev/sda</programlisting> + + <para>Show all kernel logs from previous boot:</para> + + <programlisting>journalctl -k -b -1</programlisting> + + <para>Show a live log display from a system service + <filename>apache.service</filename>:</para> + + <programlisting>journalctl -f -u apache</programlisting> + + </refsect1> + <refsect1> + <title>See Also</title> + <para> + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>coredumpctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.journal-fields</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journald.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> + </para> + </refsect1> </refentry> |