diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'src/resolve/resolved-dns-dnssec.c')
-rw-r--r-- | src/resolve/resolved-dns-dnssec.c | 507 |
1 files changed, 404 insertions, 103 deletions
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-dnssec.c b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-dnssec.c index afff979b5a..f999a8cc77 100644 --- a/src/resolve/resolved-dns-dnssec.c +++ b/src/resolve/resolved-dns-dnssec.c @@ -35,17 +35,15 @@ * * TODO: * - * - wildcard zones compatibility (NSEC/NSEC3 wildcard check is missing) - * - multi-label zone compatibility - * - cname/dname compatibility - * - nxdomain on qname * - bus calls to override DNSEC setting per interface * - log all DNSSEC downgrades + * - log all RRs that failed validation * - enable by default - * - * - RFC 4035, Section 5.3.4 (When receiving a positive wildcard reply, use NSEC to ensure it actually really applies) - * - RFC 6840, Section 4.1 (ensure we don't get fed a glue NSEC from the parent zone) - * - RFC 6840, Section 4.3 (check for CNAME on NSEC too) + * - Allow clients to request DNSSEC even if DNSSEC is off + * - make sure when getting an NXDOMAIN response through CNAME, we still process the first CNAMEs in the packet + * - update test-complex to also do ResolveAddress lookups + * - extend complex test to check "xn--kprw13d." DNAME domain + * - rework IDNA stuff: only to IDNA for ResolveAddress and ResolveService, and prepare a pair of lookup keys then, never do IDNA comparisons after that * */ #define VERIFY_RRS_MAX 256 @@ -430,6 +428,57 @@ static void md_add_uint32(gcry_md_hd_t md, uint32_t v) { gcry_md_write(md, &v, sizeof(v)); } +static int dnssec_rrsig_prepare(DnsResourceRecord *rrsig) { + int n_key_labels, n_signer_labels; + const char *name; + int r; + + /* Checks whether the specified RRSIG RR is somewhat valid, and initializes the .n_skip_labels_source and + * .n_skip_labels_signer fields so that we can use them later on. */ + + assert(rrsig); + assert(rrsig->key->type == DNS_TYPE_RRSIG); + + /* Check if this RRSIG RR is already prepared */ + if (rrsig->n_skip_labels_source != (unsigned) -1) + return 0; + + if (rrsig->rrsig.inception > rrsig->rrsig.expiration) + return -EINVAL; + + name = DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(rrsig->key); + + n_key_labels = dns_name_count_labels(name); + if (n_key_labels < 0) + return n_key_labels; + if (rrsig->rrsig.labels > n_key_labels) + return -EINVAL; + + n_signer_labels = dns_name_count_labels(rrsig->rrsig.signer); + if (n_signer_labels < 0) + return n_signer_labels; + if (n_signer_labels > rrsig->rrsig.labels) + return -EINVAL; + + r = dns_name_skip(name, n_key_labels - n_signer_labels, &name); + if (r < 0) + return r; + if (r == 0) + return -EINVAL; + + /* Check if the signer is really a suffix of us */ + r = dns_name_equal(name, rrsig->rrsig.signer); + if (r < 0) + return r; + if (r == 0) + return -EINVAL; + + rrsig->n_skip_labels_source = n_key_labels - rrsig->rrsig.labels; + rrsig->n_skip_labels_signer = n_key_labels - n_signer_labels; + + return 0; +} + static int dnssec_rrsig_expired(DnsResourceRecord *rrsig, usec_t realtime) { usec_t expiration, inception, skew; @@ -499,6 +548,35 @@ static int algorithm_to_gcrypt_md(uint8_t algorithm) { } } +static void dnssec_fix_rrset_ttl( + DnsResourceRecord *list[], + unsigned n, + DnsResourceRecord *rrsig, + usec_t realtime) { + + unsigned k; + + assert(list); + assert(n > 0); + assert(rrsig); + + for (k = 0; k < n; k++) { + DnsResourceRecord *rr = list[k]; + + /* Pick the TTL as the minimum of the RR's TTL, the + * RR's original TTL according to the RRSIG and the + * RRSIG's own TTL, see RFC 4035, Section 5.3.3 */ + rr->ttl = MIN3(rr->ttl, rrsig->rrsig.original_ttl, rrsig->ttl); + rr->expiry = rrsig->rrsig.expiration * USEC_PER_SEC; + + /* Copy over information about the signer and wildcard source of synthesis */ + rr->n_skip_labels_source = rrsig->n_skip_labels_source; + rr->n_skip_labels_signer = rrsig->n_skip_labels_signer; + } + + rrsig->expiry = rrsig->rrsig.expiration * USEC_PER_SEC; +} + int dnssec_verify_rrset( DnsAnswer *a, const DnsResourceKey *key, @@ -508,14 +586,14 @@ int dnssec_verify_rrset( DnssecResult *result) { uint8_t wire_format_name[DNS_WIRE_FOMAT_HOSTNAME_MAX]; - size_t hash_size; - void *hash; DnsResourceRecord **list, *rr; + const char *source, *name; gcry_md_hd_t md = NULL; int r, md_algorithm; size_t k, n = 0; + size_t hash_size; + void *hash; bool wildcard; - const char *source; assert(key); assert(rrsig); @@ -536,6 +614,14 @@ int dnssec_verify_rrset( if (md_algorithm < 0) return md_algorithm; + r = dnssec_rrsig_prepare(rrsig); + if (r == -EINVAL) { + *result = DNSSEC_INVALID; + return r; + } + if (r < 0) + return r; + r = dnssec_rrsig_expired(rrsig, realtime); if (r < 0) return r; @@ -544,8 +630,32 @@ int dnssec_verify_rrset( return 0; } + name = DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(key); + + /* Some keys may only appear signed in the zone apex, and are invalid anywhere else. (SOA, NS...) */ + if (dns_type_apex_only(rrsig->rrsig.type_covered)) { + r = dns_name_equal(rrsig->rrsig.signer, name); + if (r < 0) + return r; + if (r == 0) { + *result = DNSSEC_INVALID; + return 0; + } + } + + /* OTOH DS RRs may not appear in the zone apex, but are valid everywhere else. */ + if (rrsig->rrsig.type_covered == DNS_TYPE_DS) { + r = dns_name_equal(rrsig->rrsig.signer, name); + if (r < 0) + return r; + if (r > 0) { + *result = DNSSEC_INVALID; + return 0; + } + } + /* Determine the "Source of Synthesis" and whether this is a wildcard RRSIG */ - r = dns_name_suffix(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(key), rrsig->rrsig.labels, &source); + r = dns_name_suffix(name, rrsig->rrsig.labels, &source); if (r < 0) return r; if (r > 0 && !dns_type_may_wildcard(rrsig->rrsig.type_covered)) { @@ -556,11 +666,11 @@ int dnssec_verify_rrset( if (r == 1) { /* If we stripped a single label, then let's see if that maybe was "*". If so, we are not really * synthesized from a wildcard, we are the wildcard itself. Treat that like a normal name. */ - r = dns_name_startswith(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(key), "*"); + r = dns_name_startswith(name, "*"); if (r < 0) return r; if (r > 0) - source = DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(key); + source = name; wildcard = r == 0; } else @@ -675,12 +785,17 @@ int dnssec_verify_rrset( if (r < 0) goto finish; - if (!r) + /* Now, fix the ttl, expiry, and remember the synthesizing source and the signer */ + if (r > 0) + dnssec_fix_rrset_ttl(list, n, rrsig, realtime); + + if (r == 0) *result = DNSSEC_INVALID; else if (wildcard) *result = DNSSEC_VALIDATED_WILDCARD; else *result = DNSSEC_VALIDATED; + r = 0; finish: @@ -719,8 +834,6 @@ int dnssec_rrsig_match_dnskey(DnsResourceRecord *rrsig, DnsResourceRecord *dnske } int dnssec_key_match_rrsig(const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsResourceRecord *rrsig) { - int r; - assert(key); assert(rrsig); @@ -733,45 +846,9 @@ int dnssec_key_match_rrsig(const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsResourceRecord *rrsig) if (rrsig->rrsig.type_covered != key->type) return 0; - /* Make sure signer is a parent of the RRset */ - r = dns_name_endswith(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(rrsig->key), rrsig->rrsig.signer); - if (r <= 0) - return r; - - /* Make sure the owner name has at least as many labels as the "label" fields indicates. */ - r = dns_name_count_labels(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(rrsig->key)); - if (r < 0) - return r; - if (r < rrsig->rrsig.labels) - return 0; - return dns_name_equal(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(rrsig->key), DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(key)); } -static int dnssec_fix_rrset_ttl(DnsAnswer *a, const DnsResourceKey *key, DnsResourceRecord *rrsig, usec_t realtime) { - DnsResourceRecord *rr; - int r; - - assert(key); - assert(rrsig); - - DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH(rr, a) { - r = dns_resource_key_equal(key, rr->key); - if (r < 0) - return r; - if (r == 0) - continue; - - /* Pick the TTL as the minimum of the RR's TTL, the - * RR's original TTL according to the RRSIG and the - * RRSIG's own TTL, see RFC 4035, Section 5.3.3 */ - rr->ttl = MIN3(rr->ttl, rrsig->rrsig.original_ttl, rrsig->ttl); - rr->expiry = rrsig->rrsig.expiration * USEC_PER_SEC; - } - - return 0; -} - int dnssec_verify_rrset_search( DnsAnswer *a, const DnsResourceKey *key, @@ -841,10 +918,6 @@ int dnssec_verify_rrset_search( case DNSSEC_VALIDATED_WILDCARD: /* Yay, the RR has been validated, * return immediately, but fix up the expiry */ - r = dnssec_fix_rrset_ttl(a, key, rrsig, realtime); - if (r < 0) - return r; - if (ret_rrsig) *ret_rrsig = rrsig; @@ -995,7 +1068,7 @@ static int digest_to_gcrypt_md(uint8_t algorithm) { } } -int dnssec_verify_dnskey(DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, DnsResourceRecord *ds, bool mask_revoke) { +int dnssec_verify_dnskey_by_ds(DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, DnsResourceRecord *ds, bool mask_revoke) { char owner_name[DNSSEC_CANONICAL_HOSTNAME_MAX]; gcry_md_hd_t md = NULL; size_t hash_size; @@ -1065,7 +1138,7 @@ finish: return r; } -int dnssec_verify_dnskey_search(DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, DnsAnswer *validated_ds) { +int dnssec_verify_dnskey_by_ds_search(DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, DnsAnswer *validated_ds) { DnsResourceRecord *ds; DnsAnswerFlags flags; int r; @@ -1082,7 +1155,6 @@ int dnssec_verify_dnskey_search(DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, DnsAnswer *validated_ if (ds->key->type != DNS_TYPE_DS) continue; - if (ds->key->class != dnskey->key->class) continue; @@ -1092,9 +1164,9 @@ int dnssec_verify_dnskey_search(DnsResourceRecord *dnskey, DnsAnswer *validated_ if (r == 0) continue; - r = dnssec_verify_dnskey(dnskey, ds, false); - if (r == -EKEYREJECTED) - return 0; /* The DNSKEY is revoked or otherwise invalid, we won't bless it */ + r = dnssec_verify_dnskey_by_ds(dnskey, ds, false); + if (IN_SET(r, -EKEYREJECTED, -EOPNOTSUPP)) + return 0; /* The DNSKEY is revoked or otherwise invalid, or we don't support the digest algorithm */ if (r < 0) return r; if (r > 0) @@ -1211,6 +1283,13 @@ static int nsec3_is_good(DnsResourceRecord *rr, DnsResourceRecord *nsec3) { if (rr->nsec3.iterations > NSEC3_ITERATIONS_MAX) return 0; + /* Ignore NSEC3 RRs generated from wildcards */ + if (rr->n_skip_labels_source != 0) + return 0; + /* Ignore NSEC3 RRs that are located anywhere else than one label below the zone */ + if (rr->n_skip_labels_signer != 1) + return 0; + if (!nsec3) return 1; @@ -1244,6 +1323,7 @@ static int nsec3_is_good(DnsResourceRecord *rr, DnsResourceRecord *nsec3) { if (r == 0) return 0; + /* Make sure both have the same parent */ return dns_name_equal(a, b); } @@ -1535,10 +1615,158 @@ found_closest_encloser: return 0; } +static int dnssec_nsec_wildcard_equal(DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *name) { + char label[DNS_LABEL_MAX]; + const char *n; + int r; + + assert(rr); + assert(rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_NSEC); + + /* Checks whether the specified RR has a name beginning in "*.", and if the rest is a suffix of our name */ + + if (rr->n_skip_labels_source != 1) + return 0; + + n = DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(rr->key); + r = dns_label_unescape(&n, label, sizeof(label)); + if (r <= 0) + return r; + if (r != 1 || label[0] != '*') + return 0; + + return dns_name_endswith(name, n); +} + +static int dnssec_nsec_in_path(DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *name) { + const char *nn, *common_suffix; + int r; + + assert(rr); + assert(rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_NSEC); + + /* Checks whether the specified nsec RR indicates that name is an empty non-terminal (ENT) + * + * A couple of examples: + * + * NSEC bar → waldo.foo.bar: indicates that foo.bar exists and is an ENT + * NSEC waldo.foo.bar → yyy.zzz.xoo.bar: indicates that xoo.bar and zzz.xoo.bar exist and are ENTs + * NSEC yyy.zzz.xoo.bar → bar: indicates pretty much nothing about ENTs + */ + + /* First, determine parent of next domain. */ + nn = rr->nsec.next_domain_name; + r = dns_name_parent(&nn); + if (r <= 0) + return r; + + /* If the name we just determined is not equal or child of the name we are interested in, then we can't say + * anything at all. */ + r = dns_name_endswith(nn, name); + if (r <= 0) + return r; + + /* If the name we we are interested in is not a prefix of the common suffix of the NSEC RR's owner and next domain names, then we can't say anything either. */ + r = dns_name_common_suffix(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(rr->key), rr->nsec.next_domain_name, &common_suffix); + if (r < 0) + return r; + + return dns_name_endswith(name, common_suffix); +} + +static int dnssec_nsec_from_parent_zone(DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *name) { + int r; + + assert(rr); + assert(rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_NSEC); + + /* Checks whether this NSEC originates to the parent zone or the child zone. */ + + r = dns_name_parent(&name); + if (r <= 0) + return r; + + r = dns_name_equal(name, DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(rr->key)); + if (r <= 0) + return r; + + /* DNAME, and NS without SOA is an indication for a delegation. */ + if (bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_DNAME)) + return 1; + + if (bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_NS) && !bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_SOA)) + return 1; + + return 0; +} + +static int dnssec_nsec_covers(DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *name) { + const char *common_suffix, *p; + int r; + + assert(rr); + assert(rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_NSEC); + + /* Checks whether the "Next Closer" is witin the space covered by the specified RR. */ + + r = dns_name_common_suffix(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(rr->key), rr->nsec.next_domain_name, &common_suffix); + if (r < 0) + return r; + + for (;;) { + p = name; + r = dns_name_parent(&name); + if (r < 0) + return r; + if (r == 0) + return 0; + + r = dns_name_equal(name, common_suffix); + if (r < 0) + return r; + if (r > 0) + break; + } + + /* p is now the "Next Closer". */ + + return dns_name_between(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(rr->key), p, rr->nsec.next_domain_name); +} + +static int dnssec_nsec_covers_wildcard(DnsResourceRecord *rr, const char *name) { + const char *common_suffix, *wc; + int r; + + assert(rr); + assert(rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_NSEC); + + /* Checks whether the "Wildcard at the Closest Encloser" is within the space covered by the specified + * RR. Specifically, checks whether 'name' has the common suffix of the NSEC RR's owner and next names as + * suffix, and whether the NSEC covers the name generated by that suffix prepended with an asterisk label. + * + * NSEC bar → waldo.foo.bar: indicates that *.bar and *.foo.bar do not exist + * NSEC waldo.foo.bar → yyy.zzz.xoo.bar: indicates that *.xoo.bar and *.zzz.xoo.bar do not exist (and more ...) + * NSEC yyy.zzz.xoo.bar → bar: indicates that a number of wildcards don#t exist either... + */ + + r = dns_name_common_suffix(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(rr->key), rr->nsec.next_domain_name, &common_suffix); + if (r < 0) + return r; + + /* If the common suffix is not shared by the name we are interested in, it has nothing to say for us. */ + r = dns_name_endswith(name, common_suffix); + if (r <= 0) + return r; + + wc = strjoina("*.", common_suffix, NULL); + return dns_name_between(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(rr->key), wc, rr->nsec.next_domain_name); +} + int dnssec_nsec_test(DnsAnswer *answer, DnsResourceKey *key, DnssecNsecResult *result, bool *authenticated, uint32_t *ttl) { - DnsResourceRecord *rr; - bool have_nsec3 = false; + bool have_nsec3 = false, covering_rr_authenticated = false, wildcard_rr_authenticated = false; + DnsResourceRecord *rr, *covering_rr = NULL, *wildcard_rr = NULL; DnsAnswerFlags flags; + const char *name; int r; assert(key); @@ -1546,53 +1774,117 @@ int dnssec_nsec_test(DnsAnswer *answer, DnsResourceKey *key, DnssecNsecResult *r /* Look for any NSEC/NSEC3 RRs that say something about the specified key. */ + name = DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(key); + DNS_ANSWER_FOREACH_FLAGS(rr, flags, answer) { if (rr->key->class != key->class) continue; - switch (rr->key->type) { + have_nsec3 = have_nsec3 || (rr->key->type == DNS_TYPE_NSEC3); - case DNS_TYPE_NSEC: + if (rr->key->type != DNS_TYPE_NSEC) + continue; - r = dns_name_equal(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(rr->key), DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(key)); + /* The following checks only make sense for NSEC RRs that are not expanded from a wildcard */ + r = dns_resource_record_is_synthetic(rr); + if (r < 0) + return r; + if (r > 0) + continue; + + /* Check if this is a direct match. If so, we have encountered a NODATA case */ + r = dns_name_equal(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(rr->key), name); + if (r < 0) + return r; + if (r == 0) { + /* If it's not a direct match, maybe it's a wild card match? */ + r = dnssec_nsec_wildcard_equal(rr, name); if (r < 0) return r; - if (r > 0) { - if (bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, key->type)) - *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_FOUND; - else if (bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_CNAME)) - *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_CNAME; - else - *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_NODATA; - - if (authenticated) - *authenticated = flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED; - if (ttl) - *ttl = rr->ttl; - - return 0; + } + if (r > 0) { + if (key->type == DNS_TYPE_DS) { + /* If we look for a DS RR and the server sent us the NSEC RR of the child zone + * we have a problem. For DS RRs we want the NSEC RR from the parent */ + if (bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_SOA)) + continue; + } else { + /* For all RR types, ensure that if NS is set SOA is set too, so that we know + * we got the child's NSEC. */ + if (bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_NS) && + !bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_SOA)) + continue; } - r = dns_name_between(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(rr->key), DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(key), rr->nsec.next_domain_name); - if (r < 0) - return r; - if (r > 0) { - *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_NXDOMAIN; + if (bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, key->type)) + *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_FOUND; + else if (bitmap_isset(rr->nsec.types, DNS_TYPE_CNAME)) + *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_CNAME; + else + *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_NODATA; - if (authenticated) - *authenticated = flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED; - if (ttl) - *ttl = rr->ttl; + if (authenticated) + *authenticated = flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED; + if (ttl) + *ttl = rr->ttl; - return 0; - } - break; + return 0; + } - case DNS_TYPE_NSEC3: - have_nsec3 = true; - break; + /* Check if the name we are looking for is an empty non-terminal within the owner or next name + * of the NSEC RR. */ + r = dnssec_nsec_in_path(rr, name); + if (r < 0) + return r; + if (r > 0) { + *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_NODATA; + + if (authenticated) + *authenticated = flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED; + if (ttl) + *ttl = rr->ttl; + + return 0; } + + /* The following two "covering" checks, are not useful if the NSEC is from the parent */ + r = dnssec_nsec_from_parent_zone(rr, name); + if (r < 0) + return r; + if (r > 0) + continue; + + /* Check if this NSEC RR proves the absence of an explicit RR under this name */ + r = dnssec_nsec_covers(rr, name); + if (r < 0) + return r; + if (r > 0 && (!covering_rr || !covering_rr_authenticated)) { + covering_rr = rr; + covering_rr_authenticated = flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED; + } + + /* Check if this NSEC RR proves the absence of a wildcard RR under this name */ + r = dnssec_nsec_covers_wildcard(rr, name); + if (r < 0) + return r; + if (r > 0 && (!wildcard_rr || !wildcard_rr_authenticated)) { + wildcard_rr = rr; + wildcard_rr_authenticated = flags & DNS_ANSWER_AUTHENTICATED; + } + } + + if (covering_rr && wildcard_rr) { + /* If we could prove that neither the name itself, nor the wildcard at the closest encloser exists, we + * proved the NXDOMAIN case. */ + *result = DNSSEC_NSEC_NXDOMAIN; + + if (authenticated) + *authenticated = covering_rr_authenticated && wildcard_rr_authenticated; + if (ttl) + *ttl = MIN(covering_rr->ttl, wildcard_rr->ttl); + + return 0; } /* OK, this was not sufficient. Let's see if NSEC3 can help. */ @@ -1621,15 +1913,17 @@ int dnssec_nsec_test_enclosed(DnsAnswer *answer, uint16_t type, const char *name if (rr->key->type != type && type != DNS_TYPE_ANY) continue; - r = dns_name_endswith(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(rr->key), zone); - if (r < 0) - return r; - if (r == 0) - continue; - switch (rr->key->type) { case DNS_TYPE_NSEC: + + /* We only care for NSEC RRs from the indicated zone */ + r = dns_resource_record_is_signer(rr, zone); + if (r < 0) + return r; + if (r == 0) + continue; + r = dns_name_between(DNS_RESOURCE_KEY_NAME(rr->key), name, rr->nsec.next_domain_name); if (r < 0) return r; @@ -1640,6 +1934,13 @@ int dnssec_nsec_test_enclosed(DnsAnswer *answer, uint16_t type, const char *name case DNS_TYPE_NSEC3: { _cleanup_free_ char *hashed_domain = NULL, *next_hashed_domain = NULL; + /* We only care for NSEC3 RRs from the indicated zone */ + r = dns_resource_record_is_signer(rr, zone); + if (r < 0) + return r; + if (r == 0) + continue; + r = nsec3_is_good(rr, NULL); if (r < 0) return r; |