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This changes the environment for services running as root from:
LANG=C.utf8
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
INVOCATION_ID=ffbdec203c69499a9b83199333e31555
JOURNAL_STREAM=8:1614518
to
LANG=C.utf8
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
HOME=/root
LOGNAME=root
USER=root
SHELL=/bin/sh
INVOCATION_ID=15a077963d7b4ca0b82c91dc6519f87c
JOURNAL_STREAM=8:1616718
Making the environment special for the root user complicates things
unnecessarily. This change simplifies both our logic (by making the setting
of the variables unconditional), and should also simplify the logic in
services (particularly scripts).
Fixes #5124.
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automatically clean up PrivateTmp= left-overs in /var/tmp on next boot
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PAMName= (#4967)
A follow-up for #4942, adding a brief but more correct explanation of
the processes.
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systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service
Preparation for fixing #4401.
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These groupe reboot()/kexec() and swapon()/swapoff() respectively
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This adds two new settings BindPaths= and BindReadOnlyPaths=. They allow
defining arbitrary bind mounts specific to particular services. This is
particularly useful for services with RootDirectory= set as this permits making
specific bits of the host directory available to chrooted services.
The two new settings follow the concepts nspawn already possess in --bind= and
--bind-ro=, as well as the .nspawn settings Bind= and BindReadOnly= (and these
latter options should probably be renamed to BindPaths= and BindReadOnlyPaths=
too).
Fixes: #3439
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Note that any exit code is available through $EXIT_STATUS and not through
$EXIT_CODE. This mimics siginfo.
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@filesystem groups various file system operations, such as opening files and
directories for read/write and stat()ing them, plus renaming, deleting,
symlinking, hardlinking.
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This changes a couple of things in the namespace handling:
It merges the BindMount and TargetMount structures. They are mostly the same,
hence let's just use the same structue, and rely on C's implicit zero
initialization of partially initialized structures for the unneeded fields.
This reworks memory management of each entry a bit. It now contains one "const"
and one "malloc" path. We use the former whenever we can, but use the latter
when we have to, which is the case when we have to chase symlinks or prefix a
root directory. This means in the common case we don't actually need to
allocate any dynamic memory. To make this easy to use we add an accessor
function bind_mount_path() which retrieves the right path string from a
BindMount structure.
While we are at it, also permit "+" as prefix for dirs configured with
ReadOnlyPaths= and friends: if specified the root directory of the unit is
implicited prefixed.
This also drops set_bind_mount() and uses C99 structure initialization instead,
which I think is more readable and clarifies what is being done.
This drops append_protect_kernel_tunables() and
append_protect_kernel_modules() as append_static_mounts() is now simple enough
to be called directly.
Prefixing with the root dir is now done in an explicit step in
prefix_where_needed(). It will prepend the root directory on each entry that
doesn't have it prefixed yet. The latter is determined depending on an extra
bit in the BindMount structure.
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This new setting permits restricting whether namespaces may be created and
managed by processes started by a unit. It installs a seccomp filter blocking
certain invocations of unshare(), clone() and setns().
RestrictNamespaces=no is the default, and does not restrict namespaces in any
way. RestrictNamespaces=yes takes away the ability to create or manage any kind
of namspace. "RestrictNamespaces=mnt ipc" restricts the creation of namespaces
so that only mount and IPC namespaces may be created/managed, but no other
kind of namespaces.
This setting should be improve security quite a bit as in particular user
namespacing was a major source of CVEs in the kernel in the past, and is
accessible to unprivileged processes. With this setting the entire attack
surface may be removed for system services that do not make use of namespaces.
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systemd-analyze syscall-filter
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Setting no_new_privs does not stop UID changes, but rather blocks
gaining privileges through execve(). Also fixes a small typo.
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Just to make the whole thing easier for users.
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This should make it easier for users to understand what each filter
means as the list of syscalls is updated in subsequent systemd versions.
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If execve() or socket() is filtered the service manager might get into trouble
executing the service binary, or handling any failures when this fails. Mention
this in the documentation.
The other option would be to implicitly whitelist all system calls that are
required for these codepaths. However, that appears less than desirable as this
would mean socket() and many related calls have to be whitelisted
unconditionally. As writing system call filters requires a certain level of
expertise anyway it sounds like the better option to simply document these
issues and suggest that the user disables system call filters in the service
temporarily in order to debug any such failures.
See: #3993.
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@resources contains various syscalls that alter resource limits and memory and
scheduling parameters of processes. As such they are good candidates to block
for most services.
@basic-io contains a number of basic syscalls for I/O, similar to the list
seccomp v1 permitted but slightly more complete. It should be useful for
building basic whitelisting for minimal sandboxes
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These system calls clearly fall in the @ipc category, hence should be listed
there, simply to avoid confusion and surprise by the user.
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The system call is already part in @default hence implicitly allowed anyway.
Also, if it is actually blocked then systemd couldn't execute the service in
question anymore, since the application of seccomp is immediately followed by
it.
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Timing and sleep are so basic operations, it makes very little sense to ever
block them, hence don't.
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"Secondary arch" table for mips is entirely speculative…
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seccomp: also block shmat(..., SHM_EXEC) for MemoryDenyWriteExecute
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shmat(..., SHM_EXEC) can be used to create writable and executable
memory, so let's block it when MemoryDenyWriteExecute is set.
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Fixes #4329.
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Replaces: #4375
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This commit adds a `fd` option to `StandardInput=`,
`StandardOutput=` and `StandardError=` properties in order to
connect standard streams to externally named descriptors provided
by some socket units.
This option looks for a file descriptor named as the corresponding
stream. Custom names can be specified, separated by a colon.
If multiple name-matches exist, the first matching fd will be used.
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Let's avoid the overly abbreviated "cgroups" terminology. Let's instead write:
"Linux Control Groups (cgroups)" is the long form wherever the term is
introduced in prose. Use "control groups" in the short form wherever the term
is used within brief explanations.
Follow-up to: #4381
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Fixes #4379.
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endocode/djalal/sandbox-first-protection-kernelmodules-v1
core:sandbox: Add ProtectKernelModules= and some fixes
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A mix of fixes for typos and UK english
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Lets go further and make /lib/modules/ inaccessible for services that do
not have business with modules, this is a minor improvment but it may
help on setups with custom modules and they are limited... in regard of
kernel auto-load feature.
This change introduce NameSpaceInfo struct which we may embed later
inside ExecContext but for now lets just reduce the argument number to
setup_namespace() and merge ProtectKernelModules feature.
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The rawio system calls were filtered, but CAP_SYS_RAWIO allows to access raw
data through /proc, ioctl and some other exotic system calls...
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This is useful to turn off explicit module load and unload operations on modular
kernels. This option removes CAP_SYS_MODULE from the capability bounding set for
the unit, and installs a system call filter to block module system calls.
This option will not prevent the kernel from loading modules using the module
auto-load feature which is a system wide operation.
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Various smaller documentation fixes.
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Let's clarify that for user services some OS-defined limits bound the settings
in the unit files.
Fixes: #4232
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This adds a new invocation ID concept to the service manager. The invocation ID
identifies each runtime cycle of a unit uniquely. A new randomized 128bit ID is
generated each time a unit moves from and inactive to an activating or active
state.
The primary usecase for this concept is to connect the runtime data PID 1
maintains about a service with the offline data the journal stores about it.
Previously we'd use the unit name plus start/stop times, which however is
highly racy since the journal will generally process log data after the service
already ended.
The "invocation ID" kinda matches the "boot ID" concept of the Linux kernel,
except that it applies to an individual unit instead of the whole system.
The invocation ID is passed to the activated processes as environment variable.
It is additionally stored as extended attribute on the cgroup of the unit. The
latter is used by journald to automatically retrieve it for each log logged
message and attach it to the log entry. The environment variable is very easily
accessible, even for unprivileged services. OTOH the extended attribute is only
accessible to privileged processes (this is because cgroupfs only supports the
"trusted." xattr namespace, not "user."). The environment variable may be
altered by services, the extended attribute may not be, hence is the better
choice for the journal.
Note that reading the invocation ID off the extended attribute from journald is
racy, similar to the way reading the unit name for a logging process is.
This patch adds APIs to read the invocation ID to sd-id128:
sd_id128_get_invocation() may be used in a similar fashion to
sd_id128_get_boot().
PID1's own logging is updated to always include the invocation ID when it logs
information about a unit.
A new bus call GetUnitByInvocationID() is added that allows retrieving a bus
path to a unit by its invocation ID. The bus path is built using the invocation
ID, thus providing a path for referring to a unit that is valid only for the
current runtime cycleof it.
Outlook for the future: should the kernel eventually allow passing of cgroup
information along AF_UNIX/SOCK_DGRAM messages via a unique cgroup id, then we
can alter the invocation ID to be generated as hash from that rather than
entirely randomly. This way we can derive the invocation race-freely from the
messages.
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Add seccomp support for the s390 architecture (31-bit and 64-bit)
to systemd.
This requires libseccomp >= 2.3.1.
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