systemd Developer Lennart Poettering lennart@poettering.net bootup 7 bootup System bootup process A number of different components are involved in the system boot. Immediately after power-up, the system BIOS will do minimal hardware initialization, and hand control over to a boot loader stored on a persistent storage device. This boot loader will then invoke an OS kernel from disk (or the network). In the Linux case this kernel now (optionally) extracts and executes an initial RAM disk image (initrd) such as dracut8 which looks for the root file system. After the root file system is found and mounted the initrd hands over control to the system manager (such as systemd1) stored on the OS image which is then responsible for probing all remaining hardware, mounting all necessary file systems and spawning all configured services. On shutdown the system manager stops all services, unmounts all file systems (detaching the storage technologies backing them), and then (optionally) jumps back into the initrd code which unmounts/detaches the root file system and the storage it resides on. As last step the system is powered down. Additional information about the system boot process may be found in boot7. At boot, the system manager on the OS image is responsible for initializing the required file systems, services and drivers that are necessary for operation of the system. On systemd1 systems this process is split up in various discrete steps which are exposed as target units. (See systemd.target5 for detailed information about target units.) The boot-up process is highly parallelized so that the order in which specific target units are reached is not deterministic, but still adheres to a limited amount of ordering structure. When systemd starts up the system it will activate all units that are dependencies of default.target (as well as recursively all dependencies of these dependencies). Usually default.target is simply an alias of graphical.target or multi-user.target depending on whether the system is configured for a graphical UI or only for a text console. To enforce minimal ordering between the units pulled in a number of well-known target units are available, as listed on systemd.special7. The following chart is a structural overview of these well-known units and their position in the boot-up logic. The arrows describe which units are pulled in and ordered before which other units. Units near the top are started before units nearer to the bottom of the chart. local-fs-pre.target | v (various mounts and (various swap (various cryptsetup fsck services...) devices...) devices...) (various low-level (various low-level | | | services: udevd, API VFS mounts: v v v tmpfiles, random mqueue, configfs, local-fs.target swap.target cryptsetup.target seed, sysctl, ...) debugfs, ...) | | | | | \__________________|_________________ | ___________________|____________________/ \|/ v sysinit.target | _________________/|\___________________ / | \ | | | v | v (various | rescue.service sockets...) | | | | v v | rescue.target sockets.target | | | \_________________ | \| v basic.target | __________________________________/| emergency.service / | | | | | | v v v v emergency.target display- (various system (various system manager.service services services) | required for | | graphical UIs) v | | multi-user.target | | | \_______________ | _________________/ \|/ v graphical.target Target units that are commonly used as boot targets are emphasized. These units are good choices as goal targets, for example by passing them to the systemd.unit= kernel command line option (see systemd1) or by symlinking default.target to them. The default target in the initrd is the initrd-fs.target. The bootup process is identical to the System Manager Bootup until it reaches basic.target. From there, systemd approaches the special initrd.target. If the root device can be mounted at /sysroot, the sysroot.mount unit becomes active and the initrd-root-fs.target is reached. The initrd-parse-etc.service scans /sysroot/etc/fstab for a possible /usr mountpoint and additional entries marked with the x-initrd.mount option. All entries found are mounted below /sysroot, and the initrd-fs.target is reached. The initrd-cleanup.service isolates to the initrd-switch-root.target, where cleanup services can run. As the very last step, the initrd-switch-root.service is activated, which will cause the system to switch its root to /sysroot. (identical to System Manager Bootup) : : v basic.target | emergency.service ______________________/| | / | v | sysroot.mount emergency.target | | | v | initrd-root-fs.target | | | v | initrd-parse-etc.service (custom initrd services) | | v | (sysroot-usr.mount and | various mounts marked | with fstab option | x-initrd.mount) | | | v | initrd-fs.target | | \______________________ | \| v initrd.target | v initrd-cleanup.service isolates to initrd-switch-root.target | v ______________________/| / | | initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service | | (custom initrd services) | | | \______________________ | \| v initrd-switch-root.target | v initrd-switch-root.service | v switch-root System shutdown also consists of various target units with some minimal ordering structure applied: (conflicts with (conflicts with all system all file system services) mounts, swaps, | cryptsetup | devices, ...) | | v v shutdown.target umount.target | | \_______ ______/ \ / v (various low-level services) | v final.target | _____________________________________/ \_________________________________ / | | \ | | | | v v v v systemd-reboot.service systemd-poweroff.service systemd-halt.service systemd-kexec.service | | | | v v v v reboot.target poweroff.target halt.target kexec.target Commonly used system shutdown targets are emphasized. systemd1, boot7, systemd.special7, systemd.target5, dracut8