systemd Developer Lennart Poettering lennart@poettering.net systemd.time 7 systemd.time Time and date specifications In systemd, timestamps, time spans, and calendar events are displayed and may be specified in closely related syntaxes. Time spans refer to time durations. On display, systemd will present time spans as a space-separated series of time values each suffixed by a time unit. 2h 30min All specified time values are meant to be added up. The above hence refers to 150 minutes. When parsing, systemd will accept the same time span syntax. Separating spaces may be omitted. The following time units are understood: usec, us msec, ms seconds, second, sec, s minutes, minute, min, m hours, hour, hr, h days, day, d weeks, week, w months, month, M (defined as 30.44 days) years, year, y (define as 365.25 days) If no time unit is specified, generally seconds are assumed, but some exceptions exist and are marked as such. In a few cases ns, nsec is accepted too, where the granularity of the time span allows for this. Examples for valid time span specifications: 2 h 2hours 48hr 1y 12month 55s500ms 300ms20s 5day Timestamps refer to specific, unique points in time. On display, systemd will format these in the local timezone as follows: Fri 2012-11-23 23:02:15 CET The weekday is printed according to the locale choice of the user. When parsing, systemd will accept a similar syntax, but expects no timezone specification, unless it is given as the literal string "UTC". In this case, the time is considered in UTC, otherwise in the local timezone. The weekday specification is optional, but when the weekday is specified, it must either be in the abbreviated (Wed) or non-abbreviated (Wednesday) English language form (case does not matter), and is not subject to the locale choice of the user. Either the date, or the time part may be omitted, in which case the current date or 00:00:00, respectively, is assumed. The seconds component of the time may also be omitted, in which case ":00" is assumed. Year numbers may be specified in full or may be abbreviated (omitting the century). A timestamp is considered invalid if a weekday is specified and the date does not actually match the specified day of the week. When parsing, systemd will also accept a few special placeholders instead of timestamps: now may be used to refer to the current time (or of the invocation of the command that is currently executed). today, yesterday, and tomorrow refer to 00:00:00 of the current day, the day before, or the next day, respectively. When parsing, systemd will also accept relative time specifications. A time span (see above) that is prefixed with + is evaluated to the current time plus the specified time span. Correspondingly, a time span that is prefixed with - is evaluated to the current time minus the specified time span. Instead of prefixing the time span with + or -, it may also be suffixed with a space and the word left or ago. Finally, a timespan prefixed with @ is evaluated relative to the UNIX time epoch 1st Jan, 1970, 00:00. Examples for valid timestamps and their normalized form (assuming the current time was 2012-11-23 18:15:22 and the timezone was UTC+8, for example TZ=Asia/Shanghai): Fri 2012-11-23 11:12:13 → Fri 2012-11-23 11:12:13 2012-11-23 11:12:13 → Fri 2012-11-23 11:12:13 2012-11-23 11:12:13 UTC → Fri 2012-11-23 19:12:13 2012-11-23 → Fri 2012-11-23 00:00:00 12-11-23 → Fri 2012-11-23 00:00:00 11:12:13 → Fri 2012-11-23 11:12:13 11:12:13.9900009 → Fri 2012-11-23 11:12:13 format_timestamp_us: Fri 2012-11-23 11:12:13.990000 11:12 → Fri 2012-11-23 11:12:00 now → Fri 2012-11-23 18:15:22 today → Fri 2012-11-23 00:00:00 today UTC → Fri 2012-11-23 16:00:00 yesterday → Fri 2012-11-22 00:00:00 tomorrow → Fri 2012-11-24 00:00:00 +3h30min → Fri 2012-11-23 21:45:22 +3h30min UTC → -EINVAL -5s → Fri 2012-11-23 18:15:17 11min ago → Fri 2012-11-23 18:04:22 11min ago UTC → -EINVAL @1395716396 → Tue 2014-03-25 03:59:56 Note that timestamps printed by systemd will not be parsed correctly by systemd, as the timezone specification is not accepted, and printing timestamps is subject to locale settings for the weekday, while parsing only accepts English weekday names. In some cases, systemd will display a relative timestamp (relative to the current time, or the time of invocation of the command) instead or in addition to an absolute timestamp as described above. A relative timestamp is formatted as follows: 2 months 5 days ago Note that any relative timestamp will also parse correctly where a timestamp is expected. (see above) Calendar events may be used to refer to one or more points in time in a single expression. They form a superset of the absolute timestamps explained above: Thu,Fri 2012-*-1,5 11:12:13 The above refers to 11:12:13 of the first or fifth day of any month of the year 2012, but only if that day is a Thursday or Friday. The weekday specification is optional. If specified, it should consist of one or more English language weekday names, either in the abbreviated (Wed) or non-abbreviated (Wednesday) form (case does not matter), separated by commas. Specifying two weekdays separated by - refers to a range of continuous weekdays. , and - may be combined freely. In the date and time specifications, any component may be specified as * in which case any value will match. Alternatively, each component can be specified as a list of values separated by commas. Values may also be suffixed with / and a repetition value, which indicates that the value and all values plus multiples of the repetition value are matched. The seconds component may contain decimal fractions both in the value and the repetition. All fractions are rounded to 6 decimal places. Either time or date specification may be omitted, in which case the current day and 00:00:00 is implied, respectively. If the second component is not specified, :00 is assumed. A timezone specification is not expected, unless it is given as the literal string "UTC", similarly to timestamps. The special expressions minutely, hourly, daily, monthly, weekly, yearly, quarterly, semiannually may be used as calendar events which refer to *-*-* *:*:00, *-*-* *:00:00, *-*-* 00:00:00, *-*-01 00:00:00, Mon *-*-* 00:00:00, *-01-01 00:00:00, *-01,04,07,10-01 00:00:00 and *-01,07-01 00:00:00, respectively. Examples for valid timestamps and their normalized form: Sat,Thu,Mon-Wed,Sat-Sun → Mon-Thu,Sat,Sun *-*-* 00:00:00 Mon,Sun 12-*-* 2,1:23 → Mon,Sun 2012-*-* 01,02:23:00 Wed *-1 → Wed *-*-01 00:00:00 Wed-Wed,Wed *-1 → Wed *-*-01 00:00:00 Wed, 17:48 → Wed *-*-* 17:48:00 Wed-Sat,Tue 12-10-15 1:2:3 → Tue-Sat 2012-10-15 01:02:03 *-*-7 0:0:0 → *-*-07 00:00:00 10-15 → *-10-15 00:00:00 monday *-12-* 17:00 → Mon *-12-* 17:00:00 Mon,Fri *-*-3,1,2 *:30:45 → Mon,Fri *-*-01,02,03 *:30:45 12,14,13,12:20,10,30 → *-*-* 12,13,14:10,20,30:00 mon,fri *-1/2-1,3 *:30:45 → Mon,Fri *-01/2-01,03 *:30:45 03-05 08:05:40 → *-03-05 08:05:40 08:05:40 → *-*-* 08:05:40 05:40 → *-*-* 05:40:00 Sat,Sun 12-05 08:05:40 → Sat,Sun *-12-05 08:05:40 Sat,Sun 08:05:40 → Sat,Sun *-*-* 08:05:40 2003-03-05 05:40 → 2003-03-05 05:40:00 05:40:23.4200004/3.1700005 → 05:40:23.420000/3.170001 2003-03-05 05:40 UTC → 2003-03-05 05:40:00 UTC 2003-03-05 → 2003-03-05 00:00:00 03-05 → *-03-05 00:00:00 hourly → *-*-* *:00:00 daily → *-*-* 00:00:00 daily UTC → *-*-* 00:00:00 UTC monthly → *-*-01 00:00:00 weekly → Mon *-*-* 00:00:00 yearly → *-01-01 00:00:00 annually → *-01-01 00:00:00 *:2/3 → *-*-* *:02/3:00 Calendar events are used by timer units, see systemd.timer5 for details. systemd1, journalctl1, systemd.timer5, systemd.unit5, systemd.directives7