/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/ /*** This file is part of systemd. Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. ***/ #include <errno.h> #include <string.h> #include "alloc-util.h" #include "bus-label.h" #include "def.h" #include "hexdecoct.h" #include "path-util.h" #include "string-table.h" #include "string-util.h" #include "strv.h" #include "unit-name.h" #include "util.h" #define VALID_CHARS \ DIGITS LETTERS \ ":-_.\\" bool unit_name_is_valid(const char *n, UnitNameFlags flags) { const char *e, *i, *at; assert((flags & ~(UNIT_NAME_PLAIN|UNIT_NAME_INSTANCE|UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE)) == 0); if (_unlikely_(flags == 0)) return false; if (isempty(n)) return false; if (strlen(n) >= UNIT_NAME_MAX) return false; e = strrchr(n, '.'); if (!e || e == n) return false; if (unit_type_from_string(e + 1) < 0) return false; for (i = n, at = NULL; i < e; i++) { if (*i == '@' && !at) at = i; if (!strchr("@" VALID_CHARS, *i)) return false; } if (at == n) return false; if (flags & UNIT_NAME_PLAIN) if (!at) return true; if (flags & UNIT_NAME_INSTANCE) if (at && e > at + 1) return true; if (flags & UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE) if (at && e == at + 1) return true; return false; } bool unit_prefix_is_valid(const char *p) { /* We don't allow additional @ in the prefix string */ if (isempty(p)) return false; return in_charset(p, VALID_CHARS); } bool unit_instance_is_valid(const char *i) { /* The max length depends on the length of the string, so we * don't really check this here. */ if (isempty(i)) return false; /* We allow additional @ in the instance string, we do not * allow them in the prefix! */ return in_charset(i, "@" VALID_CHARS); } bool unit_suffix_is_valid(const char *s) { if (isempty(s)) return false; if (s[0] != '.') return false; if (unit_type_from_string(s + 1) < 0) return false; return true; } int unit_name_to_prefix(const char *n, char **ret) { const char *p; char *s; assert(n); assert(ret); if (!unit_name_is_valid(n, UNIT_NAME_ANY)) return -EINVAL; p = strchr(n, '@'); if (!p) p = strrchr(n, '.'); assert_se(p); s = strndup(n, p - n); if (!s) return -ENOMEM; *ret = s; return 0; } int unit_name_to_instance(const char *n, char **instance) { const char *p, *d; char *i; assert(n); assert(instance); if (!unit_name_is_valid(n, UNIT_NAME_ANY)) return -EINVAL; /* Everything past the first @ and before the last . is the instance */ p = strchr(n, '@'); if (!p) { *instance = NULL; return 0; } p++; d = strrchr(p, '.'); if (!d) return -EINVAL; i = strndup(p, d-p); if (!i) return -ENOMEM; *instance = i; return 1; } int unit_name_to_prefix_and_instance(const char *n, char **ret) { const char *d; char *s; assert(n); assert(ret); if (!unit_name_is_valid(n, UNIT_NAME_ANY)) return -EINVAL; d = strrchr(n, '.'); if (!d) return -EINVAL; s = strndup(n, d - n); if (!s) return -ENOMEM; *ret = s; return 0; } UnitType unit_name_to_type(const char *n) { const char *e; assert(n); if (!unit_name_is_valid(n, UNIT_NAME_ANY)) return _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID; assert_se(e = strrchr(n, '.')); return unit_type_from_string(e + 1); } int unit_name_change_suffix(const char *n, const char *suffix, char **ret) { char *e, *s; size_t a, b; assert(n); assert(suffix); assert(ret); if (!unit_name_is_valid(n, UNIT_NAME_ANY)) return -EINVAL; if (!unit_suffix_is_valid(suffix)) return -EINVAL; assert_se(e = strrchr(n, '.')); a = e - n; b = strlen(suffix); s = new(char, a + b + 1); if (!s) return -ENOMEM; strcpy(mempcpy(s, n, a), suffix); *ret = s; return 0; } int unit_name_build(const char *prefix, const char *instance, const char *suffix, char **ret) { char *s; assert(prefix); assert(suffix); assert(ret); if (!unit_prefix_is_valid(prefix)) return -EINVAL; if (instance && !unit_instance_is_valid(instance)) return -EINVAL; if (!unit_suffix_is_valid(suffix)) return -EINVAL; if (!instance) s = strappend(prefix, suffix); else s = strjoin(prefix, "@", instance, suffix, NULL); if (!s) return -ENOMEM; *ret = s; return 0; } static char *do_escape_char(char c, char *t) { assert(t); *(t++) = '\\'; *(t++) = 'x'; *(t++) = hexchar(c >> 4); *(t++) = hexchar(c); return t; } static char *do_escape(const char *f, char *t) { assert(f); assert(t); /* do not create units with a leading '.', like for "/.dotdir" mount points */ if (*f == '.') { t = do_escape_char(*f, t); f++; } for (; *f; f++) { if (*f == '/') *(t++) = '-'; else if (*f == '-' || *f == '\\' || !strchr(VALID_CHARS, *f)) t = do_escape_char(*f, t); else *(t++) = *f; } return t; } char *unit_name_escape(const char *f) { char *r, *t; assert(f); r = new(char, strlen(f)*4+1); if (!r) return NULL; t = do_escape(f, r); *t = 0; return r; } int unit_name_unescape(const char *f, char **ret) { _cleanup_free_ char *r = NULL; char *t; assert(f); r = strdup(f); if (!r) return -ENOMEM; for (t = r; *f; f++) { if (*f == '-') *(t++) = '/'; else if (*f == '\\') { int a, b; if (f[1] != 'x') return -EINVAL; a = unhexchar(f[2]); if (a < 0) return -EINVAL; b = unhexchar(f[3]); if (b < 0) return -EINVAL; *(t++) = (char) (((uint8_t) a << 4U) | (uint8_t) b); f += 3; } else *(t++) = *f; } *t = 0; *ret = r; r = NULL; return 0; } int unit_name_path_escape(const char *f, char **ret) { char *p, *s; assert(f); assert(ret); p = strdupa(f); if (!p) return -ENOMEM; path_kill_slashes(p); if (STR_IN_SET(p, "/", "")) s = strdup("-"); else { char *e; if (!path_is_safe(p)) return -EINVAL; /* Truncate trailing slashes */ e = endswith(p, "/"); if (e) *e = 0; /* Truncate leading slashes */ if (p[0] == '/') p++; s = unit_name_escape(p); } if (!s) return -ENOMEM; *ret = s; return 0; } int unit_name_path_unescape(const char *f, char **ret) { char *s; int r; assert(f); if (isempty(f)) return -EINVAL; if (streq(f, "-")) { s = strdup("/"); if (!s) return -ENOMEM; } else { char *w; r = unit_name_unescape(f, &w); if (r < 0) return r; /* Don't accept trailing or leading slashes */ if (startswith(w, "/") || endswith(w, "/")) { free(w); return -EINVAL; } /* Prefix a slash again */ s = strappend("/", w); free(w); if (!s) return -ENOMEM; if (!path_is_safe(s)) { free(s); return -EINVAL; } } if (ret) *ret = s; else free(s); return 0; } int unit_name_replace_instance(const char *f, const char *i, char **ret) { const char *p, *e; char *s; size_t a, b; assert(f); assert(i); assert(ret); if (!unit_name_is_valid(f, UNIT_NAME_INSTANCE|UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE)) return -EINVAL; if (!unit_instance_is_valid(i)) return -EINVAL; assert_se(p = strchr(f, '@')); assert_se(e = strrchr(f, '.')); a = p - f; b = strlen(i); s = new(char, a + 1 + b + strlen(e) + 1); if (!s) return -ENOMEM; strcpy(mempcpy(mempcpy(s, f, a + 1), i, b), e); *ret = s; return 0; } int unit_name_template(const char *f, char **ret) { const char *p, *e; char *s; size_t a; assert(f); assert(ret); if (!unit_name_is_valid(f, UNIT_NAME_INSTANCE|UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE)) return -EINVAL; assert_se(p = strchr(f, '@')); assert_se(e = strrchr(f, '.')); a = p - f; s = new(char, a + 1 + strlen(e) + 1); if (!s) return -ENOMEM; strcpy(mempcpy(s, f, a + 1), e); *ret = s; return 0; } int unit_name_from_path(const char *path, const char *suffix, char **ret) { _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL; char *s = NULL; int r; assert(path); assert(suffix); assert(ret); if (!unit_suffix_is_valid(suffix)) return -EINVAL; r = unit_name_path_escape(path, &p); if (r < 0) return r; s = strappend(p, suffix); if (!s) return -ENOMEM; *ret = s; return 0; } int unit_name_from_path_instance(const char *prefix, const char *path, const char *suffix, char **ret) { _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL; char *s; int r; assert(prefix); assert(path); assert(suffix); assert(ret); if (!unit_prefix_is_valid(prefix)) return -EINVAL; if (!unit_suffix_is_valid(suffix)) return -EINVAL; r = unit_name_path_escape(path, &p); if (r < 0) return r; s = strjoin(prefix, "@", p, suffix, NULL); if (!s) return -ENOMEM; *ret = s; return 0; } int unit_name_to_path(const char *name, char **ret) { _cleanup_free_ char *prefix = NULL; int r; assert(name); r = unit_name_to_prefix(name, &prefix); if (r < 0) return r; return unit_name_path_unescape(prefix, ret); } char *unit_dbus_path_from_name(const char *name) { _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL; assert(name); e = bus_label_escape(name); if (!e) return NULL; return strappend("/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/", e); } int unit_name_from_dbus_path(const char *path, char **name) { const char *e; char *n; e = startswith(path, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/"); if (!e) return -EINVAL; n = bus_label_unescape(e); if (!n) return -ENOMEM; *name = n; return 0; } const char* unit_dbus_interface_from_type(UnitType t) { static const char *const table[_UNIT_TYPE_MAX] = { [UNIT_SERVICE] = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Service", [UNIT_SOCKET] = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Socket", [UNIT_BUSNAME] = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.BusName", [UNIT_TARGET] = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Target", [UNIT_DEVICE] = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Device", [UNIT_MOUNT] = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Mount", [UNIT_AUTOMOUNT] = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Automount", [UNIT_SWAP] = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Swap", [UNIT_TIMER] = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Timer", [UNIT_PATH] = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Path", [UNIT_SLICE] = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Slice", [UNIT_SCOPE] = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Scope", }; if (t < 0) return NULL; if (t >= _UNIT_TYPE_MAX) return NULL; return table[t]; } const char *unit_dbus_interface_from_name(const char *name) { UnitType t; t = unit_name_to_type(name); if (t < 0) return NULL; return unit_dbus_interface_from_type(t); } static char *do_escape_mangle(const char *f, UnitNameMangle allow_globs, char *t) { const char *valid_chars; assert(f); assert(IN_SET(allow_globs, UNIT_NAME_GLOB, UNIT_NAME_NOGLOB)); assert(t); /* We'll only escape the obvious characters here, to play * safe. */ valid_chars = allow_globs == UNIT_NAME_GLOB ? "@" VALID_CHARS "[]!-*?" : "@" VALID_CHARS; for (; *f; f++) { if (*f == '/') *(t++) = '-'; else if (!strchr(valid_chars, *f)) t = do_escape_char(*f, t); else *(t++) = *f; } return t; } /** * Convert a string to a unit name. /dev/blah is converted to dev-blah.device, * /blah/blah is converted to blah-blah.mount, anything else is left alone, * except that @suffix is appended if a valid unit suffix is not present. * * If @allow_globs, globs characters are preserved. Otherwise, they are escaped. */ int unit_name_mangle_with_suffix(const char *name, UnitNameMangle allow_globs, const char *suffix, char **ret) { char *s, *t; int r; assert(name); assert(suffix); assert(ret); if (isempty(name)) /* We cannot mangle empty unit names to become valid, sorry. */ return -EINVAL; if (!unit_suffix_is_valid(suffix)) return -EINVAL; if (unit_name_is_valid(name, UNIT_NAME_ANY)) { /* No mangling necessary... */ s = strdup(name); if (!s) return -ENOMEM; *ret = s; return 0; } if (is_device_path(name)) { r = unit_name_from_path(name, ".device", ret); if (r >= 0) return 1; if (r != -EINVAL) return r; } if (path_is_absolute(name)) { r = unit_name_from_path(name, ".mount", ret); if (r >= 0) return 1; if (r != -EINVAL) return r; } s = new(char, strlen(name) * 4 + strlen(suffix) + 1); if (!s) return -ENOMEM; t = do_escape_mangle(name, allow_globs, s); *t = 0; if (unit_name_to_type(s) < 0) strcpy(t, suffix); *ret = s; return 1; } int slice_build_parent_slice(const char *slice, char **ret) { char *s, *dash; int r; assert(slice); assert(ret); if (!slice_name_is_valid(slice)) return -EINVAL; if (streq(slice, "-.slice")) { *ret = NULL; return 0; } s = strdup(slice); if (!s) return -ENOMEM; dash = strrchr(s, '-'); if (dash) strcpy(dash, ".slice"); else { r = free_and_strdup(&s, "-.slice"); if (r < 0) { free(s); return r; } } *ret = s; return 1; } int slice_build_subslice(const char *slice, const char*name, char **ret) { char *subslice; assert(slice); assert(name); assert(ret); if (!slice_name_is_valid(slice)) return -EINVAL; if (!unit_prefix_is_valid(name)) return -EINVAL; if (streq(slice, "-.slice")) subslice = strappend(name, ".slice"); else { char *e; assert_se(e = endswith(slice, ".slice")); subslice = new(char, (e - slice) + 1 + strlen(name) + 6 + 1); if (!subslice) return -ENOMEM; stpcpy(stpcpy(stpcpy(mempcpy(subslice, slice, e - slice), "-"), name), ".slice"); } *ret = subslice; return 0; } bool slice_name_is_valid(const char *name) { const char *p, *e; bool dash = false; if (!unit_name_is_valid(name, UNIT_NAME_PLAIN)) return false; if (streq(name, "-.slice")) return true; e = endswith(name, ".slice"); if (!e) return false; for (p = name; p < e; p++) { if (*p == '-') { /* Don't allow initial dash */ if (p == name) return false; /* Don't allow multiple dashes */ if (dash) return false; dash = true; } else dash = false; } /* Don't allow trailing hash */ if (dash) return false; return true; } static const char* const unit_type_table[_UNIT_TYPE_MAX] = { [UNIT_SERVICE] = "service", [UNIT_SOCKET] = "socket", [UNIT_BUSNAME] = "busname", [UNIT_TARGET] = "target", [UNIT_DEVICE] = "device", [UNIT_MOUNT] = "mount", [UNIT_AUTOMOUNT] = "automount", [UNIT_SWAP] = "swap", [UNIT_TIMER] = "timer", [UNIT_PATH] = "path", [UNIT_SLICE] = "slice", [UNIT_SCOPE] = "scope", }; DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(unit_type, UnitType); static const char* const unit_load_state_table[_UNIT_LOAD_STATE_MAX] = { [UNIT_STUB] = "stub", [UNIT_LOADED] = "loaded", [UNIT_NOT_FOUND] = "not-found", [UNIT_ERROR] = "error", [UNIT_MERGED] = "merged", [UNIT_MASKED] = "masked" }; DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(unit_load_state, UnitLoadState); static const char* const unit_active_state_table[_UNIT_ACTIVE_STATE_MAX] = { [UNIT_ACTIVE] = "active", [UNIT_RELOADING] = "reloading", [UNIT_INACTIVE] = "inactive", [UNIT_FAILED] = "failed", [UNIT_ACTIVATING] = "activating", [UNIT_DEACTIVATING] = "deactivating" }; DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(unit_active_state, UnitActiveState); static const char* const automount_state_table[_AUTOMOUNT_STATE_MAX] = { [AUTOMOUNT_DEAD] = "dead", [AUTOMOUNT_WAITING] = "waiting", [AUTOMOUNT_RUNNING] = "running", [AUTOMOUNT_FAILED] = "failed" }; DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(automount_state, AutomountState); static const char* const busname_state_table[_BUSNAME_STATE_MAX] = { [BUSNAME_DEAD] = "dead", [BUSNAME_MAKING] = "making", [BUSNAME_REGISTERED] = "registered", [BUSNAME_LISTENING] = "listening", [BUSNAME_RUNNING] = "running", [BUSNAME_SIGTERM] = "sigterm", [BUSNAME_SIGKILL] = "sigkill", [BUSNAME_FAILED] = "failed", }; DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(busname_state, BusNameState); static const char* const device_state_table[_DEVICE_STATE_MAX] = { [DEVICE_DEAD] = "dead", [DEVICE_TENTATIVE] = "tentative", [DEVICE_PLUGGED] = "plugged", }; DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(device_state, DeviceState); static const char* const mount_state_table[_MOUNT_STATE_MAX] = { [MOUNT_DEAD] = "dead", [MOUNT_MOUNTING] = "mounting", [MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE] = "mounting-done", [MOUNT_MOUNTED] = "mounted", [MOUNT_REMOUNTING] = "remounting", [MOUNT_UNMOUNTING] = "unmounting", [MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM] = "mounting-sigterm", [MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL] = "mounting-sigkill", [MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM] = "remounting-sigterm", [MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL] = "remounting-sigkill", [MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM] = "unmounting-sigterm", [MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL] = "unmounting-sigkill", [MOUNT_FAILED] = "failed" }; DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(mount_state, MountState); static const char* const path_state_table[_PATH_STATE_MAX] = { [PATH_DEAD] = "dead", [PATH_WAITING] = "waiting", [PATH_RUNNING] = "running", [PATH_FAILED] = "failed" }; DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(path_state, PathState); static const char* const scope_state_table[_SCOPE_STATE_MAX] = { [SCOPE_DEAD] = "dead", [SCOPE_RUNNING] = "running", [SCOPE_ABANDONED] = "abandoned", [SCOPE_STOP_SIGTERM] = "stop-sigterm", [SCOPE_STOP_SIGKILL] = "stop-sigkill", [SCOPE_FAILED] = "failed", }; DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(scope_state, ScopeState); static const char* const service_state_table[_SERVICE_STATE_MAX] = { [SERVICE_DEAD] = "dead", [SERVICE_START_PRE] = "start-pre", [SERVICE_START] = "start", [SERVICE_START_POST] = "start-post", [SERVICE_RUNNING] = "running", [SERVICE_EXITED] = "exited", [SERVICE_RELOAD] = "reload", [SERVICE_STOP] = "stop", [SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT] = "stop-sigabrt", [SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM] = "stop-sigterm", [SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL] = "stop-sigkill", [SERVICE_STOP_POST] = "stop-post", [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM] = "final-sigterm", [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL] = "final-sigkill", [SERVICE_FAILED] = "failed", [SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART] = "auto-restart", }; DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(service_state, ServiceState); static const char* const slice_state_table[_SLICE_STATE_MAX] = { [SLICE_DEAD] = "dead", [SLICE_ACTIVE] = "active" }; DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(slice_state, SliceState); static const char* const socket_state_table[_SOCKET_STATE_MAX] = { [SOCKET_DEAD] = "dead", [SOCKET_START_PRE] = "start-pre", [SOCKET_START_CHOWN] = "start-chown", [SOCKET_START_POST] = "start-post", [SOCKET_LISTENING] = "listening", [SOCKET_RUNNING] = "running", [SOCKET_STOP_PRE] = "stop-pre", [SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM] = "stop-pre-sigterm", [SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL] = "stop-pre-sigkill", [SOCKET_STOP_POST] = "stop-post", [SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM] = "final-sigterm", [SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL] = "final-sigkill", [SOCKET_FAILED] = "failed" }; DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(socket_state, SocketState); static const char* const swap_state_table[_SWAP_STATE_MAX] = { [SWAP_DEAD] = "dead", [SWAP_ACTIVATING] = "activating", [SWAP_ACTIVATING_DONE] = "activating-done", [SWAP_ACTIVE] = "active", [SWAP_DEACTIVATING] = "deactivating", [SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM] = "activating-sigterm", [SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL] = "activating-sigkill", [SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM] = "deactivating-sigterm", [SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL] = "deactivating-sigkill", [SWAP_FAILED] = "failed" }; DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(swap_state, SwapState); static const char* const target_state_table[_TARGET_STATE_MAX] = { [TARGET_DEAD] = "dead", [TARGET_ACTIVE] = "active" }; DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(target_state, TargetState); static const char* const timer_state_table[_TIMER_STATE_MAX] = { [TIMER_DEAD] = "dead", [TIMER_WAITING] = "waiting", [TIMER_RUNNING] = "running", [TIMER_ELAPSED] = "elapsed", [TIMER_FAILED] = "failed" }; DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(timer_state, TimerState); static const char* const unit_dependency_table[_UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX] = { [UNIT_REQUIRES] = "Requires", [UNIT_REQUISITE] = "Requisite", [UNIT_WANTS] = "Wants", [UNIT_BINDS_TO] = "BindsTo", [UNIT_PART_OF] = "PartOf", [UNIT_REQUIRED_BY] = "RequiredBy", [UNIT_REQUISITE_OF] = "RequisiteOf", [UNIT_WANTED_BY] = "WantedBy", [UNIT_BOUND_BY] = "BoundBy", [UNIT_CONSISTS_OF] = "ConsistsOf", [UNIT_CONFLICTS] = "Conflicts", [UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY] = "ConflictedBy", [UNIT_BEFORE] = "Before", [UNIT_AFTER] = "After", [UNIT_ON_FAILURE] = "OnFailure", [UNIT_TRIGGERS] = "Triggers", [UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY] = "TriggeredBy", [UNIT_PROPAGATES_RELOAD_TO] = "PropagatesReloadTo", [UNIT_RELOAD_PROPAGATED_FROM] = "ReloadPropagatedFrom", [UNIT_JOINS_NAMESPACE_OF] = "JoinsNamespaceOf", [UNIT_REFERENCES] = "References", [UNIT_REFERENCED_BY] = "ReferencedBy", }; DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(unit_dependency, UnitDependency);