/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
/***
This file is part of systemd.
Copyright 2013 Steven Hiscocks, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
along with systemd; If not, see .
***/
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include "pyutil.h"
#include "macro.h"
#include "util.h"
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >=3
# define unicode_FromStringAndSize PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize
# define unicode_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
# define long_FromLong PyLong_FromLong
# define long_FromSize_t PyLong_FromSize_t
# define long_Check PyLong_Check
# define long_AsLong PyLong_AsLong
#else
/* Python 3 type naming convention is used */
# define unicode_FromStringAndSize PyString_FromStringAndSize
# define unicode_FromString PyString_FromString
# define long_FromLong PyInt_FromLong
# define long_FromSize_t PyInt_FromSize_t
# define long_Check PyInt_Check
# define long_AsLong PyInt_AsLong
#endif
typedef struct {
PyObject_HEAD
sd_journal *j;
} Journal;
static PyTypeObject JournalType;
static int set_error(int r, const char* path, const char* invalid_message) {
if (r >= 0)
return r;
if (r == -EINVAL && invalid_message)
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, invalid_message);
else if (r == -ENOMEM)
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, "Not enough memory");
else {
errno = -r;
PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError, path);
}
return 1;
}
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
static PyTypeObject MonotonicType;
PyDoc_STRVAR(MonotonicType__doc__,
"A tuple of (timestamp, bootid) for holding monotonic timestamps");
static PyStructSequence_Field MonotonicType_fields[] = {
{(char*) "timestamp", (char*) "Time"},
{(char*) "bootid", (char*) "Unique identifier of the boot"},
{NULL, NULL}
};
static PyStructSequence_Desc Monotonic_desc = {
(char*) "journal.Monotonic",
MonotonicType__doc__,
MonotonicType_fields,
2,
};
#endif
static void Journal_dealloc(Journal* self)
{
sd_journal_close(self->j);
Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject*)self);
}
PyDoc_STRVAR(Journal__doc__,
"Journal([flags][,path]) -> ...\n\n"
"Journal allows filtering and retrieval of Journal entries.\n"
"Argument `flags` sets open flags of the journal, which can be one\n"
"of, or ORed combination of constants: LOCAL_ONLY (default) opens\n"
"journal on local machine only; RUNTIME_ONLY opens only\n"
"volatile journal files; and SYSTEM_ONLY opens only\n"
"journal files of system services and the kernel.\n"
"Argument `path` is the directory of journal files. Note that\n"
"currently flags are ignored when `path` is present as they are\n"
"not relevant.");
static int Journal_init(Journal *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *keywds)
{
int flags = SD_JOURNAL_LOCAL_ONLY, r;
char *path = NULL;
static const char* const kwlist[] = {"flags", "path", NULL};
if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, keywds, "|iz", (char**) kwlist,
&flags, &path))
return 1;
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
if (path)
r = sd_journal_open_directory(&self->j, path, 0);
else
r = sd_journal_open(&self->j, flags);
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
return set_error(r, path, "Invalid flags or path");
}
PyDoc_STRVAR(Journal_get_next__doc__,
"get_next([skip]) -> dict\n\n"
"Return dictionary of the next log entry. Optional skip value will\n"
"return the `skip`\\-th log entry.");
static PyObject* Journal_get_next(Journal *self, PyObject *args)
{
PyObject *dict;
const void *msg;
size_t msg_len;
int64_t skip = 1LL;
int r;
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|L", &skip))
return NULL;
if (skip == 0LL) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "skip must be nonzero");
return NULL;
}
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
if (skip == 1LL)
r = sd_journal_next(self->j);
else if (skip == -1LL)
r = sd_journal_previous(self->j);
else if (skip > 1LL)
r = sd_journal_next_skip(self->j, skip);
else if (skip < -1LL)
r = sd_journal_previous_skip(self->j, -skip);
else
assert_not_reached("should not be here");
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
set_error(r, NULL, NULL);
if (r < 0)
return NULL;
else if (r == 0) /* EOF */
return PyDict_New();
dict = PyDict_New();
if (!dict)
return NULL;
SD_JOURNAL_FOREACH_DATA(self->j, msg, msg_len) {
PyObject _cleanup_Py_DECREF_ *key = NULL, *value = NULL;
const char *delim_ptr;
delim_ptr = memchr(msg, '=', msg_len);
if (!delim_ptr) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OSError,
"journal gave us a field without '='");
goto error;
}
key = unicode_FromStringAndSize(msg, delim_ptr - (const char*) msg);
if (!key)
goto error;
value = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
delim_ptr + 1,
(const char*) msg + msg_len - (delim_ptr + 1) );
if (!value)
goto error;
if (PyDict_Contains(dict, key)) {
PyObject *cur_value = PyDict_GetItem(dict, key);
if (PyList_CheckExact(cur_value)) {
r = PyList_Append(cur_value, value);
if (r < 0)
goto error;
} else {
PyObject _cleanup_Py_DECREF_ *tmp_list = PyList_New(0);
if (!tmp_list)
goto error;
r = PyList_Append(tmp_list, cur_value);
if (r < 0)
goto error;
r = PyList_Append(tmp_list, value);
if (r < 0)
goto error;
PyDict_SetItem(dict, key, tmp_list);
if (r < 0)
goto error;
}
} else {
r = PyDict_SetItem(dict, key, value);
if (r < 0)
goto error;
}
}
{
PyObject _cleanup_Py_DECREF_ *key = NULL, *value = NULL;
uint64_t realtime;
r = sd_journal_get_realtime_usec(self->j, &realtime);
if (set_error(r, NULL, NULL))
goto error;
key = unicode_FromString("__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP");
if (!key)
goto error;
assert_cc(sizeof(unsigned long long) == sizeof(realtime));
value = PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(realtime);
if (!value)
goto error;
if (PyDict_SetItem(dict, key, value))
goto error;
}
{
PyObject _cleanup_Py_DECREF_
*key = NULL, *timestamp = NULL, *bytes = NULL, *value = NULL;
sd_id128_t id;
uint64_t monotonic;
r = sd_journal_get_monotonic_usec(self->j, &monotonic, &id);
if (set_error(r, NULL, NULL))
goto error;
assert_cc(sizeof(unsigned long long) == sizeof(monotonic));
key = unicode_FromString("__MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP");
timestamp = PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(monotonic);
bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char*) &id.bytes, sizeof(id.bytes));
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
value = PyStructSequence_New(&MonotonicType);
#else
value = PyTuple_New(2);
#endif
if (!key || !timestamp || !bytes || !value)
goto error;
Py_INCREF(timestamp);
Py_INCREF(bytes);
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(value, 0, timestamp);
PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(value, 1, bytes);
#else
PyTuple_SET_ITEM(value, 0, timestamp);
PyTuple_SET_ITEM(value, 1, bytes);
#endif
if (PyDict_SetItem(dict, key, value))
goto error;
}
{
PyObject _cleanup_Py_DECREF_ *key = NULL, *value = NULL;
char _cleanup_free_ *cursor = NULL;
r = sd_journal_get_cursor(self->j, &cursor);
if (set_error(r, NULL, NULL))
goto error;
key = unicode_FromString("__CURSOR");
if (!key)
goto error;
value = PyBytes_FromString(cursor);
if (!value)
goto error;
if (PyDict_SetItem(dict, key, value))
goto error;
}
return dict;
error:
Py_DECREF(dict);
return NULL;
}
PyDoc_STRVAR(Journal_get_previous__doc__,
"get_previous([skip]) -> dict\n\n"
"Return dictionary of the previous log entry. Optional skip value\n"
"will return the -`skip`\\-th log entry. Equivalent to get_next(-skip).");
static PyObject* Journal_get_previous(Journal *self, PyObject *args)
{
int64_t skip = 1LL;
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|L", &skip))
return NULL;
return PyObject_CallMethod((PyObject *)self, (char*) "get_next",
(char*) "L", -skip);
}
PyDoc_STRVAR(Journal_add_match__doc__,
"add_match(match) -> None\n\n"
"Add a match to filter journal log entries. All matches of different\n"
"fields are combined with logical AND, and matches of the same field\n"
"are automatically combined with logical OR.\n"
"Match is a string of the form \"FIELD=value\".");
static PyObject* Journal_add_match(Journal *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *keywds)
{
char *match;
int match_len, r;
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#", &match, &match_len))
return NULL;
r = sd_journal_add_match(self->j, match, match_len);
set_error(r, NULL, "Invalid match");
if (r < 0)
return NULL;
Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
PyDoc_STRVAR(Journal_add_disjunction__doc__,
"add_disjunction() -> None\n\n"
"Inserts a logical OR between matches added before and afterwards.");
static PyObject* Journal_add_disjunction(Journal *self, PyObject *args)
{
int r;
r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(self->j);
set_error(r, NULL, NULL);
if (r < 0)
return NULL;
Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
PyDoc_STRVAR(Journal_flush_matches__doc__,
"flush_matches() -> None\n\n"
"Clear all current match filters.");
static PyObject* Journal_flush_matches(Journal *self, PyObject *args)
{
sd_journal_flush_matches(self->j);
Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
PyDoc_STRVAR(Journal_seek__doc__,
"seek(offset[, whence]) -> None\n\n"
"Jump `offset` entries in the journal. Argument\n"
"`whence` defines what the offset is relative to:\n"
"os.SEEK_SET (default) from first match in journal;\n"
"os.SEEK_CUR from current position in journal;\n"
"and os.SEEK_END is from last match in journal.");
static PyObject* Journal_seek(Journal *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *keywds)
{
int64_t offset;
int whence = SEEK_SET;
PyObject *result = NULL;
static const char* const kwlist[] = {"offset", "whence", NULL};
if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, keywds, "L|i", (char**) kwlist,
&offset, &whence))
return NULL;
switch(whence) {
case SEEK_SET: {
int r;
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
r = sd_journal_seek_head(self->j);
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
if (set_error(r, NULL, NULL))
return NULL;
if (offset > 0LL)
result = PyObject_CallMethod((PyObject *)self, (char*) "get_next",
(char*) "L", offset);
break;
}
case SEEK_CUR:
result = PyObject_CallMethod((PyObject *)self, (char*) "get_next",
(char*) "L", offset);
break;
case SEEK_END: {
int r;
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
r = sd_journal_seek_tail(self->j);
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
if (set_error(r, NULL, NULL))
return NULL;
result = PyObject_CallMethod((PyObject *)self, (char*) "get_next",
(char*) "L", offset < 0LL ? offset : -1LL);
break;
}
default:
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Invalid value for whence");
}
Py_XDECREF(result);
if (PyErr_Occurred())
return NULL;
Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
PyDoc_STRVAR(Journal_seek_realtime__doc__,
"seek_realtime(realtime) -> None\n\n"
"Seek to nearest matching journal entry to `realtime`. Argument\n"
"`realtime` can must be an integer unix timestamp.");
static PyObject* Journal_seek_realtime(Journal *self, PyObject *args)
{
double timedouble;
uint64_t timestamp;
int r;
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "d", &timedouble))
return NULL;
timestamp = (uint64_t) (timedouble * 1.0E6);
if ((int64_t) timestamp < 0LL) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Time must be a positive integer");
return NULL;
}
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
r = sd_journal_seek_realtime_usec(self->j, timestamp);
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
if (set_error(r, NULL, NULL))
return NULL;
Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
PyDoc_STRVAR(Journal_seek_monotonic__doc__,
"seek_monotonic(monotonic[, bootid]) -> None\n\n"
"Seek to nearest matching journal entry to `monotonic`. Argument\n"
"`monotonic` is an timestamp from boot in seconds.\n"
"Argument `bootid` is a string representing which boot the\n"
"monotonic time is reference to. Defaults to current bootid.");
static PyObject* Journal_seek_monotonic(Journal *self, PyObject *args)
{
double timedouble;
char *bootid = NULL;
uint64_t timestamp;
sd_id128_t id;
int r;
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "d|z", &timedouble, &bootid))
return NULL;
timestamp = (uint64_t) (timedouble * 1.0E6);
if ((int64_t) timestamp < 0LL) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Time must be positive number");
return NULL;
}
if (bootid) {
r = sd_id128_from_string(bootid, &id);
if (set_error(r, NULL, "Invalid bootid"))
return NULL;
} else {
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
r = sd_id128_get_boot(&id);
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
if (set_error(r, NULL, NULL))
return NULL;
}
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
r = sd_journal_seek_monotonic_usec(self->j, id, timestamp);
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
if (set_error(r, NULL, NULL))
return NULL;
Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
PyDoc_STRVAR(Journal_wait__doc__,
"wait([timeout]) -> state change (integer)\n\n"
"Wait for a change in the journal. Argument `timeout` specifies\n"
"the maximum number of seconds to wait before returning\n"
"regardless of wheter the journal has changed. If `timeout` is not given\n"
"or is 0, then block forever.\n"
"Will return constants: NOP if no change; APPEND if new\n"
"entries have been added to the end of the journal; and\n"
"INVALIDATE if journal files have been added or removed.");
static PyObject* Journal_wait(Journal *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *keywds)
{
int r;
int64_t timeout = 0LL;
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|L", &timeout))
return NULL;
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
r = sd_journal_wait(self->j, timeout ==0 ? (uint64_t) -1 : timeout * 1E6);
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
if (set_error(r, NULL, NULL))
return NULL;
return long_FromLong(r);
}
PyDoc_STRVAR(Journal_seek_cursor__doc__,
"seek_cursor(cursor) -> None\n\n"
"Seek to journal entry by given unique reference `cursor`.");
static PyObject* Journal_seek_cursor(Journal *self, PyObject *args)
{
const char *cursor;
int r;
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &cursor))
return NULL;
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
r = sd_journal_seek_cursor(self->j, cursor);
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
if (set_error(r, NULL, "Invalid cursor"))
return NULL;
Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
static PyObject* Journal_iter(PyObject *self)
{
Py_INCREF(self);
return self;
}
static PyObject* Journal_iternext(PyObject *self)
{
PyObject *dict;
Py_ssize_t dict_size;
dict = PyObject_CallMethod(self, (char*) "get_next", (char*) "");
if (PyErr_Occurred())
return NULL;
dict_size = PyDict_Size(dict);
if ((int64_t) dict_size > 0LL) {
return dict;
} else {
Py_DECREF(dict);
PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_StopIteration);
return NULL;
}
}
PyDoc_STRVAR(Journal_query_unique__doc__,
"query_unique(field) -> a set of values\n\n"
"Return a set of unique values appearing in journal for the\n"
"given `field`. Note this does not respect any journal matches.");
static PyObject* Journal_query_unique(Journal *self, PyObject *args)
{
char *query;
int r;
const void *uniq;
size_t uniq_len;
PyObject *value_set, *key, *value;
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &query))
return NULL;
Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
r = sd_journal_query_unique(self->j, query);
Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
if (set_error(r, NULL, "Invalid field name"))
return NULL;
value_set = PySet_New(0);
key = unicode_FromString(query);
SD_JOURNAL_FOREACH_UNIQUE(self->j, uniq, uniq_len) {
const char *delim_ptr;
delim_ptr = memchr(uniq, '=', uniq_len);
value = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
delim_ptr + 1,
(const char*) uniq + uniq_len - (delim_ptr + 1));
PySet_Add(value_set, value);
Py_DECREF(value);
}
Py_DECREF(key);
return value_set;
}
PyDoc_STRVAR(data_threshold__doc__,
"Threshold for field size truncation in bytes.\n\n"
"Fields longer than this will be truncated to the threshold size.\n"
"Defaults to 64Kb.");
static PyObject* Journal_get_data_threshold(Journal *self, void *closure)
{
size_t cvalue;
int r;
r = sd_journal_get_data_threshold(self->j, &cvalue);
if (set_error(r, NULL, NULL))
return NULL;
return long_FromSize_t(cvalue);
}
static int Journal_set_data_threshold(Journal *self, PyObject *value, void *closure)
{
int r;
if (value == NULL) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AttributeError, "Cannot delete data threshold");
return -1;
}
if (!long_Check(value)){
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "Data threshold must be an int");
return -1;
}
r = sd_journal_set_data_threshold(self->j, (size_t) long_AsLong(value));
return set_error(r, NULL, NULL);
}
static PyGetSetDef Journal_getseters[] = {
{(char*) "data_threshold",
(getter) Journal_get_data_threshold,
(setter) Journal_set_data_threshold,
(char*) data_threshold__doc__,
NULL},
{NULL}
};
static PyMethodDef Journal_methods[] = {
{"get_next", (PyCFunction) Journal_get_next, METH_VARARGS, Journal_get_next__doc__},
{"get_previous", (PyCFunction) Journal_get_previous, METH_VARARGS, Journal_get_previous__doc__},
{"add_match", (PyCFunction) Journal_add_match, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, Journal_add_match__doc__},
{"add_disjunction", (PyCFunction) Journal_add_disjunction, METH_NOARGS, Journal_add_disjunction__doc__},
{"flush_matches", (PyCFunction) Journal_flush_matches, METH_NOARGS, Journal_flush_matches__doc__},
{"seek", (PyCFunction) Journal_seek, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, Journal_seek__doc__},
{"seek_realtime", (PyCFunction) Journal_seek_realtime, METH_VARARGS, Journal_seek_realtime__doc__},
{"seek_monotonic", (PyCFunction) Journal_seek_monotonic, METH_VARARGS, Journal_seek_monotonic__doc__},
{"wait", (PyCFunction) Journal_wait, METH_VARARGS, Journal_wait__doc__},
{"seek_cursor", (PyCFunction) Journal_seek_cursor, METH_VARARGS, Journal_seek_cursor__doc__},
{"query_unique", (PyCFunction) Journal_query_unique, METH_VARARGS, Journal_query_unique__doc__},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
static PyTypeObject JournalType = {
PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
"_reader._Journal", /*tp_name*/
sizeof(Journal), /*tp_basicsize*/
0, /*tp_itemsize*/
(destructor)Journal_dealloc, /*tp_dealloc*/
0, /*tp_print*/
0, /*tp_getattr*/
0, /*tp_setattr*/
0, /*tp_compare*/
0, /*tp_repr*/
0, /*tp_as_number*/
0, /*tp_as_sequence*/
0, /*tp_as_mapping*/
0, /*tp_hash */
0, /*tp_call*/
0, /*tp_str*/
0, /*tp_getattro*/
0, /*tp_setattro*/
0, /*tp_as_buffer*/
Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /*tp_flags*/
Journal__doc__, /* tp_doc */
0, /* tp_traverse */
0, /* tp_clear */
0, /* tp_richcompare */
0, /* tp_weaklistoffset */
Journal_iter, /* tp_iter */
Journal_iternext, /* tp_iternext */
Journal_methods, /* tp_methods */
0, /* tp_members */
Journal_getseters, /* tp_getset */
0, /* tp_base */
0, /* tp_dict */
0, /* tp_descr_get */
0, /* tp_descr_set */
0, /* tp_dictoffset */
(initproc) Journal_init, /* tp_init */
0, /* tp_alloc */
PyType_GenericNew, /* tp_new */
};
#define SUMMARY \
"Module that reads the systemd journal similar to journalctl."
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
static PyModuleDef _reader_module = {
PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
"_reader",
SUMMARY,
-1,
NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL
};
#endif
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
static bool initialized = false;
#endif
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-prototypes"
PyMODINIT_FUNC
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
PyInit__reader(void)
#else
init_reader(void)
#endif
{
PyObject* m;
PyDateTime_IMPORT;
if (PyType_Ready(&JournalType) < 0)
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
return NULL;
#else
return;
#endif
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
m = PyModule_Create(&_reader_module);
if (m == NULL)
return NULL;
if (!initialized) {
PyStructSequence_InitType(&MonotonicType, &Monotonic_desc);
initialized = true;
}
#else
m = Py_InitModule3("_reader", NULL, SUMMARY);
if (m == NULL)
return;
#endif
Py_INCREF(&JournalType);
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
Py_INCREF(&MonotonicType);
#endif
if (PyModule_AddObject(m, "_Journal", (PyObject *) &JournalType) ||
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
PyModule_AddObject(m, "Monotonic", (PyObject*) &MonotonicType) ||
#endif
PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "NOP", SD_JOURNAL_NOP) ||
PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "APPEND", SD_JOURNAL_APPEND) ||
PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "INVALIDATE", SD_JOURNAL_INVALIDATE) ||
PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "LOCAL_ONLY", SD_JOURNAL_LOCAL_ONLY) ||
PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "RUNTIME_ONLY", SD_JOURNAL_RUNTIME_ONLY) ||
PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "SYSTEM_ONLY", SD_JOURNAL_SYSTEM_ONLY)) {
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
Py_DECREF(m);
return NULL;
#endif
}
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
return m;
#endif
}
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop