Merge tag 'systemd/v231-1.parabola1' into systemd/parabola

39 files changed, 1209 insertions, 643 deletions

diff --git a/src/core/automount.c b/src/core/automount.c
index f06d837e30..4e9891569c 100644
--- a/src/core/automount.c
+++ b/src/core/automount.c
@@ -98,9 +98,6 @@ static void unmount_autofs(Automount *a) {
         if (a->pipe_fd < 0)
                 return;
 
-        automount_send_ready(a, a->tokens, -EHOSTDOWN);
-        automount_send_ready(a, a->expire_tokens, -EHOSTDOWN);
-
         a->pipe_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(a->pipe_event_source);
         a->pipe_fd = safe_close(a->pipe_fd);
 
@@ -109,6 +106,9 @@ static void unmount_autofs(Automount *a) {
         if (a->where &&
             (UNIT(a)->manager->exit_code != MANAGER_RELOAD &&
              UNIT(a)->manager->exit_code != MANAGER_REEXECUTE)) {
+                automount_send_ready(a, a->tokens, -EHOSTDOWN);
+                automount_send_ready(a, a->expire_tokens, -EHOSTDOWN);
+
                 r = repeat_unmount(a->where, MNT_DETACH);
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_error_errno(r, "Failed to unmount: %m");
@@ -502,6 +502,20 @@ static void automount_trigger_notify(Unit *u, Unit *other) {
                 automount_set_state(a, AUTOMOUNT_RUNNING);
         }
 
+        if (IN_SET(MOUNT(other)->state,
+                   MOUNT_MOUNTING, MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE,
+                   MOUNT_MOUNTED, MOUNT_REMOUNTING,
+                   MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM, MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL,
+                   MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM, MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL,
+                   MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM, MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL,
+                   MOUNT_FAILED)) {
+
+                (void) automount_send_ready(a, a->expire_tokens, -ENODEV);
+        }
+
+        if (MOUNT(other)->state == MOUNT_DEAD)
+                (void) automount_send_ready(a, a->expire_tokens, 0);
+
         /* The mount is in some unhappy state now, let's unfreeze any waiting clients */
         if (IN_SET(MOUNT(other)->state,
                    MOUNT_DEAD, MOUNT_UNMOUNTING,
diff --git a/src/core/busname.c b/src/core/busname.c
index f03a95c24e..730be2ee14 100644
--- a/src/core/busname.c
+++ b/src/core/busname.c
@@ -998,12 +998,7 @@ static int busname_get_timeout(Unit *u, usec_t *timeout) {
 }
 
 static bool busname_supported(void) {
-        static int supported = -1;
-
-        if (supported < 0)
-                supported = is_kdbus_available();
-
-        return supported;
+        return false;
 }
 
 static int busname_control_pid(Unit *u) {
diff --git a/src/core/cgroup.c b/src/core/cgroup.c
index 0fb63b1bd1..c19e43f571 100644
--- a/src/core/cgroup.c
+++ b/src/core/cgroup.c
@@ -36,6 +36,21 @@
 
 #define CGROUP_CPU_QUOTA_PERIOD_USEC ((usec_t) 100 * USEC_PER_MSEC)
 
+static void cgroup_compat_warn(void) {
+        static bool cgroup_compat_warned = false;
+
+        if (cgroup_compat_warned)
+                return;
+
+        log_warning("cgroup compatibility translation between legacy and unified hierarchy settings activated. See cgroup-compat debug messages for details.");
+        cgroup_compat_warned = true;
+}
+
+#define log_cgroup_compat(unit, fmt, ...) do {                                  \
+                cgroup_compat_warn();                                           \
+                log_unit_debug(unit, "cgroup-compat: " fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__);     \
+        } while (false)
+
 void cgroup_context_init(CGroupContext *c) {
         assert(c);
 
@@ -46,7 +61,10 @@ void cgroup_context_init(CGroupContext *c) {
         c->startup_cpu_shares = CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID;
         c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec = USEC_INFINITY;
 
-        c->memory_limit = (uint64_t) -1;
+        c->memory_high = CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX;
+        c->memory_max = CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX;
+
+        c->memory_limit = CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX;
 
         c->io_weight = CGROUP_WEIGHT_INVALID;
         c->startup_io_weight = CGROUP_WEIGHT_INVALID;
@@ -147,6 +165,9 @@ void cgroup_context_dump(CGroupContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
                 "%sStartupIOWeight=%" PRIu64 "\n"
                 "%sBlockIOWeight=%" PRIu64 "\n"
                 "%sStartupBlockIOWeight=%" PRIu64 "\n"
+                "%sMemoryLow=%" PRIu64 "\n"
+                "%sMemoryHigh=%" PRIu64 "\n"
+                "%sMemoryMax=%" PRIu64 "\n"
                 "%sMemoryLimit=%" PRIu64 "\n"
                 "%sTasksMax=%" PRIu64 "\n"
                 "%sDevicePolicy=%s\n"
@@ -163,6 +184,9 @@ void cgroup_context_dump(CGroupContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
                 prefix, c->startup_io_weight,
                 prefix, c->blockio_weight,
                 prefix, c->startup_blockio_weight,
+                prefix, c->memory_low,
+                prefix, c->memory_high,
+                prefix, c->memory_max,
                 prefix, c->memory_limit,
                 prefix, c->tasks_max,
                 prefix, cgroup_device_policy_to_string(c->device_policy),
@@ -404,7 +428,7 @@ static uint64_t cgroup_weight_io_to_blkio(uint64_t io_weight) {
                      CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_MIN, CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_MAX);
 }
 
-static void cgroup_apply_io_device_weight(const char *path, const char *dev_path, uint64_t io_weight) {
+static void cgroup_apply_io_device_weight(Unit *u, const char *dev_path, uint64_t io_weight) {
         char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(dev_t)*2+2+DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)+1];
         dev_t dev;
         int r;
@@ -414,13 +438,13 @@ static void cgroup_apply_io_device_weight(const char *path, const char *dev_path
                 return;
 
         xsprintf(buf, "%u:%u %" PRIu64 "\n", major(dev), minor(dev), io_weight);
-        r = cg_set_attribute("io", path, "io.weight", buf);
+        r = cg_set_attribute("io", u->cgroup_path, "io.weight", buf);
         if (r < 0)
-                log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                               "Failed to set io.weight on %s: %m", path);
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set io.weight: %m");
 }
 
-static void cgroup_apply_blkio_device_weight(const char *path, const char *dev_path, uint64_t blkio_weight) {
+static void cgroup_apply_blkio_device_weight(Unit *u, const char *dev_path, uint64_t blkio_weight) {
         char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(dev_t)*2+2+DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)+1];
         dev_t dev;
         int r;
@@ -430,13 +454,13 @@ static void cgroup_apply_blkio_device_weight(const char *path, const char *dev_p
                 return;
 
         xsprintf(buf, "%u:%u %" PRIu64 "\n", major(dev), minor(dev), blkio_weight);
-        r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", path, "blkio.weight_device", buf);
+        r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", u->cgroup_path, "blkio.weight_device", buf);
         if (r < 0)
-                log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                               "Failed to set blkio.weight_device on %s: %m", path);
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set blkio.weight_device: %m");
 }
 
-static unsigned cgroup_apply_io_device_limit(const char *path, const char *dev_path, uint64_t *limits) {
+static unsigned cgroup_apply_io_device_limit(Unit *u, const char *dev_path, uint64_t *limits) {
         char limit_bufs[_CGROUP_IO_LIMIT_TYPE_MAX][DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)];
         char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(dev_t)*2+2+(6+DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)+1)*4];
         CGroupIOLimitType type;
@@ -460,14 +484,14 @@ static unsigned cgroup_apply_io_device_limit(const char *path, const char *dev_p
         xsprintf(buf, "%u:%u rbps=%s wbps=%s riops=%s wiops=%s\n", major(dev), minor(dev),
                  limit_bufs[CGROUP_IO_RBPS_MAX], limit_bufs[CGROUP_IO_WBPS_MAX],
                  limit_bufs[CGROUP_IO_RIOPS_MAX], limit_bufs[CGROUP_IO_WIOPS_MAX]);
-        r = cg_set_attribute("io", path, "io.max", buf);
+        r = cg_set_attribute("io", u->cgroup_path, "io.max", buf);
         if (r < 0)
-                log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                               "Failed to set io.max on %s: %m", path);
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set io.max: %m");
         return n;
 }
 
-static unsigned cgroup_apply_blkio_device_limit(const char *path, const char *dev_path, uint64_t rbps, uint64_t wbps) {
+static unsigned cgroup_apply_blkio_device_limit(Unit *u, const char *dev_path, uint64_t rbps, uint64_t wbps) {
         char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(dev_t)*2+2+DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)+1];
         dev_t dev;
         unsigned n = 0;
@@ -480,26 +504,50 @@ static unsigned cgroup_apply_blkio_device_limit(const char *path, const char *de
         if (rbps != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX)
                 n++;
         sprintf(buf, "%u:%u %" PRIu64 "\n", major(dev), minor(dev), rbps);
-        r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", path, "blkio.throttle.read_bps_device", buf);
+        r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", u->cgroup_path, "blkio.throttle.read_bps_device", buf);
         if (r < 0)
-                log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                               "Failed to set blkio.throttle.read_bps_device on %s: %m", path);
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set blkio.throttle.read_bps_device: %m");
 
         if (wbps != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX)
                 n++;
         sprintf(buf, "%u:%u %" PRIu64 "\n", major(dev), minor(dev), wbps);
-        r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", path, "blkio.throttle.write_bps_device", buf);
+        r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", u->cgroup_path, "blkio.throttle.write_bps_device", buf);
         if (r < 0)
-                log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                               "Failed to set blkio.throttle.write_bps_device on %s: %m", path);
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set blkio.throttle.write_bps_device: %m");
 
         return n;
 }
 
-void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, ManagerState state) {
+static bool cgroup_context_has_unified_memory_config(CGroupContext *c) {
+        return c->memory_low > 0 || c->memory_high != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX || c->memory_max != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX;
+}
+
+static void cgroup_apply_unified_memory_limit(Unit *u, const char *file, uint64_t v) {
+        char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t) + 1] = "max";
+        int r;
+
+        if (v != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX)
+                xsprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n", v);
+
+        r = cg_set_attribute("memory", u->cgroup_path, file, buf);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set %s: %m", file);
+}
+
+static void cgroup_context_apply(Unit *u, CGroupMask mask, ManagerState state) {
+        const char *path;
+        CGroupContext *c;
         bool is_root;
         int r;
 
+        assert(u);
+
+        c = unit_get_cgroup_context(u);
+        path = u->cgroup_path;
+
         assert(c);
         assert(path);
 
@@ -525,14 +573,14 @@ void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, M
                         c->cpu_shares != CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID ? c->cpu_shares : CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_DEFAULT);
                 r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", path, "cpu.shares", buf);
                 if (r < 0)
-                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                       "Failed to set cpu.shares on %s: %m", path);
+                        log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                      "Failed to set cpu.shares: %m");
 
                 sprintf(buf, USEC_FMT "\n", CGROUP_CPU_QUOTA_PERIOD_USEC);
                 r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", path, "cpu.cfs_period_us", buf);
                 if (r < 0)
-                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                       "Failed to set cpu.cfs_period_us on %s: %m", path);
+                        log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                      "Failed to set cpu.cfs_period_us: %m");
 
                 if (c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec != USEC_INFINITY) {
                         sprintf(buf, USEC_FMT "\n", c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec * CGROUP_CPU_QUOTA_PERIOD_USEC / USEC_PER_SEC);
@@ -540,8 +588,8 @@ void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, M
                 } else
                         r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", path, "cpu.cfs_quota_us", "-1");
                 if (r < 0)
-                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                       "Failed to set cpu.cfs_quota_us on %s: %m", path);
+                        log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                      "Failed to set cpu.cfs_quota_us: %m");
         }
 
         if (mask & CGROUP_MASK_IO) {
@@ -554,29 +602,40 @@ void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, M
 
                         if (has_io)
                                 weight = cgroup_context_io_weight(c, state);
-                        else if (has_blockio)
-                                weight = cgroup_weight_blkio_to_io(cgroup_context_blkio_weight(c, state));
-                        else
+                        else if (has_blockio) {
+                                uint64_t blkio_weight = cgroup_context_blkio_weight(c, state);
+
+                                weight = cgroup_weight_blkio_to_io(blkio_weight);
+
+                                log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying [Startup]BlockIOWeight %" PRIu64 " as [Startup]IOWeight %" PRIu64,
+                                                  blkio_weight, weight);
+                        } else
                                 weight = CGROUP_WEIGHT_DEFAULT;
 
                         xsprintf(buf, "default %" PRIu64 "\n", weight);
                         r = cg_set_attribute("io", path, "io.weight", buf);
                         if (r < 0)
-                                log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                               "Failed to set io.weight on %s: %m", path);
+                                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                              "Failed to set io.weight: %m");
 
                         if (has_io) {
                                 CGroupIODeviceWeight *w;
 
                                 /* FIXME: no way to reset this list */
                                 LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, w, c->io_device_weights)
-                                        cgroup_apply_io_device_weight(path, w->path, w->weight);
+                                        cgroup_apply_io_device_weight(u, w->path, w->weight);
                         } else if (has_blockio) {
                                 CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight *w;
 
                                 /* FIXME: no way to reset this list */
-                                LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, w, c->blockio_device_weights)
-                                        cgroup_apply_io_device_weight(path, w->path, cgroup_weight_blkio_to_io(w->weight));
+                                LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, w, c->blockio_device_weights) {
+                                        weight = cgroup_weight_blkio_to_io(w->weight);
+
+                                        log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying BlockIODeviceWeight %" PRIu64 " as IODeviceWeight %" PRIu64 " for %s",
+                                                          w->weight, weight, w->path);
+
+                                        cgroup_apply_io_device_weight(u, w->path, weight);
+                                }
                         }
                 }
 
@@ -585,7 +644,7 @@ void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, M
                         CGroupIODeviceLimit *l, *next;
 
                         LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(device_limits, l, next, c->io_device_limits) {
-                                if (!cgroup_apply_io_device_limit(path, l->path, l->limits))
+                                if (!cgroup_apply_io_device_limit(u, l->path, l->limits))
                                         cgroup_context_free_io_device_limit(c, l);
                         }
                 } else if (has_blockio) {
@@ -601,7 +660,10 @@ void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, M
                                 limits[CGROUP_IO_RBPS_MAX] = b->rbps;
                                 limits[CGROUP_IO_WBPS_MAX] = b->wbps;
 
-                                if (!cgroup_apply_io_device_limit(path, b->path, limits))
+                                log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying BlockIO{Read|Write}Bandwidth %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " as IO{Read|Write}BandwidthMax for %s",
+                                                  b->rbps, b->wbps, b->path);
+
+                                if (!cgroup_apply_io_device_limit(u, b->path, limits))
                                         cgroup_context_free_blockio_device_bandwidth(c, b);
                         }
                 }
@@ -617,29 +679,40 @@ void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, M
 
                         if (has_blockio)
                                 weight = cgroup_context_blkio_weight(c, state);
-                        else if (has_io)
+                        else if (has_io) {
+                                uint64_t io_weight = cgroup_context_io_weight(c, state);
+
                                 weight = cgroup_weight_io_to_blkio(cgroup_context_io_weight(c, state));
-                        else
+
+                                log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying [Startup]IOWeight %" PRIu64 " as [Startup]BlockIOWeight %" PRIu64,
+                                                  io_weight, weight);
+                        } else
                                 weight = CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_DEFAULT;
 
                         xsprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n", weight);
                         r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", path, "blkio.weight", buf);
                         if (r < 0)
-                                log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                               "Failed to set blkio.weight on %s: %m", path);
+                                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                              "Failed to set blkio.weight: %m");
 
                         if (has_blockio) {
                                 CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight *w;
 
                                 /* FIXME: no way to reset this list */
                                 LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, w, c->blockio_device_weights)
-                                        cgroup_apply_blkio_device_weight(path, w->path, w->weight);
+                                        cgroup_apply_blkio_device_weight(u, w->path, w->weight);
                         } else if (has_io) {
                                 CGroupIODeviceWeight *w;
 
                                 /* FIXME: no way to reset this list */
-                                LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, w, c->io_device_weights)
-                                        cgroup_apply_blkio_device_weight(path, w->path, cgroup_weight_io_to_blkio(w->weight));
+                                LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, w, c->io_device_weights) {
+                                        weight = cgroup_weight_io_to_blkio(w->weight);
+
+                                        log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying IODeviceWeight %" PRIu64 " as BlockIODeviceWeight %" PRIu64 " for %s",
+                                                          w->weight, weight, w->path);
+
+                                        cgroup_apply_blkio_device_weight(u, w->path, weight);
+                                }
                         }
                 }
 
@@ -648,40 +721,59 @@ void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, M
                         CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth *b, *next;
 
                         LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(device_bandwidths, b, next, c->blockio_device_bandwidths) {
-                                if (!cgroup_apply_blkio_device_limit(path, b->path, b->rbps, b->wbps))
+                                if (!cgroup_apply_blkio_device_limit(u, b->path, b->rbps, b->wbps))
                                         cgroup_context_free_blockio_device_bandwidth(c, b);
                         }
                 } else if (has_io) {
                         CGroupIODeviceLimit *l, *next;
 
                         LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(device_limits, l, next, c->io_device_limits) {
-                                if (!cgroup_apply_blkio_device_limit(path, l->path, l->limits[CGROUP_IO_RBPS_MAX], l->limits[CGROUP_IO_WBPS_MAX]))
+                                log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying IO{Read|Write}Bandwidth %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " as BlockIO{Read|Write}BandwidthMax for %s",
+                                                  l->limits[CGROUP_IO_RBPS_MAX], l->limits[CGROUP_IO_WBPS_MAX], l->path);
+
+                                if (!cgroup_apply_blkio_device_limit(u, l->path, l->limits[CGROUP_IO_RBPS_MAX], l->limits[CGROUP_IO_WBPS_MAX]))
                                         cgroup_context_free_io_device_limit(c, l);
                         }
                 }
         }
 
         if ((mask & CGROUP_MASK_MEMORY) && !is_root) {
-                if (c->memory_limit != (uint64_t) -1) {
-                        char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t) + 1];
+                if (cg_unified() > 0) {
+                        uint64_t max = c->memory_max;
 
-                        sprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n", c->memory_limit);
+                        if (cgroup_context_has_unified_memory_config(c))
+                                max = c->memory_max;
+                        else {
+                                max = c->memory_limit;
 
-                        if (cg_unified() <= 0)
-                                r = cg_set_attribute("memory", path, "memory.limit_in_bytes", buf);
-                        else
-                                r = cg_set_attribute("memory", path, "memory.max", buf);
+                                if (max != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX)
+                                        log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying MemoryLimit %" PRIu64 " as MemoryMax", max);
+                        }
 
+                        cgroup_apply_unified_memory_limit(u, "memory.low", c->memory_low);
+                        cgroup_apply_unified_memory_limit(u, "memory.high", c->memory_high);
+                        cgroup_apply_unified_memory_limit(u, "memory.max", max);
                 } else {
-                        if (cg_unified() <= 0)
-                                r = cg_set_attribute("memory", path, "memory.limit_in_bytes", "-1");
+                        char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t) + 1];
+                        uint64_t val = c->memory_limit;
+
+                        if (val == CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX) {
+                                val = c->memory_max;
+
+                                if (val != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX)
+                                        log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying MemoryMax %" PRIi64 " as MemoryLimit", c->memory_max);
+                        }
+
+                        if (val == CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX)
+                                strncpy(buf, "-1\n", sizeof(buf));
                         else
-                                r = cg_set_attribute("memory", path, "memory.max", "max");
-                }
+                                xsprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n", val);
 
-                if (r < 0)
-                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                       "Failed to set memory.limit_in_bytes/memory.max on %s: %m", path);
+                        r = cg_set_attribute("memory", path, "memory.limit_in_bytes", buf);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                              "Failed to set memory.limit_in_bytes: %m");
+                }
         }
 
         if ((mask & CGROUP_MASK_DEVICES) && !is_root) {
@@ -696,8 +788,8 @@ void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, M
                 else
                         r = cg_set_attribute("devices", path, "devices.allow", "a");
                 if (r < 0)
-                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EINVAL, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                       "Failed to reset devices.list on %s: %m", path);
+                        log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EINVAL, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                      "Failed to reset devices.list: %m");
 
                 if (c->device_policy == CGROUP_CLOSED ||
                     (c->device_policy == CGROUP_AUTO && c->device_allow)) {
@@ -708,7 +800,10 @@ void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, M
                                 "/dev/random\0" "rwm\0"
                                 "/dev/urandom\0" "rwm\0"
                                 "/dev/tty\0" "rwm\0"
-                                "/dev/pts/ptmx\0" "rw\0"; /* /dev/pts/ptmx may not be duplicated, but accessed */
+                                "/dev/pts/ptmx\0" "rw\0" /* /dev/pts/ptmx may not be duplicated, but accessed */
+                                /* Allow /run/systemd/inaccessible/{chr,blk} devices for mapping InaccessiblePaths */
+                                "/run/systemd/inaccessible/chr\0" "rwm\0"
+                                "/run/systemd/inaccessible/blk\0" "rwm\0";
 
                         const char *x, *y;
 
@@ -743,7 +838,7 @@ void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, M
                         else if (startswith(a->path, "char-"))
                                 whitelist_major(path, a->path + 5, 'c', acc);
                         else
-                                log_debug("Ignoring device %s while writing cgroup attribute.", a->path);
+                                log_unit_debug(u, "Ignoring device %s while writing cgroup attribute.", a->path);
                 }
         }
 
@@ -758,8 +853,8 @@ void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, M
                         r = cg_set_attribute("pids", path, "pids.max", "max");
 
                 if (r < 0)
-                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                       "Failed to set pids.max on %s: %m", path);
+                        log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                      "Failed to set pids.max: %m");
         }
 }
 
@@ -778,7 +873,8 @@ CGroupMask cgroup_context_get_mask(CGroupContext *c) {
                 mask |= CGROUP_MASK_IO | CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO;
 
         if (c->memory_accounting ||
-            c->memory_limit != (uint64_t) -1)
+            c->memory_limit != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX ||
+            cgroup_context_has_unified_memory_config(c))
                 mask |= CGROUP_MASK_MEMORY;
 
         if (c->device_allow ||
@@ -1043,7 +1139,7 @@ int unit_watch_cgroup(Unit *u) {
         /* Only applies to the unified hierarchy */
         r = cg_unified();
         if (r < 0)
-                return log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed detect wether the unified hierarchy is used: %m");
+                return log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed detect whether the unified hierarchy is used: %m");
         if (r == 0)
                 return 0;
 
@@ -1193,7 +1289,7 @@ static int unit_realize_cgroup_now(Unit *u, ManagerState state) {
                 return r;
 
         /* Finally, apply the necessary attributes. */
-        cgroup_context_apply(unit_get_cgroup_context(u), target_mask, u->cgroup_path, state);
+        cgroup_context_apply(u, target_mask, state);
 
         return 0;
 }
@@ -1324,7 +1420,7 @@ void unit_prune_cgroup(Unit *u) {
 
         r = cg_trim_everywhere(u->manager->cgroup_supported, u->cgroup_path, !is_root_slice);
         if (r < 0) {
-                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to destroy cgroup %s, ignoring: %m", u->cgroup_path);
+                log_unit_debug_errno(u, r, "Failed to destroy cgroup %s, ignoring: %m", u->cgroup_path);
                 return;
         }
 
@@ -1565,7 +1661,7 @@ int manager_setup_cgroup(Manager *m) {
                 /* 3. Install agent */
                 if (unified) {
 
-                        /* In the unified hierarchy we can can get
+                        /* In the unified hierarchy we can get
                          * cgroup empty notifications via inotify. */
 
                         m->cgroup_inotify_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->cgroup_inotify_event_source);
@@ -1612,7 +1708,7 @@ int manager_setup_cgroup(Manager *m) {
 
                 /* also, move all other userspace processes remaining
                  * in the root cgroup into that scope. */
-                r = cg_migrate(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, m->cgroup_root, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, scope_path, false);
+                r = cg_migrate(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, m->cgroup_root, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, scope_path, 0);
                 if (r < 0)
                         log_warning_errno(r, "Couldn't move remaining userspace processes, ignoring: %m");
 
@@ -1633,7 +1729,7 @@ int manager_setup_cgroup(Manager *m) {
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine supported controllers: %m");
 
         for (c = 0; c < _CGROUP_CONTROLLER_MAX; c++)
-                log_debug("Controller '%s' supported: %s", cgroup_controller_to_string(c), yes_no(m->cgroup_supported & c));
+                log_debug("Controller '%s' supported: %s", cgroup_controller_to_string(c), yes_no(m->cgroup_supported & CGROUP_CONTROLLER_TO_MASK(c)));
 
         return 0;
 }
diff --git a/src/core/cgroup.h b/src/core/cgroup.h
index 2b1edbafc4..a57403e79f 100644
--- a/src/core/cgroup.h
+++ b/src/core/cgroup.h
@@ -94,6 +94,10 @@ struct CGroupContext {
         LIST_HEAD(CGroupIODeviceWeight, io_device_weights);
         LIST_HEAD(CGroupIODeviceLimit, io_device_limits);
 
+        uint64_t memory_low;
+        uint64_t memory_high;
+        uint64_t memory_max;
+
         /* For legacy hierarchies */
         uint64_t cpu_shares;
         uint64_t startup_cpu_shares;
@@ -115,13 +119,11 @@ struct CGroupContext {
         bool delegate;
 };
 
-#include "cgroup-util.h"
 #include "unit.h"
 
 void cgroup_context_init(CGroupContext *c);
 void cgroup_context_done(CGroupContext *c);
 void cgroup_context_dump(CGroupContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix);
-void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, ManagerState state);
 
 CGroupMask cgroup_context_get_mask(CGroupContext *c);
 
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-cgroup.c b/src/core/dbus-cgroup.c
index eef1c47c14..85b0c86a2f 100644
--- a/src/core/dbus-cgroup.c
+++ b/src/core/dbus-cgroup.c
@@ -228,6 +228,9 @@ const sd_bus_vtable bus_cgroup_vtable[] = {
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BlockIOReadBandwidth", "a(st)", property_get_blockio_device_bandwidths, 0, 0),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("BlockIOWriteBandwidth", "a(st)", property_get_blockio_device_bandwidths, 0, 0),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MemoryAccounting", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(CGroupContext, memory_accounting), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MemoryLow", "t", NULL, offsetof(CGroupContext, memory_low), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MemoryHigh", "t", NULL, offsetof(CGroupContext, memory_high), 0),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MemoryMax", "t", NULL, offsetof(CGroupContext, memory_max), 0),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MemoryLimit", "t", NULL, offsetof(CGroupContext, memory_limit), 0),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DevicePolicy", "s", property_get_cgroup_device_policy, offsetof(CGroupContext, device_policy), 0),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("DeviceAllow", "a(ss)", property_get_device_allow, 0, 0),
@@ -623,7 +626,7 @@ int bus_cgroup_set_property(
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
 
-                if (CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_IS_OK(weight))
+                if (!CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_IS_OK(weight))
                         return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "StartupBlockIOWeight value out of range");
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
@@ -638,7 +641,7 @@ int bus_cgroup_set_property(
 
                 return 1;
 
-        } else if (streq(name, "BlockIOReadBandwidth") || streq(name, "BlockIOWriteBandwidth")) {
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name, "BlockIOReadBandwidth", "BlockIOWriteBandwidth")) {
                 const char *path;
                 bool read = true;
                 unsigned n = 0;
@@ -826,12 +829,74 @@ int bus_cgroup_set_property(
 
                 return 1;
 
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name, "MemoryLow", "MemoryHigh", "MemoryMax")) {
+                uint64_t v;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &v);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (v <= 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "%s= is too small", name);
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        if (streq(name, "MemoryLow"))
+                                c->memory_low = v;
+                        else if (streq(name, "MemoryHigh"))
+                                c->memory_high = v;
+                        else
+                                c->memory_max = v;
+
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_MEMORY);
+
+                        if (v == CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX)
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=infinity", name);
+                        else
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%" PRIu64, name, v);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name, "MemoryLowScale", "MemoryHighScale", "MemoryMaxScale")) {
+                uint32_t raw;
+                uint64_t v;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "u", &raw);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                v = physical_memory_scale(raw, UINT32_MAX);
+                if (v <= 0 || v == UINT64_MAX)
+                        return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "%s= is out of range", name);
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        const char *e;
+
+                        /* Chop off suffix */
+                        assert_se(e = endswith(name, "Scale"));
+                        name = strndupa(name, e - name);
+
+                        if (streq(name, "MemoryLow"))
+                                c->memory_low = v;
+                        else if (streq(name, "MemoryHigh"))
+                                c->memory_high = v;
+                        else
+                                c->memory_max = v;
+
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_MEMORY);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%" PRIu32 "%%", name,
+                                                          (uint32_t) (DIV_ROUND_UP((uint64_t) raw * 100U, (uint64_t) UINT32_MAX)));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
         } else if (streq(name, "MemoryLimit")) {
                 uint64_t limit;
 
                 r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &limit);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
+                if (limit <= 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "%s= is too small", name);
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->memory_limit = limit;
@@ -845,6 +910,27 @@ int bus_cgroup_set_property(
 
                 return 1;
 
+        } else if (streq(name, "MemoryLimitScale")) {
+                uint64_t limit;
+                uint32_t raw;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "u", &raw);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                limit = physical_memory_scale(raw, UINT32_MAX);
+                if (limit <= 0 || limit == UINT64_MAX)
+                        return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "%s= is out of range", name);
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->memory_limit = limit;
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_MEMORY);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, "MemoryLimit", "MemoryLimit=%" PRIu32 "%%",
+                                                          (uint32_t) (DIV_ROUND_UP((uint64_t) raw * 100U, (uint64_t) UINT32_MAX)));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+
         } else if (streq(name, "DevicePolicy")) {
                 const char *policy;
                 CGroupDevicePolicy p;
@@ -858,13 +944,9 @@ int bus_cgroup_set_property(
                         return -EINVAL;
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
-                        char *buf;
-
                         c->device_policy = p;
                         unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_DEVICES);
-
-                        buf = strjoina("DevicePolicy=", policy);
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, buf);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "DevicePolicy=%s", policy);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -880,6 +962,7 @@ int bus_cgroup_set_property(
                 while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "(ss)", &path, &rwm)) > 0) {
 
                         if ((!startswith(path, "/dev/") &&
+                             !startswith(path, "/run/systemd/inaccessible/") &&
                              !startswith(path, "block-") &&
                              !startswith(path, "char-")) ||
                             strpbrk(path, WHITESPACE))
@@ -979,6 +1062,8 @@ int bus_cgroup_set_property(
                 r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "t", &limit);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
+                if (limit <= 0)
+                        return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "%s= is too small", name);
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->tasks_max = limit;
@@ -991,6 +1076,26 @@ int bus_cgroup_set_property(
                 }
 
                 return 1;
+        } else if (streq(name, "TasksMaxScale")) {
+                uint64_t limit;
+                uint32_t raw;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "u", &raw);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                limit = system_tasks_max_scale(raw, UINT32_MAX);
+                if (limit <= 0 || limit >= UINT64_MAX)
+                        return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, EINVAL, "%s= is out of range", name);
+
+                if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
+                        c->tasks_max = limit;
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_PIDS);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "TasksMax=%" PRIu32 "%%",
+                                                          (uint32_t) (DIV_ROUND_UP((uint64_t) raw * 100U, (uint64_t) UINT32_MAX)));
+                }
+
+                return 1;
         }
 
         if (u->transient && u->load_state == UNIT_STUB) {
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-execute.c b/src/core/dbus-execute.c
index 06943c6365..307c3d8e7a 100644
--- a/src/core/dbus-execute.c
+++ b/src/core/dbus-execute.c
@@ -695,9 +695,12 @@ const sd_bus_vtable bus_exec_vtable[] = {
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("Group", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, group), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("SupplementaryGroups", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, supplementary_groups), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PAMName", "s", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, pam_name), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
-        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ReadWriteDirectories", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, read_write_dirs), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
-        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ReadOnlyDirectories", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, read_only_dirs), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
-        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("InaccessibleDirectories", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, inaccessible_dirs), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ReadWriteDirectories", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, read_write_paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST|SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ReadOnlyDirectories", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, read_only_paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST|SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("InaccessibleDirectories", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, inaccessible_paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST|SD_BUS_VTABLE_HIDDEN),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ReadWritePaths", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, read_write_paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("ReadOnlyPaths", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, read_only_paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("InaccessiblePaths", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, inaccessible_paths), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MountFlags", "t", bus_property_get_ulong, offsetof(ExecContext, mount_flags), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PrivateTmp", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, private_tmp), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("PrivateNetwork", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, private_network), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
@@ -719,6 +722,8 @@ const sd_bus_vtable bus_exec_vtable[] = {
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RestrictAddressFamilies", "(bas)", property_get_address_families, 0, SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RuntimeDirectoryMode", "u", bus_property_get_mode, offsetof(ExecContext, runtime_directory_mode), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
         SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RuntimeDirectory", "as", NULL, offsetof(ExecContext, runtime_directory), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("MemoryDenyWriteExecute", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, memory_deny_write_execute), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY("RestrictRealtime", "b", bus_property_get_bool, offsetof(ExecContext, restrict_realtime), SD_BUS_VTABLE_PROPERTY_CONST),
         SD_BUS_VTABLE_END
 };
 
@@ -842,7 +847,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                         else if (free_and_strdup(&c->user, uu) < 0)
                                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "User=%s\n", uu);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "User=%s", uu);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -861,7 +866,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                         else if (free_and_strdup(&c->group, gg) < 0)
                                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "Group=%s\n", gg);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "Group=%s", gg);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -879,7 +884,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                         else if (free_and_strdup(&c->syslog_identifier, id) < 0)
                                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "SyslogIdentifier=%s\n", id);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "SyslogIdentifier=%s", id);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -895,7 +900,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->syslog_priority = (c->syslog_priority & LOG_FACMASK) | level;
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "SyslogLevel=%i\n", level);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "SyslogLevel=%i", level);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -911,7 +916,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->syslog_priority = (facility << 3) | LOG_PRI(c->syslog_priority);
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "SyslogFacility=%i\n", facility);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "SyslogFacility=%i", facility);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -927,7 +932,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->nice = n;
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "Nice=%i\n", n);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "Nice=%i", n);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -952,7 +957,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                         if (r < 0)
                                 return r;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, s);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s", name, s);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -1007,7 +1012,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->std_input = p;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "StandardInput=%s\n", exec_input_to_string(p));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "StandardInput=%s", exec_input_to_string(p));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -1028,7 +1033,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->std_output = p;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "StandardOutput=%s\n", exec_output_to_string(p));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "StandardOutput=%s", exec_output_to_string(p));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -1048,7 +1053,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->std_error = p;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "StandardError=%s\n", exec_output_to_string(p));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "StandardError=%s", exec_output_to_string(p));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -1056,7 +1061,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
         } else if (STR_IN_SET(name,
                               "IgnoreSIGPIPE", "TTYVHangup", "TTYReset",
                               "PrivateTmp", "PrivateDevices", "PrivateNetwork",
-                              "NoNewPrivileges", "SyslogLevelPrefix")) {
+                              "NoNewPrivileges", "SyslogLevelPrefix", "MemoryDenyWriteExecute", "RestrictRealtime")) {
                 int b;
 
                 r = sd_bus_message_read(message, "b", &b);
@@ -1080,8 +1085,12 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                                 c->no_new_privileges = b;
                         else if (streq(name, "SyslogLevelPrefix"))
                                 c->syslog_level_prefix = b;
+                        else if (streq(name, "MemoryDenyWriteExecute"))
+                                c->memory_deny_write_execute = b;
+                        else if (streq(name, "RestrictRealtime"))
+                                c->restrict_realtime = b;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, yes_no(b));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s", name, yes_no(b));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -1099,7 +1108,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                         else if (free_and_strdup(&c->utmp_id, id) < 0)
                                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "UtmpIdentifier=%s\n", strempty(id));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "UtmpIdentifier=%s", strempty(id));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -1119,7 +1128,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->utmp_mode = m;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "UtmpMode=%s\n", exec_utmp_mode_to_string(m));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "UtmpMode=%s", exec_utmp_mode_to_string(m));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -1137,7 +1146,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                         else if (free_and_strdup(&c->pam_name, n) < 0)
                                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "PAMName=%s\n", strempty(n));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "PAMName=%s", strempty(n));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -1159,7 +1168,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
 
                         if (strv_length(l) == 0) {
                                 c->environment = strv_free(c->environment);
-                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "Environment=\n");
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "Environment=");
                         } else {
                                 e = strv_env_merge(2, c->environment, l);
                                 if (!e)
@@ -1172,7 +1181,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                                 if (!joined)
                                         return -ENOMEM;
 
-                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "Environment=%s\n", joined);
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "Environment=%s", joined);
                         }
                 }
 
@@ -1188,7 +1197,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->timer_slack_nsec = n;
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "TimerSlackNSec=" NSEC_FMT "\n", n);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "TimerSlackNSec=" NSEC_FMT, n);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -1206,7 +1215,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->oom_score_adjust = oa;
                         c->oom_score_adjust_set = true;
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "OOMScoreAdjust=%i\n", oa);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "OOMScoreAdjust=%i", oa);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -1228,7 +1237,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                         return -ENOMEM;
 
                 STRV_FOREACH(i, c->environment_files)
-                        fprintf(f, "EnvironmentFile=%s\n", *i);
+                        fprintf(f, "EnvironmentFile=%s", *i);
 
                 while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(message, 'r', "sb")) > 0) {
                         const char *path;
@@ -1252,7 +1261,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                                 if (!buf)
                                         return -ENOMEM;
 
-                                fprintf(f, "EnvironmentFile=%s\n", buf);
+                                fprintf(f, "EnvironmentFile=%s", buf);
 
                                 r = strv_consume(&l, buf);
                                 if (r < 0)
@@ -1273,7 +1282,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         if (strv_isempty(l)) {
                                 c->environment_files = strv_free(c->environment_files);
-                                unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, "EnvironmentFile=\n");
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private(u, mode, name, "EnvironmentFile=");
                         } else {
                                 r = strv_extend_strv(&c->environment_files, l, true);
                                 if (r < 0)
@@ -1299,7 +1308,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         if (strv_isempty(l)) {
                                 c->pass_environment = strv_free(c->pass_environment);
-                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "PassEnvironment=\n");
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "PassEnvironment=");
                         } else {
                                 _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;
 
@@ -1311,14 +1320,14 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                                 if (!joined)
                                         return -ENOMEM;
 
-                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "PassEnvironment=%s\n", joined);
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "PassEnvironment=%s", joined);
                         }
                 }
 
                 return 1;
 
-        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name, "ReadWriteDirectories", "ReadOnlyDirectories", "InaccessibleDirectories")) {
-
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(name, "ReadWriteDirectories", "ReadOnlyDirectories", "InaccessibleDirectories",
+                              "ReadWritePaths", "ReadOnlyPaths", "InaccessiblePaths")) {
                 _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
                 char ***dirs;
                 char **p;
@@ -1340,16 +1349,16 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         _cleanup_free_ char *joined = NULL;
 
-                        if (streq(name, "ReadWriteDirectories"))
-                                dirs = &c->read_write_dirs;
-                        else if (streq(name, "ReadOnlyDirectories"))
-                                dirs = &c->read_only_dirs;
-                        else /* "InaccessibleDirectories" */
-                                dirs = &c->inaccessible_dirs;
+                        if (STR_IN_SET(name, "ReadWriteDirectories", "ReadWritePaths"))
+                                dirs = &c->read_write_paths;
+                        else if (STR_IN_SET(name, "ReadOnlyDirectories", "ReadOnlyPaths"))
+                                dirs = &c->read_only_paths;
+                        else /* "InaccessiblePaths" */
+                                dirs = &c->inaccessible_paths;
 
                         if (strv_length(l) == 0) {
                                 *dirs = strv_free(*dirs);
-                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=\n", name);
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=", name);
                         } else {
                                 r = strv_extend_strv(dirs, l, true);
 
@@ -1360,7 +1369,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                                 if (!joined)
                                         return -ENOMEM;
 
-                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, joined);
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s", name, joined);
                         }
 
                 }
@@ -1388,7 +1397,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->protect_system = ps;
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, s);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s", name, s);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -1414,7 +1423,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->protect_home = ph;
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, s);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s", name, s);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -1437,7 +1446,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
 
                         if (strv_isempty(l)) {
                                 c->runtime_directory = strv_free(c->runtime_directory);
-                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=\n", name);
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=", name);
                         } else {
                                 r = strv_extend_strv(&c->runtime_directory, l, true);
 
@@ -1448,7 +1457,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                                 if (!joined)
                                         return -ENOMEM;
 
-                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, joined);
+                                unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s", name, joined);
                         }
                 }
 
@@ -1467,7 +1476,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                         else if (free_and_strdup(&c->selinux_context, s) < 0)
                                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, strempty(s));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s", name, strempty(s));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -1535,7 +1544,7 @@ int bus_exec_context_set_transient_property(
                                         return -ENOMEM;
                         }
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, f);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "%s=%s", name, f);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-kill.c b/src/core/dbus-kill.c
index 0f54c6b84b..8c65be65fa 100644
--- a/src/core/dbus-kill.c
+++ b/src/core/dbus-kill.c
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ int bus_kill_context_set_transient_property(
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->kill_mode = k;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "KillMode=%s\n", kill_mode_to_string(k));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "KillMode=%s", kill_mode_to_string(k));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ int bus_kill_context_set_transient_property(
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->kill_signal = sig;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "KillSignal=%s\n", signal_to_string(sig));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "KillSignal=%s", signal_to_string(sig));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ int bus_kill_context_set_transient_property(
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->send_sighup = b;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "SendSIGHUP=%s\n", yes_no(b));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "SendSIGHUP=%s", yes_no(b));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ int bus_kill_context_set_transient_property(
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         c->send_sigkill = b;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "SendSIGKILL=%s\n", yes_no(b));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "SendSIGKILL=%s", yes_no(b));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-manager.c b/src/core/dbus-manager.c
index 86722e1162..d05968bd65 100644
--- a/src/core/dbus-manager.c
+++ b/src/core/dbus-manager.c
@@ -781,6 +781,7 @@ static int transient_unit_from_message(
                 return r;
 
         /* Now load the missing bits of the unit we just created */
+        unit_add_to_load_queue(u);
         manager_dispatch_load_queue(m);
 
         *unit = u;
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-scope.c b/src/core/dbus-scope.c
index 34ee9a8fa9..1abaf9f658 100644
--- a/src/core/dbus-scope.c
+++ b/src/core/dbus-scope.c
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ static int bus_scope_set_transient_property(
                         if (r < 0)
                                 return r;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_format(UNIT(s), mode, name, "[Scope]\nTimeoutStopSec="USEC_FMT"us\n", s->timeout_stop_usec);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(s), mode, name, "TimeoutStopSec="USEC_FMT"us", s->timeout_stop_usec);
                 } else {
                         r = sd_bus_message_skip(message, "t");
                         if (r < 0)
@@ -225,5 +225,5 @@ int bus_scope_send_request_stop(Scope *s) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        return sd_bus_send_to(UNIT(s)->manager->api_bus, m, /* s->controller */ NULL, NULL);
+        return sd_bus_send_to(UNIT(s)->manager->api_bus, m, s->controller, NULL);
 }
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-service.c b/src/core/dbus-service.c
index 03eecca911..fab3677a01 100644
--- a/src/core/dbus-service.c
+++ b/src/core/dbus-service.c
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ static int bus_service_set_transient_property(
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         s->remain_after_exit = b;
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(s), mode, name, "RemainAfterExit=%s\n", yes_no(b));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(s), mode, name, "RemainAfterExit=%s", yes_no(b));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ static int bus_service_set_transient_property(
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         s->type = k;
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(s), mode, name, "Type=%s\n", service_type_to_string(s->type));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(s), mode, name, "Type=%s", service_type_to_string(s->type));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ static int bus_service_set_transient_property(
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         s->runtime_max_usec = u;
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(s), mode, name, "RuntimeMaxSec=" USEC_FMT "us\n", u);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(s), mode, name, "RuntimeMaxSec=" USEC_FMT "us", u);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-timer.c b/src/core/dbus-timer.c
index a0e61b023e..efbb0e8915 100644
--- a/src/core/dbus-timer.c
+++ b/src/core/dbus-timer.c
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ static int bus_timer_set_transient_property(
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         char time[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, format_timespan(time, sizeof(time), u, USEC_PER_MSEC));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "%s=%s", name, format_timespan(time, sizeof(time), u, USEC_PER_MSEC));
 
                         v = new0(TimerValue, 1);
                         if (!v)
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ static int bus_timer_set_transient_property(
                         if (r < 0)
                                 return r;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, str);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "%s=%s", name, str);
 
                         v = new0(TimerValue, 1);
                         if (!v) {
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ static int bus_timer_set_transient_property(
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         t->accuracy_usec = u;
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "AccuracySec=" USEC_FMT "us\n", u);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "AccuracySec=" USEC_FMT "us", u);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ static int bus_timer_set_transient_property(
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         t->random_usec = u;
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "RandomizedDelaySec=" USEC_FMT "us\n", u);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "RandomizedDelaySec=" USEC_FMT "us", u);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ static int bus_timer_set_transient_property(
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         t->wake_system = b;
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, yes_no(b));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "%s=%s", name, yes_no(b));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ static int bus_timer_set_transient_property(
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         t->remain_after_elapse = b;
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "%s=%s\n", name, yes_no(b));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(UNIT(t), mode, name, "%s=%s", name, yes_no(b));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-unit.c b/src/core/dbus-unit.c
index e912fe2192..b55d2cf735 100644
--- a/src/core/dbus-unit.c
+++ b/src/core/dbus-unit.c
@@ -1205,7 +1205,7 @@ static int bus_unit_set_transient_property(
                         if (r < 0)
                                 return r;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_format(u, mode, name, "[Unit]\nDescription=%s\n", d);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_format(u, mode, name, "[Unit]\nDescription=%s", d);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -1219,7 +1219,7 @@ static int bus_unit_set_transient_property(
 
                 if (mode != UNIT_CHECK) {
                         u->default_dependencies = b;
-                        unit_write_drop_in_format(u, mode, name, "[Unit]\nDefaultDependencies=%s\n", yes_no(b));
+                        unit_write_drop_in_format(u, mode, name, "[Unit]\nDefaultDependencies=%s", yes_no(b));
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -1257,7 +1257,7 @@ static int bus_unit_set_transient_property(
                         if (r < 0)
                                 return r;
 
-                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "Slice=%s\n", s);
+                        unit_write_drop_in_private_format(u, mode, name, "Slice=%s", s);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
@@ -1305,7 +1305,7 @@ static int bus_unit_set_transient_property(
                                 if (!label)
                                         return -ENOMEM;
 
-                                unit_write_drop_in_format(u, mode, label, "[Unit]\n%s=%s\n", name, other);
+                                unit_write_drop_in_format(u, mode, label, "[Unit]\n%s=%s", name, other);
                         }
 
                 }
diff --git a/src/core/execute.c b/src/core/execute.c
index 5eb3f13695..7c178b97c3 100644
--- a/src/core/execute.c
+++ b/src/core/execute.c
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/capability.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/personality.h>
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
@@ -288,7 +289,15 @@ static int connect_journal_socket(int fd, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
         return r;
 }
 
-static int connect_logger_as(const ExecContext *context, ExecOutput output, const char *ident, const char *unit_id, int nfd, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
+static int connect_logger_as(
+                Unit *unit,
+                const ExecContext *context,
+                ExecOutput output,
+                const char *ident,
+                int nfd,
+                uid_t uid,
+                gid_t gid) {
+
         int fd, r;
 
         assert(context);
@@ -309,7 +318,7 @@ static int connect_logger_as(const ExecContext *context, ExecOutput output, cons
                 return -errno;
         }
 
-        fd_inc_sndbuf(fd, SNDBUF_SIZE);
+        (void) fd_inc_sndbuf(fd, SNDBUF_SIZE);
 
         dprintf(fd,
                 "%s\n"
@@ -320,18 +329,18 @@ static int connect_logger_as(const ExecContext *context, ExecOutput output, cons
                 "%i\n"
                 "%i\n",
                 context->syslog_identifier ? context->syslog_identifier : ident,
-                unit_id,
+                unit->id,
                 context->syslog_priority,
                 !!context->syslog_level_prefix,
                 output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG || output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE,
                 output == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG || output == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE,
                 is_terminal_output(output));
 
-        if (fd != nfd) {
-                r = dup2(fd, nfd) < 0 ? -errno : nfd;
-                safe_close(fd);
-        } else
-                r = nfd;
+        if (fd == nfd)
+                return nfd;
+
+        r = dup2(fd, nfd) < 0 ? -errno : nfd;
+        safe_close(fd);
 
         return r;
 }
@@ -445,7 +454,10 @@ static int setup_output(
                 int fileno,
                 int socket_fd,
                 const char *ident,
-                uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
+                uid_t uid,
+                gid_t gid,
+                dev_t *journal_stream_dev,
+                ino_t *journal_stream_ino) {
 
         ExecOutput o;
         ExecInput i;
@@ -455,6 +467,8 @@ static int setup_output(
         assert(context);
         assert(params);
         assert(ident);
+        assert(journal_stream_dev);
+        assert(journal_stream_ino);
 
         if (fileno == STDOUT_FILENO && params->stdout_fd >= 0) {
 
@@ -530,10 +544,21 @@ static int setup_output(
         case EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE:
         case EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL:
         case EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE:
-                r = connect_logger_as(context, o, ident, unit->id, fileno, uid, gid);
+                r = connect_logger_as(unit, context, o, ident, fileno, uid, gid);
                 if (r < 0) {
                         log_unit_error_errno(unit, r, "Failed to connect %s to the journal socket, ignoring: %m", fileno == STDOUT_FILENO ? "stdout" : "stderr");
                         r = open_null_as(O_WRONLY, fileno);
+                } else {
+                        struct stat st;
+
+                        /* If we connected this fd to the journal via a stream, patch the device/inode into the passed
+                         * parameters, but only then. This is useful so that we can set $JOURNAL_STREAM that permits
+                         * services to detect whether they are connected to the journal or not. */
+
+                        if (fstat(fileno, &st) >= 0) {
+                                *journal_stream_dev = st.st_dev;
+                                *journal_stream_ino = st.st_ino;
+                        }
                 }
                 return r;
 
@@ -551,6 +576,10 @@ static int chown_terminal(int fd, uid_t uid) {
 
         assert(fd >= 0);
 
+        /* Before we chown/chmod the TTY, let's ensure this is actually a tty */
+        if (isatty(fd) < 1)
+                return 0;
+
         /* This might fail. What matters are the results. */
         (void) fchown(fd, uid, -1);
         (void) fchmod(fd, TTY_MODE);
@@ -794,7 +823,7 @@ static int setup_pam(
                 const char *user,
                 uid_t uid,
                 const char *tty,
-                char ***pam_env,
+                char ***env,
                 int fds[], unsigned n_fds) {
 
         static const struct pam_conv conv = {
@@ -806,14 +835,14 @@ static int setup_pam(
         pam_handle_t *handle = NULL;
         sigset_t old_ss;
         int pam_code = PAM_SUCCESS, r;
-        char **e = NULL;
+        char **nv, **e = NULL;
         bool close_session = false;
         pid_t pam_pid = 0, parent_pid;
         int flags = 0;
 
         assert(name);
         assert(user);
-        assert(pam_env);
+        assert(env);
 
         /* We set up PAM in the parent process, then fork. The child
          * will then stay around until killed via PR_GET_PDEATHSIG or
@@ -841,6 +870,12 @@ static int setup_pam(
                         goto fail;
         }
 
+        STRV_FOREACH(nv, *env) {
+                pam_code = pam_putenv(handle, *nv);
+                if (pam_code != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
         pam_code = pam_acct_mgmt(handle, flags);
         if (pam_code != PAM_SUCCESS)
                 goto fail;
@@ -961,8 +996,8 @@ static int setup_pam(
         if (!barrier_place_and_sync(&barrier))
                 log_error("PAM initialization failed");
 
-        *pam_env = e;
-        e = NULL;
+        strv_free(*env);
+        *env = e;
 
         return 0;
 
@@ -1190,6 +1225,115 @@ finish:
         return r;
 }
 
+static int apply_memory_deny_write_execute(const ExecContext *c) {
+        scmp_filter_ctx *seccomp;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        seccomp = seccomp_init(SCMP_ACT_ALLOW);
+        if (!seccomp)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = seccomp_rule_add(
+                        seccomp,
+                        SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EPERM),
+                        SCMP_SYS(mmap),
+                        1,
+                        SCMP_A2(SCMP_CMP_MASKED_EQ, PROT_EXEC|PROT_WRITE, PROT_EXEC|PROT_WRITE));
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = seccomp_rule_add(
+                        seccomp,
+                        SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EPERM),
+                        SCMP_SYS(mprotect),
+                        1,
+                        SCMP_A2(SCMP_CMP_MASKED_EQ, PROT_EXEC, PROT_EXEC));
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = seccomp_attr_set(seccomp, SCMP_FLTATR_CTL_NNP, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = seccomp_load(seccomp);
+
+finish:
+        seccomp_release(seccomp);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int apply_restrict_realtime(const ExecContext *c) {
+        static const int permitted_policies[] = {
+                SCHED_OTHER,
+                SCHED_BATCH,
+                SCHED_IDLE,
+        };
+
+        scmp_filter_ctx *seccomp;
+        unsigned i;
+        int r, p, max_policy = 0;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        seccomp = seccomp_init(SCMP_ACT_ALLOW);
+        if (!seccomp)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        /* Determine the highest policy constant we want to allow */
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(permitted_policies); i++)
+                if (permitted_policies[i] > max_policy)
+                        max_policy = permitted_policies[i];
+
+        /* Go through all policies with lower values than that, and block them -- unless they appear in the
+         * whitelist. */
+        for (p = 0; p < max_policy; p++) {
+                bool good = false;
+
+                /* Check if this is in the whitelist. */
+                for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(permitted_policies); i++)
+                        if (permitted_policies[i] == p) {
+                                good = true;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                if (good)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Deny this policy */
+                r = seccomp_rule_add(
+                                seccomp,
+                                SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EPERM),
+                                SCMP_SYS(sched_setscheduler),
+                                1,
+                                SCMP_A1(SCMP_CMP_EQ, p));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        /* Blacklist all other policies, i.e. the ones with higher values. Note that all comparisons are unsigned here,
+         * hence no need no check for < 0 values. */
+        r = seccomp_rule_add(
+                        seccomp,
+                        SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EPERM),
+                        SCMP_SYS(sched_setscheduler),
+                        1,
+                        SCMP_A1(SCMP_CMP_GT, max_policy));
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = seccomp_attr_set(seccomp, SCMP_FLTATR_CTL_NNP, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = seccomp_load(seccomp);
+
+finish:
+        seccomp_release(seccomp);
+        return r;
+}
+
 #endif
 
 static void do_idle_pipe_dance(int idle_pipe[4]) {
@@ -1228,6 +1372,8 @@ static int build_environment(
                 const char *home,
                 const char *username,
                 const char *shell,
+                dev_t journal_stream_dev,
+                ino_t journal_stream_ino,
                 char ***ret) {
 
         _cleanup_strv_free_ char **our_env = NULL;
@@ -1237,7 +1383,7 @@ static int build_environment(
         assert(c);
         assert(ret);
 
-        our_env = new0(char*, 11);
+        our_env = new0(char*, 12);
         if (!our_env)
                 return -ENOMEM;
 
@@ -1309,8 +1455,15 @@ static int build_environment(
                 our_env[n_env++] = x;
         }
 
+        if (journal_stream_dev != 0 && journal_stream_ino != 0) {
+                if (asprintf(&x, "JOURNAL_STREAM=" DEV_FMT ":" INO_FMT, journal_stream_dev, journal_stream_ino) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                our_env[n_env++] = x;
+        }
+
         our_env[n_env++] = NULL;
-        assert(n_env <= 11);
+        assert(n_env <= 12);
 
         *ret = our_env;
         our_env = NULL;
@@ -1354,9 +1507,9 @@ static bool exec_needs_mount_namespace(
         assert(context);
         assert(params);
 
-        if (!strv_isempty(context->read_write_dirs) ||
-            !strv_isempty(context->read_only_dirs) ||
-            !strv_isempty(context->inaccessible_dirs))
+        if (!strv_isempty(context->read_write_paths) ||
+            !strv_isempty(context->read_only_paths) ||
+            !strv_isempty(context->inaccessible_paths))
                 return true;
 
         if (context->mount_flags != 0)
@@ -1420,13 +1573,15 @@ static int exec_child(
                 char **files_env,
                 int *exit_status) {
 
-        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **our_env = NULL, **pass_env = NULL, **pam_env = NULL, **final_env = NULL, **final_argv = NULL;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **our_env = NULL, **pass_env = NULL, **accum_env = NULL, **final_argv = NULL;
         _cleanup_free_ char *mac_selinux_context_net = NULL;
         const char *username = NULL, *home = NULL, *shell = NULL, *wd;
+        dev_t journal_stream_dev = 0;
+        ino_t journal_stream_ino = 0;
+        bool needs_mount_namespace;
         uid_t uid = UID_INVALID;
         gid_t gid = GID_INVALID;
         int i, r;
-        bool needs_mount_namespace;
 
         assert(unit);
         assert(command);
@@ -1526,13 +1681,13 @@ static int exec_child(
                 return r;
         }
 
-        r = setup_output(unit, context, params, STDOUT_FILENO, socket_fd, basename(command->path), uid, gid);
+        r = setup_output(unit, context, params, STDOUT_FILENO, socket_fd, basename(command->path), uid, gid, &journal_stream_dev, &journal_stream_ino);
         if (r < 0) {
                 *exit_status = EXIT_STDOUT;
                 return r;
         }
 
-        r = setup_output(unit, context, params, STDERR_FILENO, socket_fd, basename(command->path), uid, gid);
+        r = setup_output(unit, context, params, STDERR_FILENO, socket_fd, basename(command->path), uid, gid, &journal_stream_dev, &journal_stream_ino);
         if (r < 0) {
                 *exit_status = EXIT_STDERR;
                 return r;
@@ -1671,9 +1826,43 @@ static int exec_child(
                 }
         }
 
+        r = build_environment(
+                        context,
+                        params,
+                        n_fds,
+                        home,
+                        username,
+                        shell,
+                        journal_stream_dev,
+                        journal_stream_ino,
+                        &our_env);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        r = build_pass_environment(context, &pass_env);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        accum_env = strv_env_merge(5,
+                                   params->environment,
+                                   our_env,
+                                   pass_env,
+                                   context->environment,
+                                   files_env,
+                                   NULL);
+        if (!accum_env) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+        accum_env = strv_env_clean(accum_env);
+
         umask(context->umask);
 
-        if (params->apply_permissions) {
+        if (params->apply_permissions && !command->privileged) {
                 r = enforce_groups(context, username, gid);
                 if (r < 0) {
                         *exit_status = EXIT_GROUP;
@@ -1707,7 +1896,7 @@ static int exec_child(
 #endif
 #ifdef HAVE_PAM
                 if (context->pam_name && username) {
-                        r = setup_pam(context->pam_name, username, uid, context->tty_path, &pam_env, fds, n_fds);
+                        r = setup_pam(context->pam_name, username, uid, context->tty_path, &accum_env, fds, n_fds);
                         if (r < 0) {
                                 *exit_status = EXIT_PAM;
                                 return r;
@@ -1744,9 +1933,9 @@ static int exec_child(
 
                 r = setup_namespace(
                                 params->apply_chroot ? context->root_directory : NULL,
-                                context->read_write_dirs,
-                                context->read_only_dirs,
-                                context->inaccessible_dirs,
+                                context->read_write_paths,
+                                context->read_only_paths,
+                                context->inaccessible_paths,
                                 tmp,
                                 var,
                                 context->private_devices,
@@ -1798,7 +1987,7 @@ static int exec_child(
         }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
-        if (params->apply_permissions && mac_selinux_use() && params->selinux_context_net && socket_fd >= 0) {
+        if (params->apply_permissions && mac_selinux_use() && params->selinux_context_net && socket_fd >= 0 && !command->privileged) {
                 r = mac_selinux_get_child_mls_label(socket_fd, command->path, context->selinux_context, &mac_selinux_context_net);
                 if (r < 0) {
                         *exit_status = EXIT_SELINUX_CONTEXT;
@@ -1823,7 +2012,7 @@ static int exec_child(
                 return r;
         }
 
-        if (params->apply_permissions) {
+        if (params->apply_permissions && !command->privileged) {
 
                 bool use_address_families = context->address_families_whitelist ||
                         !set_isempty(context->address_families);
@@ -1833,10 +2022,20 @@ static int exec_child(
                 int secure_bits = context->secure_bits;
 
                 for (i = 0; i < _RLIMIT_MAX; i++) {
+
                         if (!context->rlimit[i])
                                 continue;
 
-                        if (setrlimit_closest(i, context->rlimit[i]) < 0) {
+                        r = setrlimit_closest(i, context->rlimit[i]);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_LIMITS;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* Set the RTPRIO resource limit to 0, but only if nothing else was explicitly requested. */
+                if (context->restrict_realtime && !context->rlimit[RLIMIT_RTPRIO]) {
+                        if (setrlimit(RLIMIT_RTPRIO, &RLIMIT_MAKE_CONST(0)) < 0) {
                                 *exit_status = EXIT_LIMITS;
                                 return -errno;
                         }
@@ -1897,7 +2096,7 @@ static int exec_child(
                         }
 
                 if (context->no_new_privileges ||
-                    (!have_effective_cap(CAP_SYS_ADMIN) && (use_address_families || use_syscall_filter)))
+                    (!have_effective_cap(CAP_SYS_ADMIN) && (use_address_families || context->memory_deny_write_execute || context->restrict_realtime || use_syscall_filter)))
                         if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0) < 0) {
                                 *exit_status = EXIT_NO_NEW_PRIVILEGES;
                                 return -errno;
@@ -1912,6 +2111,22 @@ static int exec_child(
                         }
                 }
 
+                if (context->memory_deny_write_execute) {
+                        r = apply_memory_deny_write_execute(context);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_SECCOMP;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (context->restrict_realtime) {
+                        r = apply_restrict_realtime(context);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_SECCOMP;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                }
+
                 if (use_syscall_filter) {
                         r = apply_seccomp(context);
                         if (r < 0) {
@@ -1946,39 +2161,12 @@ static int exec_child(
 #endif
         }
 
-        r = build_environment(context, params, n_fds, home, username, shell, &our_env);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                *exit_status = EXIT_MEMORY;
-                return r;
-        }
-
-        r = build_pass_environment(context, &pass_env);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                *exit_status = EXIT_MEMORY;
-                return r;
-        }
-
-        final_env = strv_env_merge(6,
-                                   params->environment,
-                                   our_env,
-                                   pass_env,
-                                   context->environment,
-                                   files_env,
-                                   pam_env,
-                                   NULL);
-        if (!final_env) {
-                *exit_status = EXIT_MEMORY;
-                return -ENOMEM;
-        }
-
-        final_argv = replace_env_argv(argv, final_env);
+        final_argv = replace_env_argv(argv, accum_env);
         if (!final_argv) {
                 *exit_status = EXIT_MEMORY;
                 return -ENOMEM;
         }
 
-        final_env = strv_env_clean(final_env);
-
         if (_unlikely_(log_get_max_level() >= LOG_DEBUG)) {
                 _cleanup_free_ char *line;
 
@@ -1994,7 +2182,7 @@ static int exec_child(
                 }
         }
 
-        execve(command->path, final_argv, final_env);
+        execve(command->path, final_argv, accum_env);
         *exit_status = EXIT_EXEC;
         return -errno;
 }
@@ -2136,9 +2324,9 @@ void exec_context_done(ExecContext *c) {
 
         c->pam_name = mfree(c->pam_name);
 
-        c->read_only_dirs = strv_free(c->read_only_dirs);
-        c->read_write_dirs = strv_free(c->read_write_dirs);
-        c->inaccessible_dirs = strv_free(c->inaccessible_dirs);
+        c->read_only_paths = strv_free(c->read_only_paths);
+        c->read_write_paths = strv_free(c->read_write_paths);
+        c->inaccessible_paths = strv_free(c->inaccessible_paths);
 
         if (c->cpuset)
                 CPU_FREE(c->cpuset);
@@ -2371,7 +2559,9 @@ void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
                 "%sPrivateDevices: %s\n"
                 "%sProtectHome: %s\n"
                 "%sProtectSystem: %s\n"
-                "%sIgnoreSIGPIPE: %s\n",
+                "%sIgnoreSIGPIPE: %s\n"
+                "%sMemoryDenyWriteExecute: %s\n"
+                "%sRestrictRealtime: %s\n",
                 prefix, c->umask,
                 prefix, c->working_directory ? c->working_directory : "/",
                 prefix, c->root_directory ? c->root_directory : "/",
@@ -2381,7 +2571,9 @@ void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
                 prefix, yes_no(c->private_devices),
                 prefix, protect_home_to_string(c->protect_home),
                 prefix, protect_system_to_string(c->protect_system),
-                prefix, yes_no(c->ignore_sigpipe));
+                prefix, yes_no(c->ignore_sigpipe),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->memory_deny_write_execute),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->restrict_realtime));
 
         STRV_FOREACH(e, c->environment)
                 fprintf(f, "%sEnvironment: %s\n", prefix, *e);
@@ -2540,21 +2732,21 @@ void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
         if (c->pam_name)
                 fprintf(f, "%sPAMName: %s\n", prefix, c->pam_name);
 
-        if (strv_length(c->read_write_dirs) > 0) {
-                fprintf(f, "%sReadWriteDirs:", prefix);
-                strv_fprintf(f, c->read_write_dirs);
+        if (strv_length(c->read_write_paths) > 0) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sReadWritePaths:", prefix);
+                strv_fprintf(f, c->read_write_paths);
                 fputs("\n", f);
         }
 
-        if (strv_length(c->read_only_dirs) > 0) {
-                fprintf(f, "%sReadOnlyDirs:", prefix);
-                strv_fprintf(f, c->read_only_dirs);
+        if (strv_length(c->read_only_paths) > 0) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sReadOnlyPaths:", prefix);
+                strv_fprintf(f, c->read_only_paths);
                 fputs("\n", f);
         }
 
-        if (strv_length(c->inaccessible_dirs) > 0) {
-                fprintf(f, "%sInaccessibleDirs:", prefix);
-                strv_fprintf(f, c->inaccessible_dirs);
+        if (strv_length(c->inaccessible_paths) > 0) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sInaccessiblePaths:", prefix);
+                strv_fprintf(f, c->inaccessible_paths);
                 fputs("\n", f);
         }
 
@@ -2635,7 +2827,7 @@ void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
 bool exec_context_maintains_privileges(ExecContext *c) {
         assert(c);
 
-        /* Returns true if the process forked off would run run under
+        /* Returns true if the process forked off would run under
          * an unchanged UID or as root. */
 
         if (!c->user)
@@ -2870,7 +3062,7 @@ int exec_runtime_make(ExecRuntime **rt, ExecContext *c, const char *id) {
                 return r;
 
         if (c->private_network && (*rt)->netns_storage_socket[0] < 0) {
-                if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM, 0, (*rt)->netns_storage_socket) < 0)
+                if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, (*rt)->netns_storage_socket) < 0)
                         return -errno;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/core/execute.h b/src/core/execute.h
index 41148bcea2..189c4d0999 100644
--- a/src/core/execute.h
+++ b/src/core/execute.h
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ typedef struct ExecParameters ExecParameters;
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <sys/capability.h>
 
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
 #include "fdset.h"
 #include "list.h"
 #include "missing.h"
@@ -81,7 +82,8 @@ struct ExecCommand {
         char **argv;
         ExecStatus exec_status;
         LIST_FIELDS(ExecCommand, command); /* useful for chaining commands */
-        bool ignore;
+        bool ignore:1;
+        bool privileged:1;
 };
 
 struct ExecRuntime {
@@ -129,7 +131,7 @@ struct ExecContext {
 
         bool ignore_sigpipe;
 
-        /* Since resolving these names might might involve socket
+        /* Since resolving these names might involve socket
          * connections and we don't want to deadlock ourselves these
          * names are resolved on execution only and in the child
          * process. */
@@ -151,7 +153,7 @@ struct ExecContext {
         bool smack_process_label_ignore;
         char *smack_process_label;
 
-        char **read_write_dirs, **read_only_dirs, **inaccessible_dirs;
+        char **read_write_paths, **read_only_paths, **inaccessible_paths;
         unsigned long mount_flags;
 
         uint64_t capability_bounding_set;
@@ -192,6 +194,9 @@ struct ExecContext {
         char **runtime_directory;
         mode_t runtime_directory_mode;
 
+        bool memory_deny_write_execute;
+        bool restrict_realtime;
+
         bool oom_score_adjust_set:1;
         bool nice_set:1;
         bool ioprio_set:1;
@@ -199,9 +204,6 @@ struct ExecContext {
         bool no_new_privileges_set:1;
 };
 
-#include "cgroup-util.h"
-#include "cgroup.h"
-
 struct ExecParameters {
         char **argv;
         char **environment;
@@ -232,6 +234,8 @@ struct ExecParameters {
         int stderr_fd;
 };
 
+#include "unit.h"
+
 int exec_spawn(Unit *unit,
                ExecCommand *command,
                const ExecContext *context,
diff --git a/src/core/killall.c b/src/core/killall.c
index 09378f7085..a8b814e868 100644
--- a/src/core/killall.c
+++ b/src/core/killall.c
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "def.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "formats-util.h"
 #include "killall.h"
@@ -33,8 +34,6 @@
 #include "terminal-util.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
-#define TIMEOUT_USEC (10 * USEC_PER_SEC)
-
 static bool ignore_proc(pid_t pid, bool warn_rootfs) {
         _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
         char c;
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ static bool ignore_proc(pid_t pid, bool warn_rootfs) {
                 get_process_comm(pid, &comm);
 
                 if (r)
-                        log_notice("Process " PID_FMT " (%s) has been been marked to be excluded from killing. It is "
+                        log_notice("Process " PID_FMT " (%s) has been marked to be excluded from killing. It is "
                                    "running from the root file system, and thus likely to block re-mounting of the "
                                    "root file system to read-only. Please consider moving it into an initrd file "
                                    "system instead.", pid, strna(comm));
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ static void wait_for_children(Set *pids, sigset_t *mask) {
         if (set_isempty(pids))
                 return;
 
-        until = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) + TIMEOUT_USEC;
+        until = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) + DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_USEC;
         for (;;) {
                 struct timespec ts;
                 int k;
diff --git a/src/core/kmod-setup.c b/src/core/kmod-setup.c
index 3503db52ed..fd1021f706 100644
--- a/src/core/kmod-setup.c
+++ b/src/core/kmod-setup.c
@@ -64,9 +64,6 @@ int kmod_setup(void) {
                 /* this should never be a module */
                 { "unix",      "/proc/net/unix",            true,   true,    NULL      },
 
-                /* IPC is needed before we bring up any other services */
-                { "kdbus",     "/sys/fs/kdbus",             false,  false,   is_kdbus_wanted },
-
 #ifdef HAVE_LIBIPTC
                 /* netfilter is needed by networkd, nspawn among others, and cannot be autoloaded */
                 { "ip_tables", "/proc/net/ip_tables_names", false,  false,   NULL      },
diff --git a/src/core/load-fragment-gperf.gperf.m4 b/src/core/load-fragment-gperf.gperf.m4
index 8193418980..6a5c16a000 100644
--- a/src/core/load-fragment-gperf.gperf.m4
+++ b/src/core/load-fragment-gperf.gperf.m4
@@ -55,10 +55,14 @@ m4_ifdef(`HAVE_SECCOMP',
 `$1.SystemCallFilter,            config_parse_syscall_filter,        0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
 $1.SystemCallArchitectures,      config_parse_syscall_archs,         0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.syscall_archs)
 $1.SystemCallErrorNumber,        config_parse_syscall_errno,         0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.MemoryDenyWriteExecute,       config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.memory_deny_write_execute)
+$1.RestrictRealtime,             config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.restrict_realtime)
 $1.RestrictAddressFamilies,      config_parse_address_families,      0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)',
 `$1.SystemCallFilter,            config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0
 $1.SystemCallArchitectures,      config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0
 $1.SystemCallErrorNumber,        config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0
+$1.MemoryDenyWriteExecute,       config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0
+$1.RestrictRealtime,             config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0
 $1.RestrictAddressFamilies,      config_parse_warn_compat,           DISABLED_CONFIGURATION,        0')
 $1.LimitCPU,                     config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_CPU,                    offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
 $1.LimitFSIZE,                   config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_FSIZE,                  offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
@@ -76,9 +80,12 @@ $1.LimitMSGQUEUE,                config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_MSGQ
 $1.LimitNICE,                    config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_NICE,                   offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
 $1.LimitRTPRIO,                  config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_RTPRIO,                 offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
 $1.LimitRTTIME,                  config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_RTTIME,                 offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
-$1.ReadWriteDirectories,         config_parse_namespace_path_strv,   0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.read_write_dirs)
-$1.ReadOnlyDirectories,          config_parse_namespace_path_strv,   0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.read_only_dirs)
-$1.InaccessibleDirectories,      config_parse_namespace_path_strv,   0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.inaccessible_dirs)
+$1.ReadWriteDirectories,         config_parse_namespace_path_strv,   0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.read_write_paths)
+$1.ReadOnlyDirectories,          config_parse_namespace_path_strv,   0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.read_only_paths)
+$1.InaccessibleDirectories,      config_parse_namespace_path_strv,   0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.inaccessible_paths)
+$1.ReadWritePaths,               config_parse_namespace_path_strv,   0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.read_write_paths)
+$1.ReadOnlyPaths,                config_parse_namespace_path_strv,   0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.read_only_paths)
+$1.InaccessiblePaths,            config_parse_namespace_path_strv,   0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.inaccessible_paths)
 $1.PrivateTmp,                   config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.private_tmp)
 $1.PrivateNetwork,               config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.private_network)
 $1.PrivateDevices,               config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.private_devices)
@@ -117,6 +124,9 @@ $1.CPUShares,                    config_parse_cpu_shares,            0,
 $1.StartupCPUShares,             config_parse_cpu_shares,            0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context.startup_cpu_shares)
 $1.CPUQuota,                     config_parse_cpu_quota,             0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context)
 $1.MemoryAccounting,             config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context.memory_accounting)
+$1.MemoryLow,                    config_parse_memory_limit,          0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context)
+$1.MemoryHigh,                   config_parse_memory_limit,          0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context)
+$1.MemoryMax,                    config_parse_memory_limit,          0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context)
 $1.MemoryLimit,                  config_parse_memory_limit,          0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context)
 $1.DeviceAllow,                  config_parse_device_allow,          0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context)
 $1.DevicePolicy,                 config_parse_device_policy,         0,                             offsetof($1, cgroup_context.device_policy)
diff --git a/src/core/load-fragment.c b/src/core/load-fragment.c
index 86b4fb071b..a36953f766 100644
--- a/src/core/load-fragment.c
+++ b/src/core/load-fragment.c
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ int config_parse_exec(
         p = rvalue;
         do {
                 _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL, *firstword = NULL;
-                bool separate_argv0 = false, ignore = false;
+                bool separate_argv0 = false, ignore = false, privileged = false;
                 _cleanup_free_ ExecCommand *nce = NULL;
                 _cleanup_strv_free_ char **n = NULL;
                 size_t nlen = 0, nbufsize = 0;
@@ -610,14 +610,18 @@ int config_parse_exec(
                         return 0;
 
                 f = firstword;
-                for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
-                        /* We accept an absolute path as first argument, or
-                         * alternatively an absolute prefixed with @ to allow
-                         * overriding of argv[0]. */
+                for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+                        /* We accept an absolute path as first argument.
+                         * If it's prefixed with - and the path doesn't exist,
+                         * we ignore it instead of erroring out;
+                         * if it's prefixed with @, we allow overriding of argv[0];
+                         * and if it's prefixed with !, it will be run with full privileges */
                         if (*f == '-' && !ignore)
                                 ignore = true;
                         else if (*f == '@' && !separate_argv0)
                                 separate_argv0 = true;
+                        else if (*f == '+' && !privileged)
+                                privileged = true;
                         else
                                 break;
                         f++;
@@ -715,6 +719,7 @@ int config_parse_exec(
                 nce->argv = n;
                 nce->path = path;
                 nce->ignore = ignore;
+                nce->privileged = privileged;
 
                 exec_command_append_list(e, nce);
 
@@ -2396,6 +2401,55 @@ int config_parse_documentation(const char *unit,
 }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
+static int syscall_filter_parse_one(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                ExecContext *c,
+                bool invert,
+                const char *t,
+                bool warn) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (*t == '@') {
+                const SystemCallFilterSet *set;
+
+                for (set = syscall_filter_sets; set->set_name; set++)
+                        if (streq(set->set_name, t)) {
+                                const char *sys;
+
+                                NULSTR_FOREACH(sys, set->value) {
+                                        r = syscall_filter_parse_one(unit, filename, line, c, invert, sys, false);
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                return r;
+                                }
+                                break;
+                        }
+        } else {
+                int id;
+
+                id = seccomp_syscall_resolve_name(t);
+                if (id == __NR_SCMP_ERROR)  {
+                        if (warn)
+                                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse system call, ignoring: %s", t);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                /* If we previously wanted to forbid a syscall and now
+                 * we want to allow it, then remove it from the list
+                 */
+                if (!invert == c->syscall_whitelist) {
+                        r = set_put(c->syscall_filter, INT_TO_PTR(id + 1));
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                return 0;
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+                } else
+                        set_remove(c->syscall_filter, INT_TO_PTR(id + 1));
+        }
+        return 0;
+}
+
 int config_parse_syscall_filter(
                 const char *unit,
                 const char *filename,
@@ -2408,13 +2462,6 @@ int config_parse_syscall_filter(
                 void *data,
                 void *userdata) {
 
-        static const char default_syscalls[] =
-                "execve\0"
-                "exit\0"
-                "exit_group\0"
-                "rt_sigreturn\0"
-                "sigreturn\0";
-
         ExecContext *c = data;
         Unit *u = userdata;
         bool invert = false;
@@ -2448,53 +2495,26 @@ int config_parse_syscall_filter(
                         /* Allow everything but the ones listed */
                         c->syscall_whitelist = false;
                 else {
-                        const char *i;
-
                         /* Allow nothing but the ones listed */
                         c->syscall_whitelist = true;
 
                         /* Accept default syscalls if we are on a whitelist */
-                        NULSTR_FOREACH(i, default_syscalls)  {
-                                int id;
-
-                                id = seccomp_syscall_resolve_name(i);
-                                if (id < 0)
-                                        continue;
-
-                                r = set_put(c->syscall_filter, INT_TO_PTR(id + 1));
-                                if (r == 0)
-                                        continue;
-                                if (r < 0)
-                                        return log_oom();
-                        }
+                        r = syscall_filter_parse_one(unit, filename, line, c, false, "@default", false);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
                 }
         }
 
         FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(word, l, rvalue, state) {
                 _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
-                int id;
 
                 t = strndup(word, l);
                 if (!t)
                         return log_oom();
 
-                id = seccomp_syscall_resolve_name(t);
-                if (id < 0)  {
-                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse system call, ignoring: %s", t);
-                        continue;
-                }
-
-                /* If we previously wanted to forbid a syscall and now
-                 * we want to allow it, then remove it from the list
-                 */
-                if (!invert == c->syscall_whitelist)  {
-                        r = set_put(c->syscall_filter, INT_TO_PTR(id + 1));
-                        if (r == 0)
-                                continue;
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return log_oom();
-                } else
-                        set_remove(c->syscall_filter, INT_TO_PTR(id + 1));
+                r = syscall_filter_parse_one(unit, filename, line, c, invert, t, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
         }
         if (!isempty(state))
                 log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Trailing garbage, ignoring.");
@@ -2754,7 +2774,7 @@ int config_parse_cpu_quota(
                 void *userdata) {
 
         CGroupContext *c = data;
-        double percent;
+        int r;
 
         assert(filename);
         assert(lvalue);
@@ -2765,18 +2785,13 @@ int config_parse_cpu_quota(
                 return 0;
         }
 
-        if (!endswith(rvalue, "%")) {
-                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "CPU quota '%s' not ending in '%%'. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+        r = parse_percent(rvalue);
+        if (r <= 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "CPU quota '%s' invalid. Ignoring.", rvalue);
                 return 0;
         }
 
-        if (sscanf(rvalue, "%lf%%", &percent) != 1 || percent <= 0) {
-                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "CPU quota '%s' invalid. Ignoring.", rvalue);
-                return 0;
-        }
-
-        c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec = (usec_t) (percent * USEC_PER_SEC / 100);
-
+        c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec = ((usec_t) r * USEC_PER_SEC) / 100U;
         return 0;
 }
 
@@ -2793,21 +2808,36 @@ int config_parse_memory_limit(
                 void *userdata) {
 
         CGroupContext *c = data;
-        uint64_t bytes;
+        uint64_t bytes = CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX;
         int r;
 
-        if (isempty(rvalue) || streq(rvalue, "infinity")) {
-                c->memory_limit = (uint64_t) -1;
-                return 0;
-        }
+        if (!isempty(rvalue) && !streq(rvalue, "infinity")) {
 
-        r = parse_size(rvalue, 1024, &bytes);
-        if (r < 0 || bytes < 1) {
-                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Memory limit '%s' invalid. Ignoring.", rvalue);
-                return 0;
+                r = parse_percent(rvalue);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        r = parse_size(rvalue, 1024, &bytes);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Memory limit '%s' invalid. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+                                return 0;
+                        }
+                } else
+                        bytes = physical_memory_scale(r, 100U);
+
+                if (bytes <= 0 || bytes >= UINT64_MAX) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Memory limit '%s' out of range. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
         }
 
-        c->memory_limit = bytes;
+        if (streq(lvalue, "MemoryLow"))
+                c->memory_low = bytes;
+        else if (streq(lvalue, "MemoryHigh"))
+                c->memory_high = bytes;
+        else if (streq(lvalue, "MemoryMax"))
+                c->memory_max = bytes;
+        else
+                c->memory_limit = bytes;
+
         return 0;
 }
 
@@ -2831,9 +2861,18 @@ int config_parse_tasks_max(
                 return 0;
         }
 
-        r = safe_atou64(rvalue, &u);
-        if (r < 0 || u < 1) {
-                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Maximum tasks value '%s' invalid. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+        r = parse_percent(rvalue);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = safe_atou64(rvalue, &u);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Maximum tasks value '%s' invalid. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        } else
+                u = system_tasks_max_scale(r, 100U);
+
+        if (u <= 0 || u >= UINT64_MAX) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Maximum tasks value '%s' out of range. Ignoring.", rvalue);
                 return 0;
         }
 
@@ -3060,7 +3099,7 @@ int config_parse_io_limit(
                 return 0;
         }
 
-        if (streq("max", limit)) {
+        if (streq("infinity", limit)) {
                 num = CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX;
         } else {
                 r = parse_size(limit, 1000, &num);
@@ -3564,7 +3603,7 @@ int config_parse_protect_home(
         assert(data);
 
         /* Our enum shall be a superset of booleans, hence first try
-         * to parse as as boolean, and then as enum */
+         * to parse as boolean, and then as enum */
 
         k = parse_boolean(rvalue);
         if (k > 0)
@@ -3607,7 +3646,7 @@ int config_parse_protect_system(
         assert(data);
 
         /* Our enum shall be a superset of booleans, hence first try
-         * to parse as as boolean, and then as enum */
+         * to parse as boolean, and then as enum */
 
         k = parse_boolean(rvalue);
         if (k > 0)
@@ -3723,7 +3762,7 @@ static int merge_by_names(Unit **u, Set *names, const char *id) {
 
                         /* If the symlink name we are looking at is unit template, then
                            we must search for instance of this template */
-                        if (unit_name_is_valid(k, UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE)) {
+                        if (unit_name_is_valid(k, UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE) && (*u)->instance) {
                                 _cleanup_free_ char *instance = NULL;
 
                                 r = unit_name_replace_instance(k, (*u)->instance, &instance);
@@ -3805,7 +3844,15 @@ static int load_from_path(Unit *u, const char *path) {
                         if (r >= 0)
                                 break;
                         filename = mfree(filename);
-                        if (r != -ENOENT)
+
+                        /* ENOENT means that the file is missing or is a dangling symlink.
+                         * ENOTDIR means that one of paths we expect to be is a directory
+                         * is not a directory, we should just ignore that.
+                         * EACCES means that the directory or file permissions are wrong.
+                         */
+                        if (r == -EACCES)
+                                log_debug_errno(r, "Cannot access \"%s\": %m", filename);
+                        else if (!IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -ENOTDIR))
                                 return r;
 
                         /* Empty the symlink names for the next run */
diff --git a/src/core/machine-id-setup.c b/src/core/machine-id-setup.c
index 0145fe2894..76dfcfa6d7 100644
--- a/src/core/machine-id-setup.c
+++ b/src/core/machine-id-setup.c
@@ -17,11 +17,8 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <sched.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
@@ -29,10 +26,8 @@
 
 #include "alloc-util.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "fs-util.h"
-#include "hexdecoct.h"
-#include "io-util.h"
+#include "id128-util.h"
 #include "log.h"
 #include "machine-id-setup.h"
 #include "macro.h"
@@ -46,101 +41,23 @@
 #include "util.h"
 #include "virt.h"
 
-static int shorten_uuid(char destination[34], const char source[36]) {
-        unsigned i, j;
-
-        assert(destination);
-        assert(source);
-
-        /* Converts a UUID into a machine ID, by lowercasing it and
-         * removing dashes. Validates everything. */
-
-        for (i = 0, j = 0; i < 36 && j < 32; i++) {
-                int t;
-
-                t = unhexchar(source[i]);
-                if (t < 0)
-                        continue;
-
-                destination[j++] = hexchar(t);
-        }
-
-        if (i != 36 || j != 32)
-                return -EINVAL;
-
-        destination[32] = '\n';
-        destination[33] = 0;
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int read_machine_id(int fd, char id[34]) {
-        char id_to_validate[34];
-        int r;
-
-        assert(fd >= 0);
-        assert(id);
-
-        /* Reads a machine ID from a file, validates it, and returns
-         * it. The returned ID ends in a newline. */
-
-        r = loop_read_exact(fd, id_to_validate, 33, false);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-
-        if (id_to_validate[32] != '\n')
-                return -EINVAL;
-
-        id_to_validate[32] = 0;
-
-        if (!id128_is_valid(id_to_validate))
-                return -EINVAL;
-
-        memcpy(id, id_to_validate, 32);
-        id[32] = '\n';
-        id[33] = 0;
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int write_machine_id(int fd, const char id[34]) {
-        int r;
-
-        assert(fd >= 0);
-        assert(id);
-
-        if (lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET) < 0)
-                return -errno;
-
-        r = loop_write(fd, id, 33, false);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-
-        if (fsync(fd) < 0)
-                return -errno;
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int generate_machine_id(char id[34], const char *root) {
-        int fd, r;
-        unsigned char *p;
-        sd_id128_t buf;
-        char  *q;
+static int generate_machine_id(const char *root, sd_id128_t *ret) {
         const char *dbus_machine_id;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        int r;
 
-        assert(id);
-
-        dbus_machine_id = prefix_roota(root, "/var/lib/dbus/machine-id");
+        assert(ret);
 
         /* First, try reading the D-Bus machine id, unless it is a symlink */
+        dbus_machine_id = prefix_roota(root, "/var/lib/dbus/machine-id");
         fd = open(dbus_machine_id, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW);
         if (fd >= 0) {
-                r = read_machine_id(fd, id);
-                safe_close(fd);
-
-                if (r >= 0) {
+                if (id128_read_fd(fd, ID128_PLAIN, ret) >= 0) {
                         log_info("Initializing machine ID from D-Bus machine ID.");
                         return 0;
                 }
+
+                fd = safe_close(fd);
         }
 
         if (isempty(root)) {
@@ -151,13 +68,10 @@ static int generate_machine_id(char id[34], const char *root) {
                 if (detect_container() > 0) {
                         _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
 
-                        r = getenv_for_pid(1, "container_uuid", &e);
-                        if (r > 0) {
-                                r = shorten_uuid(id, e);
-                                if (r >= 0) {
-                                        log_info("Initializing machine ID from container UUID.");
-                                        return 0;
-                                }
+                        if (getenv_for_pid(1, "container_uuid", &e) > 0 &&
+                            sd_id128_from_string(e, ret) >= 0) {
+                                log_info("Initializing machine ID from container UUID.");
+                                return 0;
                         }
 
                 } else if (detect_vm() == VIRTUALIZATION_KVM) {
@@ -166,51 +80,29 @@ static int generate_machine_id(char id[34], const char *root) {
                          * running in qemu/kvm and a machine ID was passed in
                          * via -uuid on the qemu/kvm command line */
 
-                        char uuid[36];
-
-                        fd = open("/sys/class/dmi/id/product_uuid", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW);
-                        if (fd >= 0) {
-                                r = loop_read_exact(fd, uuid, 36, false);
-                                safe_close(fd);
-
-                                if (r >= 0) {
-                                        r = shorten_uuid(id, uuid);
-                                        if (r >= 0) {
-                                                log_info("Initializing machine ID from KVM UUID.");
-                                                return 0;
-                                        }
-                                }
+                        if (id128_read("/sys/class/dmi/id/product_uuid", ID128_UUID, ret) >= 0) {
+                                log_info("Initializing machine ID from KVM UUID.");
+                                return 0;
                         }
                 }
         }
 
         /* If that didn't work, generate a random machine id */
-        r = sd_id128_randomize(&buf);
+        r = sd_id128_randomize(ret);
         if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open /dev/urandom: %m");
-
-        for (p = buf.bytes, q = id; p < buf.bytes + sizeof(buf); p++, q += 2) {
-                q[0] = hexchar(*p >> 4);
-                q[1] = hexchar(*p & 15);
-        }
-
-        id[32] = '\n';
-        id[33] = 0;
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to generate randomized : %m");
 
         log_info("Initializing machine ID from random generator.");
-
         return 0;
 }
 
-int machine_id_setup(const char *root, sd_id128_t machine_id) {
+int machine_id_setup(const char *root, sd_id128_t machine_id, sd_id128_t *ret) {
         const char *etc_machine_id, *run_machine_id;
         _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
-        bool writable = true;
-        char id[34]; /* 32 + \n + \0 */
+        bool writable;
         int r;
 
         etc_machine_id = prefix_roota(root, "/etc/machine-id");
-        run_machine_id = prefix_roota(root, "/run/machine-id");
 
         RUN_WITH_UMASK(0000) {
                 /* We create this 0444, to indicate that this isn't really
@@ -218,7 +110,7 @@ int machine_id_setup(const char *root, sd_id128_t machine_id) {
                  * will be owned by root it doesn't matter much, but maybe
                  * people look. */
 
-                mkdir_parents(etc_machine_id, 0755);
+                (void) mkdir_parents(etc_machine_id, 0755);
                 fd = open(etc_machine_id, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY, 0444);
                 if (fd < 0) {
                         int old_errno = errno;
@@ -239,41 +131,41 @@ int machine_id_setup(const char *root, sd_id128_t machine_id) {
                         }
 
                         writable = false;
-                }
+                } else
+                        writable = true;
         }
 
-        /* A machine id argument overrides all other machined-ids */
-        if (!sd_id128_is_null(machine_id)) {
-                sd_id128_to_string(machine_id, id);
-                id[32] = '\n';
-                id[33] = 0;
-        } else {
-                if (read_machine_id(fd, id) >= 0)
-                        return 0;
+        /* A we got a valid machine ID argument, that's what counts */
+        if (sd_id128_is_null(machine_id)) {
 
-                /* Hmm, so, the id currently stored is not useful, then let's
-                 * generate one */
+                /* Try to read any existing machine ID */
+                if (id128_read_fd(fd, ID128_PLAIN, ret) >= 0)
+                        return 0;
 
-                r = generate_machine_id(id, root);
+                /* Hmm, so, the id currently stored is not useful, then let's generate one */
+                r = generate_machine_id(root, &machine_id);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
+
+                if (lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET) == (off_t) -1)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to seek: %m");
         }
 
         if (writable)
-                if (write_machine_id(fd, id) >= 0)
-                        return 0;
+                if (id128_write_fd(fd, ID128_PLAIN, machine_id, true) >= 0)
+                        goto finish;
 
         fd = safe_close(fd);
 
-        /* Hmm, we couldn't write it? So let's write it to
-         * /run/machine-id as a replacement */
+        /* Hmm, we couldn't write it? So let's write it to /run/machine-id as a replacement */
 
-        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0022) {
-                r = write_string_file(run_machine_id, id, WRITE_STRING_FILE_CREATE);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        (void) unlink(run_machine_id);
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Cannot write %s: %m", run_machine_id);
-                }
+        run_machine_id = prefix_roota(root, "/run/machine-id");
+
+        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0022)
+                r = id128_write(run_machine_id, ID128_PLAIN, machine_id, false);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                (void) unlink(run_machine_id);
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Cannot write %s: %m", run_machine_id);
         }
 
         /* And now, let's mount it over */
@@ -286,7 +178,11 @@ int machine_id_setup(const char *root, sd_id128_t machine_id) {
 
         /* Mark the mount read-only */
         if (mount(NULL, etc_machine_id, NULL, MS_BIND|MS_RDONLY|MS_REMOUNT, NULL) < 0)
-                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to make transient %s read-only: %m", etc_machine_id);
+                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to make transient %s read-only, ignoring: %m", etc_machine_id);
+
+finish:
+        if (ret)
+                *ret = machine_id;
 
         return 0;
 }
@@ -294,16 +190,20 @@ int machine_id_setup(const char *root, sd_id128_t machine_id) {
 int machine_id_commit(const char *root) {
         _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1, initial_mntns_fd = -1;
         const char *etc_machine_id;
-        char id[34]; /* 32 + \n + \0 */
+        sd_id128_t id;
         int r;
 
+        /* Replaces a tmpfs bind mount of /etc/machine-id by a proper file, atomically. For this, the umount is removed
+         * in a mount namespace, a new file is created at the right place. Afterwards the mount is also removed in the
+         * original mount namespace, thus revealing the file that was just created. */
+
         etc_machine_id = prefix_roota(root, "/etc/machine-id");
 
         r = path_is_mount_point(etc_machine_id, 0);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine whether %s is a mount point: %m", etc_machine_id);
         if (r == 0) {
-                log_debug("%s is is not a mount point. Nothing to do.", etc_machine_id);
+                log_debug("%s is not a mount point. Nothing to do.", etc_machine_id);
                 return 0;
         }
 
@@ -312,10 +212,6 @@ int machine_id_commit(const char *root) {
         if (fd < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(errno, "Cannot open %s: %m", etc_machine_id);
 
-        r = read_machine_id(fd, id);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "We didn't find a valid machine ID in %s.", etc_machine_id);
-
         r = fd_is_temporary_fs(fd);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine whether %s is on a temporary file system: %m", etc_machine_id);
@@ -324,6 +220,10 @@ int machine_id_commit(const char *root) {
                 return -EROFS;
         }
 
+        r = id128_read_fd(fd, ID128_PLAIN, &id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "We didn't find a valid machine ID in %s.", etc_machine_id);
+
         fd = safe_close(fd);
 
         /* Store current mount namespace */
@@ -342,15 +242,9 @@ int machine_id_commit(const char *root) {
                 return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to unmount transient %s file in our private namespace: %m", etc_machine_id);
 
         /* Update a persistent version of etc_machine_id */
-        fd = open(etc_machine_id, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY, 0444);
-        if (fd < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(errno, "Cannot open for writing %s. This is mandatory to get a persistent machine-id: %m", etc_machine_id);
-
-        r = write_machine_id(fd, id);
+        r = id128_write(etc_machine_id, ID128_PLAIN, id, true);
         if (r < 0)
-                return log_error_errno(r, "Cannot write %s: %m", etc_machine_id);
-
-        fd = safe_close(fd);
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Cannot write %s. This is mandatory to get a persistent machine ID: %m", etc_machine_id);
 
         /* Return to initial namespace and proceed a lazy tmpfs unmount */
         r = namespace_enter(-1, initial_mntns_fd, -1, -1, -1);
diff --git a/src/core/machine-id-setup.h b/src/core/machine-id-setup.h
index a7e7678ed9..29f4620646 100644
--- a/src/core/machine-id-setup.h
+++ b/src/core/machine-id-setup.h
@@ -20,4 +20,4 @@
 ***/
 
 int machine_id_commit(const char *root);
-int machine_id_setup(const char *root, sd_id128_t machine_id);
+int machine_id_setup(const char *root, sd_id128_t requested, sd_id128_t *ret);
diff --git a/src/core/macros.systemd.in b/src/core/macros.systemd.in
index 2cace3d3ba..6e8a3b3e3d 100644
--- a/src/core/macros.systemd.in
+++ b/src/core/macros.systemd.in
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@
 %_sysusersdir @sysusersdir@
 %_sysctldir @sysctldir@
 %_binfmtdir @binfmtdir@
+%_systemdgeneratordir @systemgeneratordir@
+%_systemdusergeneratordir @usergeneratordir@
 
 %systemd_requires \
 Requires(post): systemd \
@@ -36,6 +38,12 @@ Requires(preun): systemd \
 Requires(postun): systemd \
 %{nil}
 
+%systemd_ordering \
+OrderWithRequires(post): systemd \
+OrderWithRequires(preun): systemd \
+OrderWithRequires(postun): systemd \
+%{nil}
+
 %systemd_post() \
 if [ $1 -eq 1 ] ; then \
         # Initial installation \
diff --git a/src/core/main.c b/src/core/main.c
index 5ed8c3d3f5..719bc49475 100644
--- a/src/core/main.c
+++ b/src/core/main.c
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@
 #include "parse-util.h"
 #include "proc-cmdline.h"
 #include "process-util.h"
+#include "raw-clone.h"
 #include "rlimit-util.h"
 #include "selinux-setup.h"
 #include "selinux-util.h"
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ static bool arg_default_io_accounting = false;
 static bool arg_default_blockio_accounting = false;
 static bool arg_default_memory_accounting = false;
 static bool arg_default_tasks_accounting = true;
-static uint64_t arg_default_tasks_max = UINT64_C(512);
+static uint64_t arg_default_tasks_max = UINT64_MAX;
 static sd_id128_t arg_machine_id = {};
 
 noreturn static void freeze_or_reboot(void) {
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ noreturn static void crash(int sig) {
                 /* We want to wait for the core process, hence let's enable SIGCHLD */
                 (void) sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL);
 
-                pid = raw_clone(SIGCHLD, NULL);
+                pid = raw_clone(SIGCHLD);
                 if (pid < 0)
                         log_emergency_errno(errno, "Caught <%s>, cannot fork for core dump: %m", signal_to_string(sig));
                 else if (pid == 0) {
@@ -221,7 +222,7 @@ noreturn static void crash(int sig) {
                 log_notice("Executing crash shell in 10s...");
                 (void) sleep(10);
 
-                pid = raw_clone(SIGCHLD, NULL);
+                pid = raw_clone(SIGCHLD);
                 if (pid < 0)
                         log_emergency_errno(errno, "Failed to fork off crash shell: %m");
                 else if (pid == 0) {
@@ -290,14 +291,16 @@ static int parse_crash_chvt(const char *value) {
 }
 
 static int set_machine_id(const char *m) {
+        sd_id128_t t;
         assert(m);
 
-        if (sd_id128_from_string(m, &arg_machine_id) < 0)
+        if (sd_id128_from_string(m, &t) < 0)
                 return -EINVAL;
 
-        if (sd_id128_is_null(arg_machine_id))
+        if (sd_id128_is_null(t))
                 return -EINVAL;
 
+        arg_machine_id = t;
         return 0;
 }
 
@@ -408,7 +411,7 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value) {
                 if (detect_container() > 0)
                         log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_CONSOLE);
 
-        } else if (!in_initrd() && !value) {
+        } else if (!value) {
                 const char *target;
 
                 /* SysV compatibility */
@@ -1293,6 +1296,40 @@ static int bump_unix_max_dgram_qlen(void) {
         return 1;
 }
 
+static int fixup_environment(void) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *term = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        /* We expect the environment to be set correctly
+         * if run inside a container. */
+        if (detect_container() > 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* When started as PID1, the kernel uses /dev/console
+         * for our stdios and uses TERM=linux whatever the
+         * backend device used by the console. We try to make
+         * a better guess here since some consoles might not
+         * have support for color mode for example.
+         *
+         * However if TERM was configured through the kernel
+         * command line then leave it alone. */
+
+        r = get_proc_cmdline_key("TERM=", &term);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (r == 0) {
+                term = strdup(default_term_for_tty("/dev/console") + 5);
+                if (!term)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (setenv("TERM", term, 1) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         Manager *m = NULL;
         int r, retval = EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -1352,7 +1389,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         saved_argv = argv;
         saved_argc = argc;
 
-        log_show_color(colors_enabled());
         log_set_upgrade_syslog_to_journal(true);
 
         /* Disable the umask logic */
@@ -1363,7 +1399,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
                 /* Running outside of a container as PID 1 */
                 arg_system = true;
-                make_null_stdio();
                 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_KMSG);
                 log_open();
 
@@ -1416,7 +1451,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                                 /*
                                  * Do a dummy very first call to seal the kernel's time warp magic.
                                  *
-                                 * Do not call this this from inside the initrd. The initrd might not
+                                 * Do not call this from inside the initrd. The initrd might not
                                  * carry /etc/adjtime with LOCAL, but the real system could be set up
                                  * that way. In such case, we need to delay the time-warp or the sealing
                                  * until we reach the real system.
@@ -1479,6 +1514,19 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         (void) write_string_file("/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern", "|/bin/false", 0);
         }
 
+        if (arg_system) {
+                if (fixup_environment() < 0) {
+                        error_message = "Failed to fix up PID1 environment";
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                /* Try to figure out if we can use colors with the console. No
+                 * need to do that for user instances since they never log
+                 * into the console. */
+                log_show_color(colors_enabled());
+                make_null_stdio();
+        }
+
         /* Initialize default unit */
         r = free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET);
         if (r < 0) {
@@ -1512,6 +1560,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         (void) reset_all_signal_handlers();
         (void) ignore_signals(SIGNALS_IGNORE, -1);
 
+        arg_default_tasks_max = system_tasks_max_scale(15U, 100U); /* 15% the system PIDs equals 4915 by default. */
+
         if (parse_config_file() < 0) {
                 error_message = "Failed to parse config file";
                 goto finish;
@@ -1673,7 +1723,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         status_welcome();
 
                 hostname_setup();
-                machine_id_setup(NULL, arg_machine_id);
+                machine_id_setup(NULL, arg_machine_id, NULL);
                 loopback_setup();
                 bump_unix_max_dgram_qlen();
 
@@ -1966,6 +2016,9 @@ finish:
                                 log_error_errno(r, "Failed to switch root, trying to continue: %m");
                 }
 
+                /* Reopen the console */
+                (void) make_console_stdio();
+
                 args_size = MAX(6, argc+1);
                 args = newa(const char*, args_size);
 
@@ -1991,10 +2044,6 @@ finish:
                         args[i++] = sfd;
                         args[i++] = NULL;
 
-                        /* do not pass along the environment we inherit from the kernel or initrd */
-                        if (switch_root_dir)
-                                (void) clearenv();
-
                         assert(i <= args_size);
 
                         /*
@@ -2017,9 +2066,6 @@ finish:
                 arg_serialization = safe_fclose(arg_serialization);
                 fds = fdset_free(fds);
 
-                /* Reopen the console */
-                (void) make_console_stdio();
-
                 for (j = 1, i = 1; j < (unsigned) argc; j++)
                         args[i++] = argv[j];
                 args[i++] = NULL;
diff --git a/src/core/manager.c b/src/core/manager.c
index 7838f56fd2..4d84a0b37e 100644
--- a/src/core/manager.c
+++ b/src/core/manager.c
@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@
 #include "manager.h"
 #include "missing.h"
 #include "mkdir.h"
-#include "mkdir.h"
 #include "parse-util.h"
 #include "path-lookup.h"
 #include "path-util.h"
@@ -136,23 +135,28 @@ static void draw_cylon(char buffer[], size_t buflen, unsigned width, unsigned po
         if (pos > 1) {
                 if (pos > 2)
                         p = mempset(p, ' ', pos-2);
-                p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_RED);
+                if (log_get_show_color())
+                        p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_RED);
                 *p++ = '*';
         }
 
         if (pos > 0 && pos <= width) {
-                p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED);
+                if (log_get_show_color())
+                        p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED);
                 *p++ = '*';
         }
 
-        p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_NORMAL);
+        if (log_get_show_color())
+                p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_NORMAL);
 
         if (pos < width) {
-                p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_RED);
+                if (log_get_show_color())
+                        p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_RED);
                 *p++ = '*';
                 if (pos < width-1)
                         p = mempset(p, ' ', width-1-pos);
-                strcpy(p, ANSI_NORMAL);
+                if (log_get_show_color())
+                        strcpy(p, ANSI_NORMAL);
         }
 }
 
@@ -565,7 +569,7 @@ int manager_new(UnitFileScope scope, bool test_run, Manager **_m) {
         m->exit_code = _MANAGER_EXIT_CODE_INVALID;
         m->default_timer_accuracy_usec = USEC_PER_MINUTE;
         m->default_tasks_accounting = true;
-        m->default_tasks_max = UINT64_C(512);
+        m->default_tasks_max = UINT64_MAX;
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_EFI
         if (MANAGER_IS_SYSTEM(m) && detect_container() <= 0)
@@ -809,28 +813,6 @@ static int manager_setup_cgroups_agent(Manager *m) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int manager_setup_kdbus(Manager *m) {
-        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
-
-        assert(m);
-
-        if (m->test_run || m->kdbus_fd >= 0)
-                return 0;
-        if (!is_kdbus_available())
-                return -ESOCKTNOSUPPORT;
-
-        m->kdbus_fd = bus_kernel_create_bus(
-                        MANAGER_IS_SYSTEM(m) ? "system" : "user",
-                        MANAGER_IS_SYSTEM(m), &p);
-
-        if (m->kdbus_fd < 0)
-                return log_debug_errno(m->kdbus_fd, "Failed to set up kdbus: %m");
-
-        log_debug("Successfully set up kdbus on %s", p);
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
 static int manager_connect_bus(Manager *m, bool reexecuting) {
         bool try_bus_connect;
 
@@ -872,6 +854,19 @@ enum {
         _GC_OFFSET_MAX
 };
 
+static void unit_gc_mark_good(Unit *u, unsigned gc_marker)
+{
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+
+        u->gc_marker = gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_GOOD;
+
+        /* Recursively mark referenced units as GOOD as well */
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_REFERENCES], i)
+                if (other->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_UNSURE)
+                        unit_gc_mark_good(other, gc_marker);
+}
+
 static void unit_gc_sweep(Unit *u, unsigned gc_marker) {
         Iterator i;
         Unit *other;
@@ -881,6 +876,7 @@ static void unit_gc_sweep(Unit *u, unsigned gc_marker) {
 
         if (u->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_GOOD ||
             u->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_BAD ||
+            u->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_UNSURE ||
             u->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_IN_PATH)
                 return;
 
@@ -921,7 +917,7 @@ bad:
         return;
 
 good:
-        u->gc_marker = gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_GOOD;
+        unit_gc_mark_good(u, gc_marker);
 }
 
 static unsigned manager_dispatch_gc_queue(Manager *m) {
@@ -1225,7 +1221,6 @@ int manager_startup(Manager *m, FILE *serialization, FDSet *fds) {
 
         /* We might have deserialized the kdbus control fd, but if we
          * didn't, then let's create the bus now. */
-        manager_setup_kdbus(m);
         manager_connect_bus(m, !!serialization);
         bus_track_coldplug(m, &m->subscribed, &m->deserialized_subscribed);
 
@@ -1610,9 +1605,9 @@ static void manager_invoke_notify_message(Manager *m, Unit *u, pid_t pid, const
 }
 
 static int manager_dispatch_notify_fd(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+
         _cleanup_fdset_free_ FDSet *fds = NULL;
         Manager *m = userdata;
-
         char buf[NOTIFY_BUFFER_MAX+1];
         struct iovec iovec = {
                 .iov_base = buf,
@@ -1720,16 +1715,28 @@ static int manager_dispatch_notify_fd(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t
 }
 
 static void invoke_sigchld_event(Manager *m, Unit *u, const siginfo_t *si) {
+        uint64_t iteration;
+
         assert(m);
         assert(u);
         assert(si);
 
+        sd_event_get_iteration(m->event, &iteration);
+
         log_unit_debug(u, "Child "PID_FMT" belongs to %s", si->si_pid, u->id);
 
         unit_unwatch_pid(u, si->si_pid);
 
-        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->sigchld_event)
-                UNIT_VTABLE(u)->sigchld_event(u, si->si_pid, si->si_code, si->si_status);
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->sigchld_event) {
+                if (set_size(u->pids) <= 1 ||
+                    iteration != u->sigchldgen ||
+                    unit_main_pid(u) == si->si_pid ||
+                    unit_control_pid(u) == si->si_pid) {
+                        UNIT_VTABLE(u)->sigchld_event(u, si->si_pid, si->si_code, si->si_status);
+                        u->sigchldgen = iteration;
+                } else
+                        log_debug("%s already issued a sigchld this iteration %" PRIu64 ", skipping. Pids still being watched %d", u->id, iteration, set_size(u->pids));
+         }
 }
 
 static int manager_dispatch_sigchld(Manager *m) {
diff --git a/src/core/mount-setup.c b/src/core/mount-setup.c
index 40fc548b42..5d8ab0ec70 100644
--- a/src/core/mount-setup.c
+++ b/src/core/mount-setup.c
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "cgroup-util.h"
 #include "dev-setup.h"
 #include "efivars.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
 #include "label.h"
 #include "log.h"
 #include "macro.h"
@@ -108,8 +109,6 @@ static const MountPoint mount_table[] = {
         { "efivarfs",    "/sys/firmware/efi/efivars", "efivarfs",   NULL,                      MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
           is_efi_boot,   MNT_NONE                   },
 #endif
-        { "kdbusfs",    "/sys/fs/kdbus",             "kdbusfs",    NULL, MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
-          is_kdbus_wanted,       MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
 };
 
 /* These are API file systems that might be mounted by other software,
@@ -405,9 +404,16 @@ int mount_setup(bool loaded_policy) {
          * really needs to stay for good, otherwise software that
          * copied sd-daemon.c into their sources will misdetect
          * systemd. */
-        mkdir_label("/run/systemd", 0755);
-        mkdir_label("/run/systemd/system", 0755);
-        mkdir_label("/run/systemd/inaccessible", 0000);
+        (void) mkdir_label("/run/systemd", 0755);
+        (void) mkdir_label("/run/systemd/system", 0755);
+        (void) mkdir_label("/run/systemd/inaccessible", 0000);
+        /* Set up inaccessible items */
+        (void) mknod("/run/systemd/inaccessible/reg", S_IFREG | 0000, 0);
+        (void) mkdir_label("/run/systemd/inaccessible/dir", 0000);
+        (void) mknod("/run/systemd/inaccessible/chr", S_IFCHR | 0000, makedev(0, 0));
+        (void) mknod("/run/systemd/inaccessible/blk", S_IFBLK | 0000, makedev(0, 0));
+        (void) mkfifo("/run/systemd/inaccessible/fifo", 0000);
+        (void) mknod("/run/systemd/inaccessible/sock", S_IFSOCK | 0000, 0);
 
         return 0;
 }
diff --git a/src/core/mount.c b/src/core/mount.c
index 665a60bb55..fda4d65d6f 100644
--- a/src/core/mount.c
+++ b/src/core/mount.c
@@ -1706,6 +1706,7 @@ static int mount_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t revents,
                                 /* This has just been unmounted by
                                  * somebody else, follow the state
                                  * change. */
+                                mount->result = MOUNT_SUCCESS; /* make sure we forget any earlier umount failures */
                                 mount_enter_dead(mount, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
                                 break;
 
diff --git a/src/core/namespace.c b/src/core/namespace.c
index 203d122810..52a2505d94 100644
--- a/src/core/namespace.c
+++ b/src/core/namespace.c
@@ -278,6 +278,7 @@ static int apply_mount(
 
         const char *what;
         int r;
+        struct stat target;
 
         assert(m);
 
@@ -287,12 +288,21 @@ static int apply_mount(
 
                 /* First, get rid of everything that is below if there
                  * is anything... Then, overmount it with an
-                 * inaccessible directory. */
+                 * inaccessible path. */
                 umount_recursive(m->path, 0);
 
-                what = "/run/systemd/inaccessible";
-                break;
+                if (lstat(m->path, &target) < 0) {
+                        if (m->ignore && errno == ENOENT)
+                                return 0;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
 
+                what = mode_to_inaccessible_node(target.st_mode);
+                if (!what) {
+                        log_debug("File type not supported for inaccessible mounts. Note that symlinks are not allowed");
+                        return -ELOOP;
+                }
+                break;
         case READONLY:
         case READWRITE:
                 /* Nothing to mount here, we just later toggle the
@@ -317,12 +327,14 @@ static int apply_mount(
         assert(what);
 
         r = mount(what, m->path, NULL, MS_BIND|MS_REC, NULL);
-        if (r >= 0)
+        if (r >= 0) {
                 log_debug("Successfully mounted %s to %s", what, m->path);
-        else if (m->ignore && errno == ENOENT)
-                return 0;
-
-        return r;
+                return r;
+        } else {
+                if (m->ignore && errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+                return log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to mount %s to %s: %m", what, m->path);
+        }
 }
 
 static int make_read_only(BindMount *m) {
@@ -335,7 +347,8 @@ static int make_read_only(BindMount *m) {
         else if (IN_SET(m->mode, READWRITE, PRIVATE_TMP, PRIVATE_VAR_TMP, PRIVATE_DEV)) {
                 r = bind_remount_recursive(m->path, false);
                 if (r == 0 && m->mode == PRIVATE_DEV) /* can be readonly but the submounts can't*/
-                        r = mount(NULL, m->path, NULL, MS_REMOUNT|DEV_MOUNT_OPTIONS|MS_RDONLY, NULL);
+                        if (mount(NULL, m->path, NULL, MS_REMOUNT|DEV_MOUNT_OPTIONS|MS_RDONLY, NULL) < 0)
+                                r = -errno;
         } else
                 r = 0;
 
@@ -347,9 +360,9 @@ static int make_read_only(BindMount *m) {
 
 int setup_namespace(
                 const char* root_directory,
-                char** read_write_dirs,
-                char** read_only_dirs,
-                char** inaccessible_dirs,
+                char** read_write_paths,
+                char** read_only_paths,
+                char** inaccessible_paths,
                 const char* tmp_dir,
                 const char* var_tmp_dir,
                 bool private_dev,
@@ -368,9 +381,9 @@ int setup_namespace(
                 return -errno;
 
         n = !!tmp_dir + !!var_tmp_dir +
-                strv_length(read_write_dirs) +
-                strv_length(read_only_dirs) +
-                strv_length(inaccessible_dirs) +
+                strv_length(read_write_paths) +
+                strv_length(read_only_paths) +
+                strv_length(inaccessible_paths) +
                 private_dev +
                 (protect_home != PROTECT_HOME_NO ? 3 : 0) +
                 (protect_system != PROTECT_SYSTEM_NO ? 2 : 0) +
@@ -378,15 +391,15 @@ int setup_namespace(
 
         if (n > 0) {
                 m = mounts = (BindMount *) alloca0(n * sizeof(BindMount));
-                r = append_mounts(&m, read_write_dirs, READWRITE);
+                r = append_mounts(&m, read_write_paths, READWRITE);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
 
-                r = append_mounts(&m, read_only_dirs, READONLY);
+                r = append_mounts(&m, read_only_paths, READONLY);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
 
-                r = append_mounts(&m, inaccessible_dirs, INACCESSIBLE);
+                r = append_mounts(&m, inaccessible_paths, INACCESSIBLE);
                 if (r < 0)
                         return r;
 
@@ -629,7 +642,7 @@ int setup_netns(int netns_storage_socket[2]) {
         }
 
 fail:
-        lockf(netns_storage_socket[0], F_ULOCK, 0);
+        (void) lockf(netns_storage_socket[0], F_ULOCK, 0);
         return r;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/core/namespace.h b/src/core/namespace.h
index b54b7b47d6..1aedf5f208 100644
--- a/src/core/namespace.h
+++ b/src/core/namespace.h
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ typedef enum ProtectSystem {
 } ProtectSystem;
 
 int setup_namespace(const char *chroot,
-                    char **read_write_dirs,
-                    char **read_only_dirs,
-                    char **inaccessible_dirs,
+                    char **read_write_paths,
+                    char **read_only_paths,
+                    char **inaccessible_paths,
                     const char *tmp_dir,
                     const char *var_tmp_dir,
                     bool private_dev,
diff --git a/src/core/scope.c b/src/core/scope.c
index 238f63a729..b45e238974 100644
--- a/src/core/scope.c
+++ b/src/core/scope.c
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ static void scope_enter_signal(Scope *s, ScopeState state, ScopeResult f) {
 
         /* If we have a controller set let's ask the controller nicely
          * to terminate the scope, instead of us going directly into
-         * SIGTERM beserk mode */
+         * SIGTERM berserk mode */
         if (state == SCOPE_STOP_SIGTERM)
                 skip_signal = bus_scope_send_request_stop(s) > 0;
 
@@ -248,7 +248,9 @@ static void scope_enter_signal(Scope *s, ScopeState state, ScopeResult f) {
                 r = unit_kill_context(
                                 UNIT(s),
                                 &s->kill_context,
-                                state != SCOPE_STOP_SIGTERM ? KILL_KILL : KILL_TERMINATE,
+                                state != SCOPE_STOP_SIGTERM ? KILL_KILL :
+                                s->was_abandoned            ? KILL_TERMINATE_AND_LOG :
+                                                              KILL_TERMINATE,
                                 -1, -1, false);
                 if (r < 0)
                         goto fail;
@@ -369,6 +371,7 @@ static int scope_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
         assert(fds);
 
         unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", scope_state_to_string(s->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "was-abandoned", yes_no(s->was_abandoned));
         return 0;
 }
 
@@ -389,6 +392,14 @@ static int scope_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, F
                 else
                         s->deserialized_state = state;
 
+        } else if (streq(key, "was-abandoned")) {
+                int k;
+
+                k = parse_boolean(value);
+                if (k < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse boolean value: %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->was_abandoned = k;
         } else
                 log_unit_debug(u, "Unknown serialization key: %s", key);
 
@@ -428,8 +439,9 @@ static void scope_sigchld_event(Unit *u, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
         unit_tidy_watch_pids(u, 0, 0);
         unit_watch_all_pids(u);
 
-        /* If the PID set is empty now, then let's finish this off */
-        if (set_isempty(u->pids))
+        /* If the PID set is empty now, then let's finish this off
+           (On unified we use proper notifications) */
+        if (cg_unified() <= 0 && set_isempty(u->pids))
                 scope_notify_cgroup_empty_event(u);
 }
 
@@ -473,6 +485,7 @@ int scope_abandon(Scope *s) {
         if (!IN_SET(s->state, SCOPE_RUNNING, SCOPE_ABANDONED))
                 return -ESTALE;
 
+        s->was_abandoned = true;
         s->controller = mfree(s->controller);
 
         /* The client is no longer watching the remaining processes,
diff --git a/src/core/scope.h b/src/core/scope.h
index 2dc86325c5..eaf8e8b447 100644
--- a/src/core/scope.h
+++ b/src/core/scope.h
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@
 
 typedef struct Scope Scope;
 
+#include "cgroup.h"
 #include "kill.h"
+#include "unit.h"
 
 typedef enum ScopeResult {
         SCOPE_SUCCESS,
@@ -43,6 +45,7 @@ struct Scope {
         usec_t timeout_stop_usec;
 
         char *controller;
+        bool was_abandoned;
 
         sd_event_source *timer_event_source;
 };
diff --git a/src/core/selinux-access.c b/src/core/selinux-access.c
index cc287d602d..2b96a9551b 100644
--- a/src/core/selinux-access.c
+++ b/src/core/selinux-access.c
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ int mac_selinux_generic_access_check(
         const char *tclass = NULL, *scon = NULL;
         struct audit_info audit_info = {};
         _cleanup_free_ char *cl = NULL;
-        security_context_t fcon = NULL;
+        char *fcon = NULL;
         char **cmdline = NULL;
         int r = 0;
 
diff --git a/src/core/selinux-setup.c b/src/core/selinux-setup.c
index 4072df58e6..527aa8add0 100644
--- a/src/core/selinux-setup.c
+++ b/src/core/selinux-setup.c
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ int mac_selinux_setup(bool *loaded_policy) {
 #ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
         int enforce = 0;
         usec_t before_load, after_load;
-        security_context_t con;
+        char *con;
         int r;
         union selinux_callback cb;
         bool initialized = false;
diff --git a/src/core/service.c b/src/core/service.c
index 7ebabca5d6..afb198507b 100644
--- a/src/core/service.c
+++ b/src/core/service.c
@@ -200,16 +200,27 @@ static void service_stop_watchdog(Service *s) {
         s->watchdog_timestamp = DUAL_TIMESTAMP_NULL;
 }
 
+static usec_t service_get_watchdog_usec(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->watchdog_override_enable)
+                return s->watchdog_override_usec;
+        else
+                return s->watchdog_usec;
+}
+
 static void service_start_watchdog(Service *s) {
         int r;
+        usec_t watchdog_usec;
 
         assert(s);
 
-        if (s->watchdog_usec <= 0)
+        watchdog_usec = service_get_watchdog_usec(s);
+        if (watchdog_usec == 0 || watchdog_usec == USEC_INFINITY)
                 return;
 
         if (s->watchdog_event_source) {
-                r = sd_event_source_set_time(s->watchdog_event_source, usec_add(s->watchdog_timestamp.monotonic, s->watchdog_usec));
+                r = sd_event_source_set_time(s->watchdog_event_source, usec_add(s->watchdog_timestamp.monotonic, watchdog_usec));
                 if (r < 0) {
                         log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to reset watchdog timer: %m");
                         return;
@@ -221,7 +232,7 @@ static void service_start_watchdog(Service *s) {
                                 UNIT(s)->manager->event,
                                 &s->watchdog_event_source,
                                 CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
-                                usec_add(s->watchdog_timestamp.monotonic, s->watchdog_usec), 0,
+                                usec_add(s->watchdog_timestamp.monotonic, watchdog_usec), 0,
                                 service_dispatch_watchdog, s);
                 if (r < 0) {
                         log_unit_warning_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to add watchdog timer: %m");
@@ -246,6 +257,17 @@ static void service_reset_watchdog(Service *s) {
         service_start_watchdog(s);
 }
 
+static void service_reset_watchdog_timeout(Service *s, usec_t watchdog_override_usec) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        s->watchdog_override_enable = true;
+        s->watchdog_override_usec = watchdog_override_usec;
+        service_reset_watchdog(s);
+
+        log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "watchdog_usec="USEC_FMT, s->watchdog_usec);
+        log_unit_debug(UNIT(s), "watchdog_override_usec="USEC_FMT, s->watchdog_override_usec);
+}
+
 static void service_fd_store_unlink(ServiceFDStore *fs) {
 
         if (!fs)
@@ -574,20 +596,9 @@ static int service_setup_bus_name(Service *s) {
         if (!s->bus_name)
                 return 0;
 
-        if (is_kdbus_available()) {
-                const char *n;
-
-                n = strjoina(s->bus_name, ".busname");
-                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, n, NULL, true);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to add dependency to .busname unit: %m");
-
-        } else {
-                /* If kdbus is not available, we know the dbus socket is required, hence pull it in, and require it */
-                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_REQUIRES, SPECIAL_DBUS_SOCKET, NULL, true);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to add dependency on " SPECIAL_DBUS_SOCKET ": %m");
-        }
+        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_REQUIRES, SPECIAL_DBUS_SOCKET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(UNIT(s), r, "Failed to add dependency on " SPECIAL_DBUS_SOCKET ": %m");
 
         /* Regardless if kdbus is used or not, we always want to be ordered against dbus.socket if both are in the transaction. */
         r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, SPECIAL_DBUS_SOCKET, NULL, true);
@@ -1663,7 +1674,7 @@ static void service_kill_control_processes(Service *s) {
                 return;
 
         p = strjoina(UNIT(s)->cgroup_path, "/control");
-        cg_kill_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, p, SIGKILL, true, true, true, NULL);
+        cg_kill_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, p, SIGKILL, CGROUP_SIGCONT|CGROUP_IGNORE_SELF|CGROUP_REMOVE, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 }
 
 static void service_enter_start(Service *s) {
@@ -2003,6 +2014,9 @@ static int service_start(Unit *u) {
 
         s->notify_state = NOTIFY_UNKNOWN;
 
+        s->watchdog_override_enable = false;
+        s->watchdog_override_usec = 0;
+
         service_enter_start_pre(s);
         return 1;
 }
@@ -2134,6 +2148,9 @@ static int service_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
 
         unit_serialize_item(u, f, "forbid-restart", yes_no(s->forbid_restart));
 
+        if (s->watchdog_override_enable)
+               unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "watchdog-override-usec", USEC_FMT, s->watchdog_override_usec);
+
         return 0;
 }
 
@@ -2328,6 +2345,14 @@ static int service_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value,
                         s->stderr_fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
                         s->exec_context.stdio_as_fds = true;
                 }
+        } else if (streq(key, "watchdog-override-usec")) {
+                usec_t watchdog_override_usec;
+                if (timestamp_deserialize(value, &watchdog_override_usec) < 0)
+                        log_unit_debug(u, "Failed to parse watchdog_override_usec value: %s", value);
+                else {
+                        s->watchdog_override_enable = true;
+                        s->watchdog_override_usec = watchdog_override_usec;
+                }
         } else
                 log_unit_debug(u, "Unknown serialization key: %s", key);
 
@@ -2800,8 +2825,9 @@ static void service_sigchld_event(Unit *u, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
         unit_tidy_watch_pids(u, s->main_pid, s->control_pid);
         unit_watch_all_pids(u);
 
-        /* If the PID set is empty now, then let's finish this off */
-        if (set_isempty(u->pids))
+        /* If the PID set is empty now, then let's finish this off
+           (On unified we use proper notifications) */
+        if (cg_unified() <= 0 && set_isempty(u->pids))
                 service_notify_cgroup_empty_event(u);
 }
 
@@ -2905,12 +2931,15 @@ static int service_dispatch_timer(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *us
 static int service_dispatch_watchdog(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
         Service *s = SERVICE(userdata);
         char t[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+        usec_t watchdog_usec;
 
         assert(s);
         assert(source == s->watchdog_event_source);
 
+        watchdog_usec = service_get_watchdog_usec(s);
+
         log_unit_error(UNIT(s), "Watchdog timeout (limit %s)!",
-                       format_timespan(t, sizeof(t), s->watchdog_usec, 1));
+                       format_timespan(t, sizeof(t), watchdog_usec, 1));
 
         service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGABRT, SERVICE_FAILURE_WATCHDOG);
 
@@ -3047,6 +3076,15 @@ static void service_notify_message(Unit *u, pid_t pid, char **tags, FDSet *fds)
                 service_add_fd_store_set(s, fds, name);
         }
 
+        e = strv_find_startswith(tags, "WATCHDOG_USEC=");
+        if (e) {
+                usec_t watchdog_override_usec;
+                if (safe_atou64(e, &watchdog_override_usec) < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning(u, "Failed to parse WATCHDOG_USEC=%s", e);
+                else
+                        service_reset_watchdog_timeout(s, watchdog_override_usec);
+        }
+
         /* Notify clients about changed status or main pid */
         if (notify_dbus)
                 unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
diff --git a/src/core/service.h b/src/core/service.h
index 4af3d40439..cfef375b03 100644
--- a/src/core/service.h
+++ b/src/core/service.h
@@ -120,6 +120,8 @@ struct Service {
 
         dual_timestamp watchdog_timestamp;
         usec_t watchdog_usec;
+        usec_t watchdog_override_usec;
+        bool watchdog_override_enable;
         sd_event_source *watchdog_event_source;
 
         ExecCommand* exec_command[_SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX];
diff --git a/src/core/shutdown.c b/src/core/shutdown.c
index e14755d84e..a795d875bb 100644
--- a/src/core/shutdown.c
+++ b/src/core/shutdown.c
@@ -157,7 +157,6 @@ static int switch_root_initramfs(void) {
         return switch_root("/run/initramfs", "/oldroot", false, MS_BIND);
 }
 
-
 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         bool need_umount, need_swapoff, need_loop_detach, need_dm_detach;
         bool in_container, use_watchdog = false;
@@ -203,20 +202,25 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         }
 
         (void) cg_get_root_path(&cgroup);
+        in_container = detect_container() > 0;
 
         use_watchdog = !!getenv("WATCHDOG_USEC");
 
-        /* lock us into memory */
+        /* Lock us into memory */
         mlockall(MCL_CURRENT|MCL_FUTURE);
 
+        /* Synchronize everything that is not written to disk yet at this point already. This is a good idea so that
+         * slow IO is processed here already and the final process killing spree is not impacted by processes
+         * desperately trying to sync IO to disk within their timeout. */
+        if (!in_container)
+                sync();
+
         log_info("Sending SIGTERM to remaining processes...");
         broadcast_signal(SIGTERM, true, true);
 
         log_info("Sending SIGKILL to remaining processes...");
         broadcast_signal(SIGKILL, true, false);
 
-        in_container = detect_container() > 0;
-
         need_umount = !in_container;
         need_swapoff = !in_container;
         need_loop_detach = !in_container;
@@ -345,10 +349,10 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                           need_loop_detach ? " loop devices," : "",
                           need_dm_detach ? " DM devices," : "");
 
-        /* The kernel will automaticall flush ATA disks and suchlike
-         * on reboot(), but the file systems need to be synce'd
-         * explicitly in advance. So let's do this here, but not
-         * needlessly slow down containers. */
+        /* The kernel will automatically flush ATA disks and suchlike on reboot(), but the file systems need to be
+         * sync'ed explicitly in advance. So let's do this here, but not needlessly slow down containers. Note that we
+         * sync'ed things already once above, but we did some more work since then which might have caused IO, hence
+         * let's doit once more. */
         if (!in_container)
                 sync();
 
diff --git a/src/core/socket.c b/src/core/socket.c
index f6204d04bf..e098055885 100644
--- a/src/core/socket.c
+++ b/src/core/socket.c
@@ -730,16 +730,16 @@ static int instance_from_socket(int fd, unsigned nr, char **instance) {
 
         case AF_INET: {
                 uint32_t
-                        a = ntohl(local.in.sin_addr.s_addr),
-                        b = ntohl(remote.in.sin_addr.s_addr);
+                        a = be32toh(local.in.sin_addr.s_addr),
+                        b = be32toh(remote.in.sin_addr.s_addr);
 
                 if (asprintf(&r,
                              "%u-%u.%u.%u.%u:%u-%u.%u.%u.%u:%u",
                              nr,
                              a >> 24, (a >> 16) & 0xFF, (a >> 8) & 0xFF, a & 0xFF,
-                             ntohs(local.in.sin_port),
+                             be16toh(local.in.sin_port),
                              b >> 24, (b >> 16) & 0xFF, (b >> 8) & 0xFF, b & 0xFF,
-                             ntohs(remote.in.sin_port)) < 0)
+                             be16toh(remote.in.sin_port)) < 0)
                         return -ENOMEM;
 
                 break;
@@ -760,9 +760,9 @@ static int instance_from_socket(int fd, unsigned nr, char **instance) {
                                      "%u-%u.%u.%u.%u:%u-%u.%u.%u.%u:%u",
                                      nr,
                                      a[0], a[1], a[2], a[3],
-                                     ntohs(local.in6.sin6_port),
+                                     be16toh(local.in6.sin6_port),
                                      b[0], b[1], b[2], b[3],
-                                     ntohs(remote.in6.sin6_port)) < 0)
+                                     be16toh(remote.in6.sin6_port)) < 0)
                                 return -ENOMEM;
                 } else {
                         char a[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN], b[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
@@ -771,9 +771,9 @@ static int instance_from_socket(int fd, unsigned nr, char **instance) {
                                      "%u-%s:%u-%s:%u",
                                      nr,
                                      inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &local.in6.sin6_addr, a, sizeof(a)),
-                                     ntohs(local.in6.sin6_port),
+                                     be16toh(local.in6.sin6_port),
                                      inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &remote.in6.sin6_addr, b, sizeof(b)),
-                                     ntohs(remote.in6.sin6_port)) < 0)
+                                     be16toh(remote.in6.sin6_port)) < 0)
                                 return -ENOMEM;
                 }
 
diff --git a/src/core/system.conf b/src/core/system.conf
index db8b7acd78..c6bb050aac 100644
--- a/src/core/system.conf
+++ b/src/core/system.conf
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 #DefaultBlockIOAccounting=no
 #DefaultMemoryAccounting=no
 #DefaultTasksAccounting=yes
-#DefaultTasksMax=512
+#DefaultTasksMax=15%
 #DefaultLimitCPU=
 #DefaultLimitFSIZE=
 #DefaultLimitDATA=
diff --git a/src/core/transaction.c b/src/core/transaction.c
index e06a48a2f1..8370b864fb 100644
--- a/src/core/transaction.c
+++ b/src/core/transaction.c
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ static int transaction_verify_order_one(Transaction *tr, Job *j, Job *from, unsi
                 delete = NULL;
                 for (k = from; k; k = ((k->generation == generation && k->marker != k) ? k->marker : NULL)) {
 
-                        /* logging for j not k here here to provide consistent narrative */
+                        /* logging for j not k here to provide consistent narrative */
                         log_unit_warning(j->unit,
                                          "Found dependency on %s/%s",
                                          k->unit->id, job_type_to_string(k->type));
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ static int transaction_verify_order_one(Transaction *tr, Job *j, Job *from, unsi
 
                 if (delete) {
                         const char *status;
-                        /* logging for j not k here here to provide consistent narrative */
+                        /* logging for j not k here to provide consistent narrative */
                         log_unit_warning(j->unit,
                                          "Breaking ordering cycle by deleting job %s/%s",
                                          delete->unit->id, job_type_to_string(delete->type));
@@ -591,6 +591,9 @@ static int transaction_apply(Transaction *tr, Manager *m, JobMode mode) {
                 HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i) {
                         assert(j->installed);
 
+                        if (j->unit->ignore_on_isolate)
+                                continue;
+
                         if (hashmap_get(tr->jobs, j->unit))
                                 continue;
 
diff --git a/src/core/unit.c b/src/core/unit.c
index 2fff3f2d8b..4934a0e56f 100644
--- a/src/core/unit.c
+++ b/src/core/unit.c
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ Unit *unit_new(Manager *m, size_t size) {
         u->on_failure_job_mode = JOB_REPLACE;
         u->cgroup_inotify_wd = -1;
         u->job_timeout = USEC_INFINITY;
+        u->sigchldgen = 0;
 
         RATELIMIT_INIT(u->start_limit, m->default_start_limit_interval, m->default_start_limit_burst);
         RATELIMIT_INIT(u->auto_stop_ratelimit, 10 * USEC_PER_SEC, 16);
@@ -1682,7 +1683,7 @@ static void unit_check_unneeded(Unit *u) {
                         if (unit_active_or_pending(other))
                                 return;
 
-        /* If stopping a unit fails continously we might enter a stop
+        /* If stopping a unit fails continuously we might enter a stop
          * loop here, hence stop acting on the service being
          * unnecessary after a while. */
         if (!ratelimit_test(&u->auto_stop_ratelimit)) {
@@ -1727,7 +1728,7 @@ static void unit_check_binds_to(Unit *u) {
         if (!stop)
                 return;
 
-        /* If stopping a unit fails continously we might enter a stop
+        /* If stopping a unit fails continuously we might enter a stop
          * loop here, hence stop acting on the service being
          * unnecessary after a while. */
         if (!ratelimit_test(&u->auto_stop_ratelimit)) {
@@ -3143,7 +3144,7 @@ int unit_kill_common(
                 if (!pid_set)
                         return -ENOMEM;
 
-                q = cg_kill_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, u->cgroup_path, signo, false, false, false, pid_set);
+                q = cg_kill_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, u->cgroup_path, signo, 0, pid_set, NULL, NULL);
                 if (q < 0 && q != -EAGAIN && q != -ESRCH && q != -ENOENT)
                         r = q;
                 else
@@ -3355,7 +3356,7 @@ static const char* unit_drop_in_dir(Unit *u, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode) {
 
 int unit_write_drop_in(Unit *u, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, const char *name, const char *data) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL, *q = NULL;
-        const char *dir, *prefixed;
+        const char *dir, *wrapped;
         int r;
 
         assert(u);
@@ -3364,6 +3365,7 @@ int unit_write_drop_in(Unit *u, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, const char *name, co
                 /* When this is a transient unit file in creation, then let's not create a new drop-in but instead
                  * write to the transient unit file. */
                 fputs(data, u->transient_file);
+                fputc('\n', u->transient_file);
                 return 0;
         }
 
@@ -3374,15 +3376,17 @@ int unit_write_drop_in(Unit *u, UnitSetPropertiesMode mode, const char *name, co
         if (!dir)
                 return -EINVAL;
 
-        prefixed = strjoina("# This is a drop-in unit file extension, created via \"systemctl set-property\" or an equivalent operation. Do not edit.\n",
-                            data);
+        wrapped = strjoina("# This is a drop-in unit file extension, created via \"systemctl set-property\"\n"
+                           "# or an equivalent operation. Do not edit.\n",
+                           data,
+                           "\n");
 
         r = drop_in_file(dir, u->id, 50, name, &p, &q);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
         (void) mkdir_p(p, 0755);
-        r = write_string_file_atomic_label(q, prefixed);
+        r = write_string_file_atomic_label(q, wrapped);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
@@ -3501,7 +3505,6 @@ int unit_make_transient(Unit *u) {
 
         unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
         unit_add_to_gc_queue(u);
-        unit_add_to_load_queue(u);
 
         fputs("# This is a transient unit file, created programmatically via the systemd API. Do not edit.\n",
               u->transient_file);
@@ -3509,6 +3512,43 @@ int unit_make_transient(Unit *u) {
         return 0;
 }
 
+static void log_kill(pid_t pid, int sig, void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *comm = NULL;
+
+        (void) get_process_comm(pid, &comm);
+
+        /* Don't log about processes marked with brackets, under the assumption that these are temporary processes
+           only, like for example systemd's own PAM stub process. */
+        if (comm && comm[0] == '(')
+                return;
+
+        log_unit_notice(userdata,
+                        "Killing process " PID_FMT " (%s) with signal SIG%s.",
+                        pid,
+                        strna(comm),
+                        signal_to_string(sig));
+}
+
+static int operation_to_signal(KillContext *c, KillOperation k) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        switch (k) {
+
+        case KILL_TERMINATE:
+        case KILL_TERMINATE_AND_LOG:
+                return c->kill_signal;
+
+        case KILL_KILL:
+                return SIGKILL;
+
+        case KILL_ABORT:
+                return SIGABRT;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("KillOperation unknown");
+        }
+}
+
 int unit_kill_context(
                 Unit *u,
                 KillContext *c,
@@ -3517,58 +3557,63 @@ int unit_kill_context(
                 pid_t control_pid,
                 bool main_pid_alien) {
 
-        bool wait_for_exit = false;
+        bool wait_for_exit = false, send_sighup;
+        cg_kill_log_func_t log_func;
         int sig, r;
 
         assert(u);
         assert(c);
 
+        /* Kill the processes belonging to this unit, in preparation for shutting the unit down. Returns > 0 if we
+         * killed something worth waiting for, 0 otherwise. */
+
         if (c->kill_mode == KILL_NONE)
                 return 0;
 
-        switch (k) {
-        case KILL_KILL:
-                sig = SIGKILL;
-                break;
-        case KILL_ABORT:
-                sig = SIGABRT;
-                break;
-        case KILL_TERMINATE:
-                sig = c->kill_signal;
-                break;
-        default:
-                assert_not_reached("KillOperation unknown");
-        }
+        sig = operation_to_signal(c, k);
+
+        send_sighup =
+                c->send_sighup &&
+                IN_SET(k, KILL_TERMINATE, KILL_TERMINATE_AND_LOG) &&
+                sig != SIGHUP;
+
+        log_func =
+                k != KILL_TERMINATE ||
+                IN_SET(sig, SIGKILL, SIGABRT) ? log_kill : NULL;
 
         if (main_pid > 0) {
-                r = kill_and_sigcont(main_pid, sig);
+                if (log_func)
+                        log_func(main_pid, sig, u);
 
+                r = kill_and_sigcont(main_pid, sig);
                 if (r < 0 && r != -ESRCH) {
                         _cleanup_free_ char *comm = NULL;
-                        get_process_comm(main_pid, &comm);
+                        (void) get_process_comm(main_pid, &comm);
 
                         log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to kill main process " PID_FMT " (%s), ignoring: %m", main_pid, strna(comm));
                 } else {
                         if (!main_pid_alien)
                                 wait_for_exit = true;
 
-                        if (c->send_sighup && k == KILL_TERMINATE)
+                        if (r != -ESRCH && send_sighup)
                                 (void) kill(main_pid, SIGHUP);
                 }
         }
 
         if (control_pid > 0) {
-                r = kill_and_sigcont(control_pid, sig);
+                if (log_func)
+                        log_func(control_pid, sig, u);
 
+                r = kill_and_sigcont(control_pid, sig);
                 if (r < 0 && r != -ESRCH) {
                         _cleanup_free_ char *comm = NULL;
-                        get_process_comm(control_pid, &comm);
+                        (void) get_process_comm(control_pid, &comm);
 
                         log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to kill control process " PID_FMT " (%s), ignoring: %m", control_pid, strna(comm));
                 } else {
                         wait_for_exit = true;
 
-                        if (c->send_sighup && k == KILL_TERMINATE)
+                        if (r != -ESRCH && send_sighup)
                                 (void) kill(control_pid, SIGHUP);
                 }
         }
@@ -3582,7 +3627,11 @@ int unit_kill_context(
                 if (!pid_set)
                         return -ENOMEM;
 
-                r = cg_kill_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, u->cgroup_path, sig, true, k != KILL_TERMINATE, false, pid_set);
+                r = cg_kill_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, u->cgroup_path,
+                                      sig,
+                                      CGROUP_SIGCONT|CGROUP_IGNORE_SELF,
+                                      pid_set,
+                                      log_func, u);
                 if (r < 0) {
                         if (r != -EAGAIN && r != -ESRCH && r != -ENOENT)
                                 log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to kill control group %s, ignoring: %m", u->cgroup_path);
@@ -3607,14 +3656,18 @@ int unit_kill_context(
                              (detect_container() == 0 && !unit_cgroup_delegate(u)))
                                 wait_for_exit = true;
 
-                        if (c->send_sighup && k != KILL_KILL) {
+                        if (send_sighup) {
                                 set_free(pid_set);
 
                                 pid_set = unit_pid_set(main_pid, control_pid);
                                 if (!pid_set)
                                         return -ENOMEM;
 
-                                cg_kill_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, u->cgroup_path, SIGHUP, false, true, false, pid_set);
+                                cg_kill_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, u->cgroup_path,
+                                                  SIGHUP,
+                                                  CGROUP_IGNORE_SELF,
+                                                  pid_set,
+                                                  NULL, NULL);
                         }
                 }
         }
@@ -3787,7 +3840,7 @@ bool unit_is_pristine(Unit *u) {
         /* Check if the unit already exists or is already around,
          * in a number of different ways. Note that to cater for unit
          * types such as slice, we are generally fine with units that
-         * are marked UNIT_LOADED even even though nothing was
+         * are marked UNIT_LOADED even though nothing was
          * actually loaded, as those unit types don't require a file
          * on disk to validly load. */
 
diff --git a/src/core/unit.h b/src/core/unit.h
index 08a927962d..1eabfa51e2 100644
--- a/src/core/unit.h
+++ b/src/core/unit.h
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ typedef struct UnitStatusMessageFormats UnitStatusMessageFormats;
 
 typedef enum KillOperation {
         KILL_TERMINATE,
+        KILL_TERMINATE_AND_LOG,
         KILL_KILL,
         KILL_ABORT,
         _KILL_OPERATION_MAX,
@@ -162,6 +163,9 @@ struct Unit {
          * process SIGCHLD for */
         Set *pids;
 
+        /* Used in sigchld event invocation to avoid repeat events being invoked */
+        uint64_t sigchldgen;
+
         /* Used during GC sweeps */
         unsigned gc_marker;