./tools/notsd-move

10 files changed, 4070 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/grp-journal/journalctl/GNUmakefile b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/GNUmakefile
new file mode 120000
index 0000000000..95e5924740
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/GNUmakefile
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../../GNUmakefile
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/grp-journal/journalctl/Makefile b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8519405d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#  -*- Mode: makefile; indent-tabs-mode: t -*-
+#
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  Copyright 2010-2012 Lennart Poettering
+#  Copyright 2010-2012 Kay Sievers
+#  Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+#  Copyright 2013 David Strauss
+#  Copyright 2016 Luke Shumaker
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+#  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+#  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+#  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+include $(dir $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))/../../../config.mk
+include $(topsrcdir)/build-aux/Makefile.head.mk
+
+# using _CFLAGS = in the conditional below would suppress AM_CFLAGS
+journalctl_CFLAGS = \
+
+journalctl_SOURCES = \
+	src/journal/journalctl.c
+
+journalctl_LDADD = \
+	libsystemd-shared.la \
+	libudev-core.la
+
+ifneq ($(HAVE_QRENCODE),)
+journalctl_SOURCES += \
+	src/journal/journal-qrcode.c \
+	src/journal/journal-qrcode.h
+
+journalctl_CFLAGS += \
+	$(QRENCODE_CFLAGS)
+
+journalctl_LDADD += \
+	$(QRENCODE_LIBS)
+endif # HAVE_QRENCODE
+
+rootbin_PROGRAMS += \
+	journalctl
+
+nodist_systemunit_DATA += \
+	units/systemd-journal-flush.service \
+	units/systemd-journal-catalog-update.service
+SYSINIT_TARGET_WANTS += \
+	systemd-journal-flush.service \
+	systemd-journal-catalog-update.service
+EXTRA_DIST += \
+	units/systemd-journal-flush.service.in \
+	units/systemd-journal-catalog-update.service.in
+
+include $(topsrcdir)/build-aux/Makefile.tail.mk
diff --git a/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journal-qrcode.c b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journal-qrcode.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e38730d65c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journal-qrcode.c
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <qrencode.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "journal-qrcode.h"
+
+#define WHITE_ON_BLACK "\033[40;37;1m"
+#define NORMAL "\033[0m"
+
+static void print_border(FILE *output, unsigned width) {
+        unsigned x, y;
+
+        /* Four rows of border */
+        for (y = 0; y < 4; y += 2) {
+                fputs(WHITE_ON_BLACK, output);
+
+                for (x = 0; x < 4 + width + 4; x++)
+                        fputs("\342\226\210", output);
+
+                fputs(NORMAL "\n", output);
+        }
+}
+
+int print_qr_code(
+                FILE *output,
+                const void *seed,
+                size_t seed_size,
+                uint64_t start,
+                uint64_t interval,
+                const char *hn,
+                sd_id128_t machine) {
+
+        FILE *f;
+        char *url = NULL;
+        size_t url_size = 0, i;
+        QRcode* qr;
+        unsigned x, y;
+
+        assert(seed);
+        assert(seed_size > 0);
+
+        f = open_memstream(&url, &url_size);
+        if (!f)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        fputs("fss://", f);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < seed_size; i++) {
+                if (i > 0 && i % 3 == 0)
+                        fputc('-', f);
+                fprintf(f, "%02x", ((uint8_t*) seed)[i]);
+        }
+
+        fprintf(f, "/%"PRIx64"-%"PRIx64"?machine=" SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR,
+                start,
+                interval,
+                SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(machine));
+
+        if (hn)
+                fprintf(f, ";hostname=%s", hn);
+
+        if (ferror(f)) {
+                fclose(f);
+                free(url);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        fclose(f);
+
+        qr = QRcode_encodeString(url, 0, QR_ECLEVEL_L, QR_MODE_8, 1);
+        free(url);
+
+        if (!qr)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        print_border(output, qr->width);
+
+        for (y = 0; y < (unsigned) qr->width; y += 2) {
+                const uint8_t *row1, *row2;
+
+                row1 = qr->data + qr->width * y;
+                row2 = row1 + qr->width;
+
+                fputs(WHITE_ON_BLACK, output);
+                for (x = 0; x < 4; x++)
+                        fputs("\342\226\210", output);
+
+                for (x = 0; x < (unsigned) qr->width; x ++) {
+                        bool a, b;
+
+                        a = row1[x] & 1;
+                        b = (y+1) < (unsigned) qr->width ? (row2[x] & 1) : false;
+
+                        if (a && b)
+                                fputc(' ', output);
+                        else if (a)
+                                fputs("\342\226\204", output);
+                        else if (b)
+                                fputs("\342\226\200", output);
+                        else
+                                fputs("\342\226\210", output);
+                }
+
+                for (x = 0; x < 4; x++)
+                        fputs("\342\226\210", output);
+                fputs(NORMAL "\n", output);
+        }
+
+        print_border(output, qr->width);
+
+        QRcode_free(qr);
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journal-qrcode.h b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journal-qrcode.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34a779d5be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journal-qrcode.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-id128.h>
+
+int print_qr_code(FILE *f, const void *seed, size_t seed_size, uint64_t start, uint64_t interval, const char *hn, sd_id128_t machine);
diff --git a/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journalctl.c b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journalctl.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e31283c0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journalctl.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2628 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2011 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <fnmatch.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/inotify.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+#include <systemd/sd-journal.h>
+
+#include "sd-bus/bus-error.h"
+#include "sd-bus/bus-util.h"
+#include "sd-journal/catalog.h"
+#include "sd-journal/fsprg.h"
+#include "sd-journal/journal-def.h"
+#include "sd-journal/journal-internal.h"
+#include "sd-journal/journal-vacuum.h"
+#include "sd-journal/journal-verify.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/alloc-util.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/chattr-util.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/fd-util.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/fileio.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/fs-util.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/glob-util.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/hostname-util.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/io-util.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/locale-util.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/log.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/mkdir.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/parse-util.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/path-util.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/rlimit-util.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/set.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/sigbus.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/strv.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/syslog-util.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/terminal-util.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/unit-name.h"
+#include "systemd-basic/user-util.h"
+#include "systemd-shared/acl-util.h"
+#include "systemd-shared/logs-show.h"
+#include "systemd-shared/pager.h"
+#include "systemd-shared/udev-util.h"
+#include "udev.h"
+
+#include "journal-qrcode.h"
+
+#define DEFAULT_FSS_INTERVAL_USEC (15*USEC_PER_MINUTE)
+
+enum {
+        /* Special values for arg_lines */
+        ARG_LINES_DEFAULT = -2,
+        ARG_LINES_ALL = -1,
+};
+
+static OutputMode arg_output = OUTPUT_SHORT;
+static bool arg_utc = false;
+static bool arg_pager_end = false;
+static bool arg_follow = false;
+static bool arg_full = true;
+static bool arg_all = false;
+static bool arg_no_pager = false;
+static int arg_lines = ARG_LINES_DEFAULT;
+static bool arg_no_tail = false;
+static bool arg_quiet = false;
+static bool arg_merge = false;
+static bool arg_boot = false;
+static sd_id128_t arg_boot_id = {};
+static int arg_boot_offset = 0;
+static bool arg_dmesg = false;
+static bool arg_no_hostname = false;
+static const char *arg_cursor = NULL;
+static const char *arg_after_cursor = NULL;
+static bool arg_show_cursor = false;
+static const char *arg_directory = NULL;
+static char **arg_file = NULL;
+static bool arg_file_stdin = false;
+static int arg_priorities = 0xFF;
+static const char *arg_verify_key = NULL;
+#ifdef HAVE_GCRYPT
+static usec_t arg_interval = DEFAULT_FSS_INTERVAL_USEC;
+static bool arg_force = false;
+#endif
+static usec_t arg_since, arg_until;
+static bool arg_since_set = false, arg_until_set = false;
+static char **arg_syslog_identifier = NULL;
+static char **arg_system_units = NULL;
+static char **arg_user_units = NULL;
+static const char *arg_field = NULL;
+static bool arg_catalog = false;
+static bool arg_reverse = false;
+static int arg_journal_type = 0;
+static char *arg_root = NULL;
+static const char *arg_machine = NULL;
+static uint64_t arg_vacuum_size = 0;
+static uint64_t arg_vacuum_n_files = 0;
+static usec_t arg_vacuum_time = 0;
+
+static enum {
+        ACTION_SHOW,
+        ACTION_NEW_ID128,
+        ACTION_PRINT_HEADER,
+        ACTION_SETUP_KEYS,
+        ACTION_VERIFY,
+        ACTION_DISK_USAGE,
+        ACTION_LIST_CATALOG,
+        ACTION_DUMP_CATALOG,
+        ACTION_UPDATE_CATALOG,
+        ACTION_LIST_BOOTS,
+        ACTION_FLUSH,
+        ACTION_SYNC,
+        ACTION_ROTATE,
+        ACTION_VACUUM,
+        ACTION_LIST_FIELDS,
+        ACTION_LIST_FIELD_NAMES,
+} arg_action = ACTION_SHOW;
+
+typedef struct BootId {
+        sd_id128_t id;
+        uint64_t first;
+        uint64_t last;
+        LIST_FIELDS(struct BootId, boot_list);
+} BootId;
+
+static int add_matches_for_device(sd_journal *j, const char *devpath) {
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_udev_unref_ struct udev *udev = NULL;
+        _cleanup_udev_device_unref_ struct udev_device *device = NULL;
+        struct udev_device *d = NULL;
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(devpath);
+
+        if (!path_startswith(devpath, "/dev/")) {
+                log_error("Devpath does not start with /dev/");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        udev = udev_new();
+        if (!udev)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = stat(devpath, &st);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_error_errno(errno, "Couldn't stat file: %m");
+
+        d = device = udev_device_new_from_devnum(udev, S_ISBLK(st.st_mode) ? 'b' : 'c', st.st_rdev);
+        if (!device)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to get udev device from devnum %u:%u: %m", major(st.st_rdev), minor(st.st_rdev));
+
+        while (d) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *match = NULL;
+                const char *subsys, *sysname, *devnode;
+
+                subsys = udev_device_get_subsystem(d);
+                if (!subsys) {
+                        d = udev_device_get_parent(d);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                sysname = udev_device_get_sysname(d);
+                if (!sysname) {
+                        d = udev_device_get_parent(d);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                match = strjoin("_KERNEL_DEVICE=+", subsys, ":", sysname, NULL);
+                if (!match)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = sd_journal_add_match(j, match, 0);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add match: %m");
+
+                devnode = udev_device_get_devnode(d);
+                if (devnode) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *match1 = NULL;
+
+                        r = stat(devnode, &st);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to stat() device node \"%s\": %m", devnode);
+
+                        r = asprintf(&match1, "_KERNEL_DEVICE=%c%u:%u", S_ISBLK(st.st_mode) ? 'b' : 'c', major(st.st_rdev), minor(st.st_rdev));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        r = sd_journal_add_match(j, match1, 0);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add match: %m");
+                }
+
+                d = udev_device_get_parent(d);
+        }
+
+        r = add_match_this_boot(j, arg_machine);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add match for the current boot: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static char *format_timestamp_maybe_utc(char *buf, size_t l, usec_t t) {
+
+        if (arg_utc)
+                return format_timestamp_utc(buf, l, t);
+
+        return format_timestamp(buf, l, t);
+}
+
+static int parse_boot_descriptor(const char *x, sd_id128_t *boot_id, int *offset) {
+        sd_id128_t id = SD_ID128_NULL;
+        int off = 0, r;
+
+        if (strlen(x) >= 32) {
+                char *t;
+
+                t = strndupa(x, 32);
+                r = sd_id128_from_string(t, &id);
+                if (r >= 0)
+                        x += 32;
+
+                if (*x != '-' && *x != '+' && *x != 0)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                if (*x != 0) {
+                        r = safe_atoi(x, &off);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        } else {
+                r = safe_atoi(x, &off);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (boot_id)
+                *boot_id = id;
+
+        if (offset)
+                *offset = off;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void help(void) {
+
+        pager_open(arg_no_pager, arg_pager_end);
+
+        printf("%s [OPTIONS...] [MATCHES...]\n\n"
+               "Query the journal.\n\n"
+               "Options:\n"
+               "     --system              Show the system journal\n"
+               "     --user                Show the user journal for the current user\n"
+               "  -M --machine=CONTAINER   Operate on local container\n"
+               "  -S --since=DATE          Show entries not older than the specified date\n"
+               "  -U --until=DATE          Show entries not newer than the specified date\n"
+               "  -c --cursor=CURSOR       Show entries starting at the specified cursor\n"
+               "     --after-cursor=CURSOR Show entries after the specified cursor\n"
+               "     --show-cursor         Print the cursor after all the entries\n"
+               "  -b --boot[=ID]           Show current boot or the specified boot\n"
+               "     --list-boots          Show terse information about recorded boots\n"
+               "  -k --dmesg               Show kernel message log from the current boot\n"
+               "  -u --unit=UNIT           Show logs from the specified unit\n"
+               "     --user-unit=UNIT      Show logs from the specified user unit\n"
+               "  -t --identifier=STRING   Show entries with the specified syslog identifier\n"
+               "  -p --priority=RANGE      Show entries with the specified priority\n"
+               "  -e --pager-end           Immediately jump to the end in the pager\n"
+               "  -f --follow              Follow the journal\n"
+               "  -n --lines[=INTEGER]     Number of journal entries to show\n"
+               "     --no-tail             Show all lines, even in follow mode\n"
+               "  -r --reverse             Show the newest entries first\n"
+               "  -o --output=STRING       Change journal output mode (short, short-precise,\n"
+               "                             short-iso, short-full, short-monotonic, short-unix,\n"
+               "                             verbose, export, json, json-pretty, json-sse, cat)\n"
+               "     --utc                 Express time in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)\n"
+               "  -x --catalog             Add message explanations where available\n"
+               "     --no-full             Ellipsize fields\n"
+               "  -a --all                 Show all fields, including long and unprintable\n"
+               "  -q --quiet               Do not show info messages and privilege warning\n"
+               "     --no-pager            Do not pipe output into a pager\n"
+               "     --no-hostname         Suppress output of hostname field\n"
+               "  -m --merge               Show entries from all available journals\n"
+               "  -D --directory=PATH      Show journal files from directory\n"
+               "     --file=PATH           Show journal file\n"
+               "     --root=ROOT           Operate on files below a root directory\n"
+#ifdef HAVE_GCRYPT
+               "     --interval=TIME       Time interval for changing the FSS sealing key\n"
+               "     --verify-key=KEY      Specify FSS verification key\n"
+               "     --force               Override of the FSS key pair with --setup-keys\n"
+#endif
+               "\nCommands:\n"
+               "  -h --help                Show this help text\n"
+               "     --version             Show package version\n"
+               "  -N --fields              List all field names currently used\n"
+               "  -F --field=FIELD         List all values that a specified field takes\n"
+               "     --disk-usage          Show total disk usage of all journal files\n"
+               "     --vacuum-size=BYTES   Reduce disk usage below specified size\n"
+               "     --vacuum-files=INT    Leave only the specified number of journal files\n"
+               "     --vacuum-time=TIME    Remove journal files older than specified time\n"
+               "     --verify              Verify journal file consistency\n"
+               "     --sync                Synchronize unwritten journal messages to disk\n"
+               "     --flush               Flush all journal data from /run into /var\n"
+               "     --rotate              Request immediate rotation of the journal files\n"
+               "     --header              Show journal header information\n"
+               "     --list-catalog        Show all message IDs in the catalog\n"
+               "     --dump-catalog        Show entries in the message catalog\n"
+               "     --update-catalog      Update the message catalog database\n"
+               "     --new-id128           Generate a new 128-bit ID\n"
+#ifdef HAVE_GCRYPT
+               "     --setup-keys          Generate a new FSS key pair\n"
+#endif
+               , program_invocation_short_name);
+}
+
+static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+
+        enum {
+                ARG_VERSION = 0x100,
+                ARG_NO_PAGER,
+                ARG_NO_FULL,
+                ARG_NO_TAIL,
+                ARG_NEW_ID128,
+                ARG_THIS_BOOT,
+                ARG_LIST_BOOTS,
+                ARG_USER,
+                ARG_SYSTEM,
+                ARG_ROOT,
+                ARG_HEADER,
+                ARG_SETUP_KEYS,
+                ARG_FILE,
+                ARG_INTERVAL,
+                ARG_VERIFY,
+                ARG_VERIFY_KEY,
+                ARG_DISK_USAGE,
+                ARG_AFTER_CURSOR,
+                ARG_SHOW_CURSOR,
+                ARG_USER_UNIT,
+                ARG_LIST_CATALOG,
+                ARG_DUMP_CATALOG,
+                ARG_UPDATE_CATALOG,
+                ARG_FORCE,
+                ARG_UTC,
+                ARG_SYNC,
+                ARG_FLUSH,
+                ARG_ROTATE,
+                ARG_VACUUM_SIZE,
+                ARG_VACUUM_FILES,
+                ARG_VACUUM_TIME,
+                ARG_NO_HOSTNAME,
+        };
+
+        static const struct option options[] = {
+                { "help",           no_argument,       NULL, 'h'                },
+                { "version" ,       no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION        },
+                { "no-pager",       no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_PAGER       },
+                { "pager-end",      no_argument,       NULL, 'e'                },
+                { "follow",         no_argument,       NULL, 'f'                },
+                { "force",          no_argument,       NULL, ARG_FORCE          },
+                { "output",         required_argument, NULL, 'o'                },
+                { "all",            no_argument,       NULL, 'a'                },
+                { "full",           no_argument,       NULL, 'l'                },
+                { "no-full",        no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_FULL        },
+                { "lines",          optional_argument, NULL, 'n'                },
+                { "no-tail",        no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_TAIL        },
+                { "new-id128",      no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NEW_ID128      },
+                { "quiet",          no_argument,       NULL, 'q'                },
+                { "merge",          no_argument,       NULL, 'm'                },
+                { "this-boot",      no_argument,       NULL, ARG_THIS_BOOT      }, /* deprecated */
+                { "boot",           optional_argument, NULL, 'b'                },
+                { "list-boots",     no_argument,       NULL, ARG_LIST_BOOTS     },
+                { "dmesg",          no_argument,       NULL, 'k'                },
+                { "system",         no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SYSTEM         },
+                { "user",           no_argument,       NULL, ARG_USER           },
+                { "directory",      required_argument, NULL, 'D'                },
+                { "file",           required_argument, NULL, ARG_FILE           },
+                { "root",           required_argument, NULL, ARG_ROOT           },
+                { "header",         no_argument,       NULL, ARG_HEADER         },
+                { "identifier",     required_argument, NULL, 't'                },
+                { "priority",       required_argument, NULL, 'p'                },
+                { "setup-keys",     no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SETUP_KEYS     },
+                { "interval",       required_argument, NULL, ARG_INTERVAL       },
+                { "verify",         no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERIFY         },
+                { "verify-key",     required_argument, NULL, ARG_VERIFY_KEY     },
+                { "disk-usage",     no_argument,       NULL, ARG_DISK_USAGE     },
+                { "cursor",         required_argument, NULL, 'c'                },
+                { "after-cursor",   required_argument, NULL, ARG_AFTER_CURSOR   },
+                { "show-cursor",    no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SHOW_CURSOR    },
+                { "since",          required_argument, NULL, 'S'                },
+                { "until",          required_argument, NULL, 'U'                },
+                { "unit",           required_argument, NULL, 'u'                },
+                { "user-unit",      required_argument, NULL, ARG_USER_UNIT      },
+                { "field",          required_argument, NULL, 'F'                },
+                { "fields",         no_argument,       NULL, 'N'                },
+                { "catalog",        no_argument,       NULL, 'x'                },
+                { "list-catalog",   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_LIST_CATALOG   },
+                { "dump-catalog",   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_DUMP_CATALOG   },
+                { "update-catalog", no_argument,       NULL, ARG_UPDATE_CATALOG },
+                { "reverse",        no_argument,       NULL, 'r'                },
+                { "machine",        required_argument, NULL, 'M'                },
+                { "utc",            no_argument,       NULL, ARG_UTC            },
+                { "flush",          no_argument,       NULL, ARG_FLUSH          },
+                { "sync",           no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SYNC           },
+                { "rotate",         no_argument,       NULL, ARG_ROTATE         },
+                { "vacuum-size",    required_argument, NULL, ARG_VACUUM_SIZE    },
+                { "vacuum-files",   required_argument, NULL, ARG_VACUUM_FILES   },
+                { "vacuum-time",    required_argument, NULL, ARG_VACUUM_TIME    },
+                { "no-hostname",    no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_HOSTNAME    },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        int c, r;
+
+        assert(argc >= 0);
+        assert(argv);
+
+        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hefo:aln::qmb::kD:p:c:S:U:t:u:NF:xrM:", options, NULL)) >= 0)
+
+                switch (c) {
+
+                case 'h':
+                        help();
+                        return 0;
+
+                case ARG_VERSION:
+                        return version();
+
+                case ARG_NO_PAGER:
+                        arg_no_pager = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'e':
+                        arg_pager_end = true;
+
+                        if (arg_lines == ARG_LINES_DEFAULT)
+                                arg_lines = 1000;
+
+                        break;
+
+                case 'f':
+                        arg_follow = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'o':
+                        arg_output = output_mode_from_string(optarg);
+                        if (arg_output < 0) {
+                                log_error("Unknown output format '%s'.", optarg);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        if (arg_output == OUTPUT_EXPORT ||
+                            arg_output == OUTPUT_JSON ||
+                            arg_output == OUTPUT_JSON_PRETTY ||
+                            arg_output == OUTPUT_JSON_SSE ||
+                            arg_output == OUTPUT_CAT)
+                                arg_quiet = true;
+
+                        break;
+
+                case 'l':
+                        arg_full = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_NO_FULL:
+                        arg_full = false;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'a':
+                        arg_all = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'n':
+                        if (optarg) {
+                                if (streq(optarg, "all"))
+                                        arg_lines = ARG_LINES_ALL;
+                                else {
+                                        r = safe_atoi(optarg, &arg_lines);
+                                        if (r < 0 || arg_lines < 0) {
+                                                log_error("Failed to parse lines '%s'", optarg);
+                                                return -EINVAL;
+                                        }
+                                }
+                        } else {
+                                arg_lines = 10;
+
+                                /* Hmm, no argument? Maybe the next
+                                 * word on the command line is
+                                 * supposed to be the argument? Let's
+                                 * see if there is one, and is
+                                 * parsable. */
+                                if (optind < argc) {
+                                        int n;
+                                        if (streq(argv[optind], "all")) {
+                                                arg_lines = ARG_LINES_ALL;
+                                                optind++;
+                                        } else if (safe_atoi(argv[optind], &n) >= 0 && n >= 0) {
+                                                arg_lines = n;
+                                                optind++;
+                                        }
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_NO_TAIL:
+                        arg_no_tail = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_NEW_ID128:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_NEW_ID128;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'q':
+                        arg_quiet = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'm':
+                        arg_merge = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_THIS_BOOT:
+                        arg_boot = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'b':
+                        arg_boot = true;
+
+                        if (optarg) {
+                                r = parse_boot_descriptor(optarg, &arg_boot_id, &arg_boot_offset);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_error("Failed to parse boot descriptor '%s'", optarg);
+                                        return -EINVAL;
+                                }
+                        } else {
+
+                                /* Hmm, no argument? Maybe the next
+                                 * word on the command line is
+                                 * supposed to be the argument? Let's
+                                 * see if there is one and is parsable
+                                 * as a boot descriptor... */
+
+                                if (optind < argc &&
+                                    parse_boot_descriptor(argv[optind], &arg_boot_id, &arg_boot_offset) >= 0)
+                                        optind++;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_LIST_BOOTS:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_LIST_BOOTS;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'k':
+                        arg_boot = arg_dmesg = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SYSTEM:
+                        arg_journal_type |= SD_JOURNAL_SYSTEM;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_USER:
+                        arg_journal_type |= SD_JOURNAL_CURRENT_USER;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'M':
+                        arg_machine = optarg;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'D':
+                        arg_directory = optarg;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_FILE:
+                        if (streq(optarg, "-"))
+                                /* An undocumented feature: we can read journal files from STDIN. We don't document
+                                 * this though, since after all we only support this for mmap-able, seekable files, and
+                                 * not for example pipes which are probably the primary usecase for reading things from
+                                 * STDIN. To avoid confusion we hence don't document this feature. */
+                                arg_file_stdin = true;
+                        else {
+                                r = glob_extend(&arg_file, optarg);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add paths: %m");
+                        }
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_ROOT:
+                        r = parse_path_argument_and_warn(optarg, true, &arg_root);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'c':
+                        arg_cursor = optarg;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_AFTER_CURSOR:
+                        arg_after_cursor = optarg;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SHOW_CURSOR:
+                        arg_show_cursor = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_HEADER:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_PRINT_HEADER;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_VERIFY:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_VERIFY;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_DISK_USAGE:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_DISK_USAGE;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_VACUUM_SIZE:
+                        r = parse_size(optarg, 1024, &arg_vacuum_size);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse vacuum size: %s", optarg);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+
+                        arg_action = ACTION_VACUUM;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_VACUUM_FILES:
+                        r = safe_atou64(optarg, &arg_vacuum_n_files);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse vacuum files: %s", optarg);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+
+                        arg_action = ACTION_VACUUM;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_VACUUM_TIME:
+                        r = parse_sec(optarg, &arg_vacuum_time);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse vacuum time: %s", optarg);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+
+                        arg_action = ACTION_VACUUM;
+                        break;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GCRYPT
+                case ARG_FORCE:
+                        arg_force = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SETUP_KEYS:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_SETUP_KEYS;
+                        break;
+
+
+                case ARG_VERIFY_KEY:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_VERIFY;
+                        arg_verify_key = optarg;
+                        arg_merge = false;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_INTERVAL:
+                        r = parse_sec(optarg, &arg_interval);
+                        if (r < 0 || arg_interval <= 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse sealing key change interval: %s", optarg);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+                        break;
+#else
+                case ARG_SETUP_KEYS:
+                case ARG_VERIFY_KEY:
+                case ARG_INTERVAL:
+                case ARG_FORCE:
+                        log_error("Forward-secure sealing not available.");
+                        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+#endif
+
+                case 'p': {
+                        const char *dots;
+
+                        dots = strstr(optarg, "..");
+                        if (dots) {
+                                char *a;
+                                int from, to, i;
+
+                                /* a range */
+                                a = strndup(optarg, dots - optarg);
+                                if (!a)
+                                        return log_oom();
+
+                                from = log_level_from_string(a);
+                                to = log_level_from_string(dots + 2);
+                                free(a);
+
+                                if (from < 0 || to < 0) {
+                                        log_error("Failed to parse log level range %s", optarg);
+                                        return -EINVAL;
+                                }
+
+                                arg_priorities = 0;
+
+                                if (from < to) {
+                                        for (i = from; i <= to; i++)
+                                                arg_priorities |= 1 << i;
+                                } else {
+                                        for (i = to; i <= from; i++)
+                                                arg_priorities |= 1 << i;
+                                }
+
+                        } else {
+                                int p, i;
+
+                                p = log_level_from_string(optarg);
+                                if (p < 0) {
+                                        log_error("Unknown log level %s", optarg);
+                                        return -EINVAL;
+                                }
+
+                                arg_priorities = 0;
+
+                                for (i = 0; i <= p; i++)
+                                        arg_priorities |= 1 << i;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case 'S':
+                        r = parse_timestamp(optarg, &arg_since);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse timestamp: %s", optarg);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+                        arg_since_set = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'U':
+                        r = parse_timestamp(optarg, &arg_until);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse timestamp: %s", optarg);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+                        arg_until_set = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case 't':
+                        r = strv_extend(&arg_syslog_identifier, optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+                        break;
+
+                case 'u':
+                        r = strv_extend(&arg_system_units, optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_USER_UNIT:
+                        r = strv_extend(&arg_user_units, optarg);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_oom();
+                        break;
+
+                case 'F':
+                        arg_action = ACTION_LIST_FIELDS;
+                        arg_field = optarg;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'N':
+                        arg_action = ACTION_LIST_FIELD_NAMES;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_NO_HOSTNAME:
+                        arg_no_hostname = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'x':
+                        arg_catalog = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_LIST_CATALOG:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_LIST_CATALOG;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_DUMP_CATALOG:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_DUMP_CATALOG;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_UPDATE_CATALOG:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_UPDATE_CATALOG;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'r':
+                        arg_reverse = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_UTC:
+                        arg_utc = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_FLUSH:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_FLUSH;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_ROTATE:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_ROTATE;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SYNC:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_SYNC;
+                        break;
+
+                case '?':
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
+                }
+
+        if (arg_follow && !arg_no_tail && !arg_since && arg_lines == ARG_LINES_DEFAULT)
+                arg_lines = 10;
+
+        if (!!arg_directory + !!arg_file + !!arg_machine + !!arg_root > 1) {
+                log_error("Please specify at most one of -D/--directory=, --file=, -M/--machine=, --root.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (arg_since_set && arg_until_set && arg_since > arg_until) {
+                log_error("--since= must be before --until=.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (!!arg_cursor + !!arg_after_cursor + !!arg_since_set > 1) {
+                log_error("Please specify only one of --since=, --cursor=, and --after-cursor.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (arg_follow && arg_reverse) {
+                log_error("Please specify either --reverse= or --follow=, not both.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (!IN_SET(arg_action, ACTION_SHOW, ACTION_DUMP_CATALOG, ACTION_LIST_CATALOG) && optind < argc) {
+                log_error("Extraneous arguments starting with '%s'", argv[optind]);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if ((arg_boot || arg_action == ACTION_LIST_BOOTS) && arg_merge) {
+                log_error("Using --boot or --list-boots with --merge is not supported.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(arg_system_units) && (arg_journal_type == SD_JOURNAL_CURRENT_USER)) {
+
+                /* Specifying --user and --unit= at the same time makes no sense (as the former excludes the user
+                 * journal, but the latter excludes the system journal, thus resulting in empty output). Let's be nice
+                 * to users, and automatically turn --unit= into --user-unit= if combined with --user. */
+                r = strv_extend_strv(&arg_user_units, arg_system_units, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                arg_system_units = strv_free(arg_system_units);
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int generate_new_id128(void) {
+        sd_id128_t id;
+        int r;
+        unsigned i;
+
+        r = sd_id128_randomize(&id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to generate ID: %m");
+
+        printf("As string:\n"
+               SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR "\n\n"
+               "As UUID:\n"
+               "%02x%02x%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x\n\n"
+               "As macro:\n"
+               "#define MESSAGE_XYZ SD_ID128_MAKE(",
+               SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(id),
+               SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(id));
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+                printf("%02x%s", id.bytes[i], i != 15 ? "," : "");
+        fputs(")\n\n", stdout);
+
+        printf("As Python constant:\n"
+               ">>> import uuid\n"
+               ">>> MESSAGE_XYZ = uuid.UUID('" SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR "')\n",
+               SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(id));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int add_matches(sd_journal *j, char **args) {
+        char **i;
+        bool have_term = false;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, args) {
+                int r;
+
+                if (streq(*i, "+")) {
+                        if (!have_term)
+                                break;
+                        r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j);
+                        have_term = false;
+
+                } else if (path_is_absolute(*i)) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p, *t = NULL, *t2 = NULL, *interpreter = NULL;
+                        const char *path;
+                        struct stat st;
+
+                        p = canonicalize_file_name(*i);
+                        path = p ?: *i;
+
+                        if (lstat(path, &st) < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Couldn't stat file: %m");
+
+                        if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode) && (0111 & st.st_mode)) {
+                                if (executable_is_script(path, &interpreter) > 0) {
+                                        _cleanup_free_ char *comm;
+
+                                        comm = strndup(basename(path), 15);
+                                        if (!comm)
+                                                return log_oom();
+
+                                        t = strappend("_COMM=", comm);
+                                        if (!t)
+                                                return log_oom();
+
+                                        /* Append _EXE only if the interpreter is not a link.
+                                           Otherwise, it might be outdated often. */
+                                        if (lstat(interpreter, &st) == 0 && !S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)) {
+                                                t2 = strappend("_EXE=", interpreter);
+                                                if (!t2)
+                                                        return log_oom();
+                                        }
+                                } else {
+                                        t = strappend("_EXE=", path);
+                                        if (!t)
+                                                return log_oom();
+                                }
+
+                                r = sd_journal_add_match(j, t, 0);
+
+                                if (r >=0 && t2)
+                                        r = sd_journal_add_match(j, t2, 0);
+
+                        } else if (S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) || S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
+                                r = add_matches_for_device(j, path);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        } else {
+                                log_error("File is neither a device node, nor regular file, nor executable: %s", *i);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        have_term = true;
+                } else {
+                        r = sd_journal_add_match(j, *i, 0);
+                        have_term = true;
+                }
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add match '%s': %m", *i);
+        }
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(args) && !have_term) {
+                log_error("\"+\" can only be used between terms");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void boot_id_free_all(BootId *l) {
+
+        while (l) {
+                BootId *i = l;
+                LIST_REMOVE(boot_list, l, i);
+                free(i);
+        }
+}
+
+static int discover_next_boot(sd_journal *j,
+                sd_id128_t previous_boot_id,
+                bool advance_older,
+                BootId **ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ BootId *next_boot = NULL;
+        char match[9+32+1] = "_BOOT_ID=";
+        sd_id128_t boot_id;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        /* We expect the journal to be on the last position of a boot
+         * (in relation to the direction we are going), so that the next
+         * invocation of sd_journal_next/previous will be from a different
+         * boot. We then collect any information we desire and then jump
+         * to the last location of the new boot by using a _BOOT_ID match
+         * coming from the other journal direction. */
+
+        /* Make sure we aren't restricted by any _BOOT_ID matches, so that
+         * we can actually advance to a *different* boot. */
+        sd_journal_flush_matches(j);
+
+        do {
+                if (advance_older)
+                        r = sd_journal_previous(j);
+                else
+                        r = sd_journal_next(j);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                else if (r == 0)
+                        return 0; /* End of journal, yay. */
+
+                r = sd_journal_get_monotonic_usec(j, NULL, &boot_id);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* We iterate through this in a loop, until the boot ID differs from the previous one. Note that
+                 * normally, this will only require a single iteration, as we seeked to the last entry of the previous
+                 * boot entry already. However, it might happen that the per-journal-field entry arrays are less
+                 * complete than the main entry array, and hence might reference an entry that's not actually the last
+                 * one of the boot ID as last one. Let's hence use the per-field array is initial seek position to
+                 * speed things up, but let's not trust that it is complete, and hence, manually advance as
+                 * necessary. */
+
+        } while (sd_id128_equal(boot_id, previous_boot_id));
+
+        next_boot = new0(BootId, 1);
+        if (!next_boot)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        next_boot->id = boot_id;
+
+        r = sd_journal_get_realtime_usec(j, &next_boot->first);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Now seek to the last occurrence of this boot ID. */
+        sd_id128_to_string(next_boot->id, match + 9);
+        r = sd_journal_add_match(j, match, sizeof(match) - 1);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (advance_older)
+                r = sd_journal_seek_head(j);
+        else
+                r = sd_journal_seek_tail(j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (advance_older)
+                r = sd_journal_next(j);
+        else
+                r = sd_journal_previous(j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        else if (r == 0) {
+                log_debug("Whoopsie! We found a boot ID but can't read its last entry.");
+                return -ENODATA; /* This shouldn't happen. We just came from this very boot ID. */
+        }
+
+        r = sd_journal_get_realtime_usec(j, &next_boot->last);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret = next_boot;
+        next_boot = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int get_boots(
+                sd_journal *j,
+                BootId **boots,
+                sd_id128_t *boot_id,
+                int offset) {
+
+        bool skip_once;
+        int r, count = 0;
+        BootId *head = NULL, *tail = NULL, *id;
+        const bool advance_older = boot_id && offset <= 0;
+        sd_id128_t previous_boot_id;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        /* Adjust for the asymmetry that offset 0 is
+         * the last (and current) boot, while 1 is considered the
+         * (chronological) first boot in the journal. */
+        skip_once = boot_id && sd_id128_is_null(*boot_id) && offset <= 0;
+
+        /* Advance to the earliest/latest occurrence of our reference
+         * boot ID (taking our lookup direction into account), so that
+         * discover_next_boot() can do its job.
+         * If no reference is given, the journal head/tail will do,
+         * they're "virtual" boots after all. */
+        if (boot_id && !sd_id128_is_null(*boot_id)) {
+                char match[9+32+1] = "_BOOT_ID=";
+
+                sd_journal_flush_matches(j);
+
+                sd_id128_to_string(*boot_id, match + 9);
+                r = sd_journal_add_match(j, match, sizeof(match) - 1);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (advance_older)
+                        r = sd_journal_seek_head(j); /* seek to oldest */
+                else
+                        r = sd_journal_seek_tail(j); /* seek to newest */
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (advance_older)
+                        r = sd_journal_next(j);     /* read the oldest entry */
+                else
+                        r = sd_journal_previous(j); /* read the most recently added entry */
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                else if (r == 0)
+                        goto finish;
+                else if (offset == 0) {
+                        count = 1;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                /* At this point the read pointer is positioned at the oldest/newest occurence of the reference boot
+                 * ID. After flushing the matches, one more invocation of _previous()/_next() will hence place us at
+                 * the following entry, which must then have an older/newer boot ID */
+        } else {
+
+                if (advance_older)
+                        r = sd_journal_seek_tail(j); /* seek to newest */
+                else
+                        r = sd_journal_seek_head(j); /* seek to oldest */
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* No sd_journal_next()/_previous() here.
+                 *
+                 * At this point the read pointer is positioned after the newest/before the oldest entry in the whole
+                 * journal. The next invocation of _previous()/_next() will hence position us at the newest/oldest
+                 * entry we have. */
+        }
+
+        previous_boot_id = SD_ID128_NULL;
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ BootId *current = NULL;
+
+                r = discover_next_boot(j, previous_boot_id, advance_older, &current);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        boot_id_free_all(head);
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                if (!current)
+                        break;
+
+                previous_boot_id = current->id;
+
+                if (boot_id) {
+                        if (!skip_once)
+                                offset += advance_older ? 1 : -1;
+                        skip_once = false;
+
+                        if (offset == 0) {
+                                count = 1;
+                                *boot_id = current->id;
+                                break;
+                        }
+                } else {
+                        LIST_FOREACH(boot_list, id, head) {
+                                if (sd_id128_equal(id->id, current->id)) {
+                                        /* boot id already stored, something wrong with the journal files */
+                                        /* exiting as otherwise this problem would cause forever loop */
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+                        }
+                        LIST_INSERT_AFTER(boot_list, head, tail, current);
+                        tail = current;
+                        current = NULL;
+                        count++;
+                }
+        }
+
+finish:
+        if (boots)
+                *boots = head;
+
+        sd_journal_flush_matches(j);
+
+        return count;
+}
+
+static int list_boots(sd_journal *j) {
+        int w, i, count;
+        BootId *id, *all_ids;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        count = get_boots(j, &all_ids, NULL, 0);
+        if (count < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(count, "Failed to determine boots: %m");
+        if (count == 0)
+                return count;
+
+        pager_open(arg_no_pager, arg_pager_end);
+
+        /* numbers are one less, but we need an extra char for the sign */
+        w = DECIMAL_STR_WIDTH(count - 1) + 1;
+
+        i = 0;
+        LIST_FOREACH(boot_list, id, all_ids) {
+                char a[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX], b[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+
+                printf("% *i " SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR " %s—%s\n",
+                       w, i - count + 1,
+                       SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(id->id),
+                       format_timestamp_maybe_utc(a, sizeof(a), id->first),
+                       format_timestamp_maybe_utc(b, sizeof(b), id->last));
+                i++;
+        }
+
+        boot_id_free_all(all_ids);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int add_boot(sd_journal *j) {
+        char match[9+32+1] = "_BOOT_ID=";
+        sd_id128_t boot_id;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        if (!arg_boot)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Take a shortcut and use the current boot_id, which we can do very quickly.
+         * We can do this only when we logs are coming from the current machine,
+         * so take the slow path if log location is specified. */
+        if (arg_boot_offset == 0 && sd_id128_is_null(arg_boot_id) &&
+            !arg_directory && !arg_file && !arg_root)
+
+                return add_match_this_boot(j, arg_machine);
+
+        boot_id = arg_boot_id;
+        r = get_boots(j, NULL, &boot_id, arg_boot_offset);
+        assert(r <= 1);
+        if (r <= 0) {
+                const char *reason = (r == 0) ? "No such boot ID in journal" : strerror(-r);
+
+                if (sd_id128_is_null(arg_boot_id))
+                        log_error("Data from the specified boot (%+i) is not available: %s",
+                                  arg_boot_offset, reason);
+                else
+                        log_error("Data from the specified boot ("SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR") is not available: %s",
+                                  SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(arg_boot_id), reason);
+
+                return r == 0 ? -ENODATA : r;
+        }
+
+        sd_id128_to_string(boot_id, match + 9);
+
+        r = sd_journal_add_match(j, match, sizeof(match) - 1);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add match: %m");
+
+        r = sd_journal_add_conjunction(j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add conjunction: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int add_dmesg(sd_journal *j) {
+        int r;
+        assert(j);
+
+        if (!arg_dmesg)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_journal_add_match(j, "_TRANSPORT=kernel", strlen("_TRANSPORT=kernel"));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add match: %m");
+
+        r = sd_journal_add_conjunction(j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add conjunction: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int get_possible_units(
+                sd_journal *j,
+                const char *fields,
+                char **patterns,
+                Set **units) {
+
+        _cleanup_set_free_free_ Set *found;
+        const char *field;
+        int r;
+
+        found = set_new(&string_hash_ops);
+        if (!found)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH(field, fields) {
+                const void *data;
+                size_t size;
+
+                r = sd_journal_query_unique(j, field);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                SD_JOURNAL_FOREACH_UNIQUE(j, data, size) {
+                        char **pattern, *eq;
+                        size_t prefix;
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *u = NULL;
+
+                        eq = memchr(data, '=', size);
+                        if (eq)
+                                prefix = eq - (char*) data + 1;
+                        else
+                                prefix = 0;
+
+                        u = strndup((char*) data + prefix, size - prefix);
+                        if (!u)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        STRV_FOREACH(pattern, patterns)
+                                if (fnmatch(*pattern, u, FNM_NOESCAPE) == 0) {
+                                        log_debug("Matched %s with pattern %s=%s", u, field, *pattern);
+
+                                        r = set_consume(found, u);
+                                        u = NULL;
+                                        if (r < 0 && r != -EEXIST)
+                                                return r;
+
+                                        break;
+                                }
+                }
+        }
+
+        *units = found;
+        found = NULL;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/* This list is supposed to return the superset of unit names
+ * possibly matched by rules added with add_matches_for_unit... */
+#define SYSTEM_UNITS                 \
+        "_SYSTEMD_UNIT\0"            \
+        "COREDUMP_UNIT\0"            \
+        "UNIT\0"                     \
+        "OBJECT_SYSTEMD_UNIT\0"      \
+        "_SYSTEMD_SLICE\0"
+
+/* ... and add_matches_for_user_unit */
+#define USER_UNITS                   \
+        "_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT\0"       \
+        "USER_UNIT\0"                \
+        "COREDUMP_USER_UNIT\0"       \
+        "OBJECT_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT\0"
+
+static int add_units(sd_journal *j) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **patterns = NULL;
+        int r, count = 0;
+        char **i;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, arg_system_units) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *u = NULL;
+
+                r = unit_name_mangle(*i, UNIT_NAME_GLOB, &u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (string_is_glob(u)) {
+                        r = strv_push(&patterns, u);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        u = NULL;
+                } else {
+                        r = add_matches_for_unit(j, u);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        count++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(patterns)) {
+                _cleanup_set_free_free_ Set *units = NULL;
+                Iterator it;
+                char *u;
+
+                r = get_possible_units(j, SYSTEM_UNITS, patterns, &units);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                SET_FOREACH(u, units, it) {
+                        r = add_matches_for_unit(j, u);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        count++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        patterns = strv_free(patterns);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, arg_user_units) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *u = NULL;
+
+                r = unit_name_mangle(*i, UNIT_NAME_GLOB, &u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (string_is_glob(u)) {
+                        r = strv_push(&patterns, u);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        u = NULL;
+                } else {
+                        r = add_matches_for_user_unit(j, u, getuid());
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        count++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(patterns)) {
+                _cleanup_set_free_free_ Set *units = NULL;
+                Iterator it;
+                char *u;
+
+                r = get_possible_units(j, USER_UNITS, patterns, &units);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                SET_FOREACH(u, units, it) {
+                        r = add_matches_for_user_unit(j, u, getuid());
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        count++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Complain if the user request matches but nothing whatsoever was
+         * found, since otherwise everything would be matched. */
+        if (!(strv_isempty(arg_system_units) && strv_isempty(arg_user_units)) && count == 0)
+                return -ENODATA;
+
+        r = sd_journal_add_conjunction(j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int add_priorities(sd_journal *j) {
+        char match[] = "PRIORITY=0";
+        int i, r;
+        assert(j);
+
+        if (arg_priorities == 0xFF)
+                return 0;
+
+        for (i = LOG_EMERG; i <= LOG_DEBUG; i++)
+                if (arg_priorities & (1 << i)) {
+                        match[sizeof(match)-2] = '0' + i;
+
+                        r = sd_journal_add_match(j, match, strlen(match));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add match: %m");
+                }
+
+        r = sd_journal_add_conjunction(j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add conjunction: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int add_syslog_identifier(sd_journal *j) {
+        int r;
+        char **i;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, arg_syslog_identifier) {
+                char *u;
+
+                u = strjoina("SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER=", *i);
+                r = sd_journal_add_match(j, u, 0);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_journal_add_conjunction(j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int setup_keys(void) {
+#ifdef HAVE_GCRYPT
+        size_t mpk_size, seed_size, state_size, i;
+        uint8_t *mpk, *seed, *state;
+        int fd = -1, r;
+        sd_id128_t machine, boot;
+        char *p = NULL, *k = NULL;
+        struct FSSHeader h;
+        uint64_t n;
+        struct stat st;
+
+        r = stat("/var/log/journal", &st);
+        if (r < 0 && errno != ENOENT && errno != ENOTDIR)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "stat(\"%s\") failed: %m", "/var/log/journal");
+
+        if (r < 0 || !S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
+                log_error("%s is not a directory, must be using persistent logging for FSS.",
+                          "/var/log/journal");
+                return r < 0 ? -errno : -ENOTDIR;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_id128_get_machine(&machine);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get machine ID: %m");
+
+        r = sd_id128_get_boot(&boot);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get boot ID: %m");
+
+        if (asprintf(&p, "/var/log/journal/" SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR "/fss",
+                     SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(machine)) < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (arg_force) {
+                r = unlink(p);
+                if (r < 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
+                        r = log_error_errno(errno, "unlink(\"%s\") failed: %m", p);
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        } else if (access(p, F_OK) >= 0) {
+                log_error("Sealing key file %s exists already. Use --force to recreate.", p);
+                r = -EEXIST;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (asprintf(&k, "/var/log/journal/" SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR "/fss.tmp.XXXXXX",
+                     SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(machine)) < 0) {
+                r = log_oom();
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        mpk_size = FSPRG_mskinbytes(FSPRG_RECOMMENDED_SECPAR);
+        mpk = alloca(mpk_size);
+
+        seed_size = FSPRG_RECOMMENDED_SEEDLEN;
+        seed = alloca(seed_size);
+
+        state_size = FSPRG_stateinbytes(FSPRG_RECOMMENDED_SECPAR);
+        state = alloca(state_size);
+
+        fd = open("/dev/random", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open /dev/random: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        log_info("Generating seed...");
+        r = loop_read_exact(fd, seed, seed_size, true);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to read random seed: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        log_info("Generating key pair...");
+        FSPRG_GenMK(NULL, mpk, seed, seed_size, FSPRG_RECOMMENDED_SECPAR);
+
+        log_info("Generating sealing key...");
+        FSPRG_GenState0(state, mpk, seed, seed_size);
+
+        assert(arg_interval > 0);
+
+        n = now(CLOCK_REALTIME);
+        n /= arg_interval;
+
+        safe_close(fd);
+        fd = mkostemp_safe(k);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                r = log_error_errno(fd, "Failed to open %s: %m", k);
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        /* Enable secure remove, exclusion from dump, synchronous
+         * writing and in-place updating */
+        r = chattr_fd(fd, FS_SECRM_FL|FS_NODUMP_FL|FS_SYNC_FL|FS_NOCOW_FL, FS_SECRM_FL|FS_NODUMP_FL|FS_SYNC_FL|FS_NOCOW_FL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to set file attributes: %m");
+
+        zero(h);
+        memcpy(h.signature, "KSHHRHLP", 8);
+        h.machine_id = machine;
+        h.boot_id = boot;
+        h.header_size = htole64(sizeof(h));
+        h.start_usec = htole64(n * arg_interval);
+        h.interval_usec = htole64(arg_interval);
+        h.fsprg_secpar = htole16(FSPRG_RECOMMENDED_SECPAR);
+        h.fsprg_state_size = htole64(state_size);
+
+        r = loop_write(fd, &h, sizeof(h), false);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write header: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = loop_write(fd, state, state_size, false);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write state: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (link(k, p) < 0) {
+                r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to link file: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (on_tty()) {
+                fprintf(stderr,
+                        "\n"
+                        "The new key pair has been generated. The %ssecret sealing key%s has been written to\n"
+                        "the following local file. This key file is automatically updated when the\n"
+                        "sealing key is advanced. It should not be used on multiple hosts.\n"
+                        "\n"
+                        "\t%s\n"
+                        "\n"
+                        "Please write down the following %ssecret verification key%s. It should be stored\n"
+                        "at a safe location and should not be saved locally on disk.\n"
+                        "\n\t%s",
+                        ansi_highlight(), ansi_normal(),
+                        p,
+                        ansi_highlight(), ansi_normal(),
+                        ansi_highlight_red());
+                fflush(stderr);
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < seed_size; i++) {
+                if (i > 0 && i % 3 == 0)
+                        putchar('-');
+                printf("%02x", ((uint8_t*) seed)[i]);
+        }
+
+        printf("/%llx-%llx\n", (unsigned long long) n, (unsigned long long) arg_interval);
+
+        if (on_tty()) {
+                char tsb[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX], *hn;
+
+                fprintf(stderr,
+                        "%s\n"
+                        "The sealing key is automatically changed every %s.\n",
+                        ansi_normal(),
+                        format_timespan(tsb, sizeof(tsb), arg_interval, 0));
+
+                hn = gethostname_malloc();
+
+                if (hn) {
+                        hostname_cleanup(hn);
+                        fprintf(stderr, "\nThe keys have been generated for host %s/" SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR ".\n", hn, SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(machine));
+                } else
+                        fprintf(stderr, "\nThe keys have been generated for host " SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR ".\n", SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(machine));
+
+#ifdef HAVE_QRENCODE
+                /* If this is not an UTF-8 system don't print any QR codes */
+                if (is_locale_utf8()) {
+                        fputs("\nTo transfer the verification key to your phone please scan the QR code below:\n\n", stderr);
+                        print_qr_code(stderr, seed, seed_size, n, arg_interval, hn, machine);
+                }
+#endif
+                free(hn);
+        }
+
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        safe_close(fd);
+
+        if (k) {
+                unlink(k);
+                free(k);
+        }
+
+        free(p);
+
+        return r;
+#else
+        log_error("Forward-secure sealing not available.");
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+#endif
+}
+
+static int verify(sd_journal *j) {
+        int r = 0;
+        Iterator i;
+        JournalFile *f;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        log_show_color(true);
+
+        ORDERED_HASHMAP_FOREACH(f, j->files, i) {
+                int k;
+                usec_t first = 0, validated = 0, last = 0;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GCRYPT
+                if (!arg_verify_key && JOURNAL_HEADER_SEALED(f->header))
+                        log_notice("Journal file %s has sealing enabled but verification key has not been passed using --verify-key=.", f->path);
+#endif
+
+                k = journal_file_verify(f, arg_verify_key, &first, &validated, &last, true);
+                if (k == -EINVAL) {
+                        /* If the key was invalid give up right-away. */
+                        return k;
+                } else if (k < 0) {
+                        log_warning_errno(k, "FAIL: %s (%m)", f->path);
+                        r = k;
+                } else {
+                        char a[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX], b[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX], c[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+                        log_info("PASS: %s", f->path);
+
+                        if (arg_verify_key && JOURNAL_HEADER_SEALED(f->header)) {
+                                if (validated > 0) {
+                                        log_info("=> Validated from %s to %s, final %s entries not sealed.",
+                                                 format_timestamp_maybe_utc(a, sizeof(a), first),
+                                                 format_timestamp_maybe_utc(b, sizeof(b), validated),
+                                                 format_timespan(c, sizeof(c), last > validated ? last - validated : 0, 0));
+                                } else if (last > 0)
+                                        log_info("=> No sealing yet, %s of entries not sealed.",
+                                                 format_timespan(c, sizeof(c), last - first, 0));
+                                else
+                                        log_info("=> No sealing yet, no entries in file.");
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int access_check_var_log_journal(sd_journal *j) {
+#ifdef HAVE_ACL
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **g = NULL;
+        const char* dir;
+#endif
+        int r;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        if (arg_quiet)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* If we are root, we should have access, don't warn. */
+        if (getuid() == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* If we are in the 'systemd-journal' group, we should have
+         * access too. */
+        r = in_group("systemd-journal");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to check if we are in the 'systemd-journal' group: %m");
+        if (r > 0)
+                return 0;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ACL
+        if (laccess("/run/log/journal", F_OK) >= 0)
+                dir = "/run/log/journal";
+        else
+                dir = "/var/log/journal";
+
+        /* If we are in any of the groups listed in the journal ACLs,
+         * then all is good, too. Let's enumerate all groups from the
+         * default ACL of the directory, which generally should allow
+         * access to most journal files too. */
+        r = acl_search_groups(dir, &g);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to search journal ACL: %m");
+        if (r > 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Print a pretty list, if there were ACLs set. */
+        if (!strv_isempty(g)) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+
+                /* Thre are groups in the ACL, let's list them */
+                r = strv_extend(&g, "systemd-journal");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                strv_sort(g);
+                strv_uniq(g);
+
+                s = strv_join(g, "', '");
+                if (!s)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                log_notice("Hint: You are currently not seeing messages from other users and the system.\n"
+                           "      Users in groups '%s' can see all messages.\n"
+                           "      Pass -q to turn off this notice.", s);
+                return 1;
+        }
+#endif
+
+        /* If no ACLs were found, print a short version of the message. */
+        log_notice("Hint: You are currently not seeing messages from other users and the system.\n"
+                   "      Users in the 'systemd-journal' group can see all messages. Pass -q to\n"
+                   "      turn off this notice.");
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int access_check(sd_journal *j) {
+        Iterator it;
+        void *code;
+        char *path;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        if (hashmap_isempty(j->errors)) {
+                if (ordered_hashmap_isempty(j->files))
+                        log_notice("No journal files were found.");
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (hashmap_contains(j->errors, INT_TO_PTR(-EACCES))) {
+                (void) access_check_var_log_journal(j);
+
+                if (ordered_hashmap_isempty(j->files))
+                        r = log_error_errno(EACCES, "No journal files were opened due to insufficient permissions.");
+        }
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(path, code, j->errors, it) {
+                int err;
+
+                err = abs(PTR_TO_INT(code));
+
+                switch (err) {
+                case EACCES:
+                        continue;
+
+                case ENODATA:
+                        log_warning_errno(err, "Journal file %s is truncated, ignoring file.", path);
+                        break;
+
+                case EPROTONOSUPPORT:
+                        log_warning_errno(err, "Journal file %s uses an unsupported feature, ignoring file.", path);
+                        break;
+
+                case EBADMSG:
+                        log_warning_errno(err, "Journal file %s corrupted, ignoring file.", path);
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        log_warning_errno(err, "An error was encountered while opening journal file or directory %s, ignoring file: %m", path);
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int flush_to_var(void) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int watch_fd = -1;
+        int r;
+
+        if (arg_machine) {
+                log_error("--flush is not supported in conjunction with --machine=.");
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+        }
+
+        /* Quick exit */
+        if (access("/run/systemd/journal/flushed", F_OK) >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* OK, let's actually do the full logic, send SIGUSR1 to the
+         * daemon and set up inotify to wait for the flushed file to appear */
+        r = bus_connect_system_systemd(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get D-Bus connection: %m");
+
+        r = sd_bus_call_method(
+                        bus,
+                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
+                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
+                        "KillUnit",
+                        &error,
+                        NULL,
+                        "ssi", "systemd-journald.service", "main", SIGUSR1);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to kill journal service: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        mkdir_p("/run/systemd/journal", 0755);
+
+        watch_fd = inotify_init1(IN_NONBLOCK|IN_CLOEXEC);
+        if (watch_fd < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create inotify watch: %m");
+
+        r = inotify_add_watch(watch_fd, "/run/systemd/journal", IN_CREATE|IN_DONT_FOLLOW|IN_ONLYDIR);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to watch journal directory: %m");
+
+        for (;;) {
+                if (access("/run/systemd/journal/flushed", F_OK) >= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (errno != ENOENT)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to check for existence of /run/systemd/journal/flushed: %m");
+
+                r = fd_wait_for_event(watch_fd, POLLIN, USEC_INFINITY);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to wait for event: %m");
+
+                r = flush_fd(watch_fd);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to flush inotify events: %m");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int send_signal_and_wait(int sig, const char *watch_path) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int watch_fd = -1;
+        usec_t start;
+        int r;
+
+        if (arg_machine) {
+                log_error("--sync and --rotate are not supported in conjunction with --machine=.");
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+        }
+
+        start = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+        /* This call sends the specified signal to journald, and waits
+         * for acknowledgment by watching the mtime of the specified
+         * flag file. This is used to trigger syncing or rotation and
+         * then wait for the operation to complete. */
+
+        for (;;) {
+                usec_t tstamp;
+
+                /* See if a sync happened by now. */
+                r = read_timestamp_file(watch_path, &tstamp);
+                if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read %s: %m", watch_path);
+                if (r >= 0 && tstamp >= start)
+                        return 0;
+
+                /* Let's ask for a sync, but only once. */
+                if (!bus) {
+                        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+
+                        r = bus_connect_system_systemd(&bus);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get D-Bus connection: %m");
+
+                        r = sd_bus_call_method(
+                                        bus,
+                                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
+                                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
+                                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
+                                        "KillUnit",
+                                        &error,
+                                        NULL,
+                                        "ssi", "systemd-journald.service", "main", sig);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to kill journal service: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* Let's install the inotify watch, if we didn't do that yet. */
+                if (watch_fd < 0) {
+
+                        mkdir_p("/run/systemd/journal", 0755);
+
+                        watch_fd = inotify_init1(IN_NONBLOCK|IN_CLOEXEC);
+                        if (watch_fd < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create inotify watch: %m");
+
+                        r = inotify_add_watch(watch_fd, "/run/systemd/journal", IN_MOVED_TO|IN_DONT_FOLLOW|IN_ONLYDIR);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to watch journal directory: %m");
+
+                        /* Recheck the flag file immediately, so that we don't miss any event since the last check. */
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* OK, all preparatory steps done, let's wait until
+                 * inotify reports an event. */
+
+                r = fd_wait_for_event(watch_fd, POLLIN, USEC_INFINITY);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to wait for event: %m");
+
+                r = flush_fd(watch_fd);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to flush inotify events: %m");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int rotate(void) {
+        return send_signal_and_wait(SIGUSR2, "/run/systemd/journal/rotated");
+}
+
+static int sync_journal(void) {
+        return send_signal_and_wait(SIGRTMIN+1, "/run/systemd/journal/synced");
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_(sd_journal_closep) sd_journal *j = NULL;
+        bool need_seek = false;
+        sd_id128_t previous_boot_id;
+        bool previous_boot_id_valid = false, first_line = true;
+        int n_shown = 0;
+        bool ellipsized = false;
+
+        setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_open();
+
+        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        signal(SIGWINCH, columns_lines_cache_reset);
+        sigbus_install();
+
+        /* Increase max number of open files to 16K if we can, we
+         * might needs this when browsing journal files, which might
+         * be split up into many files. */
+        setrlimit_closest(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &RLIMIT_MAKE_CONST(16384));
+
+        switch (arg_action) {
+
+        case ACTION_NEW_ID128:
+                r = generate_new_id128();
+                goto finish;
+
+        case ACTION_SETUP_KEYS:
+                r = setup_keys();
+                goto finish;
+
+        case ACTION_LIST_CATALOG:
+        case ACTION_DUMP_CATALOG:
+        case ACTION_UPDATE_CATALOG: {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *database;
+
+                database = path_join(arg_root, CATALOG_DATABASE, NULL);
+                if (!database) {
+                        r = log_oom();
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (arg_action == ACTION_UPDATE_CATALOG) {
+                        r = catalog_update(database, arg_root, catalog_file_dirs);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to list catalog: %m");
+                } else {
+                        bool oneline = arg_action == ACTION_LIST_CATALOG;
+
+                        pager_open(arg_no_pager, arg_pager_end);
+
+                        if (optind < argc)
+                                r = catalog_list_items(stdout, database, oneline, argv + optind);
+                        else
+                                r = catalog_list(stdout, database, oneline);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to list catalog: %m");
+                }
+
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        case ACTION_FLUSH:
+                r = flush_to_var();
+                goto finish;
+
+        case ACTION_SYNC:
+                r = sync_journal();
+                goto finish;
+
+        case ACTION_ROTATE:
+                r = rotate();
+                goto finish;
+
+        case ACTION_SHOW:
+        case ACTION_PRINT_HEADER:
+        case ACTION_VERIFY:
+        case ACTION_DISK_USAGE:
+        case ACTION_LIST_BOOTS:
+        case ACTION_VACUUM:
+        case ACTION_LIST_FIELDS:
+        case ACTION_LIST_FIELD_NAMES:
+                /* These ones require access to the journal files, continue below. */
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown action");
+        }
+
+        if (arg_directory)
+                r = sd_journal_open_directory(&j, arg_directory, arg_journal_type);
+        else if (arg_root)
+                r = sd_journal_open_directory(&j, arg_root, arg_journal_type | SD_JOURNAL_OS_ROOT);
+        else if (arg_file_stdin) {
+                int ifd = STDIN_FILENO;
+                r = sd_journal_open_files_fd(&j, &ifd, 1, 0);
+        } else if (arg_file)
+                r = sd_journal_open_files(&j, (const char**) arg_file, 0);
+        else if (arg_machine) {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_flush_close_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+                int fd;
+
+                if (geteuid() != 0) {
+                        /* The file descriptor returned by OpenMachineRootDirectory() will be owned by users/groups of
+                         * the container, thus we need root privileges to override them. */
+                        log_error("Using the --machine= switch requires root privileges.");
+                        r = -EPERM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_open_system(&bus);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open system bus: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_call_method(
+                                bus,
+                                "org.freedesktop.machine1",
+                                "/org/freedesktop/machine1",
+                                "org.freedesktop.machine1.Manager",
+                                "OpenMachineRootDirectory",
+                                &error,
+                                &reply,
+                                "s", arg_machine);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open root directory: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "h", &fd);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        bus_log_parse_error(r);
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                fd = fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 3);
+                if (fd < 0) {
+                        r = log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to duplicate file descriptor: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_journal_open_directory_fd(&j, fd, SD_JOURNAL_OS_ROOT);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        safe_close(fd);
+        } else
+                r = sd_journal_open(&j, !arg_merge*SD_JOURNAL_LOCAL_ONLY + arg_journal_type);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open %s: %m", arg_directory ?: arg_file ? "files" : "journal");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = access_check(j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        switch (arg_action) {
+
+        case ACTION_NEW_ID128:
+        case ACTION_SETUP_KEYS:
+        case ACTION_LIST_CATALOG:
+        case ACTION_DUMP_CATALOG:
+        case ACTION_UPDATE_CATALOG:
+        case ACTION_FLUSH:
+        case ACTION_SYNC:
+        case ACTION_ROTATE:
+                assert_not_reached("Unexpected action.");
+
+        case ACTION_PRINT_HEADER:
+                journal_print_header(j);
+                r = 0;
+                goto finish;
+
+        case ACTION_VERIFY:
+                r = verify(j);
+                goto finish;
+
+        case ACTION_DISK_USAGE: {
+                uint64_t bytes = 0;
+                char sbytes[FORMAT_BYTES_MAX];
+
+                r = sd_journal_get_usage(j, &bytes);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                printf("Archived and active journals take up %s in the file system.\n",
+                       format_bytes(sbytes, sizeof(sbytes), bytes));
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        case ACTION_LIST_BOOTS:
+                r = list_boots(j);
+                goto finish;
+
+        case ACTION_VACUUM: {
+                Directory *d;
+                Iterator i;
+
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH(d, j->directories_by_path, i) {
+                        int q;
+
+                        if (d->is_root)
+                                continue;
+
+                        q = journal_directory_vacuum(d->path, arg_vacuum_size, arg_vacuum_n_files, arg_vacuum_time, NULL, true);
+                        if (q < 0) {
+                                log_error_errno(q, "Failed to vacuum %s: %m", d->path);
+                                r = q;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        case ACTION_LIST_FIELD_NAMES: {
+                const char *field;
+
+                SD_JOURNAL_FOREACH_FIELD(j, field) {
+                        printf("%s\n", field);
+                        n_shown++;
+                }
+
+                r = 0;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        case ACTION_SHOW:
+        case ACTION_LIST_FIELDS:
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown action");
+        }
+
+        if (arg_boot_offset != 0 &&
+            sd_journal_has_runtime_files(j) > 0 &&
+            sd_journal_has_persistent_files(j) == 0) {
+                log_info("Specifying boot ID has no effect, no persistent journal was found");
+                r = 0;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+        /* add_boot() must be called first!
+         * It may need to seek the journal to find parent boot IDs. */
+        r = add_boot(j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = add_dmesg(j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = add_units(j);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add filter for units: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = add_syslog_identifier(j);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add filter for syslog identifiers: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = add_priorities(j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = add_matches(j, argv + optind);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        if (_unlikely_(log_get_max_level() >= LOG_DEBUG)) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *filter;
+
+                filter = journal_make_match_string(j);
+                if (!filter)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                log_debug("Journal filter: %s", filter);
+        }
+
+        if (arg_action == ACTION_LIST_FIELDS) {
+                const void *data;
+                size_t size;
+
+                assert(arg_field);
+
+                r = sd_journal_set_data_threshold(j, 0);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to unset data size threshold: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_journal_query_unique(j, arg_field);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to query unique data objects: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                SD_JOURNAL_FOREACH_UNIQUE(j, data, size) {
+                        const void *eq;
+
+                        if (arg_lines >= 0 && n_shown >= arg_lines)
+                                break;
+
+                        eq = memchr(data, '=', size);
+                        if (eq)
+                                printf("%.*s\n", (int) (size - ((const uint8_t*) eq - (const uint8_t*) data + 1)), (const char*) eq + 1);
+                        else
+                                printf("%.*s\n", (int) size, (const char*) data);
+
+                        n_shown++;
+                }
+
+                r = 0;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        /* Opening the fd now means the first sd_journal_wait() will actually wait */
+        if (arg_follow) {
+                r = sd_journal_get_fd(j);
+                if (r == -EMEDIUMTYPE) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "The --follow switch is not supported in conjunction with reading from STDIN.");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get journal fd: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (arg_cursor || arg_after_cursor) {
+                r = sd_journal_seek_cursor(j, arg_cursor ?: arg_after_cursor);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to seek to cursor: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (!arg_reverse)
+                        r = sd_journal_next_skip(j, 1 + !!arg_after_cursor);
+                else
+                        r = sd_journal_previous_skip(j, 1 + !!arg_after_cursor);
+
+                if (arg_after_cursor && r < 2) {
+                        /* We couldn't find the next entry after the cursor. */
+                        if (arg_follow)
+                                need_seek = true;
+                        else
+                                arg_lines = 0;
+                }
+
+        } else if (arg_since_set && !arg_reverse) {
+                r = sd_journal_seek_realtime_usec(j, arg_since);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to seek to date: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+                r = sd_journal_next(j);
+
+        } else if (arg_until_set && arg_reverse) {
+                r = sd_journal_seek_realtime_usec(j, arg_until);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to seek to date: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+                r = sd_journal_previous(j);
+
+        } else if (arg_lines >= 0) {
+                r = sd_journal_seek_tail(j);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to seek to tail: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_journal_previous_skip(j, arg_lines);
+
+        } else if (arg_reverse) {
+                r = sd_journal_seek_tail(j);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to seek to tail: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_journal_previous(j);
+
+        } else {
+                r = sd_journal_seek_head(j);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to seek to head: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_journal_next(j);
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to iterate through journal: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+        if (r == 0) {
+                if (arg_follow)
+                        need_seek = true;
+                else {
+                        if (!arg_quiet)
+                                printf("-- No entries --\n");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!arg_follow)
+                pager_open(arg_no_pager, arg_pager_end);
+
+        if (!arg_quiet) {
+                usec_t start, end;
+                char start_buf[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX], end_buf[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+
+                r = sd_journal_get_cutoff_realtime_usec(j, &start, &end);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get cutoff: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        if (arg_follow)
+                                printf("-- Logs begin at %s. --\n",
+                                       format_timestamp_maybe_utc(start_buf, sizeof(start_buf), start));
+                        else
+                                printf("-- Logs begin at %s, end at %s. --\n",
+                                       format_timestamp_maybe_utc(start_buf, sizeof(start_buf), start),
+                                       format_timestamp_maybe_utc(end_buf, sizeof(end_buf), end));
+                }
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                while (arg_lines < 0 || n_shown < arg_lines || (arg_follow && !first_line)) {
+                        int flags;
+
+                        if (need_seek) {
+                                if (!arg_reverse)
+                                        r = sd_journal_next(j);
+                                else
+                                        r = sd_journal_previous(j);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to iterate through journal: %m");
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (arg_until_set && !arg_reverse) {
+                                usec_t usec;
+
+                                r = sd_journal_get_realtime_usec(j, &usec);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine timestamp: %m");
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+                                if (usec > arg_until)
+                                        goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                        if (arg_since_set && arg_reverse) {
+                                usec_t usec;
+
+                                r = sd_journal_get_realtime_usec(j, &usec);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine timestamp: %m");
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+                                if (usec < arg_since)
+                                        goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!arg_merge && !arg_quiet) {
+                                sd_id128_t boot_id;
+
+                                r = sd_journal_get_monotonic_usec(j, NULL, &boot_id);
+                                if (r >= 0) {
+                                        if (previous_boot_id_valid &&
+                                            !sd_id128_equal(boot_id, previous_boot_id))
+                                                printf("%s-- Reboot --%s\n",
+                                                       ansi_highlight(), ansi_normal());
+
+                                        previous_boot_id = boot_id;
+                                        previous_boot_id_valid = true;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        flags =
+                                arg_all * OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL |
+                                arg_full * OUTPUT_FULL_WIDTH |
+                                colors_enabled() * OUTPUT_COLOR |
+                                arg_catalog * OUTPUT_CATALOG |
+                                arg_utc * OUTPUT_UTC |
+                                arg_no_hostname * OUTPUT_NO_HOSTNAME;
+
+                        r = output_journal(stdout, j, arg_output, 0, flags, &ellipsized);
+                        need_seek = true;
+                        if (r == -EADDRNOTAVAIL)
+                                break;
+                        else if (r < 0 || ferror(stdout))
+                                goto finish;
+
+                        n_shown++;
+                }
+
+                if (!arg_follow) {
+                        if (arg_show_cursor) {
+                                _cleanup_free_ char *cursor = NULL;
+
+                                r = sd_journal_get_cursor(j, &cursor);
+                                if (r < 0 && r != -EADDRNOTAVAIL)
+                                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get cursor: %m");
+                                else if (r >= 0)
+                                        printf("-- cursor: %s\n", cursor);
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_journal_wait(j, (uint64_t) -1);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Couldn't wait for journal event: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                first_line = false;
+        }
+
+finish:
+        pager_close();
+
+        strv_free(arg_file);
+
+        strv_free(arg_syslog_identifier);
+        strv_free(arg_system_units);
+        strv_free(arg_user_units);
+
+        free(arg_root);
+
+        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journalctl.completion.bash b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journalctl.completion.bash
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a999a10df1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journalctl.completion.bash
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+# journalctl(1) completion                                -*- shell-script -*-
+#
+# This file is part of systemd.
+#
+# Copyright 2010 Ran Benita
+#
+# systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+# General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+# along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+__contains_word () {
+        local w word=$1; shift
+        for w in "$@"; do
+                [[ $w = "$word" ]] && return
+        done
+}
+
+__get_machines() {
+        local a b
+        (machinectl list-images --no-legend --no-pager; machinectl list --no-legend --no-pager; echo ".host") | \
+		{ while read a b; do echo " $a"; done; } | sort -u;
+}
+
+__syslog_priorities=(emerg alert crit err warning notice info debug)
+
+_journalctl() {
+        local field_vals= cur=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]} prev=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}
+        local -A OPTS=(
+                [STANDALONE]='-a --all --full --system --user
+                              --disk-usage -f --follow --header
+                              -h --help -l --local --new-id128 -m --merge --no-pager
+                              --no-tail -q --quiet --setup-keys --this-boot --verify
+                              --version --list-catalog --update-catalog --list-boots
+                              --show-cursor --dmesg -k --pager-end -e -r --reverse
+                              --utc -x --catalog --no-full --force --dump-catalog
+                              --flush --rotate --sync'
+                       [ARG]='-b --boot --this-boot -D --directory --file -F --field
+                              -M --machine -o --output -u --unit --user-unit -p --priority
+                              --vacuum-size --vacuum-time'
+                [ARGUNKNOWN]='-c --cursor --interval -n --lines -S --since -U --until
+                              --after-cursor --verify-key -t --identifier
+                              --root'
+        )
+
+        if __contains_word "$prev" ${OPTS[ARG]} ${OPTS[ARGUNKNOWN]}; then
+                case $prev in
+                        --boot|--this-boot|-b)
+                                comps=$(journalctl -F '_BOOT_ID' 2>/dev/null)
+                        ;;
+                        --directory|-D)
+                                comps=$(compgen -d -- "$cur")
+                                compopt -o filenames
+                        ;;
+                        --file)
+                                comps=$(compgen -f -- "$cur")
+                                compopt -o filenames
+                        ;;
+                        --output|-o)
+                                comps='short short-full short-iso short-precise short-monotonic short-unix verbose export json json-pretty json-sse cat'
+                        ;;
+                        --field|-F)
+                                comps=$(journalctl --fields | sort 2>/dev/null)
+			;;
+                        --machine|-M)
+                                comps=$( __get_machines )
+                        ;;
+                        --priority|-p)
+                                comps=${__syslog_priorities[*]}
+                        ;;
+                        --unit|-u)
+                                comps=$(journalctl -F '_SYSTEMD_UNIT' 2>/dev/null)
+                        ;;
+                        --user-unit)
+                                comps=$(journalctl -F '_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT' 2>/dev/null)
+                        ;;
+                        *)
+                                return 0
+                        ;;
+                esac
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W '$comps' -- "$cur") )
+                return 0
+        fi
+
+        if [[ $cur = -* ]]; then
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W '${OPTS[*]}' -- "$cur") )
+                return 0
+        elif [[ $cur = *=* ]]; then
+                mapfile -t field_vals < <(journalctl -F "${prev%=}" 2>/dev/null)
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W '${field_vals[*]}' -- "${cur#=}") )
+        elif [[ $cur = /dev* ]]; then
+                compopt -o filenames
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -f -- "${cur}") )
+        elif [[ $cur = /* ]]; then
+                # Append /dev/ to the list of completions, so that
+                # after typing /<TAB><TAB> the user sees /dev/ as one
+                # of the alternatives. Later on the rule above will
+                # take care of showing device files in /dev/.
+                mapfile -t field_vals < <(journalctl -F "_EXE" 2>/dev/null; echo '/dev/')
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W '${field_vals[*]}' -- "${cur}") )
+                if [[ "${COMPREPLY[@]}" = '/dev/' ]]; then
+                    compopt -o filenames
+                    COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -f -- "${cur}") )
+                fi
+        elif [[ $prev = '=' ]]; then
+                mapfile -t field_vals < <(journalctl -F "${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-2]}" 2>/dev/null)
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W '${field_vals[*]}' -- "$cur") )
+        else
+                mapfile -t field_vals < <(journalctl --fields 2>/dev/null)
+                compopt -o nospace
+                COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W '${field_vals[*]}' -S= -- "$cur") )
+        fi
+}
+
+complete -F _journalctl journalctl
diff --git a/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journalctl.completion.zsh b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journalctl.completion.zsh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef67fcf2a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journalctl.completion.zsh
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+#compdef journalctl
+
+_list_fields() {
+    local -a journal_fields
+    journal_fields=(MESSAGE{,_ID} PRIORITY CODE_{FILE,LINE,FUNC}
+                    ERRNO SYSLOG_{FACILITY,IDENTIFIER,PID}
+                    _{P,U,G}ID _COMM _EXE _CMDLINE
+                    _AUDIT_{SESSION,LOGINUID}
+                    _SYSTEMD_{CGROUP,SESSION,UNIT,OWNER_UID}
+                    _SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT USER_UNIT
+                    _SELINUX_CONTEXT _SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP
+                    _{BOOT,MACHINE}_ID _HOSTNAME _TRANSPORT
+                    _KERNEL_{DEVICE,SUBSYSTEM}
+                    _UDEV_{SYSNAME,DEVNODE,DEVLINK}
+                    __CURSOR __{REALTIME,MONOTONIC}_TIMESTAMP)
+    case $_jrnl_none in
+        yes) _values -s '=' 'possible fields' \
+                "${journal_fields[@]}:value:_journal_fields ${words[CURRENT]%%=*}" ;;
+        *)  _describe 'possible fields' journal_fields ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+_journal_none() {
+    local -a _commands _files _jrnl_none
+    # Setting use-cache will slow this down considerably
+    _commands=( ${"$(_call_program commands "$service $_sys_service_mgr -F _EXE" 2>/dev/null)"} )
+    _jrnl_none='yes'
+    _alternative : \
+        'files:/dev files:_files -W /dev -P /dev/' \
+        "commands:commands:($_commands[@])" \
+        'fields:fields:_list_fields'
+}
+
+_journal_fields() {
+    local -a _fields cmd
+    cmd=("journalctl $_sys_service_mgr" "-F ${@[-1]}" "2>/dev/null" )
+    _fields=$(_call_program fields $cmd[@])
+    _fields=${_fields//'\'/'\\'}
+    _fields=${_fields//':'/'\:'}
+    _fields=( ${(f)_fields} )
+    typeset -U _fields
+    _describe 'possible values' _fields
+}
+
+_journal_boots() {
+  local -a _bootid _previousboots
+  _bootid=( ${(f)"$(_call_program bootid "$service -F _BOOT_ID")"}  )
+  _previousboots=( -{1..${#_bootid}} )
+  _alternative : \
+    "offsets:boot offsets:compadd -a '_previousboots[1,-2]'" \
+    "bootid:boot ids:compadd -a _bootid"
+}
+
+# Build arguments for "journalctl" to be used in completion.
+# Use both --user and --system modes, they are not exclusive.
+local -a _modes; _modes=(--user --system)
+local -a _modes_with_arg; _modes_with_arg=(--directory -D --file -M --machine --root)
+typeset -a _sys_service_mgr
+local w k v i=0 n=$#words
+while (( i++ < n )); do
+    w=$words[$i]
+    if (( $_modes[(I)$w] )); then
+        _sys_service_mgr+=($w)
+    else
+        # Handle options with arguments. "--key=value" and "--key value".
+        k=${w%%=*}
+        if (( ${_modes_with_arg[(I)$k]} )); then
+            v=${w#*=}
+            if [[ "$k" != "$w" ]]; then
+                # "--key=value" style.
+                _sys_service_mgr+=($w)
+            else
+                # "--key value" style.
+                _sys_service_mgr+=($w ${words[((++i))]})
+            fi
+        fi
+    fi
+done
+_arguments -s \
+    {-h,--help}'[Show this help]' \
+    '--version[Show package version]' \
+    '--no-pager[Do not pipe output into a pager]' \
+    {-l,--full}'[Show long fields in full]' \
+    {-a,--all}'[Show all fields, including long and unprintable]' \
+    {-f,--follow}'[Follow journal]' \
+    {-e,--pager-end}'[Jump to the end of the journal in the pager]' \
+    {-n+,--lines=}'[Number of journal entries to show]:integer' \
+    '--no-tail[Show all lines, even in follow mode]' \
+    {-r,--reverse}'[Reverse output]' \
+    {-o+,--output=}'[Change journal output mode]:output modes:_sd_outputmodes' \
+    {-x,--catalog}'[Show explanatory texts with each log line]' \
+    {-q,--quiet}"[Don't show privilege warning]" \
+    {-m,--merge}'[Show entries from all available journals]' \
+    {-b+,--boot=}'[Show data only from the specified boot or offset]::boot id or offset:_journal_boots' \
+    '--list-boots[List boots ordered by time]' \
+    {-k,--dmesg}'[Show only kernel messages from the current boot]' \
+    {-u+,--unit=}'[Show data only from the specified unit]:units:_journal_fields _SYSTEMD_UNIT' \
+    '--user-unit=[Show data only from the specified user session unit]:units:_journal_fields USER_UNIT' \
+    {-p+,--priority=}'[Show only messages within the specified priority range]:priority:_journal_fields PRIORITY' \
+    {-t+,--identifier=}'[Show only messages with the specified syslog identifier]:identifier:_journal_fields SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER' \
+    {-c+,--cursor=}'[Start showing entries from the specified cursor]:cursors:_journal_fields __CURSORS' \
+    '--after-cursor=[Start showing entries from after the specified cursor]:cursors:_journal_fields __CURSORS' \
+    '--since=[Start showing entries on or newer than the specified date]:YYYY-MM-DD HH\:MM\:SS' \
+    '--until=[Stop showing entries on or older than the specified date]:YYYY-MM-DD HH\:MM\:SS' \
+    {-F,--field=}'[List all values a certain field takes]:Fields:_list_fields' \
+    '--system[Show system and kernel messages]' \
+    '--user[Show messages from user services]' \
+    '(--directory -D -M --machine --root --file)'{-M+,--machine=}'[Operate on local container]:machines:_sd_machines' \
+    '(--directory -D -M --machine --root --file)'{-D+,--directory=}'[Show journal files from directory]:directories:_directories' \
+    '(--directory -D -M --machine --root --file)''--root=[Operate on catalog hierarchy under specified directory]:directories:_directories' \
+    '(--directory -D -M --machine --root)--file=[Operate on specified journal files]:file:_files' \
+    '--new-id128[Generate a new 128 Bit ID]' \
+    '--header[Show journal header information]' \
+    '--disk-usage[Show total disk usage]' \
+    '--list-catalog[List messages in catalog]' \
+    '--dump-catalog[Dump messages in catalog]' \
+    '--update-catalog[Update binary catalog database]' \
+    '--setup-keys[Generate a new FSS key pair]' \
+    '--force[Force recreation of the FSS keys]' \
+    '--interval=[Time interval for changing the FSS sealing key]:time interval' \
+    '--verify[Verify journal file consistency]' \
+    '--verify-key=[Specify FSS verification key]:FSS key' \
+    '*::default: _journal_none'
diff --git a/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journalctl.xml b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journalctl.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..63b4a267b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/journalctl.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,929 @@
+<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
+        "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
+
+<!--
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+-->
+
+  <refentry id="journalctl"
+            xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+
+    <refentryinfo>
+      <title>journalctl</title>
+      <productname>systemd</productname>
+
+      <authorgroup>
+        <author>
+          <contrib>Developer</contrib>
+          <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
+          <surname>Poettering</surname>
+          <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
+        </author>
+      </authorgroup>
+    </refentryinfo>
+
+    <refmeta>
+      <refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle>
+      <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+    </refmeta>
+
+    <refnamediv>
+      <refname>journalctl</refname>
+      <refpurpose>Query the systemd journal</refpurpose>
+    </refnamediv>
+
+    <refsynopsisdiv>
+      <cmdsynopsis>
+        <command>journalctl</command>
+        <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+        <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">MATCHES</arg>
+      </cmdsynopsis>
+    </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+    <refsect1>
+      <title>Description</title>
+
+      <para><command>journalctl</command> may be used to query the
+      contents of the
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+      journal as written by
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
+
+      <para>If called without parameters, it will show the full
+      contents of the journal, starting with the oldest entry
+      collected.</para>
+
+      <para>If one or more match arguments are passed, the output is
+      filtered accordingly. A match is in the format
+      <literal>FIELD=VALUE</literal>,
+      e.g. <literal>_SYSTEMD_UNIT=httpd.service</literal>, referring
+      to the components of a structured journal entry. See
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.journal-fields</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+      for a list of well-known fields. If multiple matches are
+      specified matching different fields, the log entries are
+      filtered by both, i.e. the resulting output will show only
+      entries matching all the specified matches of this kind. If two
+      matches apply to the same field, then they are automatically
+      matched as alternatives, i.e. the resulting output will show
+      entries matching any of the specified matches for the same
+      field. Finally, the character <literal>+</literal> may appear
+      as a separate word between other terms on the command line. This
+      causes all matches before and after to be combined in a
+      disjunction (i.e. logical OR).</para>
+
+      <para>It is also possible to filter the entries by specifying an
+      absolute file path as an argument. The file path may be a file or
+      a symbolic link and the file must exist at the time of the query. If a
+      file path refers to an executable binary, an <literal>_EXE=</literal>
+      match for the canonicalized binary path is added to the query. If a
+      file path refers to an executable script, a <literal>_COMM=</literal>
+      match for the script name is added to the query. If a file path
+      refers to a device node, <literal>_KERNEL_DEVICE=</literal> matches for
+      the kernel name of the device and for each of its ancestor devices is
+      added to the query. Symbolic links are dereferenced, kernel names are
+      synthesized, and parent devices are identified from the environment at
+      the time of the query. In general, a device node is the best proxy for
+      an actual device, as log entries do not usually contain fields that
+      identify an actual device. For the resulting log entries to be correct
+      for the actual device, the relevant parts of the environment at the time
+      the entry was logged, in particular the actual device corresponding to
+      the device node, must have been the same as those at the time of the
+      query. Because device nodes generally change their corresponding devices
+      across reboots, specifying a device node path causes the resulting
+      entries to be restricted to those from the current boot.</para>
+
+      <para>Additional constraints may be added using options
+      <option>--boot</option>, <option>--unit=</option>, etc., to
+      further limit what entries will be shown (logical AND).</para>
+
+      <para>Output is interleaved from all accessible journal files,
+      whether they are rotated or currently being written, and
+      regardless of whether they belong to the system itself or are
+      accessible user journals.</para>
+
+      <para>The set of journal files which will be used can be
+      modified using the <option>--user</option>,
+      <option>--system</option>, <option>--directory</option>, and
+      <option>--file</option> options, see below.</para>
+
+      <para>All users are granted access to their private per-user
+      journals. However, by default, only root and users who are
+      members of a few special groups are granted access to the system
+      journal and the journals of other users. Members of the groups
+      <literal>systemd-journal</literal>, <literal>adm</literal>, and
+      <literal>wheel</literal> can read all journal files. Note
+      that the two latter groups traditionally have additional
+      privileges specified by the distribution. Members of the
+      <literal>wheel</literal> group can often perform administrative
+      tasks.</para>
+
+      <para>The output is paged through <command>less</command> by
+      default, and long lines are "truncated" to screen width. The
+      hidden part can be viewed by using the left-arrow and
+      right-arrow keys. Paging can be disabled; see the
+      <option>--no-pager</option> option and the "Environment" section
+      below.</para>
+
+      <para>When outputting to a tty, lines are colored according to
+      priority: lines of level ERROR and higher are colored red; lines
+      of level NOTICE and higher are highlighted; other lines are
+      displayed normally.</para>
+    </refsect1>
+
+    <refsect1>
+      <title>Options</title>
+
+      <para>The following options are understood:</para>
+
+      <variablelist>
+        <varlistentry>
+          <term><option>--no-full</option></term>
+          <term><option>--full</option></term>
+          <term><option>-l</option></term>
+
+          <listitem><para>Ellipsize fields when they do not fit in
+          available columns.  The default is to show full fields,
+          allowing them to wrap or be truncated by the pager, if one
+          is used.</para>
+
+          <para>The old options
+          <option>-l</option>/<option>--full</option> are not useful
+          anymore, except to undo <option>--no-full</option>.</para>
+          </listitem>
+        </varlistentry>
+
+        <varlistentry>
+          <term><option>-a</option></term>
+          <term><option>--all</option></term>
+
+          <listitem><para>Show all fields in full, even if they
+          include unprintable characters or are very
+          long.</para></listitem>
+        </varlistentry>
+
+        <varlistentry>
+          <term><option>-f</option></term>
+          <term><option>--follow</option></term>
+
+          <listitem><para>Show only the most recent journal entries,
+          and continuously print new entries as they are appended to
+          the journal.</para></listitem>
+        </varlistentry>
+
+        <varlistentry>
+          <term><option>-e</option></term>
+          <term><option>--pager-end</option></term>
+
+          <listitem><para>Immediately jump to the end of the journal
+          inside the implied pager tool. This implies
+          <option>-n1000</option> to guarantee that the pager will not
+          buffer logs of unbounded size. This may be overridden with
+          an explicit <option>-n</option> with some other numeric
+          value, while <option>-nall</option> will disable this cap.
+          Note that this option is only supported for the
+          <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+          pager.</para></listitem>
+        </varlistentry>
+
+        <varlistentry>
+          <term><option>-n</option></term>
+          <term><option>--lines=</option></term>
+
+          <listitem><para>Show the most recent journal events and
+          limit the number of events shown. If
+          <option>--follow</option> is used, this option is
+          implied. The argument is a positive integer or
+          <literal>all</literal> to disable line limiting. The default
+          value is 10 if no argument is given.</para></listitem>
+        </varlistentry>
+
+        <varlistentry>
+          <term><option>--no-tail</option></term>
+
+          <listitem><para>Show all stored output lines, even in follow
+          mode. Undoes the effect of <option>--lines=</option>.
+          </para></listitem>
+        </varlistentry>
+
+        <varlistentry>
+          <term><option>-r</option></term>
+          <term><option>--reverse</option></term>
+
+          <listitem><para>Reverse output so that the newest entries
+          are displayed first.</para></listitem>
+        </varlistentry>
+
+        <varlistentry>
+          <term><option>-o</option></term>
+          <term><option>--output=</option></term>
+
+          <listitem><para>Controls the formatting of the journal
+          entries that are shown. Takes one of the following
+          options:</para>
+          <variablelist>
+            <varlistentry>
+              <term>
+                <option>short</option>
+              </term>
+              <listitem>
+                <para>is the default and generates an output that is
+                mostly identical to the formatting of classic syslog
+                files, showing one line per journal entry.</para>
+              </listitem>
+            </varlistentry>
+
+            <varlistentry>
+              <term>
+                <option>short-full</option>
+              </term>
+              <listitem>
+                <para>is very similar, but shows timestamps in the format the <option>--since=</option> and
+                <option>--until=</option> options accept. Unlike the timestamp information shown in
+                <option>short</option> output mode this mode includes weekday, year and timezone information in the
+                output, and is locale-independent.</para>
+              </listitem>
+            </varlistentry>
+
+            <varlistentry>
+              <term>
+                <option>short-iso</option>
+              </term>
+              <listitem>
+                <para>is very similar, but shows ISO 8601 wallclock
+                timestamps.</para>
+              </listitem>
+            </varlistentry>
+
+            <varlistentry>
+              <term>
+                <option>short-precise</option>
+              </term>
+              <listitem>
+                <para>is very similar, but shows timestamps with full
+                microsecond precision.</para>
+              </listitem>
+            </varlistentry>
+
+            <varlistentry>
+              <term>
+                <option>short-monotonic</option>
+              </term>
+              <listitem>
+                <para>is very similar, but shows monotonic timestamps
+                instead of wallclock timestamps.</para>
+              </listitem>
+            </varlistentry>
+
+            <varlistentry>
+              <term>
+                <option>short-unix</option>
+              </term>
+              <listitem>
+                <para>is very similar, but shows seconds passed since January 1st 1970 UTC instead of wallclock
+                timestamps ("UNIX time"). The time is shown with microsecond accuracy.</para>
+              </listitem>
+            </varlistentry>
+
+            <varlistentry>
+              <term>
+                <option>verbose</option>
+              </term>
+              <listitem>
+                <para>shows the full-structured entry items with all
+                fields.</para>
+              </listitem>
+            </varlistentry>
+
+            <varlistentry>
+              <term>
+                <option>export</option>
+              </term>
+              <listitem>
+                <para>serializes the journal into a binary (but mostly
+                text-based) stream suitable for backups and network
+                transfer (see
+                <ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/export">Journal Export Format</ulink>
+                for more information).</para>
+              </listitem>
+            </varlistentry>
+
+            <varlistentry>
+              <term>
+                <option>json</option>
+              </term>
+              <listitem>
+                <para>formats entries as JSON data structures, one per
+                line (see
+                <ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/json">Journal JSON Format</ulink>
+                for more information).</para>
+              </listitem>
+            </varlistentry>
+
+            <varlistentry>
+              <term>
+                <option>json-pretty</option>
+              </term>
+              <listitem>
+                <para>formats entries as JSON data structures, but
+                formats them in multiple lines in order to make them
+                more readable by humans.</para>
+              </listitem>
+            </varlistentry>
+
+            <varlistentry>
+              <term>
+                <option>json-sse</option>
+              </term>
+              <listitem>
+                <para>formats entries as JSON data structures, but wraps
+                them in a format suitable for
+                <ulink url="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events">Server-Sent Events</ulink>.
+                </para>
+              </listitem>
+            </varlistentry>
+
+            <varlistentry>
+              <term>
+                <option>cat</option>
+              </term>
+              <listitem>
+                <para>generates a very terse output, only showing the
+                actual message of each journal entry with no metadata,
+                not even a timestamp.</para>
+              </listitem>
+            </varlistentry>
+          </variablelist>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--utc</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Express time in Coordinated Universal Time
+        (UTC).</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--no-hostname</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Don't show the hostname field of log messages originating from the local host. This switch only
+        has an effect on the <option>short</option> family of output modes (see above).</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-x</option></term>
+        <term><option>--catalog</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Augment log lines with explanation texts from
+        the message catalog. This will add explanatory help texts to
+        log messages in the output where this is available. These
+        short help texts will explain the context of an error or log
+        event, possible solutions, as well as pointers to support
+        forums, developer documentation, and any other relevant
+        manuals. Note that help texts are not available for all
+        messages, but only for selected ones. For more information on
+        the message catalog, please refer to the
+        <ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog">Message Catalog Developer Documentation</ulink>.</para>
+
+        <para>Note: when attaching <command>journalctl</command>
+        output to bug reports, please do <emphasis>not</emphasis> use
+        <option>-x</option>.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-q</option></term>
+        <term><option>--quiet</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Suppresses all info messages
+        (i.e. "-- Logs begin at ...", "-- Reboot --"),
+        any warning messages regarding
+        inaccessible system journals when run as a normal
+        user.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-m</option></term>
+        <term><option>--merge</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Show entries interleaved from all available
+        journals, including remote ones.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-b <optional><replaceable>ID</replaceable></optional><optional><replaceable>±offset</replaceable></optional></option></term>
+        <term><option>--boot=<optional><replaceable>ID</replaceable></optional><optional><replaceable>±offset</replaceable></optional></option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Show messages from a specific boot. This will
+        add a match for <literal>_BOOT_ID=</literal>.</para>
+
+        <para>The argument may be empty, in which case logs for the
+        current boot will be shown.</para>
+
+        <para>If the boot ID is omitted, a positive
+        <replaceable>offset</replaceable> will look up the boots
+        starting from the beginning of the journal, and an
+        equal-or-less-than zero <replaceable>offset</replaceable> will
+        look up boots starting from the end of the journal. Thus,
+        <constant>1</constant> means the first boot found in the
+        journal in chronological order, <constant>2</constant> the
+        second and so on; while <constant>-0</constant> is the last
+        boot, <constant>-1</constant> the boot before last, and so
+        on. An empty <replaceable>offset</replaceable> is equivalent
+        to specifying <constant>-0</constant>, except when the current
+        boot is not the last boot (e.g. because
+        <option>--directory</option> was specified to look at logs
+        from a different machine).</para>
+
+        <para>If the 32-character <replaceable>ID</replaceable> is
+        specified, it may optionally be followed by
+        <replaceable>offset</replaceable> which identifies the boot
+        relative to the one given by boot
+        <replaceable>ID</replaceable>. Negative values mean earlier
+        boots and positive values mean later boots. If
+        <replaceable>offset</replaceable> is not specified, a value of
+        zero is assumed, and the logs for the boot given by
+        <replaceable>ID</replaceable> are shown.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--list-boots</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Show a tabular list of boot numbers (relative to
+        the current boot), their IDs, and the timestamps of the first
+        and last message pertaining to the boot.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-k</option></term>
+        <term><option>--dmesg</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Show only kernel messages. This implies
+        <option>-b</option> and adds the match
+        <literal>_TRANSPORT=kernel</literal>.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-t</option></term>
+        <term><option>--identifier=<replaceable>SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER</replaceable></option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Show messages for the specified syslog
+        identifier
+        <replaceable>SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER</replaceable>.</para>
+
+        <para>This parameter can be specified multiple
+        times.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-u</option></term>
+        <term><option>--unit=<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>|<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable></option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Show messages for the specified systemd unit
+        <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> (such as a service unit), or
+        for any of the units matched by
+        <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>.  If a pattern is
+        specified, a list of unit names found in the journal is
+        compared with the specified pattern and all that match are
+        used. For each unit name, a match is added for messages from
+        the unit
+        (<literal>_SYSTEMD_UNIT=<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></literal>),
+        along with additional matches for messages from systemd and
+        messages about coredumps for the specified unit.</para>
+
+        <para>This parameter can be specified multiple times.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--user-unit=</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Show messages for the specified user session
+        unit. This will add a match for messages from the unit
+        (<literal>_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT=</literal> and
+        <literal>_UID=</literal>) and additional matches for messages
+        from session systemd and messages about coredumps for the
+        specified unit.</para>
+
+        <para>This parameter can be specified multiple times.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-p</option></term>
+        <term><option>--priority=</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Filter output by message priorities or
+        priority ranges. Takes either a single numeric or textual log
+        level (i.e. between 0/<literal>emerg</literal> and
+        7/<literal>debug</literal>), or a range of numeric/text log
+        levels in the form FROM..TO. The log levels are the usual
+        syslog log levels as documented in
+        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+        i.e. <literal>emerg</literal> (0),
+        <literal>alert</literal> (1), <literal>crit</literal> (2),
+        <literal>err</literal> (3), <literal>warning</literal> (4),
+        <literal>notice</literal> (5), <literal>info</literal> (6),
+        <literal>debug</literal> (7). If a single log level is
+        specified, all messages with this log level or a lower (hence
+        more important) log level are shown. If a range is specified,
+        all messages within the range are shown, including both the
+        start and the end value of the range. This will add
+        <literal>PRIORITY=</literal> matches for the specified
+        priorities.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-c</option></term>
+        <term><option>--cursor=</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Start showing entries from the location in the
+        journal specified by the passed cursor.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--after-cursor=</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Start showing entries from the location in the
+        journal <emphasis>after</emphasis> the location specified by
+        the passed cursor.  The cursor is shown when the
+        <option>--show-cursor</option> option is used.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--show-cursor</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>The cursor is shown after the last entry after
+        two dashes:</para>
+        <programlisting>-- cursor: s=0639...</programlisting>
+        <para>The format of the cursor is private
+        and subject to change.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-S</option></term>
+        <term><option>--since=</option></term>
+        <term><option>-U</option></term>
+        <term><option>--until=</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Start showing entries on or newer than the specified date, or on or older than the specified
+        date, respectively. Date specifications should be of the format <literal>2012-10-30 18:17:16</literal>.  If the
+        time part is omitted, <literal>00:00:00</literal> is assumed.  If only the seconds component is omitted,
+        <literal>:00</literal> is assumed. If the date component is omitted, the current day is assumed. Alternatively
+        the strings <literal>yesterday</literal>, <literal>today</literal>, <literal>tomorrow</literal> are understood,
+        which refer to 00:00:00 of the day before the current day, the current day, or the day after the current day,
+        respectively. <literal>now</literal> refers to the current time. Finally, relative times may be specified,
+        prefixed with <literal>-</literal> or <literal>+</literal>, referring to times before or after the current
+        time, respectively. For complete time and date specification, see
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Note that
+        <option>--output=short-full</option> prints timestamps that follow precisely this format.
+        </para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-F</option></term>
+        <term><option>--field=</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Print all possible data values the specified
+        field can take in all entries of the journal.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-N</option></term>
+        <term><option>--fields</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Print all field names currently used in all entries of the journal.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--system</option></term>
+        <term><option>--user</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Show messages from system services and the
+        kernel (with <option>--system</option>). Show messages from
+        service of current user (with <option>--user</option>).  If
+        neither is specified, show all messages that the user can see.
+        </para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-M</option></term>
+        <term><option>--machine=</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Show messages from a running, local
+        container. Specify a container name to connect to.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-D <replaceable>DIR</replaceable></option></term>
+        <term><option>--directory=<replaceable>DIR</replaceable></option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Takes a directory path as argument. If
+        specified, journalctl will operate on the specified journal
+        directory <replaceable>DIR</replaceable> instead of the
+        default runtime and system journal paths.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--file=<replaceable>GLOB</replaceable></option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Takes a file glob as an argument. If
+        specified, journalctl will operate on the specified journal
+        files matching <replaceable>GLOB</replaceable> instead of the
+        default runtime and system journal paths. May be specified
+        multiple times, in which case files will be suitably
+        interleaved.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--root=<replaceable>ROOT</replaceable></option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Takes a directory path as an argument. If
+        specified, journalctl will operate on journal directories and catalog file hierarchy
+        underneath the specified directory instead of the root
+        directory (e.g. <option>--update-catalog</option> will create
+        <filename><replaceable>ROOT</replaceable>/var/lib/systemd/catalog/database</filename>,
+        and journal files under <filename><replaceable>ROOT</replaceable>/run/journal</filename>
+        or <filename><replaceable>ROOT</replaceable>/var/log/journal</filename> will be displayed).
+        </para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--new-id128</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Instead of showing journal contents, generate
+        a new 128-bit ID suitable for identifying messages. This is
+        intended for usage by developers who need a new identifier for
+        a new message they introduce and want to make
+        recognizable. This will print the new ID in three different
+        formats which can be copied into source code or similar.
+        </para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--header</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Instead of showing journal contents, show
+        internal header information of the journal fields
+        accessed.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--disk-usage</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Shows the current disk usage of all journal
+        files. This shows the sum of the disk usage of all archived
+        and active journal files.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--vacuum-size=</option></term>
+        <term><option>--vacuum-time=</option></term>
+        <term><option>--vacuum-files=</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Removes archived journal files until the disk
+        space they use falls below the specified size (specified with
+        the usual <literal>K</literal>, <literal>M</literal>,
+        <literal>G</literal> and <literal>T</literal> suffixes), or all
+        archived journal files contain no data older than the specified
+        timespan (specified with the usual <literal>s</literal>,
+        <literal>m</literal>, <literal>h</literal>,
+        <literal>days</literal>, <literal>months</literal>,
+        <literal>weeks</literal> and <literal>years</literal> suffixes),
+        or no more than the specified number of separate journal files
+        remain. Note that running <option>--vacuum-size=</option> has
+        only an indirect effect on the output shown by
+        <option>--disk-usage</option>, as the latter includes active
+        journal files, while the vacuuming operation only operates
+        on archived journal files. Similarly,
+        <option>--vacuum-files=</option> might not actually reduce the
+        number of journal files to below the specified number, as it
+        will not remove active journal
+        files. <option>--vacuum-size=</option>,
+        <option>--vacuum-time=</option> and
+        <option>--vacuum-files=</option> may be combined in a single
+        invocation to enforce any combination of a size, a time and a
+        number of files limit on the archived journal
+        files. Specifying any of these three parameters as zero is
+        equivalent to not enforcing the specific limit, and is thus
+        redundant.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--list-catalog
+        <optional><replaceable>128-bit-ID...</replaceable></optional>
+        </option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>List the contents of the message catalog as a
+        table of message IDs, plus their short description strings.
+        </para>
+
+        <para>If any <replaceable>128-bit-ID</replaceable>s are
+        specified, only those entries are shown.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--dump-catalog
+        <optional><replaceable>128-bit-ID...</replaceable></optional>
+        </option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Show the contents of the message catalog, with
+        entries separated by a line consisting of two dashes and the
+        ID (the format is the same as <filename>.catalog</filename>
+        files).</para>
+
+        <para>If any <replaceable>128-bit-ID</replaceable>s are
+        specified, only those entries are shown.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--update-catalog</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Update the message catalog index. This command
+        needs to be executed each time new catalog files are
+        installed, removed, or updated to rebuild the binary catalog
+        index.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--setup-keys</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Instead of showing journal contents, generate
+        a new key pair for Forward Secure Sealing (FSS). This will
+        generate a sealing key and a verification key. The sealing key
+        is stored in the journal data directory and shall remain on
+        the host. The verification key should be stored
+        externally. Refer to the <option>Seal=</option> option in
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journald.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+        for information on Forward Secure Sealing and for a link to a
+        refereed scholarly paper detailing the cryptographic theory it
+        is based on.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--force</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>When <option>--setup-keys</option> is passed
+        and Forward Secure Sealing (FSS) has already been configured,
+        recreate FSS keys.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--interval=</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Specifies the change interval for the sealing
+        key when generating an FSS key pair with
+        <option>--setup-keys</option>. Shorter intervals increase CPU
+        consumption but shorten the time range of undetectable journal
+        alterations. Defaults to 15min.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--verify</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Check the journal file for internal
+        consistency. If the file has been generated with FSS enabled and
+        the FSS verification key has been specified with
+        <option>--verify-key=</option>, authenticity of the journal file
+        is verified.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--verify-key=</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Specifies the FSS verification key to use for
+        the <option>--verify</option> operation.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--sync</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Asks the journal daemon to write all yet
+        unwritten journal data to the backing file system and
+        synchronize all journals. This call does not return until the
+        synchronization operation is complete. This command guarantees
+        that any log messages written before its invocation are safely
+        stored on disk at the time it returns.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--flush</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Asks the journal daemon to flush any log data
+        stored in <filename>/run/log/journal</filename> into
+        <filename>/var/log/journal</filename>, if persistent storage
+        is enabled. This call does not return until the operation is
+        complete. Note that this call is idempotent: the data is only
+        flushed from <filename>/run/log/journal</filename> into
+        <filename>/var/log/journal</filename> once during system
+        runtime, and this command exits cleanly without executing any
+        operation if this has already happened. This command
+        effectively guarantees that all data is flushed to
+        <filename>/var/log/journal</filename> at the time it
+        returns.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--rotate</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Asks the journal daemon to rotate journal
+        files. This call does not return until the rotation operation
+        is complete.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Exit status</title>
+
+    <para>On success, 0 is returned; otherwise, a non-zero failure
+    code is returned.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <xi:include href="less-variables.xml" />
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Examples</title>
+
+    <para>Without arguments, all collected logs are shown
+    unfiltered:</para>
+
+    <programlisting>journalctl</programlisting>
+
+    <para>With one match specified, all entries with a field matching
+    the expression are shown:</para>
+
+    <programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service</programlisting>
+
+    <para>If two different fields are matched, only entries matching
+    both expressions at the same time are shown:</para>
+
+    <programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097</programlisting>
+
+    <para>If two matches refer to the same field, all entries matching
+    either expression are shown:</para>
+
+    <programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service</programlisting>
+
+    <para>If the separator <literal>+</literal> is used, two
+    expressions may be combined in a logical OR. The following will
+    show all messages from the Avahi service process with the PID
+    28097 plus all messages from the D-Bus service (from any of its
+    processes):</para>
+
+    <programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097 + _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service</programlisting>
+
+    <para>Show all logs generated by the D-Bus executable:</para>
+
+    <programlisting>journalctl /usr/bin/dbus-daemon</programlisting>
+
+    <para>Show all kernel logs from previous boot:</para>
+
+    <programlisting>journalctl -k -b -1</programlisting>
+
+    <para>Show a live log display from a system service
+    <filename>apache.service</filename>:</para>
+
+    <programlisting>journalctl -f -u apache</programlisting>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>See Also</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>coredumpctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.journal-fields</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journald.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/src/grp-journal/journalctl/systemd-journal-catalog-update.service.in b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/systemd-journal-catalog-update.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6370dd478f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/systemd-journal-catalog-update.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Rebuild Journal Catalog
+Documentation=man:systemd-journald.service(8) man:journald.conf(5)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+Conflicts=shutdown.target
+After=local-fs.target
+Before=sysinit.target shutdown.target systemd-update-done.service
+ConditionNeedsUpdate=/etc
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+ExecStart=@rootbindir@/journalctl --update-catalog
+TimeoutSec=90s
diff --git a/src/grp-journal/journalctl/systemd-journal-flush.service.in b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/systemd-journal-flush.service.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a0a2e3fdb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/grp-journal/journalctl/systemd-journal-flush.service.in
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[Unit]
+Description=Flush Journal to Persistent Storage
+Documentation=man:systemd-journald.service(8) man:journald.conf(5)
+DefaultDependencies=no
+Requires=systemd-journald.service
+After=systemd-journald.service
+After=systemd-remount-fs.service
+Before=systemd-user-sessions.service systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service
+RequiresMountsFor=/var/log/journal
+
+[Service]
+ExecStart=@rootbindir@/journalctl --flush
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+TimeoutSec=90s