./move.sh

84 files changed, 20090 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/libshared/Makefile b/src/libshared/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0141969b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+#  -*- Mode: makefile; indent-tabs-mode: t -*-
+#
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  Copyright 2010-2012 Lennart Poettering
+#  Copyright 2010-2012 Kay Sievers
+#  Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+#  Copyright 2013 David Strauss
+#  Copyright 2016 Luke Shumaker
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+#  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+#  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+#  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+include $(dir $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))/../../config.mk
+include $(topsrcdir)/build-aux/Makefile.head.mk
+
+noinst_LTLIBRARIES += \
+	libshared.la
+
+libshared_la_SOURCES = \
+	src/shared/output-mode.h \
+	src/shared/gpt.h \
+	src/shared/udev-util.h \
+	src/shared/linux/auto_dev-ioctl.h \
+	src/shared/initreq.h \
+	src/shared/dns-domain.c \
+	src/shared/dns-domain.h \
+	src/shared/architecture.c \
+	src/shared/architecture.h \
+	src/shared/efivars.c \
+	src/shared/efivars.h \
+	src/shared/fstab-util.c \
+	src/shared/fstab-util.h \
+	src/shared/sleep-config.c \
+	src/shared/sleep-config.h \
+	src/shared/conf-parser.c \
+	src/shared/conf-parser.h \
+	src/shared/pager.c \
+	src/shared/pager.h \
+	src/shared/spawn-polkit-agent.c \
+	src/shared/spawn-polkit-agent.h \
+	src/shared/apparmor-util.c \
+	src/shared/apparmor-util.h \
+	src/shared/ima-util.c \
+	src/shared/ima-util.h \
+	src/shared/ptyfwd.c \
+	src/shared/ptyfwd.h \
+	src/shared/base-filesystem.c \
+	src/shared/base-filesystem.h \
+	src/shared/uid-range.c \
+	src/shared/uid-range.h \
+	src/shared/install.c \
+	src/shared/install.h \
+	src/shared/install-printf.c \
+	src/shared/install-printf.h \
+	src/shared/path-lookup.c \
+	src/shared/path-lookup.h \
+	src/shared/specifier.c \
+	src/shared/specifier.h \
+	src/shared/dev-setup.c \
+	src/shared/dev-setup.h \
+	src/shared/dropin.c \
+	src/shared/dropin.h \
+	src/shared/condition.c \
+	src/shared/condition.h \
+	src/shared/clean-ipc.c \
+	src/shared/clean-ipc.h \
+	src/shared/generator.h \
+	src/shared/generator.c \
+	src/shared/acpi-fpdt.h \
+	src/shared/acpi-fpdt.c \
+	src/shared/boot-timestamps.h \
+	src/shared/boot-timestamps.c \
+	src/shared/cgroup-show.c \
+	src/shared/cgroup-show.h \
+	src/shared/utmp-wtmp.h \
+	src/shared/watchdog.c \
+	src/shared/watchdog.h \
+	src/shared/spawn-ask-password-agent.c \
+	src/shared/spawn-ask-password-agent.h \
+	src/shared/ask-password-api.c \
+	src/shared/ask-password-api.h \
+	src/shared/switch-root.h \
+	src/shared/switch-root.c \
+	src/shared/import-util.c \
+	src/shared/import-util.h \
+	src/shared/sysctl-util.c \
+	src/shared/sysctl-util.h \
+	src/shared/bus-util.c \
+	src/shared/bus-util.h \
+	src/shared/logs-show.c \
+	src/shared/logs-show.h \
+	src/shared/machine-image.c \
+	src/shared/machine-image.h \
+	src/shared/machine-pool.c \
+	src/shared/machine-pool.h \
+	src/shared/resolve-util.c \
+	src/shared/resolve-util.h
+
+ifneq ($(HAVE_UTMP),)
+libshared_la_SOURCES += \
+	src/shared/utmp-wtmp.c
+endif
+
+ifneq ($(HAVE_SECCOMP),)
+libshared_la_SOURCES += \
+	src/shared/seccomp-util.h \
+	src/shared/seccomp-util.c
+endif
+
+ifneq ($(HAVE_ACL),)
+libshared_la_SOURCES += \
+	src/shared/acl-util.c \
+	src/shared/acl-util.h
+endif
+
+libshared_la_CFLAGS = \
+	$(AM_CFLAGS) \
+	$(ACL_CFLAGS) \
+	$(LIBIDN_CFLAGS) \
+	$(SECCOMP_CFLAGS)
+
+libshared_la_LIBADD = \
+	libsystemd-internal.la \
+	libsystemd-journal-internal.la \
+	libudev-internal.la \
+	$(ACL_LIBS) \
+	$(LIBIDN_LIBS) \
+	$(SECCOMP_LIBS)
+
+include $(topsrcdir)/build-aux/Makefile.tail.mk
diff --git a/src/libshared/acl-util.c b/src/libshared/acl-util.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2aa951fce9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/acl-util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2011,2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "acl-util.h"
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+int acl_find_uid(acl_t acl, uid_t uid, acl_entry_t *entry) {
+        acl_entry_t i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(acl);
+        assert(entry);
+
+        for (r = acl_get_entry(acl, ACL_FIRST_ENTRY, &i);
+             r > 0;
+             r = acl_get_entry(acl, ACL_NEXT_ENTRY, &i)) {
+
+                acl_tag_t tag;
+                uid_t *u;
+                bool b;
+
+                if (acl_get_tag_type(i, &tag) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (tag != ACL_USER)
+                        continue;
+
+                u = acl_get_qualifier(i);
+                if (!u)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                b = *u == uid;
+                acl_free(u);
+
+                if (b) {
+                        *entry = i;
+                        return 1;
+                }
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int calc_acl_mask_if_needed(acl_t *acl_p) {
+        acl_entry_t i;
+        int r;
+        bool need = false;
+
+        assert(acl_p);
+
+        for (r = acl_get_entry(*acl_p, ACL_FIRST_ENTRY, &i);
+             r > 0;
+             r = acl_get_entry(*acl_p, ACL_NEXT_ENTRY, &i)) {
+                acl_tag_t tag;
+
+                if (acl_get_tag_type(i, &tag) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (tag == ACL_MASK)
+                        return 0;
+
+                if (IN_SET(tag, ACL_USER, ACL_GROUP))
+                        need = true;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (need && acl_calc_mask(acl_p) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return need;
+}
+
+int add_base_acls_if_needed(acl_t *acl_p, const char *path) {
+        acl_entry_t i;
+        int r;
+        bool have_user_obj = false, have_group_obj = false, have_other = false;
+        struct stat st;
+        _cleanup_(acl_freep) acl_t basic = NULL;
+
+        assert(acl_p);
+
+        for (r = acl_get_entry(*acl_p, ACL_FIRST_ENTRY, &i);
+             r > 0;
+             r = acl_get_entry(*acl_p, ACL_NEXT_ENTRY, &i)) {
+                acl_tag_t tag;
+
+                if (acl_get_tag_type(i, &tag) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (tag == ACL_USER_OBJ)
+                        have_user_obj = true;
+                else if (tag == ACL_GROUP_OBJ)
+                        have_group_obj = true;
+                else if (tag == ACL_OTHER)
+                        have_other = true;
+                if (have_user_obj && have_group_obj && have_other)
+                        return 0;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = stat(path, &st);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        basic = acl_from_mode(st.st_mode);
+        if (!basic)
+                return -errno;
+
+        for (r = acl_get_entry(basic, ACL_FIRST_ENTRY, &i);
+             r > 0;
+             r = acl_get_entry(basic, ACL_NEXT_ENTRY, &i)) {
+                acl_tag_t tag;
+                acl_entry_t dst;
+
+                if (acl_get_tag_type(i, &tag) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if ((tag == ACL_USER_OBJ && have_user_obj) ||
+                    (tag == ACL_GROUP_OBJ && have_group_obj) ||
+                    (tag == ACL_OTHER && have_other))
+                        continue;
+
+                r = acl_create_entry(acl_p, &dst);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                r = acl_copy_entry(dst, i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int acl_search_groups(const char *path, char ***ret_groups) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **g = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(acl_free) acl_t acl = NULL;
+        bool ret = false;
+        acl_entry_t entry;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        acl = acl_get_file(path, ACL_TYPE_DEFAULT);
+        if (!acl)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = acl_get_entry(acl, ACL_FIRST_ENTRY, &entry);
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_(acl_free_gid_tpp) gid_t *gid = NULL;
+                acl_tag_t tag;
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (acl_get_tag_type(entry, &tag) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (tag != ACL_GROUP)
+                        goto next;
+
+                gid = acl_get_qualifier(entry);
+                if (!gid)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (in_gid(*gid) > 0) {
+                        if (!ret_groups)
+                                return true;
+
+                        ret = true;
+                }
+
+                if (ret_groups) {
+                        char *name;
+
+                        name = gid_to_name(*gid);
+                        if (!name)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        r = strv_consume(&g, name);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+        next:
+                r = acl_get_entry(acl, ACL_NEXT_ENTRY, &entry);
+        }
+
+        if (ret_groups) {
+                *ret_groups = g;
+                g = NULL;
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+int parse_acl(const char *text, acl_t *acl_access, acl_t *acl_default, bool want_mask) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char **a = NULL, **d = NULL; /* strings are not be freed */
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **split;
+        char **entry;
+        int r = -EINVAL;
+        _cleanup_(acl_freep) acl_t a_acl = NULL, d_acl = NULL;
+
+        split = strv_split(text, ",");
+        if (!split)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(entry, split) {
+                char *p;
+
+                p = startswith(*entry, "default:");
+                if (!p)
+                        p = startswith(*entry, "d:");
+
+                if (p)
+                        r = strv_push(&d, p);
+                else
+                        r = strv_push(&a, *entry);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(a)) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *join;
+
+                join = strv_join(a, ",");
+                if (!join)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                a_acl = acl_from_text(join);
+                if (!a_acl)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (want_mask) {
+                        r = calc_acl_mask_if_needed(&a_acl);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(d)) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *join;
+
+                join = strv_join(d, ",");
+                if (!join)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                d_acl = acl_from_text(join);
+                if (!d_acl)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (want_mask) {
+                        r = calc_acl_mask_if_needed(&d_acl);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        *acl_access = a_acl;
+        *acl_default = d_acl;
+        a_acl = d_acl = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int acl_entry_equal(acl_entry_t a, acl_entry_t b) {
+        acl_tag_t tag_a, tag_b;
+
+        if (acl_get_tag_type(a, &tag_a) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (acl_get_tag_type(b, &tag_b) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (tag_a != tag_b)
+                return false;
+
+        switch (tag_a) {
+        case ACL_USER_OBJ:
+        case ACL_GROUP_OBJ:
+        case ACL_MASK:
+        case ACL_OTHER:
+                /* can have only one of those */
+                return true;
+        case ACL_USER: {
+                _cleanup_(acl_free_uid_tpp) uid_t *uid_a = NULL, *uid_b = NULL;
+
+                uid_a = acl_get_qualifier(a);
+                if (!uid_a)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                uid_b = acl_get_qualifier(b);
+                if (!uid_b)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                return *uid_a == *uid_b;
+        }
+        case ACL_GROUP: {
+                _cleanup_(acl_free_gid_tpp) gid_t *gid_a = NULL, *gid_b = NULL;
+
+                gid_a = acl_get_qualifier(a);
+                if (!gid_a)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                gid_b = acl_get_qualifier(b);
+                if (!gid_b)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                return *gid_a == *gid_b;
+        }
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown acl tag type");
+        }
+}
+
+static int find_acl_entry(acl_t acl, acl_entry_t entry, acl_entry_t *out) {
+        acl_entry_t i;
+        int r;
+
+        for (r = acl_get_entry(acl, ACL_FIRST_ENTRY, &i);
+             r > 0;
+             r = acl_get_entry(acl, ACL_NEXT_ENTRY, &i)) {
+
+                r = acl_entry_equal(i, entry);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        *out = i;
+                        return 1;
+                }
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int acls_for_file(const char *path, acl_type_t type, acl_t new, acl_t *acl) {
+        _cleanup_(acl_freep) acl_t old;
+        acl_entry_t i;
+        int r;
+
+        old = acl_get_file(path, type);
+        if (!old)
+                return -errno;
+
+        for (r = acl_get_entry(new, ACL_FIRST_ENTRY, &i);
+             r > 0;
+             r = acl_get_entry(new, ACL_NEXT_ENTRY, &i)) {
+
+                acl_entry_t j;
+
+                r = find_acl_entry(old, i, &j);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        if (acl_create_entry(&old, &j) < 0)
+                                return -errno;
+
+                if (acl_copy_entry(j, i) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        *acl = old;
+        old = NULL;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int add_acls_for_user(int fd, uid_t uid) {
+        _cleanup_(acl_freep) acl_t acl = NULL;
+        acl_entry_t entry;
+        acl_permset_t permset;
+        int r;
+
+        acl = acl_get_fd(fd);
+        if (!acl)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = acl_find_uid(acl, uid, &entry);
+        if (r <= 0) {
+                if (acl_create_entry(&acl, &entry) < 0 ||
+                    acl_set_tag_type(entry, ACL_USER) < 0 ||
+                    acl_set_qualifier(entry, &uid) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        /* We do not recalculate the mask unconditionally here,
+         * so that the fchmod() mask above stays intact. */
+        if (acl_get_permset(entry, &permset) < 0 ||
+            acl_add_perm(permset, ACL_READ) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = calc_acl_mask_if_needed(&acl);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return acl_set_fd(fd, acl);
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/acl-util.h b/src/libshared/acl-util.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..396e9e067e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/acl-util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2011 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ACL
+
+#include <acl/libacl.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <sys/acl.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+
+int acl_find_uid(acl_t acl, uid_t uid, acl_entry_t *entry);
+int calc_acl_mask_if_needed(acl_t *acl_p);
+int add_base_acls_if_needed(acl_t *acl_p, const char *path);
+int acl_search_groups(const char* path, char ***ret_groups);
+int parse_acl(const char *text, acl_t *acl_access, acl_t *acl_default, bool want_mask);
+int acls_for_file(const char *path, acl_type_t type, acl_t new, acl_t *acl);
+int add_acls_for_user(int fd, uid_t uid);
+
+/* acl_free takes multiple argument types.
+ * Multiple cleanup functions are necessary. */
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(acl_t, acl_free);
+#define acl_free_charp acl_free
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(char*, acl_free_charp);
+#define acl_free_uid_tp acl_free
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(uid_t*, acl_free_uid_tp);
+#define acl_free_gid_tp acl_free
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(gid_t*, acl_free_gid_tp);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/libshared/acpi-fpdt.c b/src/libshared/acpi-fpdt.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3cb9e781fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/acpi-fpdt.c
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Kay Sievers
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "acpi-fpdt.h"
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+
+struct acpi_table_header {
+        char signature[4];
+        uint32_t length;
+        uint8_t revision;
+        uint8_t checksum;
+        char oem_id[6];
+        char oem_table_id[8];
+        uint32_t oem_revision;
+        char asl_compiler_id[4];
+        uint32_t asl_compiler_revision;
+};
+
+enum {
+        ACPI_FPDT_TYPE_BOOT =   0,
+        ACPI_FPDT_TYPE_S3PERF = 1,
+};
+
+struct acpi_fpdt_header {
+        uint16_t type;
+        uint8_t length;
+        uint8_t revision;
+        uint8_t reserved[4];
+        uint64_t ptr;
+};
+
+struct acpi_fpdt_boot_header {
+        char signature[4];
+        uint32_t length;
+};
+
+enum {
+        ACPI_FPDT_S3PERF_RESUME_REC =   0,
+        ACPI_FPDT_S3PERF_SUSPEND_REC =  1,
+        ACPI_FPDT_BOOT_REC =            2,
+};
+
+struct acpi_fpdt_boot {
+        uint16_t type;
+        uint8_t length;
+        uint8_t revision;
+        uint8_t reserved[4];
+        uint64_t reset_end;
+        uint64_t load_start;
+        uint64_t startup_start;
+        uint64_t exit_services_entry;
+        uint64_t exit_services_exit;
+};
+
+int acpi_get_boot_usec(usec_t *loader_start, usec_t *loader_exit) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+        struct acpi_table_header *tbl;
+        size_t l = 0;
+        struct acpi_fpdt_header *rec;
+        int r;
+        uint64_t ptr = 0;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        struct acpi_fpdt_boot_header hbrec;
+        struct acpi_fpdt_boot brec;
+
+        r = read_full_file("/sys/firmware/acpi/tables/FPDT", &buf, &l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (l < sizeof(struct acpi_table_header) + sizeof(struct acpi_fpdt_header))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        tbl = (struct acpi_table_header *)buf;
+        if (l != tbl->length)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (memcmp(tbl->signature, "FPDT", 4) != 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        /* find Firmware Basic Boot Performance Pointer Record */
+        for (rec = (struct acpi_fpdt_header *)(buf + sizeof(struct acpi_table_header));
+             (char *)rec < buf + l;
+             rec = (struct acpi_fpdt_header *)((char *)rec + rec->length)) {
+                if (rec->length <= 0)
+                        break;
+                if (rec->type != ACPI_FPDT_TYPE_BOOT)
+                        continue;
+                if (rec->length != sizeof(struct acpi_fpdt_header))
+                        continue;
+
+                ptr = rec->ptr;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        if (ptr == 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        /* read Firmware Basic Boot Performance Data Record */
+        fd = open("/dev/mem", O_CLOEXEC|O_RDONLY);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        l = pread(fd, &hbrec, sizeof(struct acpi_fpdt_boot_header), ptr);
+        if (l != sizeof(struct acpi_fpdt_boot_header))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (memcmp(hbrec.signature, "FBPT", 4) != 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (hbrec.length < sizeof(struct acpi_fpdt_boot_header) + sizeof(struct acpi_fpdt_boot))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        l = pread(fd, &brec, sizeof(struct acpi_fpdt_boot), ptr + sizeof(struct acpi_fpdt_boot_header));
+        if (l != sizeof(struct acpi_fpdt_boot))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (brec.length != sizeof(struct acpi_fpdt_boot))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (brec.type != ACPI_FPDT_BOOT_REC)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (brec.startup_start == 0 || brec.exit_services_exit < brec.startup_start)
+                return -EINVAL;
+        if (brec.exit_services_exit > NSEC_PER_HOUR)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (loader_start)
+                *loader_start = brec.startup_start / 1000;
+        if (loader_exit)
+                *loader_exit = brec.exit_services_exit / 1000;
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/acpi-fpdt.h b/src/libshared/acpi-fpdt.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fc28175d0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/acpi-fpdt.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Kay Sievers
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <time-util.h>
+
+int acpi_get_boot_usec(usec_t *loader_start, usec_t *loader_exit);
diff --git a/src/libshared/apparmor-util.c b/src/libshared/apparmor-util.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..edd695fd23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/apparmor-util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "apparmor-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+
+bool mac_apparmor_use(void) {
+        static int cached_use = -1;
+
+        if (cached_use < 0) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+                cached_use =
+                        read_one_line_file("/sys/module/apparmor/parameters/enabled", &p) >= 0 &&
+                        parse_boolean(p) > 0;
+        }
+
+        return cached_use;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/apparmor-util.h b/src/libshared/apparmor-util.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..524f740152
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/apparmor-util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+bool mac_apparmor_use(void);
diff --git a/src/libshared/architecture.c b/src/libshared/architecture.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9ecfc1cd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/architecture.c
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/utsname.h>
+
+#include "architecture.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+
+int uname_architecture(void) {
+
+        /* Return a sanitized enum identifying the architecture we are
+         * running on. This is based on uname(), and the user may
+         * hence control what this returns by using
+         * personality(). This puts the user in control on systems
+         * that can run binaries of multiple architectures.
+         *
+         * We do not translate the string returned by uname()
+         * 1:1. Instead we try to clean it up and break down the
+         * confusion on x86 and arm in particular.
+         *
+         * We do not try to distinguish CPUs not CPU features, but
+         * actual architectures, i.e. that have genuinely different
+         * code. */
+
+        static const struct {
+                const char *machine;
+                int arch;
+        } arch_map[] = {
+#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__i386__)
+                { "x86_64",     ARCHITECTURE_X86_64   },
+                { "i686",       ARCHITECTURE_X86      },
+                { "i586",       ARCHITECTURE_X86      },
+                { "i486",       ARCHITECTURE_X86      },
+                { "i386",       ARCHITECTURE_X86      },
+#elif defined(__powerpc__) || defined(__powerpc64__)
+                { "ppc64",      ARCHITECTURE_PPC64    },
+                { "ppc64le",    ARCHITECTURE_PPC64_LE },
+                { "ppc",        ARCHITECTURE_PPC      },
+                { "ppcle",      ARCHITECTURE_PPC_LE   },
+#elif defined(__ia64__)
+                { "ia64",       ARCHITECTURE_IA64     },
+#elif defined(__hppa__) || defined(__hppa64__)
+                { "parisc64",   ARCHITECTURE_PARISC64 },
+                { "parisc",     ARCHITECTURE_PARISC   },
+#elif defined(__s390__) || defined(__s390x__)
+                { "s390x",      ARCHITECTURE_S390X    },
+                { "s390",       ARCHITECTURE_S390     },
+#elif defined(__sparc__) || defined(__sparc64__)
+                { "sparc64",    ARCHITECTURE_SPARC64  },
+                { "sparc",      ARCHITECTURE_SPARC    },
+#elif defined(__mips__) || defined(__mips64__)
+                { "mips64",     ARCHITECTURE_MIPS64   },
+                { "mips",       ARCHITECTURE_MIPS     },
+#elif defined(__alpha__)
+                { "alpha" ,     ARCHITECTURE_ALPHA    },
+#elif defined(__arm__) || defined(__aarch64__)
+                { "aarch64",    ARCHITECTURE_ARM64    },
+                { "aarch64_be", ARCHITECTURE_ARM64_BE },
+                { "armv4l",     ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv4b",     ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+                { "armv4tl",    ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv4tb",    ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+                { "armv5tl",    ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv5tb",    ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+                { "armv5tel",   ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv5teb" ,  ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+                { "armv5tejl",  ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv5tejb",  ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+                { "armv6l",     ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv6b",     ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+                { "armv7l",     ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv7b",     ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+                { "armv7ml",    ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv7mb",    ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+                { "armv4l",     ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv4b",     ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+                { "armv4tl",    ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv4tb",    ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+                { "armv5tl",    ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv5tb",    ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+                { "armv5tel",   ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv5teb",   ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+                { "armv5tejl",  ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv5tejb",  ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+                { "armv6l",     ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv6b",     ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+                { "armv7l",     ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv7b",     ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+                { "armv7ml",    ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv7mb",    ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+                { "armv8l",     ARCHITECTURE_ARM      },
+                { "armv8b",     ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE   },
+#elif defined(__sh__) || defined(__sh64__)
+                { "sh5",        ARCHITECTURE_SH64     },
+                { "sh2",        ARCHITECTURE_SH       },
+                { "sh2a",       ARCHITECTURE_SH       },
+                { "sh3",        ARCHITECTURE_SH       },
+                { "sh4",        ARCHITECTURE_SH       },
+                { "sh4a",       ARCHITECTURE_SH       },
+#elif defined(__m68k__)
+                { "m68k",       ARCHITECTURE_M68K     },
+#elif defined(__tilegx__)
+                { "tilegx",     ARCHITECTURE_TILEGX   },
+#elif defined(__cris__)
+                { "crisv32",    ARCHITECTURE_CRIS     },
+#else
+#error "Please register your architecture here!"
+#endif
+        };
+
+        static int cached = _ARCHITECTURE_INVALID;
+        struct utsname u;
+        unsigned i;
+
+        if (cached != _ARCHITECTURE_INVALID)
+                return cached;
+
+        assert_se(uname(&u) >= 0);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(arch_map); i++)
+                if (streq(arch_map[i].machine, u.machine))
+                        return cached = arch_map[i].arch;
+
+        assert_not_reached("Couldn't identify architecture. You need to patch systemd.");
+        return _ARCHITECTURE_INVALID;
+}
+
+static const char *const architecture_table[_ARCHITECTURE_MAX] = {
+        [ARCHITECTURE_X86] = "x86",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_X86_64] = "x86-64",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_PPC] = "ppc",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_PPC_LE] = "ppc-le",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_PPC64] = "ppc64",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_PPC64_LE] = "ppc64-le",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_IA64] = "ia64",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_PARISC] = "parisc",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_PARISC64] = "parisc64",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_S390] = "s390",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_S390X] = "s390x",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_SPARC] = "sparc",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_SPARC64] = "sparc64",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_MIPS] = "mips",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_MIPS_LE] = "mips-le",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_MIPS64] = "mips64",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_MIPS64_LE] = "mips64-le",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_ALPHA] = "alpha",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_ARM] = "arm",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE] = "arm-be",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_ARM64] = "arm64",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_ARM64_BE] = "arm64-be",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_SH] = "sh",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_SH64] = "sh64",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_M68K] = "m68k",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_TILEGX] = "tilegx",
+        [ARCHITECTURE_CRIS] = "cris",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(architecture, int);
diff --git a/src/libshared/architecture.h b/src/libshared/architecture.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26679e28c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/architecture.h
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <endian.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+/* A cleaned up architecture definition. We don't want to get lost in
+ * processor features, models, generations or even ABIs. Hence we
+ * focus on general family, and distinguish word width and
+ * endianness. */
+
+enum {
+        ARCHITECTURE_X86 = 0,
+        ARCHITECTURE_X86_64,
+        ARCHITECTURE_PPC,
+        ARCHITECTURE_PPC_LE,
+        ARCHITECTURE_PPC64,
+        ARCHITECTURE_PPC64_LE,
+        ARCHITECTURE_IA64,
+        ARCHITECTURE_PARISC,
+        ARCHITECTURE_PARISC64,
+        ARCHITECTURE_S390,
+        ARCHITECTURE_S390X,
+        ARCHITECTURE_SPARC,
+        ARCHITECTURE_SPARC64,
+        ARCHITECTURE_MIPS,
+        ARCHITECTURE_MIPS_LE,
+        ARCHITECTURE_MIPS64,
+        ARCHITECTURE_MIPS64_LE,
+        ARCHITECTURE_ALPHA,
+        ARCHITECTURE_ARM,
+        ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE,
+        ARCHITECTURE_ARM64,
+        ARCHITECTURE_ARM64_BE,
+        ARCHITECTURE_SH,
+        ARCHITECTURE_SH64,
+        ARCHITECTURE_M68K,
+        ARCHITECTURE_TILEGX,
+        ARCHITECTURE_CRIS,
+        _ARCHITECTURE_MAX,
+        _ARCHITECTURE_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+int uname_architecture(void);
+
+/*
+ * LIB_ARCH_TUPLE should resolve to the local library path
+ * architecture tuple systemd is built for, according to the Debian
+ * tuple list:
+ *
+ * https://wiki.debian.org/Multiarch/Tuples
+ *
+ * This is used in library search paths that should understand
+ * Debian's paths on all distributions.
+ */
+
+#if defined(__x86_64__)
+#  define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_X86_64
+#  define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "x86_64-linux-gnu"
+#  define PROC_CPUINFO_MODEL "model name"
+#elif defined(__i386__)
+#  define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_X86
+#  define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "i386-linux-gnu"
+#  define PROC_CPUINFO_MODEL "model name"
+#elif defined(__powerpc64__)
+#  if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
+#    define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_PPC64
+#    define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "ppc64-linux-gnu"
+#  else
+#    define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_PPC64_LE
+#    define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE  "powerpc64le-linux-gnu"
+#  endif
+#  define PROC_CPUINFO_MODEL "cpu"
+#elif defined(__powerpc__)
+#  if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
+#    define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_PPC
+#    define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "powerpc-linux-gnu"
+#  else
+#    define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_PPC_LE
+#    error "Missing LIB_ARCH_TUPLE for PPCLE"
+#  endif
+#  define PROC_CPUINFO_MODEL "cpu"
+#elif defined(__ia64__)
+#  define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_IA64
+#  define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "ia64-linux-gnu"
+#elif defined(__hppa64__)
+#  define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_PARISC64
+#  error "Missing LIB_ARCH_TUPLE for HPPA64"
+#  define PROC_CPUINFO_MODEL "cpu"
+#elif defined(__hppa__)
+#  define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_PARISC
+#  define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "hppa‑linux‑gnu"
+#  define PROC_CPUINFO_MODEL "cpu"
+#elif defined(__s390x__)
+#  define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_S390X
+#  define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "s390x-linux-gnu"
+#elif defined(__s390__)
+#  define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_S390
+#  define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "s390-linux-gnu"
+#elif defined(__sparc64__)
+#  define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_SPARC64
+#  define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "sparc64-linux-gnu"
+#  define PROC_CPUINFO_MODEL "cpu"
+#elif defined(__sparc__)
+#  define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_SPARC
+#  define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "sparc-linux-gnu"
+#  define PROC_CPUINFO_MODEL "cpu"
+#elif defined(__mips64__)
+#  if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
+#    define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_MIPS64
+#    error "Missing LIB_ARCH_TUPLE for MIPS64"
+#  else
+#    define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_MIPS64_LE
+#    error "Missing LIB_ARCH_TUPLE for MIPS64_LE"
+#  endif
+#  define PROC_CPUINFO_MODEL "cpu model"
+#elif defined(__mips__)
+#  if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
+#    define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_MIPS
+#    define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "mips-linux-gnu"
+#  else
+#    define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_MIPS_LE
+#    define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "mipsel-linux-gnu"
+#  endif
+#  define PROC_CPUINFO_MODEL "cpu model"
+#elif defined(__alpha__)
+#  define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_ALPHA
+#  define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "alpha-linux-gnu"
+#elif defined(__aarch64__)
+#  if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
+#    define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_ARM64_BE
+#    define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "aarch64_be-linux-gnu"
+#  else
+#    define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_ARM64
+#    define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "aarch64-linux-gnu"
+#  endif
+#elif defined(__arm__)
+#  if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
+#    define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_ARM_BE
+#    if defined(__ARM_EABI__)
+#      if defined(__ARM_PCS_VFP)
+#        define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "armeb-linux-gnueabihf"
+#      else
+#        define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "armeb-linux-gnueabi"
+#      endif
+#    else
+#      define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "armeb-linux-gnu"
+#    endif
+#  else
+#    define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_ARM
+#    if defined(__ARM_EABI__)
+#      if defined(__ARM_PCS_VFP)
+#        define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "arm-linux-gnueabihf"
+#      else
+#        define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "arm-linux-gnueabi"
+#      endif
+#    else
+#      define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "arm-linux-gnu"
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#  define PROC_CPUINFO_MODEL "model name"
+#elif defined(__sh64__)
+#  define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_SH64
+#  error "Missing LIB_ARCH_TUPLE for SH64"
+#elif defined(__sh__)
+#  define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_SH
+#  define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "sh4-linux-gnu"
+#elif defined(__m68k__)
+#  define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_M68K
+#  define LIB_ARCH_TUPLE "m68k-linux-gnu"
+#elif defined(__tilegx__)
+#  define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_TILEGX
+#  error "Missing LIB_ARCH_TUPLE for TILEGX"
+#elif defined(__cris__)
+#  define native_architecture() ARCHITECTURE_CRIS
+#  error "Missing LIB_ARCH_TUPLE for CRIS"
+#else
+#  error "Please register your architecture here!"
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PROC_CPUINFO_MODEL
+#warning "PROC_CPUINFO_MODEL not defined for your architecture"
+#define PROC_CPUINFO_MODEL "model name"
+#endif
+
+const char *architecture_to_string(int a) _const_;
+int architecture_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libshared/ask-password-api.c b/src/libshared/ask-password-api.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6805873f9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/ask-password-api.c
@@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/inotify.h>
+#include <sys/signalfd.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/uio.h>
+#include <sys/un.h>
+#include <termios.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "ask-password-api.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "io-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "random-util.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "socket-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+#include "umask-util.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#define KEYRING_TIMEOUT_USEC ((5 * USEC_PER_MINUTE) / 2)
+
+static int lookup_key(const char *keyname, key_serial_t *ret) {
+        key_serial_t serial;
+
+        assert(keyname);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        serial = request_key("user", keyname, NULL, 0);
+        if (serial == -1)
+                return negative_errno();
+
+        *ret = serial;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int retrieve_key(key_serial_t serial, char ***ret) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        long m = 100, n;
+        char **l;
+
+        assert(ret);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                p = new(char, m);
+                if (!p)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                n = keyctl(KEYCTL_READ, (unsigned long) serial, (unsigned long) p, (unsigned long) m, 0);
+                if (n < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (n < m)
+                        break;
+
+                memory_erase(p, n);
+                free(p);
+                m *= 2;
+        }
+
+        l = strv_parse_nulstr(p, n);
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        memory_erase(p, n);
+
+        *ret = l;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int add_to_keyring(const char *keyname, AskPasswordFlags flags, char **passwords) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_erase_ char **l = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        key_serial_t serial;
+        size_t n;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(keyname);
+        assert(passwords);
+
+        if (!(flags & ASK_PASSWORD_PUSH_CACHE))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = lookup_key(keyname, &serial);
+        if (r >= 0) {
+                r = retrieve_key(serial, &l);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else if (r != -ENOKEY)
+                return r;
+
+        r = strv_extend_strv(&l, passwords, true);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = strv_make_nulstr(l, &p, &n);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Truncate trailing NUL */
+        assert(n > 0);
+        assert(p[n-1] == 0);
+
+        serial = add_key("user", keyname, p, n-1, KEY_SPEC_USER_KEYRING);
+        memory_erase(p, n);
+        if (serial == -1)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (keyctl(KEYCTL_SET_TIMEOUT,
+                   (unsigned long) serial,
+                   (unsigned long) DIV_ROUND_UP(KEYRING_TIMEOUT_USEC, USEC_PER_SEC), 0, 0) < 0)
+                log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to adjust timeout: %m");
+
+        log_debug("Added key to keyring as %" PRIi32 ".", serial);
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int add_to_keyring_and_log(const char *keyname, AskPasswordFlags flags, char **passwords) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(keyname);
+        assert(passwords);
+
+        r = add_to_keyring(keyname, flags, passwords);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to add password to keyring: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int ask_password_keyring(const char *keyname, AskPasswordFlags flags, char ***ret) {
+
+        key_serial_t serial;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(keyname);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (!(flags & ASK_PASSWORD_ACCEPT_CACHED))
+                return -EUNATCH;
+
+        r = lookup_key(keyname, &serial);
+        if (r == -ENOSYS) /* when retrieving the distinction doesn't matter */
+                return -ENOKEY;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return retrieve_key(serial, ret);
+}
+
+static void backspace_chars(int ttyfd, size_t p) {
+
+        if (ttyfd < 0)
+                return;
+
+        while (p > 0) {
+                p--;
+
+                loop_write(ttyfd, "\b \b", 3, false);
+        }
+}
+
+int ask_password_tty(
+                const char *message,
+                const char *keyname,
+                usec_t until,
+                AskPasswordFlags flags,
+                const char *flag_file,
+                char **ret) {
+
+        struct termios old_termios, new_termios;
+        char passphrase[LINE_MAX + 1] = {}, *x;
+        size_t p = 0, codepoint = 0;
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_close_ int ttyfd = -1, notify = -1;
+        struct pollfd pollfd[2];
+        bool reset_tty = false;
+        bool dirty = false;
+        enum {
+                POLL_TTY,
+                POLL_INOTIFY
+        };
+
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (flags & ASK_PASSWORD_NO_TTY)
+                return -EUNATCH;
+
+        if (!message)
+                message = "Password:";
+
+        if (flag_file) {
+                notify = inotify_init1(IN_CLOEXEC|IN_NONBLOCK);
+                if (notify < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (inotify_add_watch(notify, flag_file, IN_ATTRIB /* for the link count */) < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        ttyfd = open("/dev/tty", O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (ttyfd >= 0) {
+
+                if (tcgetattr(ttyfd, &old_termios) < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                loop_write(ttyfd, ANSI_HIGHLIGHT, strlen(ANSI_HIGHLIGHT), false);
+                loop_write(ttyfd, message, strlen(message), false);
+                loop_write(ttyfd, " ", 1, false);
+                loop_write(ttyfd, ANSI_NORMAL, strlen(ANSI_NORMAL), false);
+
+                new_termios = old_termios;
+                new_termios.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON|ECHO);
+                new_termios.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
+                new_termios.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
+
+                if (tcsetattr(ttyfd, TCSADRAIN, &new_termios) < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                reset_tty = true;
+        }
+
+        zero(pollfd);
+        pollfd[POLL_TTY].fd = ttyfd >= 0 ? ttyfd : STDIN_FILENO;
+        pollfd[POLL_TTY].events = POLLIN;
+        pollfd[POLL_INOTIFY].fd = notify;
+        pollfd[POLL_INOTIFY].events = POLLIN;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char c;
+                int sleep_for = -1, k;
+                ssize_t n;
+
+                if (until > 0) {
+                        usec_t y;
+
+                        y = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+                        if (y > until) {
+                                r = -ETIME;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                        sleep_for = (int) ((until - y) / USEC_PER_MSEC);
+                }
+
+                if (flag_file)
+                        if (access(flag_file, F_OK) < 0) {
+                                r = -errno;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                k = poll(pollfd, notify >= 0 ? 2 : 1, sleep_for);
+                if (k < 0) {
+                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                } else if (k == 0) {
+                        r = -ETIME;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (notify >= 0 && pollfd[POLL_INOTIFY].revents != 0)
+                        flush_fd(notify);
+
+                if (pollfd[POLL_TTY].revents == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                n = read(ttyfd >= 0 ? ttyfd : STDIN_FILENO, &c, 1);
+                if (n < 0) {
+                        if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+
+                } else if (n == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (c == '\n')
+                        break;
+                else if (c == 21) { /* C-u */
+
+                        if (!(flags & ASK_PASSWORD_SILENT))
+                                backspace_chars(ttyfd, p);
+                        p = 0;
+
+                } else if (c == '\b' || c == 127) {
+
+                        if (p > 0) {
+
+                                if (!(flags & ASK_PASSWORD_SILENT))
+                                        backspace_chars(ttyfd, 1);
+
+                                p--;
+                        } else if (!dirty && !(flags & ASK_PASSWORD_SILENT)) {
+
+                                flags |= ASK_PASSWORD_SILENT;
+
+                                /* There are two ways to enter silent
+                                 * mode. Either by pressing backspace
+                                 * as first key (and only as first
+                                 * key), or ... */
+                                if (ttyfd >= 0)
+                                        loop_write(ttyfd, "(no echo) ", 10, false);
+
+                        } else if (ttyfd >= 0)
+                                loop_write(ttyfd, "\a", 1, false);
+
+                } else if (c == '\t' && !(flags & ASK_PASSWORD_SILENT)) {
+
+                        backspace_chars(ttyfd, p);
+                        flags |= ASK_PASSWORD_SILENT;
+
+                        /* ... or by pressing TAB at any time. */
+
+                        if (ttyfd >= 0)
+                                loop_write(ttyfd, "(no echo) ", 10, false);
+                } else {
+                        if (p >= sizeof(passphrase)-1) {
+                                loop_write(ttyfd, "\a", 1, false);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        passphrase[p++] = c;
+
+                        if (!(flags & ASK_PASSWORD_SILENT) && ttyfd >= 0) {
+                                n = utf8_encoded_valid_unichar(passphrase + codepoint);
+                                if (n >= 0) {
+                                        codepoint = p;
+                                        loop_write(ttyfd, (flags & ASK_PASSWORD_ECHO) ? &c : "*", 1, false);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        dirty = true;
+                }
+
+                c = 'x';
+        }
+
+        x = strndup(passphrase, p);
+        memory_erase(passphrase, p);
+        if (!x) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (keyname)
+                (void) add_to_keyring_and_log(keyname, flags, STRV_MAKE(x));
+
+        *ret = x;
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        if (ttyfd >= 0 && reset_tty) {
+                loop_write(ttyfd, "\n", 1, false);
+                tcsetattr(ttyfd, TCSADRAIN, &old_termios);
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int create_socket(char **name) {
+        union sockaddr_union sa = {
+                .un.sun_family = AF_UNIX,
+        };
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        static const int one = 1;
+        char *c;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        snprintf(sa.un.sun_path, sizeof(sa.un.sun_path)-1, "/run/systemd/ask-password/sck.%" PRIx64, random_u64());
+
+        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0177) {
+                if (bind(fd, &sa.sa, offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(sa.un.sun_path)) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PASSCRED, &one, sizeof(one)) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        c = strdup(sa.un.sun_path);
+        if (!c)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *name = c;
+
+        r = fd;
+        fd = -1;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int ask_password_agent(
+                const char *message,
+                const char *icon,
+                const char *id,
+                const char *keyname,
+                usec_t until,
+                AskPasswordFlags flags,
+                char ***ret) {
+
+        enum {
+                FD_SOCKET,
+                FD_SIGNAL,
+                _FD_MAX
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_close_ int socket_fd = -1, signal_fd = -1, fd = -1;
+        char temp[] = "/run/systemd/ask-password/tmp.XXXXXX";
+        char final[sizeof(temp)] = "";
+        _cleanup_free_ char *socket_name = NULL;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        struct pollfd pollfd[_FD_MAX];
+        sigset_t mask, oldmask;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (flags & ASK_PASSWORD_NO_AGENT)
+                return -EUNATCH;
+
+        assert_se(sigemptyset(&mask) >= 0);
+        assert_se(sigset_add_many(&mask, SIGINT, SIGTERM, -1) >= 0);
+        assert_se(sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, &oldmask) >= 0);
+
+        (void) mkdir_p_label("/run/systemd/ask-password", 0755);
+
+        fd = mkostemp_safe(temp, O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                r = fd;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        (void) fchmod(fd, 0644);
+
+        f = fdopen(fd, "w");
+        if (!f) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        fd = -1;
+
+        signal_fd = signalfd(-1, &mask, SFD_NONBLOCK|SFD_CLOEXEC);
+        if (signal_fd < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        socket_fd = create_socket(&socket_name);
+        if (socket_fd < 0) {
+                r = socket_fd;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "[Ask]\n"
+                "PID="PID_FMT"\n"
+                "Socket=%s\n"
+                "AcceptCached=%i\n"
+                "Echo=%i\n"
+                "NotAfter="USEC_FMT"\n",
+                getpid(),
+                socket_name,
+                (flags & ASK_PASSWORD_ACCEPT_CACHED) ? 1 : 0,
+                (flags & ASK_PASSWORD_ECHO) ? 1 : 0,
+                until);
+
+        if (message)
+                fprintf(f, "Message=%s\n", message);
+
+        if (icon)
+                fprintf(f, "Icon=%s\n", icon);
+
+        if (id)
+                fprintf(f, "Id=%s\n", id);
+
+        r = fflush_and_check(f);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        memcpy(final, temp, sizeof(temp));
+
+        final[sizeof(final)-11] = 'a';
+        final[sizeof(final)-10] = 's';
+        final[sizeof(final)-9] = 'k';
+
+        if (rename(temp, final) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        zero(pollfd);
+        pollfd[FD_SOCKET].fd = socket_fd;
+        pollfd[FD_SOCKET].events = POLLIN;
+        pollfd[FD_SIGNAL].fd = signal_fd;
+        pollfd[FD_SIGNAL].events = POLLIN;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char passphrase[LINE_MAX+1];
+                struct msghdr msghdr;
+                struct iovec iovec;
+                struct ucred *ucred;
+                union {
+                        struct cmsghdr cmsghdr;
+                        uint8_t buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(struct ucred))];
+                } control;
+                ssize_t n;
+                int k;
+                usec_t t;
+
+                t = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+                if (until > 0 && until <= t) {
+                        r = -ETIME;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                k = poll(pollfd, _FD_MAX, until > 0 ? (int) ((until-t)/USEC_PER_MSEC) : -1);
+                if (k < 0) {
+                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (k <= 0) {
+                        r = -ETIME;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (pollfd[FD_SIGNAL].revents & POLLIN) {
+                        r = -EINTR;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (pollfd[FD_SOCKET].revents != POLLIN) {
+                        r = -EIO;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                zero(iovec);
+                iovec.iov_base = passphrase;
+                iovec.iov_len = sizeof(passphrase);
+
+                zero(control);
+                zero(msghdr);
+                msghdr.msg_iov = &iovec;
+                msghdr.msg_iovlen = 1;
+                msghdr.msg_control = &control;
+                msghdr.msg_controllen = sizeof(control);
+
+                n = recvmsg(socket_fd, &msghdr, 0);
+                if (n < 0) {
+                        if (errno == EAGAIN ||
+                            errno == EINTR)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                cmsg_close_all(&msghdr);
+
+                if (n <= 0) {
+                        log_debug("Message too short");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (msghdr.msg_controllen < CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct ucred)) ||
+                    control.cmsghdr.cmsg_level != SOL_SOCKET ||
+                    control.cmsghdr.cmsg_type != SCM_CREDENTIALS ||
+                    control.cmsghdr.cmsg_len != CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct ucred))) {
+                        log_debug("Received message without credentials. Ignoring.");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                ucred = (struct ucred*) CMSG_DATA(&control.cmsghdr);
+                if (ucred->uid != 0) {
+                        log_debug("Got request from unprivileged user. Ignoring.");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (passphrase[0] == '+') {
+                        /* An empty message refers to the empty password */
+                        if (n == 1)
+                                l = strv_new("", NULL);
+                        else
+                                l = strv_parse_nulstr(passphrase+1, n-1);
+                        memory_erase(passphrase, n);
+                        if (!l) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                        if (strv_length(l) <= 0) {
+                                l = strv_free(l);
+                                log_debug("Invalid packet");
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                if (passphrase[0] == '-') {
+                        r = -ECANCELED;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                log_debug("Invalid packet");
+        }
+
+        if (keyname)
+                (void) add_to_keyring_and_log(keyname, flags, l);
+
+        *ret = l;
+        l = NULL;
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        if (socket_name)
+                (void) unlink(socket_name);
+
+        (void) unlink(temp);
+
+        if (final[0])
+                (void) unlink(final);
+
+        assert_se(sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &oldmask, NULL) == 0);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int ask_password_auto(
+                const char *message,
+                const char *icon,
+                const char *id,
+                const char *keyname,
+                usec_t until,
+                AskPasswordFlags flags,
+                char ***ret) {
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if ((flags & ASK_PASSWORD_ACCEPT_CACHED) && keyname) {
+                r = ask_password_keyring(keyname, flags, ret);
+                if (r != -ENOKEY)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (!(flags & ASK_PASSWORD_NO_TTY) && isatty(STDIN_FILENO)) {
+                char *s = NULL, **l = NULL;
+
+                r = ask_password_tty(message, keyname, until, flags, NULL, &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = strv_push(&l, s);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        string_erase(s);
+                        free(s);
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                *ret = l;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!(flags & ASK_PASSWORD_NO_AGENT))
+                return ask_password_agent(message, icon, id, keyname, until, flags, ret);
+
+        return -EUNATCH;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/ask-password-api.h b/src/libshared/ask-password-api.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d7f65130c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/ask-password-api.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "time-util.h"
+
+typedef enum AskPasswordFlags {
+        ASK_PASSWORD_ACCEPT_CACHED = 1,
+        ASK_PASSWORD_PUSH_CACHE = 2,
+        ASK_PASSWORD_ECHO = 4,                /* show the password literally while reading, instead of "*" */
+        ASK_PASSWORD_SILENT = 8,              /* do no show any password at all while reading */
+        ASK_PASSWORD_NO_TTY = 16,
+        ASK_PASSWORD_NO_AGENT = 32,
+} AskPasswordFlags;
+
+int ask_password_tty(const char *message, const char *keyname, usec_t until, AskPasswordFlags flags, const char *flag_file, char **ret);
+int ask_password_agent(const char *message, const char *icon, const char *id, const char *keyname, usec_t until, AskPasswordFlags flag, char ***ret);
+int ask_password_keyring(const char *keyname, AskPasswordFlags flags, char ***ret);
+int ask_password_auto(const char *message, const char *icon, const char *id, const char *keyname, usec_t until, AskPasswordFlags flag, char ***ret);
diff --git a/src/libshared/base-filesystem.c b/src/libshared/base-filesystem.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59a34a9d11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/base-filesystem.c
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Kay Sievers
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <syslog.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "base-filesystem.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "umask-util.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+typedef struct BaseFilesystem {
+        const char *dir;
+        mode_t mode;
+        const char *target;
+        const char *exists;
+        bool ignore_failure;
+} BaseFilesystem;
+
+static const BaseFilesystem table[] = {
+        { "bin",      0, "usr/bin\0",                  NULL },
+        { "lib",      0, "usr/lib\0",                  NULL },
+        { "root",  0755, NULL,                         NULL, true },
+        { "sbin",     0, "usr/sbin\0",                 NULL },
+        { "usr",   0755, NULL,                         NULL },
+        { "var",   0755, NULL,                         NULL },
+        { "etc",   0755, NULL,                         NULL },
+#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
+        { "lib64",    0, "usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu\0"
+                         "usr/lib64\0",                "ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" },
+#endif
+};
+
+int base_filesystem_create(const char *root, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        unsigned i;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        fd = open(root, O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOFOLLOW);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open root file system: %m");
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(table); i ++) {
+                if (faccessat(fd, table[i].dir, F_OK, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) >= 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (table[i].target) {
+                        const char *target = NULL, *s;
+
+                        /* check if one of the targets exists */
+                        NULSTR_FOREACH(s, table[i].target) {
+                                if (faccessat(fd, s, F_OK, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) < 0)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                /* check if a specific file exists at the target path */
+                                if (table[i].exists) {
+                                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+                                        p = strjoin(s, "/", table[i].exists, NULL);
+                                        if (!p)
+                                                return log_oom();
+
+                                        if (faccessat(fd, p, F_OK, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) < 0)
+                                                continue;
+                                }
+
+                                target = s;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!target)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = symlinkat(target, fd, table[i].dir);
+                        if (r < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create symlink at %s/%s: %m", root, table[i].dir);
+
+                        if (uid != UID_INVALID || gid != UID_INVALID) {
+                                if (fchownat(fd, table[i].dir, uid, gid, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to chown symlink at %s/%s: %m", root, table[i].dir);
+                        }
+
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                RUN_WITH_UMASK(0000)
+                        r = mkdirat(fd, table[i].dir, table[i].mode);
+                if (r < 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
+                        log_full_errno(table[i].ignore_failure ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR, errno,
+                                       "Failed to create directory at %s/%s: %m", root, table[i].dir);
+
+                        if (!table[i].ignore_failure)
+                                return -errno;
+                }
+
+                if (uid != UID_INVALID || gid != UID_INVALID) {
+                        if (fchownat(fd, table[i].dir, uid, gid, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to chown directory at %s/%s: %m", root, table[i].dir);
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/base-filesystem.h b/src/libshared/base-filesystem.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..49599f0a60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/base-filesystem.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Kay Sievers
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+int base_filesystem_create(const char *root, uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
diff --git a/src/libshared/boot-timestamps.c b/src/libshared/boot-timestamps.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e0152761c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/boot-timestamps.c
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright 2013 Kay Sievers
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "acpi-fpdt.h"
+#include "boot-timestamps.h"
+#include "efivars.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+
+int boot_timestamps(const dual_timestamp *n, dual_timestamp *firmware, dual_timestamp *loader) {
+        usec_t x = 0, y = 0, a;
+        int r;
+        dual_timestamp _n;
+
+        assert(firmware);
+        assert(loader);
+
+        if (!n) {
+                dual_timestamp_get(&_n);
+                n = &_n;
+        }
+
+        r = acpi_get_boot_usec(&x, &y);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = efi_loader_get_boot_usec(&x, &y);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Let's convert this to timestamps where the firmware
+         * began/loader began working. To make this more confusing:
+         * since usec_t is unsigned and the kernel's monotonic clock
+         * begins at kernel initialization we'll actually initialize
+         * the monotonic timestamps here as negative of the actual
+         * value. */
+
+        firmware->monotonic = y;
+        loader->monotonic = y - x;
+
+        a = n->monotonic + firmware->monotonic;
+        firmware->realtime = n->realtime > a ? n->realtime - a : 0;
+
+        a = n->monotonic + loader->monotonic;
+        loader->realtime = n->realtime > a ? n->realtime - a : 0;
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/boot-timestamps.h b/src/libshared/boot-timestamps.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f691026be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/boot-timestamps.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright 2013 Kay Sievers
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <time-util.h>
+
+int boot_timestamps(const dual_timestamp *n, dual_timestamp *firmware, dual_timestamp *loader);
diff --git a/src/libshared/bus-util.c b/src/libshared/bus-util.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a874bb84cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/bus-util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2412 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus-protocol.h>
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+#include <systemd/sd-daemon.h>
+#include <systemd/sd-event.h>
+#include <systemd/sd-id128.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "bus-internal.h"
+#include "bus-label.h"
+#include "bus-message.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "escape.h"
+#include "extract-word.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "install.h"
+#include "kdbus.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "proc-cmdline.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "rlimit-util.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "stdio-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "syslog-util.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+static int name_owner_change_callback(sd_bus_message *m, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *ret_error) {
+        sd_event *e = userdata;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(e);
+
+        sd_bus_close(sd_bus_message_get_bus(m));
+        sd_event_exit(e, 0);
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int bus_async_unregister_and_exit(sd_event *e, sd_bus *bus, const char *name) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *match = NULL;
+        const char *unique;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(e);
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(name);
+
+        /* We unregister the name here and then wait for the
+         * NameOwnerChanged signal for this event to arrive before we
+         * quit. We do this in order to make sure that any queued
+         * requests are still processed before we really exit. */
+
+        r = sd_bus_get_unique_name(bus, &unique);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = asprintf(&match,
+                     "sender='org.freedesktop.DBus',"
+                     "type='signal',"
+                     "interface='org.freedesktop.DBus',"
+                     "member='NameOwnerChanged',"
+                     "path='/org/freedesktop/DBus',"
+                     "arg0='%s',"
+                     "arg1='%s',"
+                     "arg2=''", name, unique);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = sd_bus_add_match(bus, NULL, match, name_owner_change_callback, e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_release_name(bus, name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_event_loop_with_idle(
+                sd_event *e,
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *name,
+                usec_t timeout,
+                check_idle_t check_idle,
+                void *userdata) {
+        bool exiting = false;
+        int r, code;
+
+        assert(e);
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(name);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                bool idle;
+
+                r = sd_event_get_state(e);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == SD_EVENT_FINISHED)
+                        break;
+
+                if (check_idle)
+                        idle = check_idle(userdata);
+                else
+                        idle = true;
+
+                r = sd_event_run(e, exiting || !idle ? (uint64_t) -1 : timeout);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (r == 0 && !exiting && idle) {
+
+                        r = sd_bus_try_close(bus);
+                        if (r == -EBUSY)
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* Fallback for dbus1 connections: we
+                         * unregister the name and wait for the
+                         * response to come through for it */
+                        if (r == -EOPNOTSUPP) {
+
+                                /* Inform the service manager that we
+                                 * are going down, so that it will
+                                 * queue all further start requests,
+                                 * instead of assuming we are already
+                                 * running. */
+                                sd_notify(false, "STOPPING=1");
+
+                                r = bus_async_unregister_and_exit(e, bus, name);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                exiting = true;
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        sd_event_exit(e, 0);
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = sd_event_get_exit_code(e, &code);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return code;
+}
+
+int bus_name_has_owner(sd_bus *c, const char *name, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *rep = NULL;
+        int r, has_owner = 0;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(name);
+
+        r = sd_bus_call_method(c,
+                               "org.freedesktop.DBus",
+                               "/org/freedesktop/dbus",
+                               "org.freedesktop.DBus",
+                               "NameHasOwner",
+                               error,
+                               &rep,
+                               "s",
+                               name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(rep, 'b', &has_owner);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return sd_bus_error_set_errno(error, r);
+
+        return has_owner;
+}
+
+static int check_good_user(sd_bus_message *m, uid_t good_user) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_creds_unrefp) sd_bus_creds *creds = NULL;
+        uid_t sender_uid;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (good_user == UID_INVALID)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_bus_query_sender_creds(m, SD_BUS_CREDS_EUID, &creds);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Don't trust augmented credentials for authorization */
+        assert_return((sd_bus_creds_get_augmented_mask(creds) & SD_BUS_CREDS_EUID) == 0, -EPERM);
+
+        r = sd_bus_creds_get_euid(creds, &sender_uid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sender_uid == good_user;
+}
+
+int bus_test_polkit(
+                sd_bus_message *call,
+                int capability,
+                const char *action,
+                const char **details,
+                uid_t good_user,
+                bool *_challenge,
+                sd_bus_error *e) {
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(call);
+        assert(action);
+
+        /* Tests non-interactively! */
+
+        r = check_good_user(call, good_user);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_query_sender_privilege(call, capability);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        else if (r > 0)
+                return 1;
+#ifdef ENABLE_POLKIT
+        else {
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *request = NULL;
+                _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+                int authorized = false, challenge = false;
+                const char *sender, **k, **v;
+
+                sender = sd_bus_message_get_sender(call);
+                if (!sender)
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                                call->bus,
+                                &request,
+                                "org.freedesktop.PolicyKit1",
+                                "/org/freedesktop/PolicyKit1/Authority",
+                                "org.freedesktop.PolicyKit1.Authority",
+                                "CheckAuthorization");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(
+                                request,
+                                "(sa{sv})s",
+                                "system-bus-name", 1, "name", "s", sender,
+                                action);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(request, 'a', "{ss}");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH_PAIR(k, v, details) {
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(request, "{ss}", *k, *v);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(request);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(request, "us", 0, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_call(call->bus, request, 0, e, &reply);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        /* Treat no PK available as access denied */
+                        if (sd_bus_error_has_name(e, SD_BUS_ERROR_SERVICE_UNKNOWN)) {
+                                sd_bus_error_free(e);
+                                return -EACCES;
+                        }
+
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'r', "bba{ss}");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "bb", &authorized, &challenge);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (authorized)
+                        return 1;
+
+                if (_challenge) {
+                        *_challenge = challenge;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+#endif
+
+        return -EACCES;
+}
+
+#ifdef ENABLE_POLKIT
+
+typedef struct AsyncPolkitQuery {
+        sd_bus_message *request, *reply;
+        sd_bus_message_handler_t callback;
+        void *userdata;
+        sd_bus_slot *slot;
+        Hashmap *registry;
+} AsyncPolkitQuery;
+
+static void async_polkit_query_free(AsyncPolkitQuery *q) {
+
+        if (!q)
+                return;
+
+        sd_bus_slot_unref(q->slot);
+
+        if (q->registry && q->request)
+                hashmap_remove(q->registry, q->request);
+
+        sd_bus_message_unref(q->request);
+        sd_bus_message_unref(q->reply);
+
+        free(q);
+}
+
+static int async_polkit_callback(sd_bus_message *reply, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error_buffer = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        AsyncPolkitQuery *q = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(q);
+
+        q->slot = sd_bus_slot_unref(q->slot);
+        q->reply = sd_bus_message_ref(reply);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_rewind(q->request, true);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_reply_method_errno(q->request, r, NULL);
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = q->callback(q->request, q->userdata, &error_buffer);
+        r = bus_maybe_reply_error(q->request, r, &error_buffer);
+
+finish:
+        async_polkit_query_free(q);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+int bus_verify_polkit_async(
+                sd_bus_message *call,
+                int capability,
+                const char *action,
+                const char **details,
+                bool interactive,
+                uid_t good_user,
+                Hashmap **registry,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+#ifdef ENABLE_POLKIT
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *pk = NULL;
+        AsyncPolkitQuery *q;
+        const char *sender, **k, **v;
+        sd_bus_message_handler_t callback;
+        void *userdata;
+        int c;
+#endif
+        int r;
+
+        assert(call);
+        assert(action);
+        assert(registry);
+
+        r = check_good_user(call, good_user);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+#ifdef ENABLE_POLKIT
+        q = hashmap_get(*registry, call);
+        if (q) {
+                int authorized, challenge;
+
+                /* This is the second invocation of this function, and
+                 * there's already a response from polkit, let's
+                 * process it */
+                assert(q->reply);
+
+                if (sd_bus_message_is_method_error(q->reply, NULL)) {
+                        const sd_bus_error *e;
+
+                        /* Copy error from polkit reply */
+                        e = sd_bus_message_get_error(q->reply);
+                        sd_bus_error_copy(error, e);
+
+                        /* Treat no PK available as access denied */
+                        if (sd_bus_error_has_name(e, SD_BUS_ERROR_SERVICE_UNKNOWN))
+                                return -EACCES;
+
+                        return -sd_bus_error_get_errno(e);
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(q->reply, 'r', "bba{ss}");
+                if (r >= 0)
+                        r = sd_bus_message_read(q->reply, "bb", &authorized, &challenge);
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (authorized)
+                        return 1;
+
+                if (challenge)
+                        return sd_bus_error_set(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_INTERACTIVE_AUTHORIZATION_REQUIRED, "Interactive authentication required.");
+
+                return -EACCES;
+        }
+#endif
+
+        r = sd_bus_query_sender_privilege(call, capability);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        else if (r > 0)
+                return 1;
+
+#ifdef ENABLE_POLKIT
+        if (sd_bus_get_current_message(call->bus) != call)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        callback = sd_bus_get_current_handler(call->bus);
+        if (!callback)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        userdata = sd_bus_get_current_userdata(call->bus);
+
+        sender = sd_bus_message_get_sender(call);
+        if (!sender)
+                return -EBADMSG;
+
+        c = sd_bus_message_get_allow_interactive_authorization(call);
+        if (c < 0)
+                return c;
+        if (c > 0)
+                interactive = true;
+
+        r = hashmap_ensure_allocated(registry, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
+                        call->bus,
+                        &pk,
+                        "org.freedesktop.PolicyKit1",
+                        "/org/freedesktop/PolicyKit1/Authority",
+                        "org.freedesktop.PolicyKit1.Authority",
+                        "CheckAuthorization");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(
+                        pk,
+                        "(sa{sv})s",
+                        "system-bus-name", 1, "name", "s", sender,
+                        action);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(pk, 'a', "{ss}");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH_PAIR(k, v, details) {
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(pk, "{ss}", *k, *v);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(pk);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append(pk, "us", !!interactive, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        q = new0(AsyncPolkitQuery, 1);
+        if (!q)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        q->request = sd_bus_message_ref(call);
+        q->callback = callback;
+        q->userdata = userdata;
+
+        r = hashmap_put(*registry, call, q);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                async_polkit_query_free(q);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        q->registry = *registry;
+
+        r = sd_bus_call_async(call->bus, &q->slot, pk, async_polkit_callback, q, 0);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                async_polkit_query_free(q);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+#endif
+
+        return -EACCES;
+}
+
+void bus_verify_polkit_async_registry_free(Hashmap *registry) {
+#ifdef ENABLE_POLKIT
+        AsyncPolkitQuery *q;
+
+        while ((q = hashmap_steal_first(registry)))
+                async_polkit_query_free(q);
+
+        hashmap_free(registry);
+#endif
+}
+
+int bus_check_peercred(sd_bus *c) {
+        struct ucred ucred;
+        socklen_t l;
+        int fd;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        fd = sd_bus_get_fd(c);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        l = sizeof(struct ucred);
+        if (getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PEERCRED, &ucred, &l) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (l != sizeof(struct ucred))
+                return -E2BIG;
+
+        if (ucred.uid != 0 && ucred.uid != geteuid())
+                return -EPERM;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int bus_connect_system_systemd(sd_bus **_bus) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(_bus);
+
+        if (geteuid() != 0)
+                return sd_bus_default_system(_bus);
+
+        /* If we are root and kdbus is not available, then let's talk
+         * directly to the system instance, instead of going via the
+         * bus */
+
+        r = sd_bus_new(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_set_address(bus, KERNEL_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        bus->bus_client = true;
+
+        r = sd_bus_start(bus);
+        if (r >= 0) {
+                *_bus = bus;
+                bus = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        bus = sd_bus_unref(bus);
+
+        r = sd_bus_new(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_set_address(bus, "unix:path=/run/systemd/private");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_start(bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return sd_bus_default_system(_bus);
+
+        r = bus_check_peercred(bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *_bus = bus;
+        bus = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_connect_user_systemd(sd_bus **_bus) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_unrefp) sd_bus *bus = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *ee = NULL;
+        const char *e;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Try via kdbus first, and then directly */
+
+        assert(_bus);
+
+        r = sd_bus_new(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (asprintf(&bus->address, KERNEL_USER_BUS_ADDRESS_FMT, getuid()) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        bus->bus_client = true;
+
+        r = sd_bus_start(bus);
+        if (r >= 0) {
+                *_bus = bus;
+                bus = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        bus = sd_bus_unref(bus);
+
+        e = secure_getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");
+        if (!e)
+                return sd_bus_default_user(_bus);
+
+        ee = bus_address_escape(e);
+        if (!ee)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = sd_bus_new(&bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        bus->address = strjoin("unix:path=", ee, "/systemd/private", NULL);
+        if (!bus->address)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = sd_bus_start(bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return sd_bus_default_user(_bus);
+
+        r = bus_check_peercred(bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *_bus = bus;
+        bus = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_print_property(const char *name, sd_bus_message *property, bool all) {
+        char type;
+        const char *contents;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(property);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_peek_type(property, &type, &contents);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        switch (type) {
+
+        case SD_BUS_TYPE_STRING: {
+                const char *s;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(property, type, &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (all || !isempty(s)) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *escaped = NULL;
+
+                        escaped = xescape(s, "\n");
+                        if (!escaped)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        printf("%s=%s\n", name, escaped);
+                }
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        case SD_BUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN: {
+                int b;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(property, type, &b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                printf("%s=%s\n", name, yes_no(b));
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        case SD_BUS_TYPE_UINT64: {
+                uint64_t u;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(property, type, &u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* Yes, heuristics! But we can change this check
+                 * should it turn out to not be sufficient */
+
+                if (endswith(name, "Timestamp")) {
+                        char timestamp[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX], *t;
+
+                        t = format_timestamp(timestamp, sizeof(timestamp), u);
+                        if (t || all)
+                                printf("%s=%s\n", name, strempty(t));
+
+                } else if (strstr(name, "USec")) {
+                        char timespan[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+
+                        printf("%s=%s\n", name, format_timespan(timespan, sizeof(timespan), u, 0));
+                } else
+                        printf("%s=%llu\n", name, (unsigned long long) u);
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        case SD_BUS_TYPE_INT64: {
+                int64_t i;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(property, type, &i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                printf("%s=%lld\n", name, (long long) i);
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        case SD_BUS_TYPE_UINT32: {
+                uint32_t u;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(property, type, &u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (strstr(name, "UMask") || strstr(name, "Mode"))
+                        printf("%s=%04o\n", name, u);
+                else
+                        printf("%s=%u\n", name, (unsigned) u);
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        case SD_BUS_TYPE_INT32: {
+                int32_t i;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(property, type, &i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                printf("%s=%i\n", name, (int) i);
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        case SD_BUS_TYPE_DOUBLE: {
+                double d;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(property, type, &d);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                printf("%s=%g\n", name, d);
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        case SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY:
+                if (streq(contents, "s")) {
+                        bool first = true;
+                        const char *str;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(property, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, contents);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        while((r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(property, SD_BUS_TYPE_STRING, &str)) > 0) {
+                                _cleanup_free_ char *escaped = NULL;
+
+                                if (first)
+                                        printf("%s=", name);
+
+                                escaped = xescape(str, "\n ");
+                                if (!escaped)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                printf("%s%s", first ? "" : " ", escaped);
+
+                                first = false;
+                        }
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (first && all)
+                                printf("%s=", name);
+                        if (!first || all)
+                                puts("");
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(property);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        return 1;
+
+                } else if (streq(contents, "y")) {
+                        const uint8_t *u;
+                        size_t n;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_read_array(property, SD_BUS_TYPE_BYTE, (const void**) &u, &n);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (all || n > 0) {
+                                unsigned int i;
+
+                                printf("%s=", name);
+
+                                for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+                                        printf("%02x", u[i]);
+
+                                puts("");
+                        }
+
+                        return 1;
+
+                } else if (streq(contents, "u")) {
+                        uint32_t *u;
+                        size_t n;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_read_array(property, SD_BUS_TYPE_UINT32, (const void**) &u, &n);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (all || n > 0) {
+                                unsigned int i;
+
+                                printf("%s=", name);
+
+                                for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+                                        printf("%08x", u[i]);
+
+                                puts("");
+                        }
+
+                        return 1;
+                }
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_print_all_properties(sd_bus *bus, const char *dest, const char *path, char **filter, bool all) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(path);
+
+        r = sd_bus_call_method(bus,
+                        dest,
+                        path,
+                        "org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties",
+                        "GetAll",
+                        &error,
+                        &reply,
+                        "s", "");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "{sv}");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_DICT_ENTRY, "sv")) > 0) {
+                const char *name;
+                const char *contents;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_STRING, &name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!filter || strv_find(filter, name)) {
+                        r = sd_bus_message_peek_type(reply, NULL, &contents);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_VARIANT, contents);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = bus_print_property(name, reply, all);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0) {
+                                if (all)
+                                        printf("%s=[unprintable]\n", name);
+                                /* skip what we didn't read */
+                                r = sd_bus_message_skip(reply, contents);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                } else {
+                        r = sd_bus_message_skip(reply, "v");
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_map_id128(sd_bus *bus, const char *member, sd_bus_message *m, sd_bus_error *error, void *userdata) {
+        sd_id128_t *p = userdata;
+        const void *v;
+        size_t n;
+        int r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read_array(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_BYTE, &v, &n);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (n == 0)
+                *p = SD_ID128_NULL;
+        else if (n == 16)
+                memcpy((*p).bytes, v, n);
+        else
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int map_basic(sd_bus *bus, const char *member, sd_bus_message *m, sd_bus_error *error, void *userdata) {
+        char type;
+        int r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_peek_type(m, &type, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        switch (type) {
+        case SD_BUS_TYPE_STRING: {
+                const char *s;
+                char **p = userdata;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(m, type, &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (isempty(s))
+                        break;
+
+                r = free_and_strdup(p, s);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY: {
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+                char ***p = userdata;
+
+                r = bus_message_read_strv_extend(m, &l);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        break;
+
+                strv_free(*p);
+                *p = l;
+                l = NULL;
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case SD_BUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN: {
+                unsigned b;
+                bool *p = userdata;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(m, type, &b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        break;
+
+                *p = b;
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case SD_BUS_TYPE_UINT32: {
+                uint64_t u;
+                uint32_t *p = userdata;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(m, type, &u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        break;
+
+                *p = u;
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case SD_BUS_TYPE_UINT64: {
+                uint64_t t;
+                uint64_t *p = userdata;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(m, type, &t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        break;
+
+                *p = t;
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        default:
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int bus_message_map_all_properties(
+                sd_bus_message *m,
+                const struct bus_properties_map *map,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(map);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "{sv}");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_DICT_ENTRY, "sv")) > 0) {
+                const struct bus_properties_map *prop;
+                const char *member;
+                const char *contents;
+                void *v;
+                unsigned i;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_STRING, &member);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                for (i = 0, prop = NULL; map[i].member; i++)
+                        if (streq(map[i].member, member)) {
+                                prop = &map[i];
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                if (prop) {
+                        r = sd_bus_message_peek_type(m, NULL, &contents);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_VARIANT, contents);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        v = (uint8_t *)userdata + prop->offset;
+                        if (map[i].set)
+                                r = prop->set(sd_bus_message_get_bus(m), member, m, &error, v);
+                        else
+                                r = map_basic(sd_bus_message_get_bus(m), member, m, &error, v);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                } else {
+                        r = sd_bus_message_skip(m, "v");
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
+}
+
+int bus_message_map_properties_changed(
+                sd_bus_message *m,
+                const struct bus_properties_map *map,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        const char *member;
+        int r, invalidated, i;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(map);
+
+        r = bus_message_map_all_properties(m, map, userdata);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "s");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        invalidated = 0;
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_STRING, &member)) > 0)
+                for (i = 0; map[i].member; i++)
+                        if (streq(map[i].member, member)) {
+                                ++invalidated;
+                                break;
+                        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return invalidated;
+}
+
+int bus_map_all_properties(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *destination,
+                const char *path,
+                const struct bus_properties_map *map,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_message_unrefp) sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(destination);
+        assert(path);
+        assert(map);
+
+        r = sd_bus_call_method(
+                        bus,
+                        destination,
+                        path,
+                        "org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties",
+                        "GetAll",
+                        &error,
+                        &m,
+                        "s", "");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return bus_message_map_all_properties(m, map, userdata);
+}
+
+int bus_connect_transport(BusTransport transport, const char *host, bool user, sd_bus **bus) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(transport >= 0);
+        assert(transport < _BUS_TRANSPORT_MAX);
+        assert(bus);
+
+        assert_return((transport == BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL) == !host, -EINVAL);
+        assert_return(transport == BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL || !user, -EOPNOTSUPP);
+
+        switch (transport) {
+
+        case BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL:
+                if (user)
+                        r = sd_bus_default_user(bus);
+                else
+                        r = sd_bus_default_system(bus);
+
+                break;
+
+        case BUS_TRANSPORT_REMOTE:
+                r = sd_bus_open_system_remote(bus, host);
+                break;
+
+        case BUS_TRANSPORT_MACHINE:
+                r = sd_bus_open_system_machine(bus, host);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Hmm, unknown transport type.");
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int bus_connect_transport_systemd(BusTransport transport, const char *host, bool user, sd_bus **bus) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(transport >= 0);
+        assert(transport < _BUS_TRANSPORT_MAX);
+        assert(bus);
+
+        assert_return((transport == BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL) == !host, -EINVAL);
+        assert_return(transport == BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL || !user, -EOPNOTSUPP);
+
+        switch (transport) {
+
+        case BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL:
+                if (user)
+                        r = bus_connect_user_systemd(bus);
+                else
+                        r = bus_connect_system_systemd(bus);
+
+                break;
+
+        case BUS_TRANSPORT_REMOTE:
+                r = sd_bus_open_system_remote(bus, host);
+                break;
+
+        case BUS_TRANSPORT_MACHINE:
+                r = sd_bus_open_system_machine(bus, host);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Hmm, unknown transport type.");
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int bus_property_get_bool(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        int b = *(bool*) userdata;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append_basic(reply, 'b', &b);
+}
+
+#if __SIZEOF_SIZE_T__ != 8
+int bus_property_get_size(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        uint64_t sz = *(size_t*) userdata;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append_basic(reply, 't', &sz);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if __SIZEOF_LONG__ != 8
+int bus_property_get_long(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        int64_t l = *(long*) userdata;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append_basic(reply, 'x', &l);
+}
+
+int bus_property_get_ulong(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        uint64_t ul = *(unsigned long*) userdata;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append_basic(reply, 't', &ul);
+}
+#endif
+
+int bus_log_parse_error(int r) {
+        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse bus message: %m");
+}
+
+int bus_log_create_error(int r) {
+        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create bus message: %m");
+}
+
+int bus_parse_unit_info(sd_bus_message *message, UnitInfo *u) {
+        assert(message);
+        assert(u);
+
+        u->machine = NULL;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_read(
+                        message,
+                        "(ssssssouso)",
+                        &u->id,
+                        &u->description,
+                        &u->load_state,
+                        &u->active_state,
+                        &u->sub_state,
+                        &u->following,
+                        &u->unit_path,
+                        &u->job_id,
+                        &u->job_type,
+                        &u->job_path);
+}
+
+int bus_append_unit_property_assignment(sd_bus_message *m, const char *assignment) {
+        const char *eq, *field;
+        int r, rl;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(assignment);
+
+        eq = strchr(assignment, '=');
+        if (!eq) {
+                log_error("Not an assignment: %s", assignment);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT, "sv");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        field = strndupa(assignment, eq - assignment);
+        eq ++;
+
+        if (streq(field, "CPUQuota")) {
+
+                if (isempty(eq))
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "sv", "CPUQuotaPerSecUSec", "t", USEC_INFINITY);
+                else if (endswith(eq, "%")) {
+                        double percent;
+
+                        if (sscanf(eq, "%lf%%", &percent) != 1 || percent <= 0) {
+                                log_error("CPU quota '%s' invalid.", eq);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "sv", "CPUQuotaPerSecUSec", "t", (usec_t) percent * USEC_PER_SEC / 100);
+                } else {
+                        log_error("CPU quota needs to be in percent.");
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                goto finish;
+
+        } else if (streq(field, "EnvironmentFile")) {
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "sv", "EnvironmentFiles", "a(sb)", 1,
+                                          eq[0] == '-' ? eq + 1 : eq,
+                                          eq[0] == '-');
+                goto finish;
+
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(field, "AccuracySec", "RandomizedDelaySec", "RuntimeMaxSec")) {
+                char *n;
+                usec_t t;
+                size_t l;
+                r = parse_sec(eq, &t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse %s= parameter: %s", field, eq);
+
+                l = strlen(field);
+                n = newa(char, l + 2);
+                if (!n)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                /* Change suffix Sec → USec */
+                strcpy(mempcpy(n, field, l - 3), "USec");
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "sv", n, "t", t);
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_append_basic(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_STRING, field);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        rl = rlimit_from_string(field);
+        if (rl >= 0) {
+                const char *sn;
+                struct rlimit l;
+
+                r = rlimit_parse(rl, eq, &l);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse resource limit: %s", eq);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "t", l.rlim_max);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT, "sv");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                sn = strjoina(field, "Soft");
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "sv", sn, "t", l.rlim_cur);
+
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(field,
+                       "CPUAccounting", "MemoryAccounting", "BlockIOAccounting", "TasksAccounting",
+                       "SendSIGHUP", "SendSIGKILL", "WakeSystem", "DefaultDependencies",
+                       "IgnoreSIGPIPE", "TTYVHangup", "TTYReset", "RemainAfterExit",
+                       "PrivateTmp", "PrivateDevices", "PrivateNetwork", "NoNewPrivileges",
+                       "SyslogLevelPrefix", "Delegate", "RemainAfterElapse")) {
+
+                r = parse_boolean(eq);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse boolean assignment %s.", assignment);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "b", r);
+
+        } else if (streq(field, "MemoryLimit")) {
+                uint64_t bytes;
+
+                if (isempty(eq) || streq(eq, "infinity"))
+                        bytes = (uint64_t) -1;
+                else {
+                        r = parse_size(eq, 1024, &bytes);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse bytes specification %s", assignment);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "t", bytes);
+
+        } else if (streq(field, "TasksMax")) {
+                uint64_t n;
+
+                if (isempty(eq) || streq(eq, "infinity"))
+                        n = (uint64_t) -1;
+                else {
+                        r = safe_atou64(eq, &n);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse maximum tasks specification %s", assignment);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "t", n);
+
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(field, "CPUShares", "StartupCPUShares")) {
+                uint64_t u;
+
+                r = cg_cpu_shares_parse(eq, &u);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s.", field, eq);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "t", u);
+
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(field, "BlockIOWeight", "StartupBlockIOWeight")) {
+                uint64_t u;
+
+                r = cg_cpu_shares_parse(eq, &u);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s.", field, eq);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "t", u);
+
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(field,
+                              "User", "Group", "DevicePolicy", "KillMode",
+                              "UtmpIdentifier", "UtmpMode", "PAMName", "TTYPath",
+                              "StandardInput", "StandardOutput", "StandardError",
+                              "Description", "Slice", "Type", "WorkingDirectory",
+                              "RootDirectory", "SyslogIdentifier", "ProtectSystem",
+                              "ProtectHome"))
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "s", eq);
+
+        else if (streq(field, "SyslogLevel")) {
+                int level;
+
+                level = log_level_from_string(eq);
+                if (level < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s.", field, eq);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "i", level);
+
+        } else if (streq(field, "SyslogFacility")) {
+                int facility;
+
+                facility = log_facility_unshifted_from_string(eq);
+                if (facility < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s.", field, eq);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "i", facility);
+
+        } else if (streq(field, "DeviceAllow")) {
+
+                if (isempty(eq))
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "a(ss)", 0);
+                else {
+                        const char *path, *rwm, *e;
+
+                        e = strchr(eq, ' ');
+                        if (e) {
+                                path = strndupa(eq, e - eq);
+                                rwm = e+1;
+                        } else {
+                                path = eq;
+                                rwm = "";
+                        }
+
+                        if (!path_startswith(path, "/dev")) {
+                                log_error("%s is not a device file in /dev.", path);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "a(ss)", 1, path, rwm);
+                }
+
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(field, "BlockIOReadBandwidth", "BlockIOWriteBandwidth")) {
+
+                if (isempty(eq))
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "a(st)", 0);
+                else {
+                        const char *path, *bandwidth, *e;
+                        uint64_t bytes;
+
+                        e = strchr(eq, ' ');
+                        if (e) {
+                                path = strndupa(eq, e - eq);
+                                bandwidth = e+1;
+                        } else {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s.", field, eq);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!path_startswith(path, "/dev")) {
+                                log_error("%s is not a device file in /dev.", path);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        r = parse_size(bandwidth, 1000, &bytes);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse byte value %s.", bandwidth);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "a(st)", 1, path, bytes);
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(field, "BlockIODeviceWeight")) {
+
+                if (isempty(eq))
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "a(st)", 0);
+                else {
+                        const char *path, *weight, *e;
+                        uint64_t u;
+
+                        e = strchr(eq, ' ');
+                        if (e) {
+                                path = strndupa(eq, e - eq);
+                                weight = e+1;
+                        } else {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s.", field, eq);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!path_startswith(path, "/dev")) {
+                                log_error("%s is not a device file in /dev.", path);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        r = safe_atou64(weight, &u);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s.", field, weight);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "a(st)", path, u);
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(field, "Nice")) {
+                int32_t i;
+
+                r = safe_atoi32(eq, &i);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s.", field, eq);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "i", i);
+
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(field, "Environment", "PassEnvironment")) {
+                const char *p;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'v', "as");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'a', "s");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                p = eq;
+
+                for (;;) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
+
+                        r = extract_first_word(&p, &word, NULL, EXTRACT_QUOTES|EXTRACT_CUNESCAPE);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse Environment value %s", eq);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                break;
+
+                        if (streq(field, "Environment")) {
+                                if (!env_assignment_is_valid(word)) {
+                                        log_error("Invalid environment assignment: %s", word);
+                                        return -EINVAL;
+                                }
+                        } else {  /* PassEnvironment */
+                                if (!env_name_is_valid(word)) {
+                                        log_error("Invalid environment variable name: %s", word);
+                                        return -EINVAL;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append_basic(m, 's', word);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+
+        } else if (streq(field, "KillSignal")) {
+                int sig;
+
+                sig = signal_from_string_try_harder(eq);
+                if (sig < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s.", field, eq);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "i", sig);
+
+        } else if (streq(field, "TimerSlackNSec")) {
+                nsec_t n;
+
+                r = parse_nsec(eq, &n);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s", field, eq);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "t", n);
+        } else if (streq(field, "OOMScoreAdjust")) {
+                int oa;
+
+                r = safe_atoi(eq, &oa);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s", field, eq);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                if (!oom_score_adjust_is_valid(oa)) {
+                        log_error("OOM score adjust value out of range");
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "i", oa);
+        } else if (STR_IN_SET(field, "ReadWriteDirectories", "ReadOnlyDirectories", "InaccessibleDirectories")) {
+                const char *p;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'v', "as");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'a', "s");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                p = eq;
+
+                for (;;) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
+                        int offset;
+
+                        r = extract_first_word(&p, &word, NULL, EXTRACT_QUOTES);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s", field, eq);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                break;
+
+                        if (!utf8_is_valid(word)) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s", field, eq);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        offset = word[0] == '-';
+                        if (!path_is_absolute(word + offset)) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s", field, eq);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        path_kill_slashes(word + offset);
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append_basic(m, 's', word);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+
+        } else if (streq(field, "RuntimeDirectory")) {
+                const char *p;
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'v', "as");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'a', "s");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                p = eq;
+
+                for (;;) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
+
+                        r = extract_first_word(&p, &word, NULL, EXTRACT_QUOTES);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse %s value %s", field, eq);
+
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                break;
+
+                        r = sd_bus_message_append_basic(m, 's', word);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+                }
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+
+        } else {
+                log_error("Unknown assignment %s.", assignment);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+finish:
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_create_error(r);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+typedef struct BusWaitForJobs {
+        sd_bus *bus;
+        Set *jobs;
+
+        char *name;
+        char *result;
+
+        sd_bus_slot *slot_job_removed;
+        sd_bus_slot *slot_disconnected;
+} BusWaitForJobs;
+
+static int match_disconnected(sd_bus_message *m, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        log_error("Warning! D-Bus connection terminated.");
+        sd_bus_close(sd_bus_message_get_bus(m));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int match_job_removed(sd_bus_message *m, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        const char *path, *unit, *result;
+        BusWaitForJobs *d = userdata;
+        uint32_t id;
+        char *found;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(d);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "uoss", &id, &path, &unit, &result);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                bus_log_parse_error(r);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        found = set_remove(d->jobs, (char*) path);
+        if (!found)
+                return 0;
+
+        free(found);
+
+        if (!isempty(result))
+                d->result = strdup(result);
+
+        if (!isempty(unit))
+                d->name = strdup(unit);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void bus_wait_for_jobs_free(BusWaitForJobs *d) {
+        if (!d)
+                return;
+
+        set_free_free(d->jobs);
+
+        sd_bus_slot_unref(d->slot_disconnected);
+        sd_bus_slot_unref(d->slot_job_removed);
+
+        sd_bus_unref(d->bus);
+
+        free(d->name);
+        free(d->result);
+
+        free(d);
+}
+
+int bus_wait_for_jobs_new(sd_bus *bus, BusWaitForJobs **ret) {
+        _cleanup_(bus_wait_for_jobs_freep) BusWaitForJobs *d = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        d = new0(BusWaitForJobs, 1);
+        if (!d)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        d->bus = sd_bus_ref(bus);
+
+        /* When we are a bus client we match by sender. Direct
+         * connections OTOH have no initialized sender field, and
+         * hence we ignore the sender then */
+        r = sd_bus_add_match(
+                        bus,
+                        &d->slot_job_removed,
+                        bus->bus_client ?
+                        "type='signal',"
+                        "sender='org.freedesktop.systemd1',"
+                        "interface='org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager',"
+                        "member='JobRemoved',"
+                        "path='/org/freedesktop/systemd1'" :
+                        "type='signal',"
+                        "interface='org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager',"
+                        "member='JobRemoved',"
+                        "path='/org/freedesktop/systemd1'",
+                        match_job_removed, d);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_add_match(
+                        bus,
+                        &d->slot_disconnected,
+                        "type='signal',"
+                        "sender='org.freedesktop.DBus.Local',"
+                        "interface='org.freedesktop.DBus.Local',"
+                        "member='Disconnected'",
+                        match_disconnected, d);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret = d;
+        d = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_process_wait(sd_bus *bus) {
+        int r;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                r = sd_bus_process(bus, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                r = sd_bus_wait(bus, (uint64_t) -1);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+}
+
+static int bus_job_get_service_result(BusWaitForJobs *d, char **result) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *dbus_path = NULL;
+
+        assert(d);
+        assert(d->name);
+        assert(result);
+
+        dbus_path = unit_dbus_path_from_name(d->name);
+        if (!dbus_path)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return sd_bus_get_property_string(d->bus,
+                                          "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
+                                          dbus_path,
+                                          "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Service",
+                                          "Result",
+                                          NULL,
+                                          result);
+}
+
+static const struct {
+        const char *result, *explanation;
+} explanations [] = {
+        { "resources",   "a configured resource limit was exceeded" },
+        { "timeout",     "a timeout was exceeded" },
+        { "exit-code",   "the control process exited with error code" },
+        { "signal",      "a fatal signal was delivered to the control process" },
+        { "core-dump",   "a fatal signal was delivered causing the control process to dump core" },
+        { "watchdog",    "the service failed to send watchdog ping" },
+        { "start-limit", "start of the service was attempted too often" }
+};
+
+static void log_job_error_with_service_result(const char* service, const char *result, const char *extra_args) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *service_shell_quoted = NULL, *systemctl_extra_args = NULL;
+
+        assert(service);
+
+        service_shell_quoted = shell_maybe_quote(service);
+
+        systemctl_extra_args = strjoin("systemctl ", extra_args, " ", NULL);
+        if (!systemctl_extra_args) {
+                log_oom();
+                return;
+        }
+
+        systemctl_extra_args = strstrip(systemctl_extra_args);
+
+        if (!isempty(result)) {
+                unsigned i;
+
+                for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(explanations); ++i)
+                        if (streq(result, explanations[i].result))
+                                break;
+
+                if (i < ELEMENTSOF(explanations)) {
+                        log_error("Job for %s failed because %s. See \"%s status %s\" and \"journalctl -xe\" for details.\n",
+                                  service,
+                                  explanations[i].explanation,
+                                  systemctl_extra_args,
+                                  strna(service_shell_quoted));
+
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        log_error("Job for %s failed. See \"%s status %s\" and \"journalctl -xe\" for details.\n",
+                  service,
+                  systemctl_extra_args,
+                  strna(service_shell_quoted));
+
+finish:
+        /* For some results maybe additional explanation is required */
+        if (streq_ptr(result, "start-limit"))
+                log_info("To force a start use \"%1$s reset-failed %2$s\" followed by \"%1$s start %2$s\" again.",
+                         systemctl_extra_args,
+                         strna(service_shell_quoted));
+}
+
+static int check_wait_response(BusWaitForJobs *d, bool quiet, const char *extra_args) {
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(d->result);
+
+        if (!quiet) {
+                if (streq(d->result, "canceled"))
+                        log_error("Job for %s canceled.", strna(d->name));
+                else if (streq(d->result, "timeout"))
+                        log_error("Job for %s timed out.", strna(d->name));
+                else if (streq(d->result, "dependency"))
+                        log_error("A dependency job for %s failed. See 'journalctl -xe' for details.", strna(d->name));
+                else if (streq(d->result, "invalid"))
+                        log_error("%s is not active, cannot reload.", strna(d->name));
+                else if (streq(d->result, "assert"))
+                        log_error("Assertion failed on job for %s.", strna(d->name));
+                else if (streq(d->result, "unsupported"))
+                        log_error("Operation on or unit type of %s not supported on this system.", strna(d->name));
+                else if (!streq(d->result, "done") && !streq(d->result, "skipped")) {
+                        if (d->name) {
+                                int q;
+                                _cleanup_free_ char *result = NULL;
+
+                                q = bus_job_get_service_result(d, &result);
+                                if (q < 0)
+                                        log_debug_errno(q, "Failed to get Result property of service %s: %m", d->name);
+
+                                log_job_error_with_service_result(d->name, result, extra_args);
+                        } else
+                                log_error("Job failed. See \"journalctl -xe\" for details.");
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (streq(d->result, "canceled"))
+                r = -ECANCELED;
+        else if (streq(d->result, "timeout"))
+                r = -ETIME;
+        else if (streq(d->result, "dependency"))
+                r = -EIO;
+        else if (streq(d->result, "invalid"))
+                r = -ENOEXEC;
+        else if (streq(d->result, "assert"))
+                r = -EPROTO;
+        else if (streq(d->result, "unsupported"))
+                r = -EOPNOTSUPP;
+        else if (!streq(d->result, "done") && !streq(d->result, "skipped"))
+                r = -EIO;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int bus_wait_for_jobs(BusWaitForJobs *d, bool quiet, const char *extra_args) {
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        while (!set_isempty(d->jobs)) {
+                int q;
+
+                q = bus_process_wait(d->bus);
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(q, "Failed to wait for response: %m");
+
+                if (d->result) {
+                        q = check_wait_response(d, quiet, extra_args);
+                        /* Return the first error as it is most likely to be
+                         * meaningful. */
+                        if (q < 0 && r == 0)
+                                r = q;
+
+                        log_debug_errno(q, "Got result %s/%m for job %s", strna(d->result), strna(d->name));
+                }
+
+                d->name = mfree(d->name);
+                d->result = mfree(d->result);
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int bus_wait_for_jobs_add(BusWaitForJobs *d, const char *path) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(&d->jobs, &string_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return set_put_strdup(d->jobs, path);
+}
+
+int bus_wait_for_jobs_one(BusWaitForJobs *d, const char *path, bool quiet) {
+        int r;
+
+        r = bus_wait_for_jobs_add(d, path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        return bus_wait_for_jobs(d, quiet, NULL);
+}
+
+int bus_deserialize_and_dump_unit_file_changes(sd_bus_message *m, bool quiet, UnitFileChange **changes, unsigned *n_changes) {
+        const char *type, *path, *source;
+        int r;
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(sss)");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(sss)", &type, &path, &source)) > 0) {
+                if (!quiet) {
+                        if (streq(type, "symlink"))
+                                log_info("Created symlink from %s to %s.", path, source);
+                        else
+                                log_info("Removed symlink %s.", path);
+                }
+
+                r = unit_file_changes_add(changes, n_changes, streq(type, "symlink") ? UNIT_FILE_SYMLINK : UNIT_FILE_UNLINK, path, source);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * bus_path_encode_unique() - encode unique object path
+ * @b: bus connection or NULL
+ * @prefix: object path prefix
+ * @sender_id: unique-name of client, or NULL
+ * @external_id: external ID to be chosen by client, or NULL
+ * @ret_path: storage for encoded object path pointer
+ *
+ * Whenever we provide a bus API that allows clients to create and manage
+ * server-side objects, we need to provide a unique name for these objects. If
+ * we let the server choose the name, we suffer from a race condition: If a
+ * client creates an object asynchronously, it cannot destroy that object until
+ * it received the method reply. It cannot know the name of the new object,
+ * thus, it cannot destroy it. Furthermore, it enforces a round-trip.
+ *
+ * Therefore, many APIs allow the client to choose the unique name for newly
+ * created objects. There're two problems to solve, though:
+ *    1) Object names are usually defined via dbus object paths, which are
+ *       usually globally namespaced. Therefore, multiple clients must be able
+ *       to choose unique object names without interference.
+ *    2) If multiple libraries share the same bus connection, they must be
+ *       able to choose unique object names without interference.
+ * The first problem is solved easily by prefixing a name with the
+ * unique-bus-name of a connection. The server side must enforce this and
+ * reject any other name. The second problem is solved by providing unique
+ * suffixes from within sd-bus.
+ *
+ * This helper allows clients to create unique object-paths. It uses the
+ * template '/prefix/sender_id/external_id' and returns the new path in
+ * @ret_path (must be freed by the caller).
+ * If @sender_id is NULL, the unique-name of @b is used. If @external_id is
+ * NULL, this function allocates a unique suffix via @b (by requesting a new
+ * cookie). If both @sender_id and @external_id are given, @b can be passed as
+ * NULL.
+ *
+ * Returns: 0 on success, negative error code on failure.
+ */
+int bus_path_encode_unique(sd_bus *b, const char *prefix, const char *sender_id, const char *external_id, char **ret_path) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *sender_label = NULL, *external_label = NULL;
+        char external_buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)], *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert_return(b || (sender_id && external_id), -EINVAL);
+        assert_return(object_path_is_valid(prefix), -EINVAL);
+        assert_return(ret_path, -EINVAL);
+
+        if (!sender_id) {
+                r = sd_bus_get_unique_name(b, &sender_id);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (!external_id) {
+                xsprintf(external_buf, "%"PRIu64, ++b->cookie);
+                external_id = external_buf;
+        }
+
+        sender_label = bus_label_escape(sender_id);
+        if (!sender_label)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        external_label = bus_label_escape(external_id);
+        if (!external_label)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        p = strjoin(prefix, "/", sender_label, "/", external_label, NULL);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret_path = p;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * bus_path_decode_unique() - decode unique object path
+ * @path: object path to decode
+ * @prefix: object path prefix
+ * @ret_sender: output parameter for sender-id label
+ * @ret_external: output parameter for external-id label
+ *
+ * This does the reverse of bus_path_encode_unique() (see its description for
+ * details). Both trailing labels, sender-id and external-id, are unescaped and
+ * returned in the given output parameters (the caller must free them).
+ *
+ * Note that this function returns 0 if the path does not match the template
+ * (see bus_path_encode_unique()), 1 if it matched.
+ *
+ * Returns: Negative error code on failure, 0 if the given object path does not
+ *          match the template (return parameters are set to NULL), 1 if it was
+ *          parsed successfully (return parameters contain allocated labels).
+ */
+int bus_path_decode_unique(const char *path, const char *prefix, char **ret_sender, char **ret_external) {
+        const char *p, *q;
+        char *sender, *external;
+
+        assert(object_path_is_valid(path));
+        assert(object_path_is_valid(prefix));
+        assert(ret_sender);
+        assert(ret_external);
+
+        p = object_path_startswith(path, prefix);
+        if (!p) {
+                *ret_sender = NULL;
+                *ret_external = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        q = strchr(p, '/');
+        if (!q) {
+                *ret_sender = NULL;
+                *ret_external = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        sender = bus_label_unescape_n(p, q - p);
+        external = bus_label_unescape(q + 1);
+        if (!sender || !external) {
+                free(sender);
+                free(external);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        *ret_sender = sender;
+        *ret_external = external;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+bool is_kdbus_wanted(void) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *value = NULL;
+#ifdef ENABLE_KDBUS
+        const bool configured = true;
+#else
+        const bool configured = false;
+#endif
+
+        int r;
+
+        if (get_proc_cmdline_key("kdbus", NULL) > 0)
+                return true;
+
+        r = get_proc_cmdline_key("kdbus=", &value);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return configured;
+
+        return parse_boolean(value) == 1;
+}
+
+bool is_kdbus_available(void) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        struct kdbus_cmd cmd = { .size = sizeof(cmd), .flags = KDBUS_FLAG_NEGOTIATE };
+
+        if (!is_kdbus_wanted())
+                return false;
+
+        fd = open("/sys/fs/kdbus/control", O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC | O_NONBLOCK | O_NOCTTY);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return false;
+
+        return ioctl(fd, KDBUS_CMD_BUS_MAKE, &cmd) >= 0;
+}
+
+int bus_property_get_rlimit(
+                sd_bus *bus,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *interface,
+                const char *property,
+                sd_bus_message *reply,
+                void *userdata,
+                sd_bus_error *error) {
+
+        struct rlimit *rl;
+        uint64_t u;
+        rlim_t x;
+        const char *is_soft;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(reply);
+        assert(userdata);
+
+        is_soft = endswith(property, "Soft");
+        rl = *(struct rlimit**) userdata;
+        if (rl)
+                x = is_soft ? rl->rlim_cur : rl->rlim_max;
+        else {
+                struct rlimit buf = {};
+                int z;
+                const char *s;
+
+                s = is_soft ? strndupa(property, is_soft - property) : property;
+
+                z = rlimit_from_string(strstr(s, "Limit"));
+                assert(z >= 0);
+
+                getrlimit(z, &buf);
+                x = is_soft ? buf.rlim_cur : buf.rlim_max;
+        }
+
+        /* rlim_t might have different sizes, let's map
+         * RLIMIT_INFINITY to (uint64_t) -1, so that it is the same on
+         * all archs */
+        u = x == RLIM_INFINITY ? (uint64_t) -1 : (uint64_t) x;
+
+        return sd_bus_message_append(reply, "t", u);
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/bus-util.h b/src/libshared/bus-util.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..77474522be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/bus-util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus-vtable.h>
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+#include <systemd/sd-event.h>
+
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "install.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+
+typedef enum BusTransport {
+        BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL,
+        BUS_TRANSPORT_REMOTE,
+        BUS_TRANSPORT_MACHINE,
+        _BUS_TRANSPORT_MAX,
+        _BUS_TRANSPORT_INVALID = -1
+} BusTransport;
+
+typedef int (*bus_property_set_t) (sd_bus *bus, const char *member, sd_bus_message *m, sd_bus_error *error, void *userdata);
+
+struct bus_properties_map {
+        const char *member;
+        const char *signature;
+        bus_property_set_t set;
+        size_t offset;
+};
+
+int bus_map_id128(sd_bus *bus, const char *member, sd_bus_message *m, sd_bus_error *error, void *userdata);
+
+int bus_message_map_all_properties(sd_bus_message *m, const struct bus_properties_map *map,  void *userdata);
+int bus_message_map_properties_changed(sd_bus_message *m, const struct bus_properties_map *map, void *userdata);
+int bus_map_all_properties(sd_bus *bus, const char *destination, const char *path, const struct bus_properties_map *map, void *userdata);
+
+int bus_async_unregister_and_exit(sd_event *e, sd_bus *bus, const char *name);
+
+typedef bool (*check_idle_t)(void *userdata);
+
+int bus_event_loop_with_idle(sd_event *e, sd_bus *bus, const char *name, usec_t timeout, check_idle_t check_idle, void *userdata);
+
+int bus_name_has_owner(sd_bus *c, const char *name, sd_bus_error *error);
+
+int bus_check_peercred(sd_bus *c);
+
+int bus_test_polkit(sd_bus_message *call, int capability, const char *action, const char **details, uid_t good_user, bool *_challenge, sd_bus_error *e);
+
+int bus_verify_polkit_async(sd_bus_message *call, int capability, const char *action, const char **details, bool interactive, uid_t good_user, Hashmap **registry, sd_bus_error *error);
+void bus_verify_polkit_async_registry_free(Hashmap *registry);
+
+int bus_connect_system_systemd(sd_bus **_bus);
+int bus_connect_user_systemd(sd_bus **_bus);
+
+int bus_connect_transport(BusTransport transport, const char *host, bool user, sd_bus **bus);
+int bus_connect_transport_systemd(BusTransport transport, const char *host, bool user, sd_bus **bus);
+
+int bus_print_property(const char *name, sd_bus_message *property, bool all);
+int bus_print_all_properties(sd_bus *bus, const char *dest, const char *path, char **filter, bool all);
+
+int bus_property_get_bool(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, const char *property, sd_bus_message *reply, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error);
+
+#define bus_property_get_usec ((sd_bus_property_get_t) NULL)
+#define bus_property_set_usec ((sd_bus_property_set_t) NULL)
+
+assert_cc(sizeof(int) == sizeof(int32_t));
+#define bus_property_get_int ((sd_bus_property_get_t) NULL)
+
+assert_cc(sizeof(unsigned) == sizeof(unsigned));
+#define bus_property_get_unsigned ((sd_bus_property_get_t) NULL)
+
+/* On 64bit machines we can use the default serializer for size_t and
+ * friends, otherwise we need to cast this manually */
+#if __SIZEOF_SIZE_T__ == 8
+#define bus_property_get_size ((sd_bus_property_get_t) NULL)
+#else
+int bus_property_get_size(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, const char *property, sd_bus_message *reply, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error);
+#endif
+
+#if __SIZEOF_LONG__ == 8
+#define bus_property_get_long ((sd_bus_property_get_t) NULL)
+#define bus_property_get_ulong ((sd_bus_property_get_t) NULL)
+#else
+int bus_property_get_long(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, const char *property, sd_bus_message *reply, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error);
+int bus_property_get_ulong(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, const char *property, sd_bus_message *reply, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error);
+#endif
+
+/* uid_t and friends on Linux 32 bit. This means we can just use the
+ * default serializer for 32bit unsigned, for serializing it, and map
+ * it to NULL here */
+assert_cc(sizeof(uid_t) == sizeof(uint32_t));
+#define bus_property_get_uid ((sd_bus_property_get_t) NULL)
+
+assert_cc(sizeof(gid_t) == sizeof(uint32_t));
+#define bus_property_get_gid ((sd_bus_property_get_t) NULL)
+
+assert_cc(sizeof(pid_t) == sizeof(uint32_t));
+#define bus_property_get_pid ((sd_bus_property_get_t) NULL)
+
+assert_cc(sizeof(mode_t) == sizeof(uint32_t));
+#define bus_property_get_mode ((sd_bus_property_get_t) NULL)
+
+int bus_log_parse_error(int r);
+int bus_log_create_error(int r);
+
+typedef struct UnitInfo {
+        const char *machine;
+        const char *id;
+        const char *description;
+        const char *load_state;
+        const char *active_state;
+        const char *sub_state;
+        const char *following;
+        const char *unit_path;
+        uint32_t job_id;
+        const char *job_type;
+        const char *job_path;
+} UnitInfo;
+
+int bus_parse_unit_info(sd_bus_message *message, UnitInfo *u);
+
+#define BUS_DEFINE_PROPERTY_GET_ENUM(function, name, type)              \
+        int function(sd_bus *bus,                                       \
+                     const char *path,                                  \
+                     const char *interface,                             \
+                     const char *property,                              \
+                     sd_bus_message *reply,                             \
+                     void *userdata,                                    \
+                     sd_bus_error *error) {                             \
+                                                                        \
+                const char *value;                                      \
+                type *field = userdata;                                 \
+                int r;                                                  \
+                                                                        \
+                assert(bus);                                            \
+                assert(reply);                                          \
+                assert(field);                                          \
+                                                                        \
+                value = strempty(name##_to_string(*field));             \
+                                                                        \
+                r = sd_bus_message_append_basic(reply, 's', value);     \
+                if (r < 0)                                              \
+                        return r;                                       \
+                                                                        \
+                return 1;                                               \
+        }                                                               \
+        struct __useless_struct_to_allow_trailing_semicolon__
+
+#define BUS_PROPERTY_DUAL_TIMESTAMP(name, offset, flags) \
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY(name, "t", bus_property_get_usec, (offset) + offsetof(struct dual_timestamp, realtime), (flags)), \
+        SD_BUS_PROPERTY(name "Monotonic", "t", bus_property_get_usec, (offset) + offsetof(struct dual_timestamp, monotonic), (flags))
+
+int bus_append_unit_property_assignment(sd_bus_message *m, const char *assignment);
+
+typedef struct BusWaitForJobs BusWaitForJobs;
+
+int bus_wait_for_jobs_new(sd_bus *bus, BusWaitForJobs **ret);
+void bus_wait_for_jobs_free(BusWaitForJobs *d);
+int bus_wait_for_jobs_add(BusWaitForJobs *d, const char *path);
+int bus_wait_for_jobs(BusWaitForJobs *d, bool quiet, const char *extra_args);
+int bus_wait_for_jobs_one(BusWaitForJobs *d, const char *path, bool quiet);
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(BusWaitForJobs*, bus_wait_for_jobs_free);
+
+int bus_deserialize_and_dump_unit_file_changes(sd_bus_message *m, bool quiet, UnitFileChange **changes, unsigned *n_changes);
+
+int bus_path_encode_unique(sd_bus *b, const char *prefix, const char *sender_id, const char *external_id, char **ret_path);
+int bus_path_decode_unique(const char *path, const char *prefix, char **ret_sender, char **ret_external);
+
+bool is_kdbus_wanted(void);
+bool is_kdbus_available(void);
+
+int bus_property_get_rlimit(sd_bus *bus, const char *path, const char *interface, const char *property, sd_bus_message *reply, void *userdata, sd_bus_error *error);
diff --git a/src/libshared/cgroup-show.c b/src/libshared/cgroup-show.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f3039b23f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/cgroup-show.c
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "cgroup-show.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "locale-util.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "output-mode.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+
+static int compare(const void *a, const void *b) {
+        const pid_t *p = a, *q = b;
+
+        if (*p < *q)
+                return -1;
+        if (*p > *q)
+                return 1;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void show_pid_array(pid_t pids[], unsigned n_pids, const char *prefix, unsigned n_columns, bool extra, bool more, bool kernel_threads, OutputFlags flags) {
+        unsigned i, j, pid_width;
+
+        if (n_pids == 0)
+                return;
+
+        qsort(pids, n_pids, sizeof(pid_t), compare);
+
+        /* Filter duplicates */
+        for (j = 0, i = 1; i < n_pids; i++) {
+                if (pids[i] == pids[j])
+                        continue;
+                pids[++j] = pids[i];
+        }
+        n_pids = j + 1;
+        pid_width = DECIMAL_STR_WIDTH(pids[j]);
+
+        if (flags & OUTPUT_FULL_WIDTH)
+                n_columns = 0;
+        else {
+                if (n_columns > pid_width+2)
+                        n_columns -= pid_width+2;
+                else
+                        n_columns = 20;
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < n_pids; i++) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+
+                get_process_cmdline(pids[i], n_columns, true, &t);
+
+                if (extra)
+                        printf("%s%s ", prefix, draw_special_char(DRAW_TRIANGULAR_BULLET));
+                else
+                        printf("%s%s", prefix, draw_special_char(((more || i < n_pids-1) ? DRAW_TREE_BRANCH : DRAW_TREE_RIGHT)));
+
+                printf("%*"PID_PRI" %s\n", pid_width, pids[i], strna(t));
+        }
+}
+
+
+static int show_cgroup_one_by_path(const char *path, const char *prefix, unsigned n_columns, bool more, bool kernel_threads, OutputFlags flags) {
+        char *fn;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        size_t n = 0, n_allocated = 0;
+        _cleanup_free_ pid_t *pids = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+
+        r = cg_mangle_path(path, &p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        fn = strjoina(p, "/cgroup.procs");
+        f = fopen(fn, "re");
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        while ((r = cg_read_pid(f, &pid)) > 0) {
+
+                if (!kernel_threads && is_kernel_thread(pid) > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(pids, n_allocated, n + 1))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                assert(n < n_allocated);
+                pids[n++] = pid;
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        show_pid_array(pids, n, prefix, n_columns, false, more, kernel_threads, flags);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int show_cgroup_by_path(const char *path, const char *prefix, unsigned n_columns, bool kernel_threads, OutputFlags flags) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *fn = NULL, *p1 = NULL, *last = NULL, *p2 = NULL;
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
+        char *gn = NULL;
+        bool shown_pids = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        if (n_columns <= 0)
+                n_columns = columns();
+
+        if (!prefix)
+                prefix = "";
+
+        r = cg_mangle_path(path, &fn);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        d = opendir(fn);
+        if (!d)
+                return -errno;
+
+        while ((r = cg_read_subgroup(d, &gn)) > 0) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+
+                k = strjoin(fn, "/", gn, NULL);
+                free(gn);
+                if (!k)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (!(flags & OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL) && cg_is_empty_recursive(NULL, k) > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!shown_pids) {
+                        show_cgroup_one_by_path(path, prefix, n_columns, true, kernel_threads, flags);
+                        shown_pids = true;
+                }
+
+                if (last) {
+                        printf("%s%s%s\n", prefix, draw_special_char(DRAW_TREE_BRANCH), cg_unescape(basename(last)));
+
+                        if (!p1) {
+                                p1 = strappend(prefix, draw_special_char(DRAW_TREE_VERTICAL));
+                                if (!p1)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+                        }
+
+                        show_cgroup_by_path(last, p1, n_columns-2, kernel_threads, flags);
+                        free(last);
+                }
+
+                last = k;
+                k = NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!shown_pids)
+                show_cgroup_one_by_path(path, prefix, n_columns, !!last, kernel_threads, flags);
+
+        if (last) {
+                printf("%s%s%s\n", prefix, draw_special_char(DRAW_TREE_RIGHT), cg_unescape(basename(last)));
+
+                if (!p2) {
+                        p2 = strappend(prefix, "  ");
+                        if (!p2)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                show_cgroup_by_path(last, p2, n_columns-2, kernel_threads, flags);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int show_cgroup(const char *controller, const char *path, const char *prefix, unsigned n_columns, bool kernel_threads, OutputFlags flags) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        r = cg_get_path(controller, path, NULL, &p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return show_cgroup_by_path(p, prefix, n_columns, kernel_threads, flags);
+}
+
+static int show_extra_pids(const char *controller, const char *path, const char *prefix, unsigned n_columns, const pid_t pids[], unsigned n_pids, OutputFlags flags) {
+        _cleanup_free_ pid_t *copy = NULL;
+        unsigned i, j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        if (n_pids <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (n_columns <= 0)
+                n_columns = columns();
+
+        prefix = strempty(prefix);
+
+        copy = new(pid_t, n_pids);
+        if (!copy)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        for (i = 0, j = 0; i < n_pids; i++) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+
+                r = cg_pid_get_path(controller, pids[i], &k);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (path_startswith(k, path))
+                        continue;
+
+                copy[j++] = pids[i];
+        }
+
+        show_pid_array(copy, j, prefix, n_columns, true, false, false, flags);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int show_cgroup_and_extra(const char *controller, const char *path, const char *prefix, unsigned n_columns, bool kernel_threads, const pid_t extra_pids[], unsigned n_extra_pids, OutputFlags flags) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        r = show_cgroup(controller, path, prefix, n_columns, kernel_threads, flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return show_extra_pids(controller, path, prefix, n_columns, extra_pids, n_extra_pids, flags);
+}
+
+int show_cgroup_and_extra_by_spec(const char *spec, const char *prefix, unsigned n_columns, bool kernel_threads, const pid_t extra_pids[], unsigned n_extra_pids, OutputFlags flags) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *controller = NULL, *path = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(spec);
+
+        r = cg_split_spec(spec, &controller, &path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return show_cgroup_and_extra(controller, path, prefix, n_columns, kernel_threads, extra_pids, n_extra_pids, flags);
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/cgroup-show.h b/src/libshared/cgroup-show.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3ab7dfb33c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/cgroup-show.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include "logs-show.h"
+#include "output-mode.h"
+
+int show_cgroup_by_path(const char *path, const char *prefix, unsigned columns, bool kernel_threads, OutputFlags flags);
+int show_cgroup(const char *controller, const char *path, const char *prefix, unsigned columns, bool kernel_threads, OutputFlags flags);
+
+int show_cgroup_and_extra_by_spec(const char *spec, const char *prefix, unsigned n_columns, bool kernel_threads, const pid_t extra_pids[], unsigned n_extra_pids, OutputFlags flags);
+int show_cgroup_and_extra(const char *controller, const char *path, const char *prefix, unsigned n_columns, bool kernel_threads, const pid_t extra_pids[], unsigned n_extra_pids, OutputFlags flags);
diff --git a/src/libshared/clean-ipc.c b/src/libshared/clean-ipc.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3ac7aeb82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/clean-ipc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <mqueue.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/ipc.h>
+#include <sys/msg.h>
+#include <sys/sem.h>
+#include <sys/shm.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "clean-ipc.h"
+#include "dirent-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+
+static int clean_sysvipc_shm(uid_t delete_uid) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        char line[LINE_MAX];
+        bool first = true;
+        int ret = 0;
+
+        f = fopen("/proc/sysvipc/shm", "re");
+        if (!f) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open /proc/sysvipc/shm: %m");
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_LINE(line, f, goto fail) {
+                unsigned n_attached;
+                pid_t cpid, lpid;
+                uid_t uid, cuid;
+                gid_t gid, cgid;
+                int shmid;
+
+                if (first) {
+                        first = false;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                truncate_nl(line);
+
+                if (sscanf(line, "%*i %i %*o %*u " PID_FMT " " PID_FMT " %u " UID_FMT " " GID_FMT " " UID_FMT " " GID_FMT,
+                           &shmid, &cpid, &lpid, &n_attached, &uid, &gid, &cuid, &cgid) != 8)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (n_attached > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (uid != delete_uid)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL) < 0) {
+
+                        /* Ignore entries that are already deleted */
+                        if (errno == EIDRM || errno == EINVAL)
+                                continue;
+
+                        ret = log_warning_errno(errno,
+                                                "Failed to remove SysV shared memory segment %i: %m",
+                                                shmid);
+                }
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+
+fail:
+        return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to read /proc/sysvipc/shm: %m");
+}
+
+static int clean_sysvipc_sem(uid_t delete_uid) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        char line[LINE_MAX];
+        bool first = true;
+        int ret = 0;
+
+        f = fopen("/proc/sysvipc/sem", "re");
+        if (!f) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open /proc/sysvipc/sem: %m");
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_LINE(line, f, goto fail) {
+                uid_t uid, cuid;
+                gid_t gid, cgid;
+                int semid;
+
+                if (first) {
+                        first = false;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                truncate_nl(line);
+
+                if (sscanf(line, "%*i %i %*o %*u " UID_FMT " " GID_FMT " " UID_FMT " " GID_FMT,
+                           &semid, &uid, &gid, &cuid, &cgid) != 5)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (uid != delete_uid)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (semctl(semid, 0, IPC_RMID) < 0) {
+
+                        /* Ignore entries that are already deleted */
+                        if (errno == EIDRM || errno == EINVAL)
+                                continue;
+
+                        ret = log_warning_errno(errno,
+                                                "Failed to remove SysV semaphores object %i: %m",
+                                                semid);
+                }
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+
+fail:
+        return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to read /proc/sysvipc/sem: %m");
+}
+
+static int clean_sysvipc_msg(uid_t delete_uid) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        char line[LINE_MAX];
+        bool first = true;
+        int ret = 0;
+
+        f = fopen("/proc/sysvipc/msg", "re");
+        if (!f) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open /proc/sysvipc/msg: %m");
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_LINE(line, f, goto fail) {
+                uid_t uid, cuid;
+                gid_t gid, cgid;
+                pid_t cpid, lpid;
+                int msgid;
+
+                if (first) {
+                        first = false;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                truncate_nl(line);
+
+                if (sscanf(line, "%*i %i %*o %*u %*u " PID_FMT " " PID_FMT " " UID_FMT " " GID_FMT " " UID_FMT " " GID_FMT,
+                           &msgid, &cpid, &lpid, &uid, &gid, &cuid, &cgid) != 7)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (uid != delete_uid)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (msgctl(msgid, IPC_RMID, NULL) < 0) {
+
+                        /* Ignore entries that are already deleted */
+                        if (errno == EIDRM || errno == EINVAL)
+                                continue;
+
+                        ret = log_warning_errno(errno,
+                                                "Failed to remove SysV message queue %i: %m",
+                                                msgid);
+                }
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+
+fail:
+        return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to read /proc/sysvipc/msg: %m");
+}
+
+static int clean_posix_shm_internal(DIR *dir, uid_t uid) {
+        struct dirent *de;
+        int ret = 0, r;
+
+        assert(dir);
+
+        FOREACH_DIRENT(de, dir, goto fail) {
+                struct stat st;
+
+                if (STR_IN_SET(de->d_name, "..", "."))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (fstatat(dirfd(dir), de->d_name, &st, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) < 0) {
+                        if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                continue;
+
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to stat() POSIX shared memory segment %s: %m", de->d_name);
+                        ret = -errno;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (st.st_uid != uid)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
+                        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *kid;
+
+                        kid = xopendirat(dirfd(dir), de->d_name, O_NOFOLLOW|O_NOATIME);
+                        if (!kid) {
+                                if (errno != ENOENT) {
+                                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to enter shared memory directory %s: %m", de->d_name);
+                                        ret = -errno;
+                                }
+                        } else {
+                                r = clean_posix_shm_internal(kid, uid);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        ret = r;
+                        }
+
+                        if (unlinkat(dirfd(dir), de->d_name, AT_REMOVEDIR) < 0) {
+
+                                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to remove POSIX shared memory directory %s: %m", de->d_name);
+                                ret = -errno;
+                        }
+                } else {
+
+                        if (unlinkat(dirfd(dir), de->d_name, 0) < 0) {
+
+                                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to remove POSIX shared memory segment %s: %m", de->d_name);
+                                ret = -errno;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to read /dev/shm: %m");
+        return -errno;
+}
+
+static int clean_posix_shm(uid_t uid) {
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *dir = NULL;
+
+        dir = opendir("/dev/shm");
+        if (!dir) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open /dev/shm: %m");
+        }
+
+        return clean_posix_shm_internal(dir, uid);
+}
+
+static int clean_posix_mq(uid_t uid) {
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *dir = NULL;
+        struct dirent *de;
+        int ret = 0;
+
+        dir = opendir("/dev/mqueue");
+        if (!dir) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open /dev/mqueue: %m");
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_DIRENT(de, dir, goto fail) {
+                struct stat st;
+                char fn[1+strlen(de->d_name)+1];
+
+                if (STR_IN_SET(de->d_name, "..", "."))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (fstatat(dirfd(dir), de->d_name, &st, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) < 0) {
+                        if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                continue;
+
+                        ret = log_warning_errno(errno,
+                                                "Failed to stat() MQ segment %s: %m",
+                                                de->d_name);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (st.st_uid != uid)
+                        continue;
+
+                fn[0] = '/';
+                strcpy(fn+1, de->d_name);
+
+                if (mq_unlink(fn) < 0) {
+                        if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                continue;
+
+                        ret = log_warning_errno(errno,
+                                                "Failed to unlink POSIX message queue %s: %m",
+                                                fn);
+                }
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+
+fail:
+        return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to read /dev/mqueue: %m");
+}
+
+int clean_ipc(uid_t uid) {
+        int ret = 0, r;
+
+        /* Refuse to clean IPC of the root and system users */
+        if (uid <= SYSTEM_UID_MAX)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = clean_sysvipc_shm(uid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                ret = r;
+
+        r = clean_sysvipc_sem(uid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                ret = r;
+
+        r = clean_sysvipc_msg(uid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                ret = r;
+
+        r = clean_posix_shm(uid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                ret = r;
+
+        r = clean_posix_mq(uid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                ret = r;
+
+        return ret;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/clean-ipc.h b/src/libshared/clean-ipc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..44a83afcf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/clean-ipc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+int clean_ipc(uid_t uid);
diff --git a/src/libshared/condition.c b/src/libshared/condition.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1719a4c7a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/condition.c
@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <fnmatch.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-id128.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "apparmor-util.h"
+#include "architecture.h"
+#include "audit-util.h"
+#include "cap-list.h"
+#include "condition.h"
+#include "extract-word.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "glob-util.h"
+#include "hostname-util.h"
+#include "ima-util.h"
+#include "list.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "mount-util.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "proc-cmdline.h"
+#include "selinux-util.h"
+#include "smack-util.h"
+#include "stat-util.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+
+Condition* condition_new(ConditionType type, const char *parameter, bool trigger, bool negate) {
+        Condition *c;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(type >= 0);
+        assert(type < _CONDITION_TYPE_MAX);
+        assert((!parameter) == (type == CONDITION_NULL));
+
+        c = new0(Condition, 1);
+        if (!c)
+                return NULL;
+
+        c->type = type;
+        c->trigger = trigger;
+        c->negate = negate;
+
+        r = free_and_strdup(&c->parameter, parameter);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                free(c);
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        return c;
+}
+
+void condition_free(Condition *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        free(c->parameter);
+        free(c);
+}
+
+Condition* condition_free_list(Condition *first) {
+        Condition *c, *n;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(conditions, c, n, first)
+                condition_free(c);
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static int condition_test_kernel_command_line(Condition *c) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *line = NULL;
+        const char *p;
+        bool equal;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_KERNEL_COMMAND_LINE);
+
+        r = proc_cmdline(&line);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        equal = !!strchr(c->parameter, '=');
+        p = line;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
+                bool found;
+
+                r = extract_first_word(&p, &word, NULL, EXTRACT_QUOTES|EXTRACT_RELAX);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (equal)
+                        found = streq(word, c->parameter);
+                else {
+                        const char *f;
+
+                        f = startswith(word, c->parameter);
+                        found = f && (*f == '=' || *f == 0);
+                }
+
+                if (found)
+                        return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int condition_test_virtualization(Condition *c) {
+        int b, v;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_VIRTUALIZATION);
+
+        v = detect_virtualization();
+        if (v < 0)
+                return v;
+
+        /* First, compare with yes/no */
+        b = parse_boolean(c->parameter);
+
+        if (v > 0 && b > 0)
+                return true;
+
+        if (v == 0 && b == 0)
+                return true;
+
+        /* Then, compare categorization */
+        if (VIRTUALIZATION_IS_VM(v) && streq(c->parameter, "vm"))
+                return true;
+
+        if (VIRTUALIZATION_IS_CONTAINER(v) && streq(c->parameter, "container"))
+                return true;
+
+        /* Finally compare id */
+        return v != VIRTUALIZATION_NONE && streq(c->parameter, virtualization_to_string(v));
+}
+
+static int condition_test_architecture(Condition *c) {
+        int a, b;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_ARCHITECTURE);
+
+        a = uname_architecture();
+        if (a < 0)
+                return a;
+
+        if (streq(c->parameter, "native"))
+                b = native_architecture();
+        else
+                b = architecture_from_string(c->parameter);
+        if (b < 0)
+                return b;
+
+        return a == b;
+}
+
+static int condition_test_host(Condition *c) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *h = NULL;
+        sd_id128_t x, y;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_HOST);
+
+        if (sd_id128_from_string(c->parameter, &x) >= 0) {
+
+                r = sd_id128_get_machine(&y);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return sd_id128_equal(x, y);
+        }
+
+        h = gethostname_malloc();
+        if (!h)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return fnmatch(c->parameter, h, FNM_CASEFOLD) == 0;
+}
+
+static int condition_test_ac_power(Condition *c) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_AC_POWER);
+
+        r = parse_boolean(c->parameter);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return (on_ac_power() != 0) == !!r;
+}
+
+static int condition_test_security(Condition *c) {
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_SECURITY);
+
+        if (streq(c->parameter, "selinux"))
+                return mac_selinux_have();
+        if (streq(c->parameter, "smack"))
+                return mac_smack_use();
+        if (streq(c->parameter, "apparmor"))
+                return mac_apparmor_use();
+        if (streq(c->parameter, "audit"))
+                return use_audit();
+        if (streq(c->parameter, "ima"))
+                return use_ima();
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int condition_test_capability(Condition *c) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        int value;
+        char line[LINE_MAX];
+        unsigned long long capabilities = -1;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_CAPABILITY);
+
+        /* If it's an invalid capability, we don't have it */
+        value = capability_from_name(c->parameter);
+        if (value < 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        /* If it's a valid capability we default to assume
+         * that we have it */
+
+        f = fopen("/proc/self/status", "re");
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
+                truncate_nl(line);
+
+                if (startswith(line, "CapBnd:")) {
+                        (void) sscanf(line+7, "%llx", &capabilities);
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return !!(capabilities & (1ULL << value));
+}
+
+static int condition_test_needs_update(Condition *c) {
+        const char *p;
+        struct stat usr, other;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_NEEDS_UPDATE);
+
+        /* If the file system is read-only we shouldn't suggest an update */
+        if (path_is_read_only_fs(c->parameter) > 0)
+                return false;
+
+        /* Any other failure means we should allow the condition to be true,
+         * so that we rather invoke too many update tools then too
+         * few. */
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(c->parameter))
+                return true;
+
+        p = strjoina(c->parameter, "/.updated");
+        if (lstat(p, &other) < 0)
+                return true;
+
+        if (lstat("/usr/", &usr) < 0)
+                return true;
+
+        return usr.st_mtim.tv_sec > other.st_mtim.tv_sec ||
+                (usr.st_mtim.tv_sec == other.st_mtim.tv_sec && usr.st_mtim.tv_nsec > other.st_mtim.tv_nsec);
+}
+
+static int condition_test_first_boot(Condition *c) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_FIRST_BOOT);
+
+        r = parse_boolean(c->parameter);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return (access("/run/systemd/first-boot", F_OK) >= 0) == !!r;
+}
+
+static int condition_test_path_exists(Condition *c) {
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS);
+
+        return access(c->parameter, F_OK) >= 0;
+}
+
+static int condition_test_path_exists_glob(Condition *c) {
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS_GLOB);
+
+        return glob_exists(c->parameter) > 0;
+}
+
+static int condition_test_path_is_directory(Condition *c) {
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_PATH_IS_DIRECTORY);
+
+        return is_dir(c->parameter, true) > 0;
+}
+
+static int condition_test_path_is_symbolic_link(Condition *c) {
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_PATH_IS_SYMBOLIC_LINK);
+
+        return is_symlink(c->parameter) > 0;
+}
+
+static int condition_test_path_is_mount_point(Condition *c) {
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_PATH_IS_MOUNT_POINT);
+
+        return path_is_mount_point(c->parameter, AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW) > 0;
+}
+
+static int condition_test_path_is_read_write(Condition *c) {
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_PATH_IS_READ_WRITE);
+
+        return path_is_read_only_fs(c->parameter) <= 0;
+}
+
+static int condition_test_directory_not_empty(Condition *c) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY);
+
+        r = dir_is_empty(c->parameter);
+        return r <= 0 && r != -ENOENT;
+}
+
+static int condition_test_file_not_empty(Condition *c) {
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_FILE_NOT_EMPTY);
+
+        return (stat(c->parameter, &st) >= 0 &&
+                S_ISREG(st.st_mode) &&
+                st.st_size > 0);
+}
+
+static int condition_test_file_is_executable(Condition *c) {
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->parameter);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_FILE_IS_EXECUTABLE);
+
+        return (stat(c->parameter, &st) >= 0 &&
+                S_ISREG(st.st_mode) &&
+                (st.st_mode & 0111));
+}
+
+static int condition_test_null(Condition *c) {
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->type == CONDITION_NULL);
+
+        /* Note that during parsing we already evaluate the string and
+         * store it in c->negate */
+        return true;
+}
+
+int condition_test(Condition *c) {
+
+        static int (*const condition_tests[_CONDITION_TYPE_MAX])(Condition *c) = {
+                [CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS] = condition_test_path_exists,
+                [CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS_GLOB] = condition_test_path_exists_glob,
+                [CONDITION_PATH_IS_DIRECTORY] = condition_test_path_is_directory,
+                [CONDITION_PATH_IS_SYMBOLIC_LINK] = condition_test_path_is_symbolic_link,
+                [CONDITION_PATH_IS_MOUNT_POINT] = condition_test_path_is_mount_point,
+                [CONDITION_PATH_IS_READ_WRITE] = condition_test_path_is_read_write,
+                [CONDITION_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY] = condition_test_directory_not_empty,
+                [CONDITION_FILE_NOT_EMPTY] = condition_test_file_not_empty,
+                [CONDITION_FILE_IS_EXECUTABLE] = condition_test_file_is_executable,
+                [CONDITION_KERNEL_COMMAND_LINE] = condition_test_kernel_command_line,
+                [CONDITION_VIRTUALIZATION] = condition_test_virtualization,
+                [CONDITION_SECURITY] = condition_test_security,
+                [CONDITION_CAPABILITY] = condition_test_capability,
+                [CONDITION_HOST] = condition_test_host,
+                [CONDITION_AC_POWER] = condition_test_ac_power,
+                [CONDITION_ARCHITECTURE] = condition_test_architecture,
+                [CONDITION_NEEDS_UPDATE] = condition_test_needs_update,
+                [CONDITION_FIRST_BOOT] = condition_test_first_boot,
+                [CONDITION_NULL] = condition_test_null,
+        };
+
+        int r, b;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(c->type >= 0);
+        assert(c->type < _CONDITION_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        r = condition_tests[c->type](c);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                c->result = CONDITION_ERROR;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        b = (r > 0) == !c->negate;
+        c->result = b ? CONDITION_SUCCEEDED : CONDITION_FAILED;
+        return b;
+}
+
+void condition_dump(Condition *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix, const char *(*to_string)(ConditionType t)) {
+        assert(c);
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (!prefix)
+                prefix = "";
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%s\t%s: %s%s%s %s\n",
+                prefix,
+                to_string(c->type),
+                c->trigger ? "|" : "",
+                c->negate ? "!" : "",
+                c->parameter,
+                condition_result_to_string(c->result));
+}
+
+void condition_dump_list(Condition *first, FILE *f, const char *prefix, const char *(*to_string)(ConditionType t)) {
+        Condition *c;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(conditions, c, first)
+                condition_dump(c, f, prefix, to_string);
+}
+
+static const char* const condition_type_table[_CONDITION_TYPE_MAX] = {
+        [CONDITION_ARCHITECTURE] = "ConditionArchitecture",
+        [CONDITION_VIRTUALIZATION] = "ConditionVirtualization",
+        [CONDITION_HOST] = "ConditionHost",
+        [CONDITION_KERNEL_COMMAND_LINE] = "ConditionKernelCommandLine",
+        [CONDITION_SECURITY] = "ConditionSecurity",
+        [CONDITION_CAPABILITY] = "ConditionCapability",
+        [CONDITION_AC_POWER] = "ConditionACPower",
+        [CONDITION_NEEDS_UPDATE] = "ConditionNeedsUpdate",
+        [CONDITION_FIRST_BOOT] = "ConditionFirstBoot",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS] = "ConditionPathExists",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS_GLOB] = "ConditionPathExistsGlob",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_IS_DIRECTORY] = "ConditionPathIsDirectory",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_IS_SYMBOLIC_LINK] = "ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_IS_MOUNT_POINT] = "ConditionPathIsMountPoint",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_IS_READ_WRITE] = "ConditionPathIsReadWrite",
+        [CONDITION_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY] = "ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty",
+        [CONDITION_FILE_NOT_EMPTY] = "ConditionFileNotEmpty",
+        [CONDITION_FILE_IS_EXECUTABLE] = "ConditionFileIsExecutable",
+        [CONDITION_NULL] = "ConditionNull"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(condition_type, ConditionType);
+
+static const char* const assert_type_table[_CONDITION_TYPE_MAX] = {
+        [CONDITION_ARCHITECTURE] = "AssertArchitecture",
+        [CONDITION_VIRTUALIZATION] = "AssertVirtualization",
+        [CONDITION_HOST] = "AssertHost",
+        [CONDITION_KERNEL_COMMAND_LINE] = "AssertKernelCommandLine",
+        [CONDITION_SECURITY] = "AssertSecurity",
+        [CONDITION_CAPABILITY] = "AssertCapability",
+        [CONDITION_AC_POWER] = "AssertACPower",
+        [CONDITION_NEEDS_UPDATE] = "AssertNeedsUpdate",
+        [CONDITION_FIRST_BOOT] = "AssertFirstBoot",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS] = "AssertPathExists",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS_GLOB] = "AssertPathExistsGlob",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_IS_DIRECTORY] = "AssertPathIsDirectory",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_IS_SYMBOLIC_LINK] = "AssertPathIsSymbolicLink",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_IS_MOUNT_POINT] = "AssertPathIsMountPoint",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_IS_READ_WRITE] = "AssertPathIsReadWrite",
+        [CONDITION_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY] = "AssertDirectoryNotEmpty",
+        [CONDITION_FILE_NOT_EMPTY] = "AssertFileNotEmpty",
+        [CONDITION_FILE_IS_EXECUTABLE] = "AssertFileIsExecutable",
+        [CONDITION_NULL] = "AssertNull"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(assert_type, ConditionType);
+
+static const char* const condition_result_table[_CONDITION_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [CONDITION_UNTESTED] = "untested",
+        [CONDITION_SUCCEEDED] = "succeeded",
+        [CONDITION_FAILED] = "failed",
+        [CONDITION_ERROR] = "error",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(condition_result, ConditionResult);
diff --git a/src/libshared/condition.h b/src/libshared/condition.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bdda04b770
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/condition.h
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "list.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+
+typedef enum ConditionType {
+        CONDITION_ARCHITECTURE,
+        CONDITION_VIRTUALIZATION,
+        CONDITION_HOST,
+        CONDITION_KERNEL_COMMAND_LINE,
+        CONDITION_SECURITY,
+        CONDITION_CAPABILITY,
+        CONDITION_AC_POWER,
+
+        CONDITION_NEEDS_UPDATE,
+        CONDITION_FIRST_BOOT,
+
+        CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS,
+        CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS_GLOB,
+        CONDITION_PATH_IS_DIRECTORY,
+        CONDITION_PATH_IS_SYMBOLIC_LINK,
+        CONDITION_PATH_IS_MOUNT_POINT,
+        CONDITION_PATH_IS_READ_WRITE,
+        CONDITION_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY,
+        CONDITION_FILE_NOT_EMPTY,
+        CONDITION_FILE_IS_EXECUTABLE,
+
+        CONDITION_NULL,
+
+        _CONDITION_TYPE_MAX,
+        _CONDITION_TYPE_INVALID = -1
+} ConditionType;
+
+typedef enum ConditionResult {
+        CONDITION_UNTESTED,
+        CONDITION_SUCCEEDED,
+        CONDITION_FAILED,
+        CONDITION_ERROR,
+        _CONDITION_RESULT_MAX,
+        _CONDITION_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} ConditionResult;
+
+typedef struct Condition {
+        ConditionType type:8;
+
+        bool trigger:1;
+        bool negate:1;
+
+        ConditionResult result:6;
+
+        char *parameter;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(struct Condition, conditions);
+} Condition;
+
+Condition* condition_new(ConditionType type, const char *parameter, bool trigger, bool negate);
+void condition_free(Condition *c);
+Condition* condition_free_list(Condition *c);
+
+int condition_test(Condition *c);
+
+void condition_dump(Condition *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix, const char *(*to_string)(ConditionType t));
+void condition_dump_list(Condition *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix, const char *(*to_string)(ConditionType t));
+
+const char* condition_type_to_string(ConditionType t) _const_;
+ConditionType condition_type_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* assert_type_to_string(ConditionType t) _const_;
+ConditionType assert_type_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* condition_result_to_string(ConditionResult r) _const_;
+ConditionResult condition_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libshared/conf-parser.c b/src/libshared/conf-parser.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7fe9ac21e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/conf-parser.c
@@ -0,0 +1,870 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "conf-files.h"
+#include "conf-parser.h"
+#include "extract-word.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "syslog-util.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+
+int config_item_table_lookup(
+                const void *table,
+                const char *section,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                ConfigParserCallback *func,
+                int *ltype,
+                void **data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        const ConfigTableItem *t;
+
+        assert(table);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(func);
+        assert(ltype);
+        assert(data);
+
+        for (t = table; t->lvalue; t++) {
+
+                if (!streq(lvalue, t->lvalue))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!streq_ptr(section, t->section))
+                        continue;
+
+                *func = t->parse;
+                *ltype = t->ltype;
+                *data = t->data;
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_item_perf_lookup(
+                const void *table,
+                const char *section,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                ConfigParserCallback *func,
+                int *ltype,
+                void **data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        ConfigPerfItemLookup lookup = (ConfigPerfItemLookup) table;
+        const ConfigPerfItem *p;
+
+        assert(table);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(func);
+        assert(ltype);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (!section)
+                p = lookup(lvalue, strlen(lvalue));
+        else {
+                char *key;
+
+                key = strjoin(section, ".", lvalue, NULL);
+                if (!key)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                p = lookup(key, strlen(key));
+                free(key);
+        }
+
+        if (!p)
+                return 0;
+
+        *func = p->parse;
+        *ltype = p->ltype;
+        *data = (uint8_t*) userdata + p->offset;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+/* Run the user supplied parser for an assignment */
+static int next_assignment(const char *unit,
+                           const char *filename,
+                           unsigned line,
+                           ConfigItemLookup lookup,
+                           const void *table,
+                           const char *section,
+                           unsigned section_line,
+                           const char *lvalue,
+                           const char *rvalue,
+                           bool relaxed,
+                           void *userdata) {
+
+        ConfigParserCallback func = NULL;
+        int ltype = 0;
+        void *data = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(line > 0);
+        assert(lookup);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+
+        r = lookup(table, section, lvalue, &func, &ltype, &data, userdata);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (r > 0) {
+                if (func)
+                        return func(unit, filename, line, section, section_line,
+                                    lvalue, ltype, rvalue, data, userdata);
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Warn about unknown non-extension fields. */
+        if (!relaxed && !startswith(lvalue, "X-"))
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_WARNING, filename, line, 0, "Unknown lvalue '%s' in section '%s'", lvalue, section);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/* Parse a variable assignment line */
+static int parse_line(const char* unit,
+                      const char *filename,
+                      unsigned line,
+                      const char *sections,
+                      ConfigItemLookup lookup,
+                      const void *table,
+                      bool relaxed,
+                      bool allow_include,
+                      char **section,
+                      unsigned *section_line,
+                      bool *section_ignored,
+                      char *l,
+                      void *userdata) {
+
+        char *e;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(line > 0);
+        assert(lookup);
+        assert(l);
+
+        l = strstrip(l);
+
+        if (!*l)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (strchr(COMMENTS "\n", *l))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (startswith(l, ".include ")) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *fn = NULL;
+
+                /* .includes are a bad idea, we only support them here
+                 * for historical reasons. They create cyclic include
+                 * problems and make it difficult to detect
+                 * configuration file changes with an easy
+                 * stat(). Better approaches, such as .d/ drop-in
+                 * snippets exist.
+                 *
+                 * Support for them should be eventually removed. */
+
+                if (!allow_include) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, ".include not allowed here. Ignoring.");
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                fn = file_in_same_dir(filename, strstrip(l+9));
+                if (!fn)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                return config_parse(unit, fn, NULL, sections, lookup, table, relaxed, false, false, userdata);
+        }
+
+        if (*l == '[') {
+                size_t k;
+                char *n;
+
+                k = strlen(l);
+                assert(k > 0);
+
+                if (l[k-1] != ']') {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Invalid section header '%s'", l);
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+                }
+
+                n = strndup(l+1, k-2);
+                if (!n)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (sections && !nulstr_contains(sections, n)) {
+
+                        if (!relaxed && !startswith(n, "X-"))
+                                log_syntax(unit, LOG_WARNING, filename, line, 0, "Unknown section '%s'. Ignoring.", n);
+
+                        free(n);
+                        *section = mfree(*section);
+                        *section_line = 0;
+                        *section_ignored = true;
+                } else {
+                        free(*section);
+                        *section = n;
+                        *section_line = line;
+                        *section_ignored = false;
+                }
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (sections && !*section) {
+
+                if (!relaxed && !*section_ignored)
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_WARNING, filename, line, 0, "Assignment outside of section. Ignoring.");
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        e = strchr(l, '=');
+        if (!e) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_WARNING, filename, line, 0, "Missing '='.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        *e = 0;
+        e++;
+
+        return next_assignment(unit,
+                               filename,
+                               line,
+                               lookup,
+                               table,
+                               *section,
+                               *section_line,
+                               strstrip(l),
+                               strstrip(e),
+                               relaxed,
+                               userdata);
+}
+
+/* Go through the file and parse each line */
+int config_parse(const char *unit,
+                 const char *filename,
+                 FILE *f,
+                 const char *sections,
+                 ConfigItemLookup lookup,
+                 const void *table,
+                 bool relaxed,
+                 bool allow_include,
+                 bool warn,
+                 void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *section = NULL, *continuation = NULL;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *ours = NULL;
+        unsigned line = 0, section_line = 0;
+        bool section_ignored = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lookup);
+
+        if (!f) {
+                f = ours = fopen(filename, "re");
+                if (!f) {
+                        /* Only log on request, except for ENOENT,
+                         * since we return 0 to the caller. */
+                        if (warn || errno == ENOENT)
+                                log_full(errno == ENOENT ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR,
+                                         "Failed to open configuration file '%s': %m", filename);
+                        return errno == ENOENT ? 0 : -errno;
+                }
+        }
+
+        fd_warn_permissions(filename, fileno(f));
+
+        while (!feof(f)) {
+                char l[LINE_MAX], *p, *c = NULL, *e;
+                bool escaped = false;
+
+                if (!fgets(l, sizeof(l), f)) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                break;
+
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read configuration file '%s': %m", filename);
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                truncate_nl(l);
+
+                if (continuation) {
+                        c = strappend(continuation, l);
+                        if (!c) {
+                                if (warn)
+                                        log_oom();
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                        }
+
+                        continuation = mfree(continuation);
+                        p = c;
+                } else
+                        p = l;
+
+                for (e = p; *e; e++) {
+                        if (escaped)
+                                escaped = false;
+                        else if (*e == '\\')
+                                escaped = true;
+                }
+
+                if (escaped) {
+                        *(e-1) = ' ';
+
+                        if (c)
+                                continuation = c;
+                        else {
+                                continuation = strdup(l);
+                                if (!continuation) {
+                                        if (warn)
+                                                log_oom();
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = parse_line(unit,
+                               filename,
+                               ++line,
+                               sections,
+                               lookup,
+                               table,
+                               relaxed,
+                               allow_include,
+                               &section,
+                               &section_line,
+                               &section_ignored,
+                               p,
+                               userdata);
+                free(c);
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (warn)
+                                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse file '%s': %m",
+                                                  filename);
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/* Parse each config file in the specified directories. */
+int config_parse_many(const char *conf_file,
+                      const char *conf_file_dirs,
+                      const char *sections,
+                      ConfigItemLookup lookup,
+                      const void *table,
+                      bool relaxed,
+                      void *userdata) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **files = NULL;
+        char **fn;
+        int r;
+
+        r = conf_files_list_nulstr(&files, ".conf", NULL, conf_file_dirs);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (conf_file) {
+                r = config_parse(NULL, conf_file, NULL, sections, lookup, table, relaxed, false, true, userdata);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(fn, files) {
+                r = config_parse(NULL, *fn, NULL, sections, lookup, table, relaxed, false, true, userdata);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#define DEFINE_PARSER(type, vartype, conv_func)                         \
+        int config_parse_##type(                                        \
+                        const char *unit,                               \
+                        const char *filename,                           \
+                        unsigned line,                                  \
+                        const char *section,                            \
+                        unsigned section_line,                          \
+                        const char *lvalue,                             \
+                        int ltype,                                      \
+                        const char *rvalue,                             \
+                        void *data,                                     \
+                        void *userdata) {                               \
+                                                                        \
+                vartype *i = data;                                      \
+                int r;                                                  \
+                                                                        \
+                assert(filename);                                       \
+                assert(lvalue);                                         \
+                assert(rvalue);                                         \
+                assert(data);                                           \
+                                                                        \
+                r = conv_func(rvalue, i);                               \
+                if (r < 0)                                              \
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r,    \
+                                   "Failed to parse %s value, ignoring: %s", \
+                                   #type, rvalue);                      \
+                                                                        \
+                return 0;                                               \
+        }                                                               \
+        struct __useless_struct_to_allow_trailing_semicolon__
+
+DEFINE_PARSER(int, int, safe_atoi);
+DEFINE_PARSER(long, long, safe_atoli);
+DEFINE_PARSER(uint32, uint32_t, safe_atou32);
+DEFINE_PARSER(uint64, uint64_t, safe_atou64);
+DEFINE_PARSER(unsigned, unsigned, safe_atou);
+DEFINE_PARSER(double, double, safe_atod);
+DEFINE_PARSER(nsec, nsec_t, parse_nsec);
+DEFINE_PARSER(sec, usec_t, parse_sec);
+DEFINE_PARSER(mode, mode_t, parse_mode);
+
+int config_parse_iec_size(const char* unit,
+                            const char *filename,
+                            unsigned line,
+                            const char *section,
+                            unsigned section_line,
+                            const char *lvalue,
+                            int ltype,
+                            const char *rvalue,
+                            void *data,
+                            void *userdata) {
+
+        size_t *sz = data;
+        uint64_t v;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = parse_size(rvalue, 1024, &v);
+        if (r < 0 || (uint64_t) (size_t) v != v) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse size value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *sz = (size_t) v;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_si_size(const char* unit,
+                            const char *filename,
+                            unsigned line,
+                            const char *section,
+                            unsigned section_line,
+                            const char *lvalue,
+                            int ltype,
+                            const char *rvalue,
+                            void *data,
+                            void *userdata) {
+
+        size_t *sz = data;
+        uint64_t v;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = parse_size(rvalue, 1000, &v);
+        if (r < 0 || (uint64_t) (size_t) v != v) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse size value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *sz = (size_t) v;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_iec_uint64(const char* unit,
+                           const char *filename,
+                           unsigned line,
+                           const char *section,
+                           unsigned section_line,
+                           const char *lvalue,
+                           int ltype,
+                           const char *rvalue,
+                           void *data,
+                           void *userdata) {
+
+        uint64_t *bytes = data;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = parse_size(rvalue, 1024, bytes);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse size value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_bool(const char* unit,
+                      const char *filename,
+                      unsigned line,
+                      const char *section,
+                      unsigned section_line,
+                      const char *lvalue,
+                      int ltype,
+                      const char *rvalue,
+                      void *data,
+                      void *userdata) {
+
+        int k;
+        bool *b = data;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        k = parse_boolean(rvalue);
+        if (k < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, k, "Failed to parse boolean value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *b = !!k;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_tristate(
+                const char* unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        int k, *t = data;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        /* A tristate is pretty much a boolean, except that it can
+         * also take the special value -1, indicating "uninitialized",
+         * much like NULL is for a pointer type. */
+
+        k = parse_boolean(rvalue);
+        if (k < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, k, "Failed to parse boolean value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *t = !!k;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_string(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        char **s = data, *n;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (!utf8_is_valid(rvalue)) {
+                log_syntax_invalid_utf8(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue))
+                n = NULL;
+        else {
+                n = strdup(rvalue);
+                if (!n)
+                        return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        free(*s);
+        *s = n;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_path(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        char **s = data, *n;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (!utf8_is_valid(rvalue)) {
+                log_syntax_invalid_utf8(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(rvalue)) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Not an absolute path, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        n = strdup(rvalue);
+        if (!n)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        path_kill_slashes(n);
+
+        free(*s);
+        *s = n;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_strv(const char *unit,
+                      const char *filename,
+                      unsigned line,
+                      const char *section,
+                      unsigned section_line,
+                      const char *lvalue,
+                      int ltype,
+                      const char *rvalue,
+                      void *data,
+                      void *userdata) {
+
+        char ***sv = data;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                char **empty;
+
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list. As a special rule
+                 * we actually fill in a real empty array here rather
+                 * than NULL, since some code wants to know if
+                 * something was set at all... */
+                empty = strv_new(NULL, NULL);
+                if (!empty)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                strv_free(*sv);
+                *sv = empty;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char *word = NULL;
+                int r;
+                r = extract_first_word(&rvalue, &word, WHITESPACE, EXTRACT_QUOTES);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+                if (r == -ENOMEM)
+                        return log_oom();
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Invalid syntax, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                if (!utf8_is_valid(word)) {
+                        log_syntax_invalid_utf8(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, rvalue);
+                        free(word);
+                        continue;
+                }
+                r = strv_consume(sv, word);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_log_facility(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+
+        int *o = data, x;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        x = log_facility_unshifted_from_string(rvalue);
+        if (x < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse log facility, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *o = (x << 3) | LOG_PRI(*o);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_log_level(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+
+        int *o = data, x;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        x = log_level_from_string(rvalue);
+        if (x < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse log level, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *o = (*o & LOG_FACMASK) | x;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_signal(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        int *sig = data, r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(sig);
+
+        r = signal_from_string_try_harder(rvalue);
+        if (r <= 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse signal name, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *sig = r;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_personality(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        unsigned long *personality = data, p;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(personality);
+
+        p = personality_from_string(rvalue);
+        if (p == PERSONALITY_INVALID) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Failed to parse personality, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *personality = p;
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/conf-parser.h b/src/libshared/conf-parser.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a91c94c322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/conf-parser.h
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <syslog.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+
+/* An abstract parser for simple, line based, shallow configuration
+ * files consisting of variable assignments only. */
+
+/* Prototype for a parser for a specific configuration setting */
+typedef int (*ConfigParserCallback)(const char *unit,
+                                    const char *filename,
+                                    unsigned line,
+                                    const char *section,
+                                    unsigned section_line,
+                                    const char *lvalue,
+                                    int ltype,
+                                    const char *rvalue,
+                                    void *data,
+                                    void *userdata);
+
+/* Wraps information for parsing a specific configuration variable, to
+ * be stored in a simple array */
+typedef struct ConfigTableItem {
+        const char *section;            /* Section */
+        const char *lvalue;             /* Name of the variable */
+        ConfigParserCallback parse;     /* Function that is called to parse the variable's value */
+        int ltype;                      /* Distinguish different variables passed to the same callback */
+        void *data;                     /* Where to store the variable's data */
+} ConfigTableItem;
+
+/* Wraps information for parsing a specific configuration variable, to
+ * be stored in a gperf perfect hashtable */
+typedef struct ConfigPerfItem {
+        const char *section_and_lvalue; /* Section + "." + name of the variable */
+        ConfigParserCallback parse;     /* Function that is called to parse the variable's value */
+        int ltype;                      /* Distinguish different variables passed to the same callback */
+        size_t offset;                  /* Offset where to store data, from the beginning of userdata */
+} ConfigPerfItem;
+
+/* Prototype for a low-level gperf lookup function */
+typedef const ConfigPerfItem* (*ConfigPerfItemLookup)(const char *section_and_lvalue, unsigned length);
+
+/* Prototype for a generic high-level lookup function */
+typedef int (*ConfigItemLookup)(
+                const void *table,
+                const char *section,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                ConfigParserCallback *func,
+                int *ltype,
+                void **data,
+                void *userdata);
+
+/* Linear table search implementation of ConfigItemLookup, based on
+ * ConfigTableItem arrays */
+int config_item_table_lookup(const void *table, const char *section, const char *lvalue, ConfigParserCallback *func, int *ltype, void **data, void *userdata);
+
+/* gperf implementation of ConfigItemLookup, based on gperf
+ * ConfigPerfItem tables */
+int config_item_perf_lookup(const void *table, const char *section, const char *lvalue, ConfigParserCallback *func, int *ltype, void **data, void *userdata);
+
+int config_parse(const char *unit,
+                 const char *filename,
+                 FILE *f,
+                 const char *sections,  /* nulstr */
+                 ConfigItemLookup lookup,
+                 const void *table,
+                 bool relaxed,
+                 bool allow_include,
+                 bool warn,
+                 void *userdata);
+
+int config_parse_many(const char *conf_file,      /* possibly NULL */
+                      const char *conf_file_dirs, /* nulstr */
+                      const char *sections,       /* nulstr */
+                      ConfigItemLookup lookup,
+                      const void *table,
+                      bool relaxed,
+                      void *userdata);
+
+/* Generic parsers */
+int config_parse_int(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unsigned(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_long(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_uint32(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_uint64(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_double(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line,  const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_iec_size(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_si_size(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_iec_uint64(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_bool(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_tristate(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_string(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_path(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_strv(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_sec(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_nsec(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_mode(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_log_facility(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_log_level(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_signal(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_personality(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+
+#define DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(function,name,type,msg)                \
+        int function(const char *unit,                                  \
+                     const char *filename,                              \
+                     unsigned line,                                     \
+                     const char *section,                               \
+                     unsigned section_line,                             \
+                     const char *lvalue,                                \
+                     int ltype,                                         \
+                     const char *rvalue,                                \
+                     void *data,                                        \
+                     void *userdata) {                                  \
+                                                                        \
+                type *i = data, x;                                      \
+                                                                        \
+                assert(filename);                                       \
+                assert(lvalue);                                         \
+                assert(rvalue);                                         \
+                assert(data);                                           \
+                                                                        \
+                if ((x = name##_from_string(rvalue)) < 0) {             \
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -x,   \
+                                   msg ", ignoring: %s", rvalue);       \
+                        return 0;                                       \
+                }                                                       \
+                                                                        \
+                *i = x;                                                 \
+                return 0;                                               \
+        }
+
+#define DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUMV(function,name,type,invalid,msg)              \
+        int function(const char *unit,                                         \
+                     const char *filename,                                     \
+                     unsigned line,                                            \
+                     const char *section,                                      \
+                     unsigned section_line,                                    \
+                     const char *lvalue,                                       \
+                     int ltype,                                                \
+                     const char *rvalue,                                       \
+                     void *data,                                               \
+                     void *userdata) {                                         \
+                                                                               \
+                type **enums = data, x, *ys;                                   \
+                _cleanup_free_ type *xs = NULL;                                \
+                const char *word, *state;                                      \
+                size_t l, i = 0;                                               \
+                                                                               \
+                assert(filename);                                              \
+                assert(lvalue);                                                \
+                assert(rvalue);                                                \
+                assert(data);                                                  \
+                                                                               \
+                xs = new0(type, 1);                                            \
+                if(!xs)                                                        \
+                        return -ENOMEM;                                        \
+                                                                               \
+                *xs = invalid;                                                 \
+                                                                               \
+                FOREACH_WORD(word, l, rvalue, state) {                         \
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *en = NULL;                        \
+                        type *new_xs;                                          \
+                                                                               \
+                        en = strndup(word, l);                                 \
+                        if (!en)                                               \
+                                return -ENOMEM;                                \
+                                                                               \
+                        if ((x = name##_from_string(en)) < 0) {                \
+                                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line,      \
+                                       -x, msg ", ignoring: %s", en);          \
+                                continue;                                      \
+                        }                                                      \
+                                                                               \
+                        for (ys = xs; x != invalid && *ys != invalid; ys++) {  \
+                                if (*ys == x) {                                \
+                                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename,    \
+                                              line, -x,                        \
+                                              "Duplicate entry, ignoring: %s", \
+                                              en);                             \
+                                        x = invalid;                           \
+                                }                                              \
+                        }                                                      \
+                                                                               \
+                        if (x == invalid)                                      \
+                                continue;                                      \
+                                                                               \
+                        *(xs + i) = x;                                         \
+                        new_xs = realloc(xs, (++i + 1) * sizeof(type));        \
+                        if (new_xs)                                            \
+                                xs = new_xs;                                   \
+                        else                                                   \
+                                return -ENOMEM;                                \
+                                                                               \
+                        *(xs + i) = invalid;                                   \
+                }                                                              \
+                                                                               \
+                free(*enums);                                                  \
+                *enums = xs;                                                   \
+                xs = NULL;                                                     \
+                                                                               \
+                return 0;                                                      \
+        }
diff --git a/src/libshared/dev-setup.c b/src/libshared/dev-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b2d464c117
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/dev-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010-2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "dev-setup.h"
+#include "label.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+int dev_setup(const char *prefix, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
+        static const char symlinks[] =
+                "-/proc/kcore\0"     "/dev/core\0"
+                "/proc/self/fd\0"    "/dev/fd\0"
+                "/proc/self/fd/0\0"  "/dev/stdin\0"
+                "/proc/self/fd/1\0"  "/dev/stdout\0"
+                "/proc/self/fd/2\0"  "/dev/stderr\0";
+
+        const char *j, *k;
+        int r;
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH_PAIR(j, k, symlinks) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *link_name = NULL;
+                const char *n;
+
+                if (j[0] == '-') {
+                        j++;
+
+                        if (access(j, F_OK) < 0)
+                                continue;
+                }
+
+                if (prefix) {
+                        link_name = prefix_root(prefix, k);
+                        if (!link_name)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        n = link_name;
+                } else
+                        n = k;
+
+                r = symlink_label(j, n);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to symlink %s to %s: %m", j, n);
+
+                if (uid != UID_INVALID || gid != GID_INVALID)
+                        if (lchown(n, uid, gid) < 0)
+                                log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to chown %s: %m", n);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/dev-setup.h b/src/libshared/dev-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5766a62060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/dev-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010-2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+int dev_setup(const char *prefix, uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
diff --git a/src/libshared/dns-domain.c b/src/libshared/dns-domain.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45d24c0079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/dns-domain.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1322 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ***/
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBIDN
+#include <idna.h>
+#include <stringprep.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <endian.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "dns-domain.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "hexdecoct.h"
+#include "in-addr-util.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+
+int dns_label_unescape(const char **name, char *dest, size_t sz) {
+        const char *n;
+        char *d;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(*name);
+
+        n = *name;
+        d = dest;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                if (*n == '.') {
+                        n++;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                if (*n == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (r >= DNS_LABEL_MAX)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                if (sz <= 0)
+                        return -ENOBUFS;
+
+                if (*n == '\\') {
+                        /* Escaped character */
+
+                        n++;
+
+                        if (*n == 0)
+                                /* Ending NUL */
+                                return -EINVAL;
+
+                        else if (*n == '\\' || *n == '.') {
+                                /* Escaped backslash or dot */
+
+                                if (d)
+                                        *(d++) = *n;
+                                sz--;
+                                r++;
+                                n++;
+
+                        } else if (n[0] >= '0' && n[0] <= '9') {
+                                unsigned k;
+
+                                /* Escaped literal ASCII character */
+
+                                if (!(n[1] >= '0' && n[1] <= '9') ||
+                                    !(n[2] >= '0' && n[2] <= '9'))
+                                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                                k = ((unsigned) (n[0] - '0') * 100) +
+                                        ((unsigned) (n[1] - '0') * 10) +
+                                        ((unsigned) (n[2] - '0'));
+
+                                /* Don't allow anything that doesn't
+                                 * fit in 8bit. Note that we do allow
+                                 * control characters, as some servers
+                                 * (e.g. cloudflare) are happy to
+                                 * generate labels with them
+                                 * inside. */
+                                if (k > 255)
+                                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                                if (d)
+                                        *(d++) = (char) k;
+                                sz--;
+                                r++;
+
+                                n += 3;
+                        } else
+                                return -EINVAL;
+
+                } else if ((uint8_t) *n >= (uint8_t) ' ' && *n != 127) {
+
+                        /* Normal character */
+
+                        if (d)
+                                *(d++) = *n;
+                        sz--;
+                        r++;
+                        n++;
+                } else
+                        return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        /* Empty label that is not at the end? */
+        if (r == 0 && *n)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (sz >= 1 && d)
+                *d = 0;
+
+        *name = n;
+        return r;
+}
+
+/* @label_terminal: terminal character of a label, updated to point to the terminal character of
+ *                  the previous label (always skipping one dot) or to NULL if there are no more
+ *                  labels. */
+int dns_label_unescape_suffix(const char *name, const char **label_terminal, char *dest, size_t sz) {
+        const char *terminal;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(label_terminal);
+        assert(dest);
+
+        /* no more labels */
+        if (!*label_terminal) {
+                if (sz >= 1)
+                        *dest = 0;
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        terminal = *label_terminal;
+        assert(*terminal == '.' || *terminal == 0);
+
+        /* Skip current terminal character (and accept domain names ending it ".") */
+        if (*terminal == 0)
+                terminal--;
+        if (terminal >= name && *terminal == '.')
+                terminal--;
+
+        /* Point name to the last label, and terminal to the preceding terminal symbol (or make it a NULL pointer) */
+        for (;;) {
+                if (terminal < name) {
+                        /* Reached the first label, so indicate that there are no more */
+                        terminal = NULL;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                /* Find the start of the last label */
+                if (*terminal == '.') {
+                        const char *y;
+                        unsigned slashes = 0;
+
+                        for (y = terminal - 1; y >= name && *y == '\\'; y--)
+                                slashes ++;
+
+                        if (slashes % 2 == 0) {
+                                /* The '.' was not escaped */
+                                name = terminal + 1;
+                                break;
+                        } else {
+                                terminal = y;
+                                continue;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                terminal --;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_label_unescape(&name, dest, sz);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *label_terminal = terminal;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int dns_label_escape(const char *p, size_t l, char *dest, size_t sz) {
+        char *q;
+
+        /* DNS labels must be between 1 and 63 characters long. A
+         * zero-length label does not exist. See RFC 2182, Section
+         * 11. */
+
+        if (l <= 0 || l > DNS_LABEL_MAX)
+                return -EINVAL;
+        if (sz < 1)
+                return -ENOBUFS;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(dest);
+
+        q = dest;
+        while (l > 0) {
+
+                if (*p == '.' || *p == '\\') {
+
+                        /* Dot or backslash */
+
+                        if (sz < 3)
+                                return -ENOBUFS;
+
+                        *(q++) = '\\';
+                        *(q++) = *p;
+
+                        sz -= 2;
+
+                } else if (*p == '_' ||
+                           *p == '-' ||
+                           (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9') ||
+                           (*p >= 'a' && *p <= 'z') ||
+                           (*p >= 'A' && *p <= 'Z')) {
+
+                        /* Proper character */
+
+                        if (sz < 2)
+                                return -ENOBUFS;
+
+                        *(q++) = *p;
+                        sz -= 1;
+
+                } else {
+
+                        /* Everything else */
+
+                        if (sz < 5)
+                                return -ENOBUFS;
+
+                        *(q++) = '\\';
+                        *(q++) = '0' + (char) ((uint8_t) *p / 100);
+                        *(q++) = '0' + (char) (((uint8_t) *p / 10) % 10);
+                        *(q++) = '0' + (char) ((uint8_t) *p % 10);
+
+                        sz -= 4;
+                }
+
+                p++;
+                l--;
+        }
+
+        *q = 0;
+        return (int) (q - dest);
+}
+
+int dns_label_escape_new(const char *p, size_t l, char **ret) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (l <= 0 || l > DNS_LABEL_MAX)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        s = new(char, DNS_LABEL_ESCAPED_MAX);
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = dns_label_escape(p, l, s, DNS_LABEL_ESCAPED_MAX);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret = s;
+        s = NULL;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int dns_label_apply_idna(const char *encoded, size_t encoded_size, char *decoded, size_t decoded_max) {
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBIDN
+        _cleanup_free_ uint32_t *input = NULL;
+        size_t input_size, l;
+        const char *p;
+        bool contains_8bit = false;
+        char buffer[DNS_LABEL_MAX+1];
+
+        assert(encoded);
+        assert(decoded);
+
+        /* Converts an U-label into an A-label */
+
+        if (encoded_size <= 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        for (p = encoded; p < encoded + encoded_size; p++)
+                if ((uint8_t) *p > 127)
+                        contains_8bit = true;
+
+        if (!contains_8bit) {
+                if (encoded_size > DNS_LABEL_MAX)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        input = stringprep_utf8_to_ucs4(encoded, encoded_size, &input_size);
+        if (!input)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (idna_to_ascii_4i(input, input_size, buffer, 0) != 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        l = strlen(buffer);
+
+        /* Verify that the the result is not longer than one DNS label. */
+        if (l <= 0 || l > DNS_LABEL_MAX)
+                return -EINVAL;
+        if (l > decoded_max)
+                return -ENOBUFS;
+
+        memcpy(decoded, buffer, l);
+
+        /* If there's room, append a trailing NUL byte, but only then */
+        if (decoded_max > l)
+                decoded[l] = 0;
+
+        return (int) l;
+#else
+        return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+int dns_label_undo_idna(const char *encoded, size_t encoded_size, char *decoded, size_t decoded_max) {
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBIDN
+        size_t input_size, output_size;
+        _cleanup_free_ uint32_t *input = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *result = NULL;
+        uint32_t *output = NULL;
+        size_t w;
+
+        /* To be invoked after unescaping. Converts an A-label into an U-label. */
+
+        assert(encoded);
+        assert(decoded);
+
+        if (encoded_size <= 0 || encoded_size > DNS_LABEL_MAX)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (encoded_size < sizeof(IDNA_ACE_PREFIX)-1)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (memcmp(encoded, IDNA_ACE_PREFIX, sizeof(IDNA_ACE_PREFIX) -1) != 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        input = stringprep_utf8_to_ucs4(encoded, encoded_size, &input_size);
+        if (!input)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        output_size = input_size;
+        output = newa(uint32_t, output_size);
+
+        idna_to_unicode_44i(input, input_size, output, &output_size, 0);
+
+        result = stringprep_ucs4_to_utf8(output, output_size, NULL, &w);
+        if (!result)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        if (w <= 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+        if (w > decoded_max)
+                return -ENOBUFS;
+
+        memcpy(decoded, result, w);
+
+        /* Append trailing NUL byte if there's space, but only then. */
+        if (decoded_max > w)
+                decoded[w] = 0;
+
+        return w;
+#else
+        return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+int dns_name_concat(const char *a, const char *b, char **_ret) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *ret = NULL;
+        size_t n = 0, allocated = 0;
+        const char *p;
+        bool first = true;
+        int r;
+
+        if (a)
+                p = a;
+        else if (b) {
+                p = b;
+                b = NULL;
+        } else
+                goto finish;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char label[DNS_LABEL_MAX];
+
+                r = dns_label_unescape(&p, label, sizeof(label));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0) {
+                        if (*p != 0)
+                                return -EINVAL;
+
+                        if (b) {
+                                /* Now continue with the second string, if there is one */
+                                p = b;
+                                b = NULL;
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                if (_ret) {
+                        if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(ret, allocated, n + !first + DNS_LABEL_ESCAPED_MAX))
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        r = dns_label_escape(label, r, ret + n + !first, DNS_LABEL_ESCAPED_MAX);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (!first)
+                                ret[n] = '.';
+                } else {
+                        char escaped[DNS_LABEL_ESCAPED_MAX];
+
+                        r = dns_label_escape(label, r, escaped, sizeof(escaped));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                if (!first)
+                        n++;
+                else
+                        first = false;
+
+                n += r;
+        }
+
+finish:
+        if (n > DNS_HOSTNAME_MAX)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (_ret) {
+                if (n == 0) {
+                        /* Nothing appended? If so, generate at least a single dot, to indicate the DNS root domain */
+                        if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(ret, allocated, 2))
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        ret[n++] = '.';
+                } else {
+                        if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(ret, allocated, n + 1))
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                ret[n] = 0;
+                *_ret = ret;
+                ret = NULL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void dns_name_hash_func(const void *s, struct siphash *state) {
+        const char *p = s;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char label[DNS_LABEL_MAX+1];
+
+                r = dns_label_unescape(&p, label, sizeof(label));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        break;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                ascii_strlower_n(label, r);
+                siphash24_compress(label, r, state);
+                siphash24_compress_byte(0, state); /* make sure foobar and foo.bar result in different hashes */
+        }
+
+        /* enforce that all names are terminated by the empty label */
+        string_hash_func("", state);
+}
+
+int dns_name_compare_func(const void *a, const void *b) {
+        const char *x, *y;
+        int r, q;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(b);
+
+        x = (const char *) a + strlen(a);
+        y = (const char *) b + strlen(b);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char la[DNS_LABEL_MAX], lb[DNS_LABEL_MAX];
+
+                if (x == NULL && y == NULL)
+                        return 0;
+
+                r = dns_label_unescape_suffix(a, &x, la, sizeof(la));
+                q = dns_label_unescape_suffix(b, &y, lb, sizeof(lb));
+                if (r < 0 || q < 0)
+                        return r - q;
+
+                r = ascii_strcasecmp_nn(la, r, lb, q);
+                if (r != 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+}
+
+const struct hash_ops dns_name_hash_ops = {
+        .hash = dns_name_hash_func,
+        .compare = dns_name_compare_func
+};
+
+int dns_name_equal(const char *x, const char *y) {
+        int r, q;
+
+        assert(x);
+        assert(y);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char la[DNS_LABEL_MAX], lb[DNS_LABEL_MAX];
+
+                r = dns_label_unescape(&x, la, sizeof(la));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                q = dns_label_unescape(&y, lb, sizeof(lb));
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return q;
+
+                if (r != q)
+                        return false;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return true;
+
+                if (ascii_strcasecmp_n(la, lb, r) != 0)
+                        return false;
+        }
+}
+
+int dns_name_endswith(const char *name, const char *suffix) {
+        const char *n, *s, *saved_n = NULL;
+        int r, q;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(suffix);
+
+        n = name;
+        s = suffix;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char ln[DNS_LABEL_MAX], ls[DNS_LABEL_MAX];
+
+                r = dns_label_unescape(&n, ln, sizeof(ln));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!saved_n)
+                        saved_n = n;
+
+                q = dns_label_unescape(&s, ls, sizeof(ls));
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return q;
+
+                if (r == 0 && q == 0)
+                        return true;
+                if (r == 0 && saved_n == n)
+                        return false;
+
+                if (r != q || ascii_strcasecmp_n(ln, ls, r) != 0) {
+
+                        /* Not the same, let's jump back, and try with the next label again */
+                        s = suffix;
+                        n = saved_n;
+                        saved_n = NULL;
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+int dns_name_startswith(const char *name, const char *prefix) {
+        const char *n, *p;
+        int r, q;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(prefix);
+
+        n = name;
+        p = prefix;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char ln[DNS_LABEL_MAX], lp[DNS_LABEL_MAX];
+
+                r = dns_label_unescape(&p, lp, sizeof(lp));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return true;
+
+                q = dns_label_unescape(&n, ln, sizeof(ln));
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return q;
+
+                if (r != q)
+                        return false;
+                if (ascii_strcasecmp_n(ln, lp, r) != 0)
+                        return false;
+        }
+}
+
+int dns_name_change_suffix(const char *name, const char *old_suffix, const char *new_suffix, char **ret) {
+        const char *n, *s, *saved_before = NULL, *saved_after = NULL, *prefix;
+        int r, q;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(old_suffix);
+        assert(new_suffix);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        n = name;
+        s = old_suffix;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char ln[DNS_LABEL_MAX], ls[DNS_LABEL_MAX];
+
+                if (!saved_before)
+                        saved_before = n;
+
+                r = dns_label_unescape(&n, ln, sizeof(ln));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (!saved_after)
+                        saved_after = n;
+
+                q = dns_label_unescape(&s, ls, sizeof(ls));
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return q;
+
+                if (r == 0 && q == 0)
+                        break;
+                if (r == 0 && saved_after == n) {
+                        *ret = NULL; /* doesn't match */
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                if (r != q || ascii_strcasecmp_n(ln, ls, r) != 0) {
+
+                        /* Not the same, let's jump back, and try with the next label again */
+                        s = old_suffix;
+                        n = saved_after;
+                        saved_after = saved_before = NULL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Found it! Now generate the new name */
+        prefix = strndupa(name, saved_before - name);
+
+        r = dns_name_concat(prefix, new_suffix, ret);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int dns_name_between(const char *a, const char *b, const char *c) {
+        int n;
+
+        /* Determine if b is strictly greater than a and strictly smaller than c.
+           We consider the order of names to be circular, so that if a is
+           strictly greater than c, we consider b to be between them if it is
+           either greater than a or smaller than c. This is how the canonical
+           DNS name order used in NSEC records work. */
+
+        n = dns_name_compare_func(a, c);
+        if (n == 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+        else if (n < 0)
+                /*       a<---b--->c       */
+                return dns_name_compare_func(a, b) < 0 &&
+                       dns_name_compare_func(b, c) < 0;
+        else
+                /* <--b--c         a--b--> */
+                return dns_name_compare_func(b, c) < 0 ||
+                       dns_name_compare_func(a, b) < 0;
+}
+
+int dns_name_reverse(int family, const union in_addr_union *a, char **ret) {
+        const uint8_t *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        p = (const uint8_t*) a;
+
+        if (family == AF_INET)
+                r = asprintf(ret, "%u.%u.%u.%u.in-addr.arpa", p[3], p[2], p[1], p[0]);
+        else if (family == AF_INET6)
+                r = asprintf(ret, "%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.%c.ip6.arpa",
+                             hexchar(p[15] & 0xF), hexchar(p[15] >> 4), hexchar(p[14] & 0xF), hexchar(p[14] >> 4),
+                             hexchar(p[13] & 0xF), hexchar(p[13] >> 4), hexchar(p[12] & 0xF), hexchar(p[12] >> 4),
+                             hexchar(p[11] & 0xF), hexchar(p[11] >> 4), hexchar(p[10] & 0xF), hexchar(p[10] >> 4),
+                             hexchar(p[ 9] & 0xF), hexchar(p[ 9] >> 4), hexchar(p[ 8] & 0xF), hexchar(p[ 8] >> 4),
+                             hexchar(p[ 7] & 0xF), hexchar(p[ 7] >> 4), hexchar(p[ 6] & 0xF), hexchar(p[ 6] >> 4),
+                             hexchar(p[ 5] & 0xF), hexchar(p[ 5] >> 4), hexchar(p[ 4] & 0xF), hexchar(p[ 4] >> 4),
+                             hexchar(p[ 3] & 0xF), hexchar(p[ 3] >> 4), hexchar(p[ 2] & 0xF), hexchar(p[ 2] >> 4),
+                             hexchar(p[ 1] & 0xF), hexchar(p[ 1] >> 4), hexchar(p[ 0] & 0xF), hexchar(p[ 0] >> 4));
+        else
+                return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int dns_name_address(const char *p, int *family, union in_addr_union *address) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(family);
+        assert(address);
+
+        r = dns_name_endswith(p, "in-addr.arpa");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0) {
+                uint8_t a[4];
+                unsigned i;
+
+                for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(a); i++) {
+                        char label[DNS_LABEL_MAX+1];
+
+                        r = dns_label_unescape(&p, label, sizeof(label));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        if (r > 3)
+                                return -EINVAL;
+
+                        r = safe_atou8(label, &a[i]);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = dns_name_equal(p, "in-addr.arpa");
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                *family = AF_INET;
+                address->in.s_addr = htobe32(((uint32_t) a[3] << 24) |
+                                             ((uint32_t) a[2] << 16) |
+                                             ((uint32_t) a[1] << 8) |
+                                              (uint32_t) a[0]);
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        r = dns_name_endswith(p, "ip6.arpa");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0) {
+                struct in6_addr a;
+                unsigned i;
+
+                for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(a.s6_addr); i++) {
+                        char label[DNS_LABEL_MAX+1];
+                        int x, y;
+
+                        r = dns_label_unescape(&p, label, sizeof(label));
+                        if (r <= 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r != 1)
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        x = unhexchar(label[0]);
+                        if (x < 0)
+                                return -EINVAL;
+
+                        r = dns_label_unescape(&p, label, sizeof(label));
+                        if (r <= 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r != 1)
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        y = unhexchar(label[0]);
+                        if (y < 0)
+                                return -EINVAL;
+
+                        a.s6_addr[ELEMENTSOF(a.s6_addr) - i - 1] = (uint8_t) y << 4 | (uint8_t) x;
+                }
+
+                r = dns_name_equal(p, "ip6.arpa");
+                if (r <= 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                *family = AF_INET6;
+                address->in6 = a;
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+bool dns_name_is_root(const char *name) {
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        /* There are exactly two ways to encode the root domain name:
+         * as empty string, or with a single dot. */
+
+        return STR_IN_SET(name, "", ".");
+}
+
+bool dns_name_is_single_label(const char *name) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        r = dns_name_parent(&name);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return false;
+
+        return dns_name_is_root(name);
+}
+
+/* Encode a domain name according to RFC 1035 Section 3.1, without compression */
+int dns_name_to_wire_format(const char *domain, uint8_t *buffer, size_t len, bool canonical) {
+        uint8_t *label_length, *out;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(domain);
+        assert(buffer);
+
+        out = buffer;
+
+        do {
+                /* Reserve a byte for label length */
+                if (len <= 0)
+                        return -ENOBUFS;
+                len--;
+                label_length = out;
+                out++;
+
+                /* Convert and copy a single label. Note that
+                 * dns_label_unescape() returns 0 when it hits the end
+                 * of the domain name, which we rely on here to encode
+                 * the trailing NUL byte. */
+                r = dns_label_unescape(&domain, (char *) out, len);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* Optionally, output the name in DNSSEC canonical
+                 * format, as described in RFC 4034, section 6.2. Or
+                 * in other words: in lower-case. */
+                if (canonical)
+                        ascii_strlower_n((char*) out, (size_t) r);
+
+                /* Fill label length, move forward */
+                *label_length = r;
+                out += r;
+                len -= r;
+
+        } while (r != 0);
+
+        /* Verify the maximum size of the encoded name. The trailing
+         * dot + NUL byte account are included this time, hence
+         * compare against DNS_HOSTNAME_MAX + 2 (which is 255) this
+         * time. */
+        if (out - buffer > DNS_HOSTNAME_MAX + 2)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        return out - buffer;
+}
+
+static bool srv_type_label_is_valid(const char *label, size_t n) {
+        size_t k;
+
+        assert(label);
+
+        if (n < 2) /* Label needs to be at least 2 chars long */
+                return false;
+
+        if (label[0] != '_') /* First label char needs to be underscore */
+                return false;
+
+        /* Second char must be a letter */
+        if (!(label[1] >= 'A' && label[1] <= 'Z') &&
+            !(label[1] >= 'a' && label[1] <= 'z'))
+                return false;
+
+        /* Third and further chars must be alphanumeric or a hyphen */
+        for (k = 2; k < n; k++) {
+                if (!(label[k] >= 'A' && label[k] <= 'Z') &&
+                    !(label[k] >= 'a' && label[k] <= 'z') &&
+                    !(label[k] >= '0' && label[k] <= '9') &&
+                    label[k] != '-')
+                        return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+bool dns_srv_type_is_valid(const char *name) {
+        unsigned c = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        if (!name)
+                return false;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char label[DNS_LABEL_MAX];
+
+                /* This more or less implements RFC 6335, Section 5.1 */
+
+                r = dns_label_unescape(&name, label, sizeof(label));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return false;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (c >= 2)
+                        return false;
+
+                if (!srv_type_label_is_valid(label, r))
+                        return false;
+
+                c++;
+        }
+
+        return c == 2; /* exactly two labels */
+}
+
+bool dns_service_name_is_valid(const char *name) {
+        size_t l;
+
+        /* This more or less implements RFC 6763, Section 4.1.1 */
+
+        if (!name)
+                return false;
+
+        if (!utf8_is_valid(name))
+                return false;
+
+        if (string_has_cc(name, NULL))
+                return false;
+
+        l = strlen(name);
+        if (l <= 0)
+                return false;
+        if (l > 63)
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+int dns_service_join(const char *name, const char *type, const char *domain, char **ret) {
+        char escaped[DNS_LABEL_ESCAPED_MAX];
+        _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(type);
+        assert(domain);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (!dns_srv_type_is_valid(type))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!name)
+                return dns_name_concat(type, domain, ret);
+
+        if (!dns_service_name_is_valid(name))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = dns_label_escape(name, strlen(name), escaped, sizeof(escaped));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = dns_name_concat(type, domain, &n);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return dns_name_concat(escaped, n, ret);
+}
+
+static bool dns_service_name_label_is_valid(const char *label, size_t n) {
+        char *s;
+
+        assert(label);
+
+        if (memchr(label, 0, n))
+                return false;
+
+        s = strndupa(label, n);
+        return dns_service_name_is_valid(s);
+}
+
+int dns_service_split(const char *joined, char **_name, char **_type, char **_domain) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL, *type = NULL, *domain = NULL;
+        const char *p = joined, *q = NULL, *d = NULL;
+        char a[DNS_LABEL_MAX], b[DNS_LABEL_MAX], c[DNS_LABEL_MAX];
+        int an, bn, cn, r;
+        unsigned x = 0;
+
+        assert(joined);
+
+        /* Get first label from the full name */
+        an = dns_label_unescape(&p, a, sizeof(a));
+        if (an < 0)
+                return an;
+
+        if (an > 0) {
+                x++;
+
+                /* If there was a first label, try to get the second one */
+                bn = dns_label_unescape(&p, b, sizeof(b));
+                if (bn < 0)
+                        return bn;
+
+                if (bn > 0) {
+                        x++;
+
+                        /* If there was a second label, try to get the third one */
+                        q = p;
+                        cn = dns_label_unescape(&p, c, sizeof(c));
+                        if (cn < 0)
+                                return cn;
+
+                        if (cn > 0)
+                                x++;
+                } else
+                        cn = 0;
+        } else
+                an = 0;
+
+        if (x >= 2 && srv_type_label_is_valid(b, bn)) {
+
+                if (x >= 3 && srv_type_label_is_valid(c, cn)) {
+
+                        if (dns_service_name_label_is_valid(a, an)) {
+                                /* OK, got <name> . <type> . <type2> . <domain> */
+
+                                name = strndup(a, an);
+                                if (!name)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                type = strjoin(b, ".", c, NULL);
+                                if (!type)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                d = p;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                } else if (srv_type_label_is_valid(a, an)) {
+
+                        /* OK, got <type> . <type2> . <domain> */
+
+                        name = NULL;
+
+                        type = strjoin(a, ".", b, NULL);
+                        if (!type)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        d = q;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        name = NULL;
+        type = NULL;
+        d = joined;
+
+finish:
+        r = dns_name_normalize(d, &domain);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (_domain) {
+                *_domain = domain;
+                domain = NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (_type) {
+                *_type = type;
+                type = NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (_name) {
+                *_name = name;
+                name = NULL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int dns_name_build_suffix_table(const char *name, const char*table[]) {
+        const char *p;
+        unsigned n = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(table);
+
+        p = name;
+        for (;;) {
+                if (n > DNS_N_LABELS_MAX)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                table[n] = p;
+                r = dns_name_parent(&p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                n++;
+        }
+
+        return (int) n;
+}
+
+int dns_name_suffix(const char *name, unsigned n_labels, const char **ret) {
+        const char* labels[DNS_N_LABELS_MAX+1];
+        int n;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        n = dns_name_build_suffix_table(name, labels);
+        if (n < 0)
+                return n;
+
+        if ((unsigned) n < n_labels)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        *ret = labels[n - n_labels];
+        return (int) (n - n_labels);
+}
+
+int dns_name_skip(const char *a, unsigned n_labels, const char **ret) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        for (; n_labels > 0; n_labels --) {
+                r = dns_name_parent(&a);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0) {
+                        *ret = "";
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        *ret = a;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int dns_name_count_labels(const char *name) {
+        unsigned n = 0;
+        const char *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        p = name;
+        for (;;) {
+                r = dns_name_parent(&p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (n >= DNS_N_LABELS_MAX)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                n++;
+        }
+
+        return (int) n;
+}
+
+int dns_name_equal_skip(const char *a, unsigned n_labels, const char *b) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(b);
+
+        r = dns_name_skip(a, n_labels, &a);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return dns_name_equal(a, b);
+}
+
+int dns_name_common_suffix(const char *a, const char *b, const char **ret) {
+        const char *a_labels[DNS_N_LABELS_MAX+1], *b_labels[DNS_N_LABELS_MAX+1];
+        int n = 0, m = 0, k = 0, r, q;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(b);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        /* Determines the common suffix of domain names a and b */
+
+        n = dns_name_build_suffix_table(a, a_labels);
+        if (n < 0)
+                return n;
+
+        m = dns_name_build_suffix_table(b, b_labels);
+        if (m < 0)
+                return m;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char la[DNS_LABEL_MAX], lb[DNS_LABEL_MAX];
+                const char *x, *y;
+
+                if (k >= n || k >= m) {
+                        *ret = a_labels[n - k];
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                x = a_labels[n - 1 - k];
+                r = dns_label_unescape(&x, la, sizeof(la));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                y = b_labels[m - 1 - k];
+                q = dns_label_unescape(&y, lb, sizeof(lb));
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return q;
+
+                if (r != q || ascii_strcasecmp_n(la, lb, r) != 0) {
+                        *ret = a_labels[n - k];
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                k++;
+        }
+}
+
+int dns_name_apply_idna(const char *name, char **ret) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+        size_t n = 0, allocated = 0;
+        bool first = true;
+        int r, q;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char label[DNS_LABEL_MAX];
+
+                r = dns_label_unescape(&name, label, sizeof(label));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                q = dns_label_apply_idna(label, r, label, sizeof(label));
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return q;
+                if (q > 0)
+                        r = q;
+
+                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(buf, allocated, n + !first + DNS_LABEL_ESCAPED_MAX))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = dns_label_escape(label, r, buf + n + !first, DNS_LABEL_ESCAPED_MAX);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (first)
+                        first = false;
+                else
+                        buf[n++] = '.';
+
+                n +=r;
+        }
+
+        if (n > DNS_HOSTNAME_MAX)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(buf, allocated, n + 1))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        buf[n] = 0;
+        *ret = buf;
+        buf = NULL;
+
+        return (int) n;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/dns-domain.h b/src/libshared/dns-domain.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2de3642cb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/dns-domain.h
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ***/
+
+#pragma once
+
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "in-addr-util.h"
+
+/* Length of a single label, with all escaping removed, excluding any trailing dot or NUL byte */
+#define DNS_LABEL_MAX 63
+
+/* Worst case length of a single label, with all escaping applied and room for a trailing NUL byte. */
+#define DNS_LABEL_ESCAPED_MAX (DNS_LABEL_MAX*4+1)
+
+/* Maximum length of a full hostname, consisting of a series of unescaped labels, and no trailing dot or NUL byte */
+#define DNS_HOSTNAME_MAX 253
+
+/* Maximum length of a full hostname, on the wire, including the final NUL byte */
+#define DNS_WIRE_FOMAT_HOSTNAME_MAX 255
+
+/* Maximum number of labels per valid hostname */
+#define DNS_N_LABELS_MAX 127
+
+int dns_label_unescape(const char **name, char *dest, size_t sz);
+int dns_label_unescape_suffix(const char *name, const char **label_end, char *dest, size_t sz);
+int dns_label_escape(const char *p, size_t l, char *dest, size_t sz);
+int dns_label_escape_new(const char *p, size_t l, char **ret);
+
+static inline int dns_name_parent(const char **name) {
+        return dns_label_unescape(name, NULL, DNS_LABEL_MAX);
+}
+
+int dns_label_apply_idna(const char *encoded, size_t encoded_size, char *decoded, size_t decoded_max);
+int dns_label_undo_idna(const char *encoded, size_t encoded_size, char *decoded, size_t decoded_max);
+
+int dns_name_concat(const char *a, const char *b, char **ret);
+
+static inline int dns_name_normalize(const char *s, char **ret) {
+        /* dns_name_concat() normalizes as a side-effect */
+        return dns_name_concat(s, NULL, ret);
+}
+
+static inline int dns_name_is_valid(const char *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        /* dns_name_normalize() verifies as a side effect */
+        r = dns_name_normalize(s, NULL);
+        if (r == -EINVAL)
+                return 0;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+void dns_name_hash_func(const void *s, struct siphash *state);
+int dns_name_compare_func(const void *a, const void *b);
+extern const struct hash_ops dns_name_hash_ops;
+
+int dns_name_between(const char *a, const char *b, const char *c);
+int dns_name_equal(const char *x, const char *y);
+int dns_name_endswith(const char *name, const char *suffix);
+int dns_name_startswith(const char *name, const char *prefix);
+
+int dns_name_change_suffix(const char *name, const char *old_suffix, const char *new_suffix, char **ret);
+
+int dns_name_reverse(int family, const union in_addr_union *a, char **ret);
+int dns_name_address(const char *p, int *family, union in_addr_union *a);
+
+bool dns_name_is_root(const char *name);
+bool dns_name_is_single_label(const char *name);
+
+int dns_name_to_wire_format(const char *domain, uint8_t *buffer, size_t len, bool canonical);
+
+bool dns_srv_type_is_valid(const char *name);
+bool dns_service_name_is_valid(const char *name);
+
+int dns_service_join(const char *name, const char *type, const char *domain, char **ret);
+int dns_service_split(const char *joined, char **name, char **type, char **domain);
+
+int dns_name_suffix(const char *name, unsigned n_labels, const char **ret);
+int dns_name_count_labels(const char *name);
+
+int dns_name_skip(const char *a, unsigned n_labels, const char **ret);
+int dns_name_equal_skip(const char *a, unsigned n_labels, const char *b);
+
+int dns_name_common_suffix(const char *a, const char *b, const char **ret);
+
+int dns_name_apply_idna(const char *name, char **ret);
diff --git a/src/libshared/dropin.c b/src/libshared/dropin.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cc1acd6f23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/dropin.c
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "conf-files.h"
+#include "dropin.h"
+#include "escape.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio-label.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+
+int drop_in_file(const char *dir, const char *unit, unsigned level,
+                 const char *name, char **_p, char **_q) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *b = NULL;
+        char *p, *q;
+
+        char prefix[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(unsigned)];
+
+        assert(unit);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(_p);
+        assert(_q);
+
+        sprintf(prefix, "%u", level);
+
+        b = xescape(name, "/.");
+        if (!b)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (!filename_is_valid(b))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        p = strjoin(dir, "/", unit, ".d", NULL);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        q = strjoin(p, "/", prefix, "-", b, ".conf", NULL);
+        if (!q) {
+                free(p);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        *_p = p;
+        *_q = q;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int write_drop_in(const char *dir, const char *unit, unsigned level,
+                  const char *name, const char *data) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL, *q = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(dir);
+        assert(unit);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = drop_in_file(dir, unit, level, name, &p, &q);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) mkdir_p(p, 0755);
+        return write_string_file_atomic_label(q, data);
+}
+
+int write_drop_in_format(const char *dir, const char *unit, unsigned level,
+                         const char *name, const char *format, ...) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        va_list ap;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(dir);
+        assert(unit);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(format);
+
+        va_start(ap, format);
+        r = vasprintf(&p, format, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return write_drop_in(dir, unit, level, name, p);
+}
+
+static int iterate_dir(
+                const char *path,
+                UnitDependency dependency,
+                dependency_consumer_t consumer,
+                void *arg,
+                char ***strv) {
+
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        /* The config directories are special, since the order of the
+         * drop-ins matters */
+        if (dependency < 0)  {
+                r = strv_extend(strv, path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        assert(consumer);
+
+        d = opendir(path);
+        if (!d) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open directory %s: %m", path);
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                struct dirent *de;
+                _cleanup_free_ char *f = NULL;
+
+                errno = 0;
+                de = readdir(d);
+                if (!de && errno > 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read directory %s: %m", path);
+
+                if (!de)
+                        break;
+
+                if (hidden_file(de->d_name))
+                        continue;
+
+                f = strjoin(path, "/", de->d_name, NULL);
+                if (!f)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = consumer(dependency, de->d_name, f, arg);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_file_process_dir(
+                Set *unit_path_cache,
+                const char *unit_path,
+                const char *name,
+                const char *suffix,
+                UnitDependency dependency,
+                dependency_consumer_t consumer,
+                void *arg,
+                char ***strv) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(unit_path);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(suffix);
+
+        path = strjoin(unit_path, "/", name, suffix, NULL);
+        if (!path)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (!unit_path_cache || set_get(unit_path_cache, path))
+                (void) iterate_dir(path, dependency, consumer, arg, strv);
+
+        if (unit_name_is_valid(name, UNIT_NAME_INSTANCE)) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *template = NULL, *p = NULL;
+                /* Also try the template dir */
+
+                r = unit_name_template(name, &template);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to generate template from unit name: %m");
+
+                p = strjoin(unit_path, "/", template, suffix, NULL);
+                if (!p)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (!unit_path_cache || set_get(unit_path_cache, p))
+                        (void) iterate_dir(p, dependency, consumer, arg, strv);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_file_find_dropin_paths(
+                char **lookup_path,
+                Set *unit_path_cache,
+                Set *names,
+                char ***paths) {
+
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **strv = NULL, **ans = NULL;
+        Iterator i;
+        char *t;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(paths);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(t, names, i) {
+                char **p;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(p, lookup_path)
+                        unit_file_process_dir(unit_path_cache, *p, t, ".d", _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_INVALID, NULL, NULL, &strv);
+        }
+
+        if (strv_isempty(strv))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = conf_files_list_strv(&ans, ".conf", NULL, (const char**) strv);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to get list of configuration files: %m");
+
+        *paths = ans;
+        ans = NULL;
+        return 1;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/dropin.h b/src/libshared/dropin.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1936f397b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/dropin.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+
+int drop_in_file(const char *dir, const char *unit, unsigned level,
+                 const char *name, char **_p, char **_q);
+
+int write_drop_in(const char *dir, const char *unit, unsigned level,
+                  const char *name, const char *data);
+
+int write_drop_in_format(const char *dir, const char *unit, unsigned level,
+                         const char *name, const char *format, ...) _printf_(5, 6);
+
+/**
+ * This callback will be called for each directory entry @entry,
+ * with @filepath being the full path to the entry.
+ *
+ * If return value is negative, loop will be aborted.
+ */
+typedef int (*dependency_consumer_t)(UnitDependency dependency,
+                                     const char *entry,
+                                     const char* filepath,
+                                     void *arg);
+
+int unit_file_process_dir(
+                Set * unit_path_cache,
+                const char *unit_path,
+                const char *name,
+                const char *suffix,
+                UnitDependency dependency,
+                dependency_consumer_t consumer,
+                void *arg,
+                char ***strv);
+
+int unit_file_find_dropin_paths(
+                char **lookup_path,
+                Set *unit_path_cache,
+                Set *names,
+                char ***paths);
diff --git a/src/libshared/efivars.c b/src/libshared/efivars.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5073c61740
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/efivars.c
@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-id128.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "dirent-util.h"
+#include "efivars.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "io-util.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "stdio-util.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+
+#ifdef ENABLE_EFI
+
+#define LOAD_OPTION_ACTIVE            0x00000001
+#define MEDIA_DEVICE_PATH                   0x04
+#define MEDIA_HARDDRIVE_DP                  0x01
+#define MEDIA_FILEPATH_DP                   0x04
+#define SIGNATURE_TYPE_GUID                 0x02
+#define MBR_TYPE_EFI_PARTITION_TABLE_HEADER 0x02
+#define END_DEVICE_PATH_TYPE                0x7f
+#define END_ENTIRE_DEVICE_PATH_SUBTYPE      0xff
+#define EFI_OS_INDICATIONS_BOOT_TO_FW_UI    0x0000000000000001
+
+struct boot_option {
+        uint32_t attr;
+        uint16_t path_len;
+        uint16_t title[];
+} _packed_;
+
+struct drive_path {
+        uint32_t part_nr;
+        uint64_t part_start;
+        uint64_t part_size;
+        char signature[16];
+        uint8_t mbr_type;
+        uint8_t signature_type;
+} _packed_;
+
+struct device_path {
+        uint8_t type;
+        uint8_t sub_type;
+        uint16_t length;
+        union {
+                uint16_t path[0];
+                struct drive_path drive;
+        };
+} _packed_;
+
+bool is_efi_boot(void) {
+        return access("/sys/firmware/efi", F_OK) >= 0;
+}
+
+static int read_flag(const char *varname) {
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_free_ void *v = NULL;
+        size_t s;
+        uint8_t b;
+
+        r = efi_get_variable(EFI_VENDOR_GLOBAL, varname, NULL, &v, &s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (s != 1)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        b = *(uint8_t *)v;
+        r = b > 0;
+        return r;
+}
+
+bool is_efi_secure_boot(void) {
+        return read_flag("SecureBoot") > 0;
+}
+
+bool is_efi_secure_boot_setup_mode(void) {
+        return read_flag("SetupMode") > 0;
+}
+
+int efi_reboot_to_firmware_supported(void) {
+        int r;
+        size_t s;
+        uint64_t b;
+        _cleanup_free_ void *v = NULL;
+
+        if (!is_efi_boot() || detect_container() > 0)
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+
+        r = efi_get_variable(EFI_VENDOR_GLOBAL, "OsIndicationsSupported", NULL, &v, &s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        else if (s != sizeof(uint64_t))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        b = *(uint64_t *)v;
+        b &= EFI_OS_INDICATIONS_BOOT_TO_FW_UI;
+        return b > 0 ? 0 : -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static int get_os_indications(uint64_t *os_indication) {
+        int r;
+        size_t s;
+        _cleanup_free_ void *v = NULL;
+
+        r = efi_reboot_to_firmware_supported();
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = efi_get_variable(EFI_VENDOR_GLOBAL, "OsIndications", NULL, &v, &s);
+        if (r == -ENOENT) {
+                /* Some firmware implementations that do support
+                 * OsIndications and report that with
+                 * OsIndicationsSupported will remove the
+                 * OsIndications variable when it is unset. Let's
+                 * pretend it's 0 then, to hide this implementation
+                 * detail. Note that this call will return -ENOENT
+                 * then only if the support for OsIndications is
+                 * missing entirely, as determined by
+                 * efi_reboot_to_firmware_supported() above. */
+                *os_indication = 0;
+                return 0;
+        } else if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        else if (s != sizeof(uint64_t))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        *os_indication = *(uint64_t *)v;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int efi_get_reboot_to_firmware(void) {
+        int r;
+        uint64_t b;
+
+        r = get_os_indications(&b);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return !!(b & EFI_OS_INDICATIONS_BOOT_TO_FW_UI);
+}
+
+int efi_set_reboot_to_firmware(bool value) {
+        int r;
+        uint64_t b, b_new;
+
+        r = get_os_indications(&b);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (value)
+                b_new = b | EFI_OS_INDICATIONS_BOOT_TO_FW_UI;
+        else
+                b_new = b & ~EFI_OS_INDICATIONS_BOOT_TO_FW_UI;
+
+        /* Avoid writing to efi vars store if we can due to firmware bugs. */
+        if (b != b_new)
+                return efi_set_variable(EFI_VENDOR_GLOBAL, "OsIndications", &b_new, sizeof(uint64_t));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int efi_get_variable(
+                sd_id128_t vendor,
+                const char *name,
+                uint32_t *attribute,
+                void **value,
+                size_t *size) {
+
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        uint32_t a;
+        ssize_t n;
+        struct stat st;
+        _cleanup_free_ void *buf = NULL;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(size);
+
+        if (asprintf(&p,
+                     "/sys/firmware/efi/efivars/%s-%02x%02x%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x",
+                     name, SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(vendor)) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        fd = open(p, O_RDONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+        if (st.st_size < 4)
+                return -EIO;
+        if (st.st_size > 4*1024*1024 + 4)
+                return -E2BIG;
+
+        n = read(fd, &a, sizeof(a));
+        if (n < 0)
+                return -errno;
+        if (n != sizeof(a))
+                return -EIO;
+
+        buf = malloc(st.st_size - 4 + 2);
+        if (!buf)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        n = read(fd, buf, (size_t) st.st_size - 4);
+        if (n < 0)
+                return -errno;
+        if (n != (ssize_t) st.st_size - 4)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        /* Always NUL terminate (2 bytes, to protect UTF-16) */
+        ((char*) buf)[st.st_size - 4] = 0;
+        ((char*) buf)[st.st_size - 4 + 1] = 0;
+
+        *value = buf;
+        buf = NULL;
+        *size = (size_t) st.st_size - 4;
+
+        if (attribute)
+                *attribute = a;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int efi_set_variable(
+                sd_id128_t vendor,
+                const char *name,
+                const void *value,
+                size_t size) {
+
+        struct var {
+                uint32_t attr;
+                char buf[];
+        } _packed_ * _cleanup_free_ buf = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (asprintf(&p,
+                     "/sys/firmware/efi/efivars/%s-%02x%02x%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x",
+                     name, SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(vendor)) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (size == 0) {
+                if (unlink(p) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        fd = open(p, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC, 0644);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        buf = malloc(sizeof(uint32_t) + size);
+        if (!buf)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        buf->attr = EFI_VARIABLE_NON_VOLATILE|EFI_VARIABLE_BOOTSERVICE_ACCESS|EFI_VARIABLE_RUNTIME_ACCESS;
+        memcpy(buf->buf, value, size);
+
+        return loop_write(fd, buf, sizeof(uint32_t) + size, false);
+}
+
+int efi_get_variable_string(sd_id128_t vendor, const char *name, char **p) {
+        _cleanup_free_ void *s = NULL;
+        size_t ss = 0;
+        int r;
+        char *x;
+
+        r = efi_get_variable(vendor, name, NULL, &s, &ss);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        x = utf16_to_utf8(s, ss);
+        if (!x)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *p = x;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static size_t utf16_size(const uint16_t *s) {
+        size_t l = 0;
+
+        while (s[l] > 0)
+                l++;
+
+        return (l+1) * sizeof(uint16_t);
+}
+
+static void efi_guid_to_id128(const void *guid, sd_id128_t *id128) {
+        struct uuid {
+                uint32_t u1;
+                uint16_t u2;
+                uint16_t u3;
+                uint8_t u4[8];
+        } _packed_;
+        const struct uuid *uuid = guid;
+
+        id128->bytes[0] = (uuid->u1 >> 24) & 0xff;
+        id128->bytes[1] = (uuid->u1 >> 16) & 0xff;
+        id128->bytes[2] = (uuid->u1 >> 8) & 0xff;
+        id128->bytes[3] = (uuid->u1) & 0xff;
+        id128->bytes[4] = (uuid->u2 >> 8) & 0xff;
+        id128->bytes[5] = (uuid->u2) & 0xff;
+        id128->bytes[6] = (uuid->u3 >> 8) & 0xff;
+        id128->bytes[7] = (uuid->u3) & 0xff;
+        memcpy(&id128->bytes[8], uuid->u4, sizeof(uuid->u4));
+}
+
+int efi_get_boot_option(
+                uint16_t id,
+                char **title,
+                sd_id128_t *part_uuid,
+                char **path,
+                bool *active) {
+
+        char boot_id[9];
+        _cleanup_free_ uint8_t *buf = NULL;
+        size_t l;
+        struct boot_option *header;
+        size_t title_size;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL, *p = NULL;
+        sd_id128_t p_uuid = SD_ID128_NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        xsprintf(boot_id, "Boot%04X", id);
+        r = efi_get_variable(EFI_VENDOR_GLOBAL, boot_id, NULL, (void **)&buf, &l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (l < sizeof(struct boot_option))
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        header = (struct boot_option *)buf;
+        title_size = utf16_size(header->title);
+        if (title_size > l - offsetof(struct boot_option, title))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (title) {
+                s = utf16_to_utf8(header->title, title_size);
+                if (!s)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (header->path_len > 0) {
+                uint8_t *dbuf;
+                size_t dnext;
+
+                dbuf = buf + offsetof(struct boot_option, title) + title_size;
+                dnext = 0;
+                while (dnext < header->path_len) {
+                        struct device_path *dpath;
+
+                        dpath = (struct device_path *)(dbuf + dnext);
+                        if (dpath->length < 4)
+                                break;
+
+                        /* Type 0x7F – End of Hardware Device Path, Sub-Type 0xFF – End Entire Device Path */
+                        if (dpath->type == END_DEVICE_PATH_TYPE && dpath->sub_type == END_ENTIRE_DEVICE_PATH_SUBTYPE)
+                                break;
+
+                        dnext += dpath->length;
+
+                        /* Type 0x04 – Media Device Path */
+                        if (dpath->type != MEDIA_DEVICE_PATH)
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* Sub-Type 1 – Hard Drive */
+                        if (dpath->sub_type == MEDIA_HARDDRIVE_DP) {
+                                /* 0x02 – GUID Partition Table */
+                                if (dpath->drive.mbr_type != MBR_TYPE_EFI_PARTITION_TABLE_HEADER)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                /* 0x02 – GUID signature */
+                                if (dpath->drive.signature_type != SIGNATURE_TYPE_GUID)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                if (part_uuid)
+                                        efi_guid_to_id128(dpath->drive.signature, &p_uuid);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Sub-Type 4 – File Path */
+                        if (dpath->sub_type == MEDIA_FILEPATH_DP && !p && path) {
+                                p = utf16_to_utf8(dpath->path, dpath->length-4);
+                                efi_tilt_backslashes(p);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (title) {
+                *title = s;
+                s = NULL;
+        }
+        if (part_uuid)
+                *part_uuid = p_uuid;
+        if (path) {
+                *path = p;
+                p = NULL;
+        }
+        if (active)
+                *active = !!(header->attr & LOAD_OPTION_ACTIVE);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void to_utf16(uint16_t *dest, const char *src) {
+        int i;
+
+        for (i = 0; src[i] != '\0'; i++)
+                dest[i] = src[i];
+        dest[i] = '\0';
+}
+
+struct guid {
+        uint32_t u1;
+        uint16_t u2;
+        uint16_t u3;
+        uint8_t u4[8];
+} _packed_;
+
+static void id128_to_efi_guid(sd_id128_t id, void *guid) {
+        struct guid *uuid = guid;
+
+        uuid->u1 = id.bytes[0] << 24 | id.bytes[1] << 16 | id.bytes[2] << 8 | id.bytes[3];
+        uuid->u2 = id.bytes[4] << 8 | id.bytes[5];
+        uuid->u3 = id.bytes[6] << 8 | id.bytes[7];
+        memcpy(uuid->u4, id.bytes+8, sizeof(uuid->u4));
+}
+
+static uint16_t *tilt_slashes(uint16_t *s) {
+        uint16_t *p;
+
+        for (p = s; *p; p++)
+                if (*p == '/')
+                        *p = '\\';
+
+        return s;
+}
+
+int efi_add_boot_option(uint16_t id, const char *title,
+                        uint32_t part, uint64_t pstart, uint64_t psize,
+                        sd_id128_t part_uuid, const char *path) {
+        char boot_id[9];
+        size_t size;
+        size_t title_len;
+        size_t path_len;
+        struct boot_option *option;
+        struct device_path *devicep;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+
+        title_len = (strlen(title)+1) * 2;
+        path_len = (strlen(path)+1) * 2;
+
+        buf = calloc(sizeof(struct boot_option) + title_len +
+                     sizeof(struct drive_path) +
+                     sizeof(struct device_path) + path_len, 1);
+        if (!buf)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        /* header */
+        option = (struct boot_option *)buf;
+        option->attr = LOAD_OPTION_ACTIVE;
+        option->path_len = offsetof(struct device_path, drive) + sizeof(struct drive_path) +
+                           offsetof(struct device_path, path) + path_len +
+                           offsetof(struct device_path, path);
+        to_utf16(option->title, title);
+        size = offsetof(struct boot_option, title) + title_len;
+
+        /* partition info */
+        devicep = (struct device_path *)(buf + size);
+        devicep->type = MEDIA_DEVICE_PATH;
+        devicep->sub_type = MEDIA_HARDDRIVE_DP;
+        devicep->length = offsetof(struct device_path, drive) + sizeof(struct drive_path);
+        devicep->drive.part_nr = part;
+        devicep->drive.part_start = pstart;
+        devicep->drive.part_size = psize;
+        devicep->drive.signature_type = SIGNATURE_TYPE_GUID;
+        devicep->drive.mbr_type = MBR_TYPE_EFI_PARTITION_TABLE_HEADER;
+        id128_to_efi_guid(part_uuid, devicep->drive.signature);
+        size += devicep->length;
+
+        /* path to loader */
+        devicep = (struct device_path *)(buf + size);
+        devicep->type = MEDIA_DEVICE_PATH;
+        devicep->sub_type = MEDIA_FILEPATH_DP;
+        devicep->length = offsetof(struct device_path, path) + path_len;
+        to_utf16(devicep->path, path);
+        tilt_slashes(devicep->path);
+        size += devicep->length;
+
+        /* end of path */
+        devicep = (struct device_path *)(buf + size);
+        devicep->type = END_DEVICE_PATH_TYPE;
+        devicep->sub_type = END_ENTIRE_DEVICE_PATH_SUBTYPE;
+        devicep->length = offsetof(struct device_path, path);
+        size += devicep->length;
+
+        xsprintf(boot_id, "Boot%04X", id);
+        return efi_set_variable(EFI_VENDOR_GLOBAL, boot_id, buf, size);
+}
+
+int efi_remove_boot_option(uint16_t id) {
+        char boot_id[9];
+
+        xsprintf(boot_id, "Boot%04X", id);
+        return efi_set_variable(EFI_VENDOR_GLOBAL, boot_id, NULL, 0);
+}
+
+int efi_get_boot_order(uint16_t **order) {
+        _cleanup_free_ void *buf = NULL;
+        size_t l;
+        int r;
+
+        r = efi_get_variable(EFI_VENDOR_GLOBAL, "BootOrder", NULL, &buf, &l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (l <= 0)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        if (l % sizeof(uint16_t) > 0 ||
+            l / sizeof(uint16_t) > INT_MAX)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        *order = buf;
+        buf = NULL;
+        return (int) (l / sizeof(uint16_t));
+}
+
+int efi_set_boot_order(uint16_t *order, size_t n) {
+        return efi_set_variable(EFI_VENDOR_GLOBAL, "BootOrder", order, n * sizeof(uint16_t));
+}
+
+static int boot_id_hex(const char s[4]) {
+        int i;
+        int id = 0;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
+                if (s[i] >= '0' && s[i] <= '9')
+                        id |= (s[i] - '0') << (3 - i) * 4;
+                else if (s[i] >= 'A' && s[i] <= 'F')
+                        id |= (s[i] - 'A' + 10) << (3 - i) * 4;
+                else
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+        return id;
+}
+
+static int cmp_uint16(const void *_a, const void *_b) {
+        const uint16_t *a = _a, *b = _b;
+
+        return (int)*a - (int)*b;
+}
+
+int efi_get_boot_options(uint16_t **options) {
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *dir = NULL;
+        struct dirent *de;
+        _cleanup_free_ uint16_t *list = NULL;
+        size_t alloc = 0;
+        int count = 0;
+
+        assert(options);
+
+        dir = opendir("/sys/firmware/efi/efivars/");
+        if (!dir)
+                return -errno;
+
+        FOREACH_DIRENT(de, dir, return -errno) {
+                int id;
+
+                if (strncmp(de->d_name, "Boot", 4) != 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (strlen(de->d_name) != 45)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (strcmp(de->d_name + 8, "-8be4df61-93ca-11d2-aa0d-00e098032b8c") != 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                id = boot_id_hex(de->d_name + 4);
+                if (id < 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(list, alloc, count + 1))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                list[count++] = id;
+        }
+
+        qsort_safe(list, count, sizeof(uint16_t), cmp_uint16);
+
+        *options = list;
+        list = NULL;
+        return count;
+}
+
+static int read_usec(sd_id128_t vendor, const char *name, usec_t *u) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *j = NULL;
+        int r;
+        uint64_t x = 0;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = efi_get_variable_string(EFI_VENDOR_LOADER, name, &j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = safe_atou64(j, &x);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *u = x;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int efi_loader_get_boot_usec(usec_t *firmware, usec_t *loader) {
+        uint64_t x, y;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(firmware);
+        assert(loader);
+
+        r = read_usec(EFI_VENDOR_LOADER, "LoaderTimeInitUSec", &x);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = read_usec(EFI_VENDOR_LOADER, "LoaderTimeExecUSec", &y);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (y == 0 || y < x)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        if (y > USEC_PER_HOUR)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        *firmware = x;
+        *loader = y;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int efi_loader_get_device_part_uuid(sd_id128_t *u) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        int r, parsed[16];
+
+        r = efi_get_variable_string(EFI_VENDOR_LOADER, "LoaderDevicePartUUID", &p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (sscanf(p, "%02x%02x%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x",
+                   &parsed[0], &parsed[1], &parsed[2], &parsed[3],
+                   &parsed[4], &parsed[5], &parsed[6], &parsed[7],
+                   &parsed[8], &parsed[9], &parsed[10], &parsed[11],
+                   &parsed[12], &parsed[13], &parsed[14], &parsed[15]) != 16)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        if (u) {
+                unsigned i;
+
+                for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(parsed); i++)
+                        u->bytes[i] = parsed[i];
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+char *efi_tilt_backslashes(char *s) {
+        char *p;
+
+        for (p = s; *p; p++)
+                if (*p == '\\')
+                        *p = '/';
+
+        return s;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/efivars.h b/src/libshared/efivars.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..243151f922
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/efivars.h
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-id128.h>
+
+#include "time-util.h"
+
+#define EFI_VENDOR_LOADER SD_ID128_MAKE(4a,67,b0,82,0a,4c,41,cf,b6,c7,44,0b,29,bb,8c,4f)
+#define EFI_VENDOR_GLOBAL SD_ID128_MAKE(8b,e4,df,61,93,ca,11,d2,aa,0d,00,e0,98,03,2b,8c)
+#define EFI_VARIABLE_NON_VOLATILE       0x0000000000000001
+#define EFI_VARIABLE_BOOTSERVICE_ACCESS 0x0000000000000002
+#define EFI_VARIABLE_RUNTIME_ACCESS     0x0000000000000004
+
+#ifdef ENABLE_EFI
+
+bool is_efi_boot(void);
+bool is_efi_secure_boot(void);
+bool is_efi_secure_boot_setup_mode(void);
+int efi_reboot_to_firmware_supported(void);
+int efi_get_reboot_to_firmware(void);
+int efi_set_reboot_to_firmware(bool value);
+
+int efi_get_variable(sd_id128_t vendor, const char *name, uint32_t *attribute, void **value, size_t *size);
+int efi_set_variable(sd_id128_t vendor, const char *name, const void *value, size_t size);
+int efi_get_variable_string(sd_id128_t vendor, const char *name, char **p);
+
+int efi_get_boot_option(uint16_t nr, char **title, sd_id128_t *part_uuid, char **path, bool *active);
+int efi_add_boot_option(uint16_t id, const char *title, uint32_t part, uint64_t pstart, uint64_t psize, sd_id128_t part_uuid, const char *path);
+int efi_remove_boot_option(uint16_t id);
+int efi_get_boot_order(uint16_t **order);
+int efi_set_boot_order(uint16_t *order, size_t n);
+int efi_get_boot_options(uint16_t **options);
+
+int efi_loader_get_device_part_uuid(sd_id128_t *u);
+int efi_loader_get_boot_usec(usec_t *firmware, usec_t *loader);
+
+#else
+
+static inline bool is_efi_boot(void) {
+        return false;
+}
+
+static inline bool is_efi_secure_boot(void) {
+        return false;
+}
+
+static inline bool is_efi_secure_boot_setup_mode(void) {
+        return false;
+}
+
+static inline int efi_reboot_to_firmware_supported(void) {
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline int efi_get_reboot_to_firmware(void) {
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline int efi_set_reboot_to_firmware(bool value) {
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline int efi_get_variable(sd_id128_t vendor, const char *name, uint32_t *attribute, void **value, size_t *size) {
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline int efi_set_variable(sd_id128_t vendor, const char *name, const void *value, size_t size) {
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline int efi_get_variable_string(sd_id128_t vendor, const char *name, char **p) {
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline int efi_get_boot_option(uint16_t nr, char **title, sd_id128_t *part_uuid, char **path, bool *active) {
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline int efi_add_boot_option(uint16_t id, const char *title, uint32_t part, uint64_t pstart, uint64_t psize, sd_id128_t part_uuid, const char *path) {
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline int efi_remove_boot_option(uint16_t id) {
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline int efi_get_boot_order(uint16_t **order) {
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline int efi_set_boot_order(uint16_t *order, size_t n) {
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline int efi_get_boot_options(uint16_t **options) {
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline int efi_loader_get_device_part_uuid(sd_id128_t *u) {
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline int efi_loader_get_boot_usec(usec_t *firmware, usec_t *loader) {
+        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+char *efi_tilt_backslashes(char *s);
diff --git a/src/libshared/fstab-util.c b/src/libshared/fstab-util.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a4e0cd3267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/fstab-util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2015 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <mntent.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "device-nodes.h"
+#include "fstab-util.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "mount-util.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+bool fstab_is_mount_point(const char *mount) {
+        _cleanup_endmntent_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        struct mntent *m;
+
+        f = setmntent("/etc/fstab", "r");
+        if (!f)
+                return false;
+
+        while ((m = getmntent(f)))
+                if (path_equal(m->mnt_dir, mount))
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+int fstab_filter_options(const char *opts, const char *names,
+                         const char **namefound, char **value, char **filtered) {
+        const char *name, *n = NULL, *x;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **stor = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *v = NULL, **strv = NULL;
+
+        assert(names && *names);
+
+        if (!opts)
+                goto answer;
+
+        /* If !value and !filtered, this function is not allowed to fail. */
+
+        if (!filtered) {
+                const char *word, *state;
+                size_t l;
+
+                FOREACH_WORD_SEPARATOR(word, l, opts, ",", state)
+                        NULSTR_FOREACH(name, names) {
+                                if (l < strlen(name))
+                                        continue;
+                                if (!strneq(word, name, strlen(name)))
+                                        continue;
+
+                                /* we know that the string is NUL
+                                 * terminated, so *x is valid */
+                                x = word + strlen(name);
+                                if (IN_SET(*x, '\0', '=', ',')) {
+                                        n = name;
+                                        if (value) {
+                                                free(v);
+                                                if (IN_SET(*x, '\0', ','))
+                                                        v = NULL;
+                                                else {
+                                                        assert(*x == '=');
+                                                        x++;
+                                                        v = strndup(x, l - strlen(name) - 1);
+                                                        if (!v)
+                                                                return -ENOMEM;
+                                                }
+                                        }
+                                }
+                        }
+        } else {
+                char **t, **s;
+
+                stor = strv_split(opts, ",");
+                if (!stor)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                strv = memdup(stor, sizeof(char*) * (strv_length(stor) + 1));
+                if (!strv)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                for (s = t = strv; *s; s++) {
+                        NULSTR_FOREACH(name, names) {
+                                x = startswith(*s, name);
+                                if (x && IN_SET(*x, '\0', '='))
+                                        goto found;
+                        }
+
+                        *t = *s;
+                        t++;
+                        continue;
+                found:
+                        /* Keep the last occurence found */
+                        n = name;
+                        if (value) {
+                                free(v);
+                                if (*x == '\0')
+                                        v = NULL;
+                                else {
+                                        assert(*x == '=');
+                                        x++;
+                                        v = strdup(x);
+                                        if (!v)
+                                                return -ENOMEM;
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+                *t = NULL;
+        }
+
+answer:
+        if (namefound)
+                *namefound = n;
+        if (filtered) {
+                char *f;
+
+                f = strv_join(strv, ",");
+                if (!f)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                *filtered = f;
+        }
+        if (value) {
+                *value = v;
+                v = NULL;
+        }
+
+        return !!n;
+}
+
+int fstab_extract_values(const char *opts, const char *name, char ***values) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **optsv = NULL, **res = NULL;
+        char **s;
+
+        assert(opts);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(values);
+
+        optsv = strv_split(opts, ",");
+        if (!optsv)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(s, optsv) {
+                char *arg;
+                int r;
+
+                arg = startswith(*s, name);
+                if (!arg || *arg != '=')
+                        continue;
+                r = strv_extend(&res, arg + 1);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        *values = res;
+        res = NULL;
+
+        return !!*values;
+}
+
+int fstab_find_pri(const char *options, int *ret) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *opt = NULL;
+        int r;
+        unsigned pri;
+
+        assert(ret);
+
+        r = fstab_filter_options(options, "pri\0", NULL, &opt, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0 || !opt)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = safe_atou(opt, &pri);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if ((int) pri < 0)
+                return -ERANGE;
+
+        *ret = (int) pri;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static char *unquote(const char *s, const char* quotes) {
+        size_t l;
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* This is rather stupid, simply removes the heading and
+         * trailing quotes if there is one. Doesn't care about
+         * escaping or anything.
+         *
+         * DON'T USE THIS FOR NEW CODE ANYMORE!*/
+
+        l = strlen(s);
+        if (l < 2)
+                return strdup(s);
+
+        if (strchr(quotes, s[0]) && s[l-1] == s[0])
+                return strndup(s+1, l-2);
+
+        return strdup(s);
+}
+
+static char *tag_to_udev_node(const char *tagvalue, const char *by) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL, *u = NULL;
+        size_t enc_len;
+
+        u = unquote(tagvalue, QUOTES);
+        if (!u)
+                return NULL;
+
+        enc_len = strlen(u) * 4 + 1;
+        t = new(char, enc_len);
+        if (!t)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (encode_devnode_name(u, t, enc_len) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return strjoin("/dev/disk/by-", by, "/", t, NULL);
+}
+
+char *fstab_node_to_udev_node(const char *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (startswith(p, "LABEL="))
+                return tag_to_udev_node(p+6, "label");
+
+        if (startswith(p, "UUID="))
+                return tag_to_udev_node(p+5, "uuid");
+
+        if (startswith(p, "PARTUUID="))
+                return tag_to_udev_node(p+9, "partuuid");
+
+        if (startswith(p, "PARTLABEL="))
+                return tag_to_udev_node(p+10, "partlabel");
+
+        return strdup(p);
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/fstab-util.h b/src/libshared/fstab-util.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..679f6902f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/fstab-util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2015 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+
+bool fstab_is_mount_point(const char *mount);
+
+int fstab_filter_options(const char *opts, const char *names, const char **namefound, char **value, char **filtered);
+
+int fstab_extract_values(const char *opts, const char *name, char ***values);
+
+static inline bool fstab_test_option(const char *opts, const char *names) {
+        return !!fstab_filter_options(opts, names, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+int fstab_find_pri(const char *options, int *ret);
+
+static inline bool fstab_test_yes_no_option(const char *opts, const char *yes_no) {
+        int r;
+        const char *opt;
+
+        /* If first name given is last, return 1.
+         * If second name given is last or neither is found, return 0. */
+
+        r = fstab_filter_options(opts, yes_no, &opt, NULL, NULL);
+        assert(r >= 0);
+
+        return opt == yes_no;
+}
+
+char *fstab_node_to_udev_node(const char *p);
diff --git a/src/libshared/generator.c b/src/libshared/generator.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd3c35cd55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/generator.c
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "dropin.h"
+#include "escape.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "fstab-util.h"
+#include "generator.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+static int write_fsck_sysroot_service(const char *dir, const char *what) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *device = NULL, *escaped = NULL;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        const char *unit;
+        int r;
+
+        escaped = cescape(what);
+        if (!escaped)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        unit = strjoina(dir, "/systemd-fsck-root.service");
+        log_debug("Creating %s", unit);
+
+        r = unit_name_from_path(what, ".device", &device);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to convert device \"%s\" to unit name: %m", what);
+
+        f = fopen(unit, "wxe");
+        if (!f)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create unit file %s: %m", unit);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "# Automatically generated by %1$s\n\n"
+                "[Unit]\n"
+                "Documentation=man:systemd-fsck-root.service(8)\n"
+                "Description=File System Check on %2$s\n"
+                "DefaultDependencies=no\n"
+                "BindsTo=%3$s\n"
+                "After=%3$s local-fs-pre.target\n"
+                "Before=shutdown.target\n"
+                "\n"
+                "[Service]\n"
+                "Type=oneshot\n"
+                "RemainAfterExit=yes\n"
+                "ExecStart=" SYSTEMD_FSCK_PATH " %4$s\n"
+                "TimeoutSec=0\n",
+                program_invocation_short_name,
+                what,
+                device,
+                escaped);
+
+        r = fflush_and_check(f);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write unit file %s: %m", unit);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int generator_write_fsck_deps(
+                FILE *f,
+                const char *dir,
+                const char *what,
+                const char *where,
+                const char *fstype) {
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(f);
+        assert(dir);
+        assert(what);
+        assert(where);
+
+        if (!is_device_path(what)) {
+                log_warning("Checking was requested for \"%s\", but it is not a device.", what);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!isempty(fstype) && !streq(fstype, "auto")) {
+                r = fsck_exists(fstype);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Checking was requested for %s, but couldn't detect if fsck.%s may be used, proceeding: %m", what, fstype);
+                else if (r == 0) {
+                        /* treat missing check as essentially OK */
+                        log_debug("Checking was requested for %s, but fsck.%s does not exist.", what, fstype);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (path_equal(where, "/")) {
+                const char *lnk;
+
+                lnk = strjoina(dir, "/" SPECIAL_LOCAL_FS_TARGET ".wants/systemd-fsck-root.service");
+
+                mkdir_parents(lnk, 0755);
+                if (symlink(SYSTEM_DATA_UNIT_PATH "/systemd-fsck-root.service", lnk) < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create symlink %s: %m", lnk);
+
+        } else {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *_fsck = NULL;
+                const char *fsck;
+
+                if (in_initrd() && path_equal(where, "/sysroot")) {
+                        r = write_fsck_sysroot_service(dir, what);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        fsck = "systemd-fsck-root.service";
+                } else {
+                        r = unit_name_from_path_instance("systemd-fsck", what, ".service", &_fsck);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create fsck service name: %m");
+
+                        fsck = _fsck;
+                }
+
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "Requires=%1$s\n"
+                        "After=%1$s\n",
+                        fsck);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int generator_write_timeouts(
+                const char *dir,
+                const char *what,
+                const char *where,
+                const char *opts,
+                char **filtered) {
+
+        /* Allow configuration how long we wait for a device that
+         * backs a mount point to show up. This is useful to support
+         * endless device timeouts for devices that show up only after
+         * user input, like crypto devices. */
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *node = NULL, *unit = NULL, *timeout = NULL;
+        usec_t u;
+        int r;
+
+        r = fstab_filter_options(opts, "comment=systemd.device-timeout\0" "x-systemd.device-timeout\0",
+                                 NULL, &timeout, filtered);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = parse_sec(timeout, &u);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning("Failed to parse timeout for %s, ignoring: %s", where, timeout);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        node = fstab_node_to_udev_node(what);
+        if (!node)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = unit_name_from_path(node, ".device", &unit);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to make unit name from path: %m");
+
+        return write_drop_in_format(dir, unit, 50, "device-timeout",
+                                    "# Automatically generated by %s\n\n"
+                                    "[Unit]\nJobTimeoutSec=%s",
+                                    program_invocation_short_name, timeout);
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/generator.h b/src/libshared/generator.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a734e13970
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/generator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int generator_write_fsck_deps(
+        FILE *f,
+        const char *dir,
+        const char *what,
+        const char *where,
+        const char *type);
+
+int generator_write_timeouts(
+        const char *dir,
+        const char *what,
+        const char *where,
+        const char *opts,
+        char **filtered);
diff --git a/src/libshared/gpt.h b/src/libshared/gpt.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b8f59abee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/gpt.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <endian.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-id128.h>
+
+/* We only support root disk discovery for x86, x86-64, Itanium and ARM for
+ * now, since EFI for anything else doesn't really exist, and we only
+ * care for root partitions on the same disk as the EFI ESP. */
+
+#define GPT_ROOT_X86    SD_ID128_MAKE(44,47,95,40,f2,97,41,b2,9a,f7,d1,31,d5,f0,45,8a)
+#define GPT_ROOT_X86_64 SD_ID128_MAKE(4f,68,bc,e3,e8,cd,4d,b1,96,e7,fb,ca,f9,84,b7,09)
+#define GPT_ROOT_ARM    SD_ID128_MAKE(69,da,d7,10,2c,e4,4e,3c,b1,6c,21,a1,d4,9a,be,d3)
+#define GPT_ROOT_ARM_64 SD_ID128_MAKE(b9,21,b0,45,1d,f0,41,c3,af,44,4c,6f,28,0d,3f,ae)
+#define GPT_ROOT_IA64   SD_ID128_MAKE(99,3d,8d,3d,f8,0e,42,25,85,5a,9d,af,8e,d7,ea,97)
+
+#define GPT_ESP         SD_ID128_MAKE(c1,2a,73,28,f8,1f,11,d2,ba,4b,00,a0,c9,3e,c9,3b)
+#define GPT_SWAP        SD_ID128_MAKE(06,57,fd,6d,a4,ab,43,c4,84,e5,09,33,c8,4b,4f,4f)
+#define GPT_HOME        SD_ID128_MAKE(93,3a,c7,e1,2e,b4,4f,13,b8,44,0e,14,e2,ae,f9,15)
+#define GPT_SRV         SD_ID128_MAKE(3b,8f,84,25,20,e0,4f,3b,90,7f,1a,25,a7,6f,98,e8)
+
+#if defined(__x86_64__)
+#  define GPT_ROOT_NATIVE GPT_ROOT_X86_64
+#  define GPT_ROOT_SECONDARY GPT_ROOT_X86
+#elif defined(__i386__)
+#  define GPT_ROOT_NATIVE GPT_ROOT_X86
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__ia64__)
+#  define GPT_ROOT_NATIVE GPT_ROOT_IA64
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__aarch64__) && (__BYTE_ORDER != __BIG_ENDIAN)
+#  define GPT_ROOT_NATIVE GPT_ROOT_ARM_64
+#  define GPT_ROOT_SECONDARY GPT_ROOT_ARM
+#elif defined(__arm__) && (__BYTE_ORDER != __BIG_ENDIAN)
+#  define GPT_ROOT_NATIVE GPT_ROOT_ARM
+#endif
+
+/* Flags we recognize on the root, swap, home and srv partitions when
+ * doing auto-discovery. These happen to be identical to what
+ * Microsoft defines for its own Basic Data Partitions, but that's
+ * just because we saw no point in defining any other values here. */
+#define GPT_FLAG_READ_ONLY (1ULL << 60)
+#define GPT_FLAG_NO_AUTO (1ULL << 63)
+
+#define GPT_LINUX_GENERIC SD_ID128_MAKE(0f,c6,3d,af,84,83,47,72,8e,79,3d,69,d8,47,7d,e4)
diff --git a/src/libshared/ima-util.c b/src/libshared/ima-util.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..789064d653
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/ima-util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "ima-util.h"
+
+static int use_ima_cached = -1;
+
+bool use_ima(void) {
+
+        if (use_ima_cached < 0)
+                use_ima_cached = access("/sys/kernel/security/ima/", F_OK) >= 0;
+
+        return use_ima_cached;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/ima-util.h b/src/libshared/ima-util.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5be94761fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/ima-util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+bool use_ima(void);
diff --git a/src/libshared/import-util.c b/src/libshared/import-util.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ab701ad8b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/import-util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2015 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "btrfs-util.h"
+#include "import-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+int import_url_last_component(const char *url, char **ret) {
+        const char *e, *p;
+        char *s;
+
+        e = strchrnul(url, '?');
+
+        while (e > url && e[-1] == '/')
+                e--;
+
+        p = e;
+        while (p > url && p[-1] != '/')
+                p--;
+
+        if (e <= p)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        s = strndup(p, e - p);
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = s;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+
+int import_url_change_last_component(const char *url, const char *suffix, char **ret) {
+        const char *e;
+        char *s;
+
+        assert(url);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        e = strchrnul(url, '?');
+
+        while (e > url && e[-1] == '/')
+                e--;
+
+        while (e > url && e[-1] != '/')
+                e--;
+
+        if (e <= url)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        s = new(char, (e - url) + strlen(suffix) + 1);
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        strcpy(mempcpy(s, url, e - url), suffix);
+        *ret = s;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static const char* const import_verify_table[_IMPORT_VERIFY_MAX] = {
+        [IMPORT_VERIFY_NO] = "no",
+        [IMPORT_VERIFY_CHECKSUM] = "checksum",
+        [IMPORT_VERIFY_SIGNATURE] = "signature",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(import_verify, ImportVerify);
+
+int tar_strip_suffixes(const char *name, char **ret) {
+        const char *e;
+        char *s;
+
+        e = endswith(name, ".tar");
+        if (!e)
+                e = endswith(name, ".tar.xz");
+        if (!e)
+                e = endswith(name, ".tar.gz");
+        if (!e)
+                e = endswith(name, ".tar.bz2");
+        if (!e)
+                e = endswith(name, ".tgz");
+        if (!e)
+                e = strchr(name, 0);
+
+        if (e <= name)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        s = strndup(name, e - name);
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = s;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int raw_strip_suffixes(const char *p, char **ret) {
+
+        static const char suffixes[] =
+                ".xz\0"
+                ".gz\0"
+                ".bz2\0"
+                ".raw\0"
+                ".qcow2\0"
+                ".img\0"
+                ".bin\0";
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *q = NULL;
+
+        q = strdup(p);
+        if (!q)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                const char *sfx;
+                bool changed = false;
+
+                NULSTR_FOREACH(sfx, suffixes) {
+                        char *e;
+
+                        e = endswith(q, sfx);
+                        if (e) {
+                                *e = 0;
+                                changed = true;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (!changed)
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        *ret = q;
+        q = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int import_assign_pool_quota_and_warn(const char *path) {
+        int r;
+
+        r = btrfs_subvol_auto_qgroup("/var/lib/machines", 0, true);
+        if (r == -ENOTTY)  {
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to set up default quota hierarchy for /var/lib/machines, as directory is not on btrfs or not a subvolume. Ignoring.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set up default quota hierarchy for /var/lib/machines: %m");
+        if (r > 0)
+                log_info("Set up default quota hierarchy for /var/lib/machines.");
+
+        r = btrfs_subvol_auto_qgroup(path, 0, true);
+        if (r == -ENOTTY) {
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to set up quota hierarchy for %s, as directory is not on btrfs or not a subvolume. Ignoring.", path);
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set up default quota hierarchy for %s: %m", path);
+        if (r > 0)
+                log_info("Set up default quota hierarchy for %s.", path);
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/import-util.h b/src/libshared/import-util.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..77b17d91f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/import-util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2015 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+
+typedef enum ImportVerify {
+        IMPORT_VERIFY_NO,
+        IMPORT_VERIFY_CHECKSUM,
+        IMPORT_VERIFY_SIGNATURE,
+        _IMPORT_VERIFY_MAX,
+        _IMPORT_VERIFY_INVALID = -1,
+} ImportVerify;
+
+int import_url_last_component(const char *url, char **ret);
+int import_url_change_last_component(const char *url, const char *suffix, char **ret);
+
+const char* import_verify_to_string(ImportVerify v) _const_;
+ImportVerify import_verify_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+int tar_strip_suffixes(const char *name, char **ret);
+int raw_strip_suffixes(const char *name, char **ret);
+
+int import_assign_pool_quota_and_warn(const char *path);
diff --git a/src/libshared/initreq.h b/src/libshared/initreq.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..710037d84b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/initreq.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+ * initreq.h	Interface to talk to init through /dev/initctl.
+ *
+ *		Copyright (C) 1995-2004 Miquel van Smoorenburg
+ *
+ *		This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ *		modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ *		License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ *		version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Version:     @(#)initreq.h  1.28  31-Mar-2004 MvS
+ *
+ */
+#ifndef _INITREQ_H
+#define _INITREQ_H
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+
+#if defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
+#  define INIT_FIFO  "/etc/.initctl"
+#else
+#  define INIT_FIFO  "/dev/initctl"
+#endif
+
+#define INIT_MAGIC 0x03091969
+#define INIT_CMD_START		0
+#define INIT_CMD_RUNLVL		1
+#define INIT_CMD_POWERFAIL	2
+#define INIT_CMD_POWERFAILNOW	3
+#define INIT_CMD_POWEROK	4
+#define INIT_CMD_BSD		5
+#define INIT_CMD_SETENV		6
+#define INIT_CMD_UNSETENV	7
+
+#define INIT_CMD_CHANGECONS	12345
+
+#ifdef MAXHOSTNAMELEN
+#  define INITRQ_HLEN	MAXHOSTNAMELEN
+#else
+#  define INITRQ_HLEN	64
+#endif
+
+/*
+ *	This is what BSD 4.4 uses when talking to init.
+ *	Linux doesn't use this right now.
+ */
+struct init_request_bsd {
+        char	gen_id[8];		/* Beats me.. telnetd uses "fe" */
+        char	tty_id[16];		/* Tty name minus /dev/tty      */
+        char	host[INITRQ_HLEN];	/* Hostname                     */
+        char	term_type[16];		/* Terminal type                */
+        int	signal;			/* Signal to send               */
+        int	pid;			/* Process to send to           */
+        char	exec_name[128];	        /* Program to execute           */
+        char	reserved[128];		/* For future expansion.        */
+};
+
+
+/*
+ *	Because of legacy interfaces, "runlevel" and "sleeptime"
+ *	aren't in a separate struct in the union.
+ *
+ *	The weird sizes are because init expects the whole
+ *	struct to be 384 bytes.
+ */
+struct init_request {
+        int	magic;			/* Magic number                 */
+        int	cmd;			/* What kind of request         */
+        int	runlevel;		/* Runlevel to change to        */
+        int	sleeptime;		/* Time between TERM and KILL   */
+        union {
+                struct init_request_bsd	bsd;
+                char			data[368];
+        } i;
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/libshared/install-printf.c b/src/libshared/install-printf.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..88143361da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/install-printf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "install-printf.h"
+#include "install.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "specifier.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+
+static int specifier_prefix_and_instance(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i = userdata;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        return unit_name_to_prefix_and_instance(i->name, ret);
+}
+
+static int specifier_prefix(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i = userdata;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        return unit_name_to_prefix(i->name, ret);
+}
+
+static int specifier_instance(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i = userdata;
+        char *instance;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        r = unit_name_to_instance(i->name, &instance);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!instance) {
+                instance = strdup("");
+                if (!instance)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        *ret = instance;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int specifier_user_name(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        char *t;
+
+        /* If we are UID 0 (root), this will not result in NSS,
+         * otherwise it might. This is good, as we want to be able to
+         * run this in PID 1, where our user ID is 0, but where NSS
+         * lookups are not allowed. */
+
+        t = getusername_malloc();
+        if (!t)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = t;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int specifier_user_id(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+
+        if (asprintf(ret, UID_FMT, getuid()) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int install_full_printf(UnitFileInstallInfo *i, const char *format, char **ret) {
+
+        /* This is similar to unit_full_printf() but does not support
+         * anything path-related.
+         *
+         * %n: the full id of the unit                 (foo@bar.waldo)
+         * %N: the id of the unit without the suffix   (foo@bar)
+         * %p: the prefix                              (foo)
+         * %i: the instance                            (bar)
+
+         * %U the UID of the running user
+         * %u the username of running user
+         * %m the machine ID of the running system
+         * %H the host name of the running system
+         * %b the boot ID of the running system
+         * %v `uname -r` of the running system
+         */
+
+        const Specifier table[] = {
+                { 'n', specifier_string,              i->name },
+                { 'N', specifier_prefix_and_instance, NULL },
+                { 'p', specifier_prefix,              NULL },
+                { 'i', specifier_instance,            NULL },
+
+                { 'U', specifier_user_id,             NULL },
+                { 'u', specifier_user_name,           NULL },
+
+                { 'm', specifier_machine_id,          NULL },
+                { 'H', specifier_host_name,           NULL },
+                { 'b', specifier_boot_id,             NULL },
+                { 'v', specifier_kernel_release,      NULL },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(format);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        return specifier_printf(format, table, i, ret);
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/install-printf.h b/src/libshared/install-printf.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..acf519f4f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/install-printf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "install.h"
+
+int install_full_printf(UnitFileInstallInfo *i, const char *format, char **ret);
diff --git a/src/libshared/install.c b/src/libshared/install.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef8f485cae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/install.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2474 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2011 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty <of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <fnmatch.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "conf-files.h"
+#include "conf-parser.h"
+#include "dirent-util.h"
+#include "extract-word.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "install-printf.h"
+#include "install.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "path-lookup.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "stat-util.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+
+#define UNIT_FILE_FOLLOW_SYMLINK_MAX 64
+
+typedef enum SearchFlags {
+        SEARCH_LOAD = 1,
+        SEARCH_FOLLOW_CONFIG_SYMLINKS = 2,
+} SearchFlags;
+
+typedef struct {
+        OrderedHashmap *will_process;
+        OrderedHashmap *have_processed;
+} InstallContext;
+
+static int in_search_path(const char *path, char **search) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *parent = NULL;
+        char **i;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        parent = dirname_malloc(path);
+        if (!parent)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, search)
+                if (path_equal(parent, *i))
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int get_config_path(UnitFileScope scope, bool runtime, const char *root_dir, char **ret) {
+        char *p = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        /* This determines where we shall create or remove our
+         * installation ("configuration") symlinks */
+
+        switch (scope) {
+
+        case UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM:
+
+                if (runtime)
+                        p = path_join(root_dir, "/run/systemd/system", NULL);
+                else
+                        p = path_join(root_dir, SYSTEM_CONFIG_UNIT_PATH, NULL);
+                break;
+
+        case UNIT_FILE_GLOBAL:
+
+                if (root_dir)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                if (runtime)
+                        p = strdup("/run/systemd/user");
+                else
+                        p = strdup(USER_CONFIG_UNIT_PATH);
+                break;
+
+        case UNIT_FILE_USER:
+
+                if (root_dir)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                if (runtime)
+                        r = user_runtime_dir(&p);
+                else
+                        r = user_config_home(&p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return -ENOENT;
+
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Bad scope");
+        }
+
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = p;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool is_config_path(UnitFileScope scope, const char *path) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+        assert(path);
+
+        /* Checks whether the specified path is intended for
+         * configuration or is outside of it */
+
+        switch (scope) {
+
+        case UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM:
+        case UNIT_FILE_GLOBAL:
+                return path_startswith(path, "/etc") ||
+                        path_startswith(path, SYSTEM_CONFIG_UNIT_PATH) ||
+                        path_startswith(path, "/run");
+
+
+        case UNIT_FILE_USER: {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+                r = user_config_home(&p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0 && path_startswith(path, p))
+                        return true;
+
+                p = mfree(p);
+
+                r = user_runtime_dir(&p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r > 0 && path_startswith(path, p))
+                        return true;
+
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Bad scope");
+        }
+}
+
+
+static int verify_root_dir(UnitFileScope scope, const char **root_dir) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(root_dir);
+
+        /* Verifies that the specified root directory to operate on
+         * makes sense. Reset it to NULL if it is the root directory
+         * or set to empty */
+
+        if (isempty(*root_dir) || path_equal(*root_dir, "/")) {
+                *root_dir = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (scope != UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = is_dir(*root_dir, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r == 0)
+                return -ENOTDIR;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_file_changes_add(
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes,
+                UnitFileChangeType type,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *source) {
+
+        UnitFileChange *c;
+        unsigned i;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(!changes == !n_changes);
+
+        if (!changes)
+                return 0;
+
+        c = realloc(*changes, (*n_changes + 1) * sizeof(UnitFileChange));
+        if (!c)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *changes = c;
+        i = *n_changes;
+
+        c[i].type = type;
+        c[i].path = strdup(path);
+        if (!c[i].path)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        path_kill_slashes(c[i].path);
+
+        if (source) {
+                c[i].source = strdup(source);
+                if (!c[i].source) {
+                        free(c[i].path);
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                path_kill_slashes(c[i].path);
+        } else
+                c[i].source = NULL;
+
+        *n_changes = i+1;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void unit_file_changes_free(UnitFileChange *changes, unsigned n_changes) {
+        unsigned i;
+
+        assert(changes || n_changes == 0);
+
+        if (!changes)
+                return;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n_changes; i++) {
+                free(changes[i].path);
+                free(changes[i].source);
+        }
+
+        free(changes);
+}
+
+static int create_symlink(
+                const char *old_path,
+                const char *new_path,
+                bool force,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *dest = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(old_path);
+        assert(new_path);
+
+        /* Actually create a symlink, and remember that we did. Is
+         * smart enough to check if there's already a valid symlink in
+         * place. */
+
+        mkdir_parents_label(new_path, 0755);
+
+        if (symlink(old_path, new_path) >= 0) {
+                unit_file_changes_add(changes, n_changes, UNIT_FILE_SYMLINK, new_path, old_path);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (errno != EEXIST)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = readlink_malloc(new_path, &dest);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (path_equal(dest, old_path))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!force)
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        r = symlink_atomic(old_path, new_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        unit_file_changes_add(changes, n_changes, UNIT_FILE_UNLINK, new_path, NULL);
+        unit_file_changes_add(changes, n_changes, UNIT_FILE_SYMLINK, new_path, old_path);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mark_symlink_for_removal(
+                Set **remove_symlinks_to,
+                const char *p) {
+
+        char *n;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        r = set_ensure_allocated(remove_symlinks_to, &string_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        n = strdup(p);
+        if (!n)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        path_kill_slashes(n);
+
+        r = set_consume(*remove_symlinks_to, n);
+        if (r == -EEXIST)
+                return 0;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int remove_marked_symlinks_fd(
+                Set *remove_symlinks_to,
+                int fd,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *config_path,
+                bool *restart,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
+        struct dirent *de;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(remove_symlinks_to);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(path);
+        assert(config_path);
+        assert(restart);
+
+        d = fdopendir(fd);
+        if (!d) {
+                safe_close(fd);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        rewinddir(d);
+
+        FOREACH_DIRENT(de, d, return -errno) {
+
+                dirent_ensure_type(d, de);
+
+                if (de->d_type == DT_DIR) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+                        int nfd, q;
+
+                        nfd = openat(fd, de->d_name, O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOFOLLOW);
+                        if (nfd < 0) {
+                                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        r = -errno;
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        p = path_make_absolute(de->d_name, path);
+                        if (!p) {
+                                safe_close(nfd);
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                        }
+
+                        /* This will close nfd, regardless whether it succeeds or not */
+                        q = remove_marked_symlinks_fd(remove_symlinks_to, nfd, p, config_path, restart, changes, n_changes);
+                        if (q < 0 && r == 0)
+                                r = q;
+
+                } else if (de->d_type == DT_LNK) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL, *dest = NULL;
+                        bool found;
+                        int q;
+
+                        if (!unit_name_is_valid(de->d_name, UNIT_NAME_ANY))
+                                continue;
+
+                        p = path_make_absolute(de->d_name, path);
+                        if (!p)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        q = readlink_malloc(p, &dest);
+                        if (q < 0) {
+                                if (q == -ENOENT)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        r = q;
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        /* We remove all links pointing to a file or
+                         * path that is marked, as well as all files
+                         * sharing the same name as a file that is
+                         * marked. */
+
+                        found =
+                                set_contains(remove_symlinks_to, dest) ||
+                                set_contains(remove_symlinks_to, basename(dest)) ||
+                                set_contains(remove_symlinks_to, de->d_name);
+
+                        if (!found)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (unlink(p) < 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        r = -errno;
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        path_kill_slashes(p);
+                        (void) rmdir_parents(p, config_path);
+
+                        unit_file_changes_add(changes, n_changes, UNIT_FILE_UNLINK, p, NULL);
+
+                        q = mark_symlink_for_removal(&remove_symlinks_to, p);
+                        if (q < 0)
+                                return q;
+                        if (q > 0)
+                                *restart = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int remove_marked_symlinks(
+                Set *remove_symlinks_to,
+                const char *config_path,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        bool restart;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(config_path);
+
+        if (set_size(remove_symlinks_to) <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        fd = open(config_path, O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOFOLLOW);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        do {
+                int q, cfd;
+                restart = false;
+
+                cfd = fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 3);
+                if (cfd < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                /* This takes possession of cfd and closes it */
+                q = remove_marked_symlinks_fd(remove_symlinks_to, cfd, config_path, config_path, &restart, changes, n_changes);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        r = q;
+        } while (restart);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int find_symlinks_fd(
+                const char *root_dir,
+                const char *name,
+                int fd,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *config_path,
+                bool *same_name_link) {
+
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
+        struct dirent *de;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(path);
+        assert(config_path);
+        assert(same_name_link);
+
+        d = fdopendir(fd);
+        if (!d) {
+                safe_close(fd);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_DIRENT(de, d, return -errno) {
+
+                dirent_ensure_type(d, de);
+
+                if (de->d_type == DT_DIR) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+                        int nfd, q;
+
+                        nfd = openat(fd, de->d_name, O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOFOLLOW);
+                        if (nfd < 0) {
+                                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        r = -errno;
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        p = path_make_absolute(de->d_name, path);
+                        if (!p) {
+                                safe_close(nfd);
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                        }
+
+                        /* This will close nfd, regardless whether it succeeds or not */
+                        q = find_symlinks_fd(root_dir, name, nfd, p, config_path, same_name_link);
+                        if (q > 0)
+                                return 1;
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                r = q;
+
+                } else if (de->d_type == DT_LNK) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL, *dest = NULL;
+                        bool found_path, found_dest, b = false;
+                        int q;
+
+                        /* Acquire symlink name */
+                        p = path_make_absolute(de->d_name, path);
+                        if (!p)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        /* Acquire symlink destination */
+                        q = readlink_malloc(p, &dest);
+                        if (q == -ENOENT)
+                                continue;
+                        if (q < 0) {
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        r = q;
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Make absolute */
+                        if (!path_is_absolute(dest)) {
+                                char *x;
+
+                                x = prefix_root(root_dir, dest);
+                                if (!x)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                free(dest);
+                                dest = x;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Check if the symlink itself matches what we
+                         * are looking for */
+                        if (path_is_absolute(name))
+                                found_path = path_equal(p, name);
+                        else
+                                found_path = streq(de->d_name, name);
+
+                        /* Check if what the symlink points to
+                         * matches what we are looking for */
+                        if (path_is_absolute(name))
+                                found_dest = path_equal(dest, name);
+                        else
+                                found_dest = streq(basename(dest), name);
+
+                        if (found_path && found_dest) {
+                                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+
+                                /* Filter out same name links in the main
+                                 * config path */
+                                t = path_make_absolute(name, config_path);
+                                if (!t)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                b = path_equal(t, p);
+                        }
+
+                        if (b)
+                                *same_name_link = true;
+                        else if (found_path || found_dest)
+                                return 1;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int find_symlinks(
+                const char *root_dir,
+                const char *name,
+                const char *config_path,
+                bool *same_name_link) {
+
+        int fd;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(config_path);
+        assert(same_name_link);
+
+        fd = open(config_path, O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOFOLLOW);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        /* This takes possession of fd and closes it */
+        return find_symlinks_fd(root_dir, name, fd, config_path, config_path, same_name_link);
+}
+
+static int find_symlinks_in_scope(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                const char *name,
+                UnitFileState *state) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *normal_path = NULL, *runtime_path = NULL;
+        bool same_name_link_runtime = false, same_name_link = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+        assert(name);
+
+        /* First look in the normal config path */
+        r = get_config_path(scope, false, root_dir, &normal_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = find_symlinks(root_dir, name, normal_path, &same_name_link);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0) {
+                *state = UNIT_FILE_ENABLED;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Then look in runtime config path */
+        r = get_config_path(scope, true, root_dir, &runtime_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = find_symlinks(root_dir, name, runtime_path, &same_name_link_runtime);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0) {
+                *state = UNIT_FILE_ENABLED_RUNTIME;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Hmm, we didn't find it, but maybe we found the same name
+         * link? */
+        if (same_name_link) {
+                *state = UNIT_FILE_LINKED;
+                return 1;
+        }
+        if (same_name_link_runtime) {
+                *state = UNIT_FILE_LINKED_RUNTIME;
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void install_info_free(UnitFileInstallInfo *i) {
+
+        if (!i)
+                return;
+
+        free(i->name);
+        free(i->path);
+        strv_free(i->aliases);
+        strv_free(i->wanted_by);
+        strv_free(i->required_by);
+        strv_free(i->also);
+        free(i->default_instance);
+        free(i->symlink_target);
+        free(i);
+}
+
+static OrderedHashmap* install_info_hashmap_free(OrderedHashmap *m) {
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i;
+
+        if (!m)
+                return NULL;
+
+        while ((i = ordered_hashmap_steal_first(m)))
+                install_info_free(i);
+
+        return ordered_hashmap_free(m);
+}
+
+static void install_context_done(InstallContext *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        c->will_process = install_info_hashmap_free(c->will_process);
+        c->have_processed = install_info_hashmap_free(c->have_processed);
+}
+
+static UnitFileInstallInfo *install_info_find(InstallContext *c, const char *name) {
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i;
+
+        i = ordered_hashmap_get(c->have_processed, name);
+        if (i)
+                return i;
+
+        return ordered_hashmap_get(c->will_process, name);
+}
+
+static int install_info_add(
+                InstallContext *c,
+                const char *name,
+                const char *path,
+                UnitFileInstallInfo **ret) {
+
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(name || path);
+
+        if (!name)
+                name = basename(path);
+
+        if (!unit_name_is_valid(name, UNIT_NAME_ANY))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        i = install_info_find(c, name);
+        if (i) {
+                if (ret)
+                        *ret = i;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = ordered_hashmap_ensure_allocated(&c->will_process, &string_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        i = new0(UnitFileInstallInfo, 1);
+        if (!i)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        i->type = _UNIT_FILE_TYPE_INVALID;
+
+        i->name = strdup(name);
+        if (!i->name) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (path) {
+                i->path = strdup(path);
+                if (!i->path) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = ordered_hashmap_put(c->will_process, i->name, i);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (ret)
+                *ret = i;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        install_info_free(i);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int install_info_add_auto(
+                InstallContext *c,
+                const char *name_or_path,
+                UnitFileInstallInfo **ret) {
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(name_or_path);
+
+        if (path_is_absolute(name_or_path))
+                return install_info_add(c, NULL, name_or_path, ret);
+        else
+                return install_info_add(c, name_or_path, NULL, ret);
+}
+
+static int config_parse_also(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i = userdata;
+        InstallContext *c = data;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
+
+                r = extract_first_word(&rvalue, &word, NULL, 0);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                r = install_info_add(c, word, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = strv_push(&i->also, word);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                word = NULL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int config_parse_default_instance(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                unsigned section_line,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i = data;
+        char *printed;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+
+        r = install_full_printf(i, rvalue, &printed);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!unit_instance_is_valid(printed)) {
+                free(printed);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        free(i->default_instance);
+        i->default_instance = printed;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int unit_file_load(
+                InstallContext *c,
+                UnitFileInstallInfo *info,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                SearchFlags flags) {
+
+        const ConfigTableItem items[] = {
+                { "Install", "Alias",           config_parse_strv,             0, &info->aliases           },
+                { "Install", "WantedBy",        config_parse_strv,             0, &info->wanted_by         },
+                { "Install", "RequiredBy",      config_parse_strv,             0, &info->required_by       },
+                { "Install", "DefaultInstance", config_parse_default_instance, 0, info                     },
+                { "Install", "Also",            config_parse_also,             0, c                        },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        struct stat st;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(info);
+        assert(path);
+
+        path = prefix_roota(root_dir, path);
+
+        if (!(flags & SEARCH_LOAD)) {
+                r = lstat(path, &st);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (null_or_empty(&st))
+                        info->type = UNIT_FILE_TYPE_MASKED;
+                else if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
+                        info->type = UNIT_FILE_TYPE_REGULAR;
+                else if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
+                        return -ELOOP;
+                else if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+                        return -EISDIR;
+                else
+                        return -ENOTTY;
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        fd = open(path, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+        if (null_or_empty(&st)) {
+                info->type = UNIT_FILE_TYPE_MASKED;
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+                return -EISDIR;
+        if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
+                return -ENOTTY;
+
+        f = fdopen(fd, "re");
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+        fd = -1;
+
+        r = config_parse(NULL, path, f,
+                         NULL,
+                         config_item_table_lookup, items,
+                         true, true, false, info);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        info->type = UNIT_FILE_TYPE_REGULAR;
+
+        return
+                (int) strv_length(info->aliases) +
+                (int) strv_length(info->wanted_by) +
+                (int) strv_length(info->required_by);
+}
+
+static int unit_file_load_or_readlink(
+                InstallContext *c,
+                UnitFileInstallInfo *info,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                SearchFlags flags) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *np = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        r = unit_file_load(c, info, path, root_dir, flags);
+        if (r != -ELOOP)
+                return r;
+
+        /* This is a symlink, let's read it. */
+
+        r = readlink_and_make_absolute_root(root_dir, path, &np);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (path_equal(np, "/dev/null"))
+                info->type = UNIT_FILE_TYPE_MASKED;
+        else {
+                const char *bn;
+                UnitType a, b;
+
+                bn = basename(np);
+
+                if (unit_name_is_valid(info->name, UNIT_NAME_PLAIN)) {
+
+                        if (!unit_name_is_valid(bn, UNIT_NAME_PLAIN))
+                                return -EINVAL;
+
+                } else if (unit_name_is_valid(info->name, UNIT_NAME_INSTANCE)) {
+
+                        if (!unit_name_is_valid(bn, UNIT_NAME_INSTANCE|UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE))
+                                return -EINVAL;
+
+                } else if (unit_name_is_valid(info->name, UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE)) {
+
+                        if (!unit_name_is_valid(bn, UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE))
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                } else
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                /* Enforce that the symlink destination does not
+                 * change the unit file type. */
+
+                a = unit_name_to_type(info->name);
+                b = unit_name_to_type(bn);
+                if (a < 0 || b < 0 || a != b)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                info->type = UNIT_FILE_TYPE_SYMLINK;
+                info->symlink_target = np;
+                np = NULL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int unit_file_search(
+                InstallContext *c,
+                UnitFileInstallInfo *info,
+                const LookupPaths *paths,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                SearchFlags flags) {
+
+        char **p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(info);
+        assert(paths);
+
+        /* Was this unit already loaded? */
+        if (info->type != _UNIT_FILE_TYPE_INVALID)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (info->path)
+                return unit_file_load_or_readlink(c, info, info->path, root_dir, flags);
+
+        assert(info->name);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(p, paths->unit_path) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+
+                path = strjoin(*p, "/", info->name, NULL);
+                if (!path)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = unit_file_load_or_readlink(c, info, path, root_dir, flags);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (r != -ENOENT)
+                                return r;
+                } else {
+                        info->path = path;
+                        path = NULL;
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (unit_name_is_valid(info->name, UNIT_NAME_INSTANCE)) {
+
+                /* Unit file doesn't exist, however instance
+                 * enablement was requested.  We will check if it is
+                 * possible to load template unit file. */
+
+                _cleanup_free_ char *template = NULL;
+
+                r = unit_name_template(info->name, &template);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(p, paths->unit_path) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+
+                        path = strjoin(*p, "/", template, NULL);
+                        if (!path)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        r = unit_file_load_or_readlink(c, info, path, root_dir, flags);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                if (r != -ENOENT)
+                                        return r;
+                        } else {
+                                info->path = path;
+                                path = NULL;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        return -ENOENT;
+}
+
+static int install_info_follow(
+                InstallContext *c,
+                UnitFileInstallInfo *i,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                SearchFlags flags) {
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(i);
+
+        if (i->type != UNIT_FILE_TYPE_SYMLINK)
+                return -EINVAL;
+        if (!i->symlink_target)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        /* If the basename doesn't match, the caller should add a
+         * complete new entry for this. */
+
+        if (!streq(basename(i->symlink_target), i->name))
+                return -EXDEV;
+
+        free(i->path);
+        i->path = i->symlink_target;
+        i->symlink_target = NULL;
+        i->type = _UNIT_FILE_TYPE_INVALID;
+
+        return unit_file_load_or_readlink(c, i, i->path, root_dir, flags);
+}
+
+static int install_info_traverse(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                InstallContext *c,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                const LookupPaths *paths,
+                UnitFileInstallInfo *start,
+                SearchFlags flags,
+                UnitFileInstallInfo **ret) {
+
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i;
+        unsigned k = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(paths);
+        assert(start);
+        assert(c);
+
+        r = unit_file_search(c, start, paths, root_dir, flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        i = start;
+        while (i->type == UNIT_FILE_TYPE_SYMLINK) {
+                /* Follow the symlink */
+
+                if (++k > UNIT_FILE_FOLLOW_SYMLINK_MAX)
+                        return -ELOOP;
+
+                if (!(flags & SEARCH_FOLLOW_CONFIG_SYMLINKS) && is_config_path(scope, i->path))
+                        return -ELOOP;
+
+                r = install_info_follow(c, i, root_dir, flags);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *buffer = NULL;
+                        const char *bn;
+
+                        if (r != -EXDEV)
+                                return r;
+
+                        /* Target has a different name, create a new
+                         * install info object for that, and continue
+                         * with that. */
+
+                        bn = basename(i->symlink_target);
+
+                        if (unit_name_is_valid(i->name, UNIT_NAME_INSTANCE) &&
+                            unit_name_is_valid(bn, UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE)) {
+
+                                _cleanup_free_ char *instance = NULL;
+
+                                r = unit_name_to_instance(i->name, &instance);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                r = unit_name_replace_instance(bn, instance, &buffer);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                bn = buffer;
+                        }
+
+                        r = install_info_add(c, bn, NULL, &i);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = unit_file_search(c, i, paths, root_dir, flags);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                /* Try again, with the new target we found. */
+        }
+
+        if (ret)
+                *ret = i;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int install_info_discover(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                InstallContext *c,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                const LookupPaths *paths,
+                const char *name,
+                SearchFlags flags,
+                UnitFileInstallInfo **ret) {
+
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(paths);
+        assert(name);
+
+        r = install_info_add_auto(c, name, &i);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return install_info_traverse(scope, c, root_dir, paths, i, flags, ret);
+}
+
+static int install_info_symlink_alias(
+                UnitFileInstallInfo *i,
+                const char *config_path,
+                bool force,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        char **s;
+        int r = 0, q;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(config_path);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(s, i->aliases) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *alias_path = NULL, *dst = NULL;
+
+                q = install_full_printf(i, *s, &dst);
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return q;
+
+                alias_path = path_make_absolute(dst, config_path);
+                if (!alias_path)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                q = create_symlink(i->path, alias_path, force, changes, n_changes);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        r = q;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int install_info_symlink_wants(
+                UnitFileInstallInfo *i,
+                const char *config_path,
+                char **list,
+                const char *suffix,
+                bool force,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+        const char *n;
+        char **s;
+        int r = 0, q;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(config_path);
+
+        if (unit_name_is_valid(i->name, UNIT_NAME_TEMPLATE)) {
+
+                /* Don't install any symlink if there's no default
+                 * instance configured */
+
+                if (!i->default_instance)
+                        return 0;
+
+                r = unit_name_replace_instance(i->name, i->default_instance, &buf);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                n = buf;
+        } else
+                n = i->name;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(s, list) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL, *dst = NULL;
+
+                q = install_full_printf(i, *s, &dst);
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return q;
+
+                if (!unit_name_is_valid(dst, UNIT_NAME_ANY)) {
+                        r = -EINVAL;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                path = strjoin(config_path, "/", dst, suffix, n, NULL);
+                if (!path)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                q = create_symlink(i->path, path, force, changes, n_changes);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        r = q;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int install_info_symlink_link(
+                UnitFileInstallInfo *i,
+                const LookupPaths *paths,
+                const char *config_path,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                bool force,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(paths);
+        assert(config_path);
+        assert(i->path);
+
+        r = in_search_path(i->path, paths->unit_path);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        path = strjoin(config_path, "/", i->name, NULL);
+        if (!path)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return create_symlink(i->path, path, force, changes, n_changes);
+}
+
+static int install_info_apply(
+                UnitFileInstallInfo *i,
+                const LookupPaths *paths,
+                const char *config_path,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                bool force,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        int r, q;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(paths);
+        assert(config_path);
+
+        if (i->type != UNIT_FILE_TYPE_REGULAR)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = install_info_symlink_alias(i, config_path, force, changes, n_changes);
+
+        q = install_info_symlink_wants(i, config_path, i->wanted_by, ".wants/", force, changes, n_changes);
+        if (r == 0)
+                r = q;
+
+        q = install_info_symlink_wants(i, config_path, i->required_by, ".requires/", force, changes, n_changes);
+        if (r == 0)
+                r = q;
+
+        q = install_info_symlink_link(i, paths, config_path, root_dir, force, changes, n_changes);
+        if (r == 0)
+                r = q;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int install_context_apply(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                InstallContext *c,
+                const LookupPaths *paths,
+                const char *config_path,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                bool force,
+                SearchFlags flags,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(paths);
+        assert(config_path);
+
+        if (ordered_hashmap_isempty(c->will_process))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = ordered_hashmap_ensure_allocated(&c->have_processed, &string_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = 0;
+        while ((i = ordered_hashmap_first(c->will_process))) {
+                int q;
+
+                q = ordered_hashmap_move_one(c->have_processed, c->will_process, i->name);
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return q;
+
+                r = install_info_traverse(scope, c, root_dir, paths, i, flags, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (i->type != UNIT_FILE_TYPE_REGULAR)
+                        continue;
+
+                q = install_info_apply(i, paths, config_path, root_dir, force, changes, n_changes);
+                if (r >= 0) {
+                        if (q < 0)
+                                r = q;
+                        else
+                                r+= q;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int install_context_mark_for_removal(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                InstallContext *c,
+                const LookupPaths *paths,
+                Set **remove_symlinks_to,
+                const char *config_path,
+                const char *root_dir) {
+
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(paths);
+        assert(config_path);
+
+        /* Marks all items for removal */
+
+        if (ordered_hashmap_isempty(c->will_process))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = ordered_hashmap_ensure_allocated(&c->have_processed, &string_hash_ops);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        while ((i = ordered_hashmap_first(c->will_process))) {
+
+                r = ordered_hashmap_move_one(c->have_processed, c->will_process, i->name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = install_info_traverse(scope, c, root_dir, paths, i, SEARCH_LOAD|SEARCH_FOLLOW_CONFIG_SYMLINKS, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (i->type != UNIT_FILE_TYPE_REGULAR)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = mark_symlink_for_removal(remove_symlinks_to, i->name);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_file_mask(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                bool runtime,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                char **files,
+                bool force,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *prefix = NULL;
+        char **i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+
+        r = verify_root_dir(scope, &root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_config_path(scope, runtime, root_dir, &prefix);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, files) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+                int q;
+
+                if (!unit_name_is_valid(*i, UNIT_NAME_ANY)) {
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                r = -EINVAL;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                path = path_make_absolute(*i, prefix);
+                if (!path)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                q = create_symlink("/dev/null", path, force, changes, n_changes);
+                if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
+                        r = q;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int unit_file_unmask(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                bool runtime,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                char **files,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        _cleanup_set_free_free_ Set *remove_symlinks_to = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *config_path = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char **todo = NULL;
+        size_t n_todo = 0, n_allocated = 0;
+        char **i;
+        int r, q;
+
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+
+        r = verify_root_dir(scope, &root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_config_path(scope, runtime, root_dir, &config_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, files) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+
+                if (!unit_name_is_valid(*i, UNIT_NAME_ANY))
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                path = path_make_absolute(*i, config_path);
+                if (!path)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = null_or_empty_path(path);
+                if (r == -ENOENT)
+                        continue;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC0(todo, n_allocated, n_todo + 2))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                todo[n_todo++] = *i;
+        }
+
+        strv_uniq(todo);
+
+        r = 0;
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, todo) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+
+                path = path_make_absolute(*i, config_path);
+                if (!path)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (unlink(path) < 0) {
+                        if (errno != -ENOENT && r >= 0)
+                                r = -errno;
+                } else {
+                        q = mark_symlink_for_removal(&remove_symlinks_to, path);
+                        if (q < 0)
+                                return q;
+
+                        unit_file_changes_add(changes, n_changes, UNIT_FILE_UNLINK, path, NULL);
+                }
+        }
+
+        q = remove_marked_symlinks(remove_symlinks_to, config_path, changes, n_changes);
+        if (r >= 0)
+                r = q;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int unit_file_link(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                bool runtime,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                char **files,
+                bool force,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        _cleanup_lookup_paths_free_ LookupPaths paths = {};
+        _cleanup_free_ char *config_path = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char **todo = NULL;
+        size_t n_todo = 0, n_allocated = 0;
+        char **i;
+        int r, q;
+
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+
+        r = verify_root_dir(scope, &root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = lookup_paths_init_from_scope(&paths, scope, root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_config_path(scope, runtime, root_dir, &config_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, files) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *full = NULL;
+                struct stat st;
+                char *fn;
+
+                if (!path_is_absolute(*i))
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                fn = basename(*i);
+                if (!unit_name_is_valid(fn, UNIT_NAME_ANY))
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                full = prefix_root(root_dir, *i);
+                if (!full)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (lstat(full, &st) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+                if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
+                        return -ELOOP;
+                if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+                        return -EISDIR;
+                if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
+                        return -ENOTTY;
+
+                q = in_search_path(*i, paths.unit_path);
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return q;
+                if (q > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC0(todo, n_allocated, n_todo + 2))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                todo[n_todo++] = *i;
+        }
+
+        strv_uniq(todo);
+
+        r = 0;
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, todo) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+
+                path = path_make_absolute(basename(*i), config_path);
+                if (!path)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                q = create_symlink(*i, path, force, changes, n_changes);
+                if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
+                        r = q;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int unit_file_add_dependency(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                bool runtime,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                char **files,
+                const char *target,
+                UnitDependency dep,
+                bool force,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        _cleanup_lookup_paths_free_ LookupPaths paths = {};
+        _cleanup_(install_context_done) InstallContext c = {};
+        _cleanup_free_ char *config_path = NULL;
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i, *target_info;
+        char **f;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+        assert(target);
+
+        if (!IN_SET(dep, UNIT_WANTS, UNIT_REQUIRES))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!unit_name_is_valid(target, UNIT_NAME_ANY))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = verify_root_dir(scope, &root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = lookup_paths_init_from_scope(&paths, scope, root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_config_path(scope, runtime, root_dir, &config_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = install_info_discover(scope, &c, root_dir, &paths, target, SEARCH_FOLLOW_CONFIG_SYMLINKS, &target_info);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (target_info->type == UNIT_FILE_TYPE_MASKED)
+                return -ESHUTDOWN;
+
+        assert(target_info->type == UNIT_FILE_TYPE_REGULAR);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(f, files) {
+                char ***l;
+
+                r = install_info_discover(scope, &c, root_dir, &paths, *f, SEARCH_FOLLOW_CONFIG_SYMLINKS, &i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (i->type == UNIT_FILE_TYPE_MASKED)
+                        return -ESHUTDOWN;
+
+                assert(i->type == UNIT_FILE_TYPE_REGULAR);
+
+                /* We didn't actually load anything from the unit
+                 * file, but instead just add in our new symlink to
+                 * create. */
+
+                if (dep == UNIT_WANTS)
+                        l = &i->wanted_by;
+                else
+                        l = &i->required_by;
+
+                strv_free(*l);
+                *l = strv_new(target_info->name, NULL);
+                if (!*l)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        return install_context_apply(scope, &c, &paths, config_path, root_dir, force, SEARCH_FOLLOW_CONFIG_SYMLINKS, changes, n_changes);
+}
+
+int unit_file_enable(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                bool runtime,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                char **files,
+                bool force,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        _cleanup_lookup_paths_free_ LookupPaths paths = {};
+        _cleanup_(install_context_done) InstallContext c = {};
+        _cleanup_free_ char *config_path = NULL;
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i;
+        char **f;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+
+        r = verify_root_dir(scope, &root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = lookup_paths_init_from_scope(&paths, scope, root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_config_path(scope, runtime, root_dir, &config_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(f, files) {
+                r = install_info_discover(scope, &c, root_dir, &paths, *f, SEARCH_LOAD, &i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (i->type == UNIT_FILE_TYPE_MASKED)
+                        return -ESHUTDOWN;
+
+                assert(i->type == UNIT_FILE_TYPE_REGULAR);
+        }
+
+        /* This will return the number of symlink rules that were
+           supposed to be created, not the ones actually created. This
+           is useful to determine whether the passed files had any
+           installation data at all. */
+
+        return install_context_apply(scope, &c, &paths, config_path, root_dir, force, SEARCH_LOAD, changes, n_changes);
+}
+
+int unit_file_disable(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                bool runtime,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                char **files,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        _cleanup_lookup_paths_free_ LookupPaths paths = {};
+        _cleanup_(install_context_done) InstallContext c = {};
+        _cleanup_free_ char *config_path = NULL;
+        _cleanup_set_free_free_ Set *remove_symlinks_to = NULL;
+        char **i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+
+        r = verify_root_dir(scope, &root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = lookup_paths_init_from_scope(&paths, scope, root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_config_path(scope, runtime, root_dir, &config_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, files) {
+                if (!unit_name_is_valid(*i, UNIT_NAME_ANY))
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                r = install_info_add(&c, *i, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = install_context_mark_for_removal(scope, &c, &paths, &remove_symlinks_to, config_path, root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return remove_marked_symlinks(remove_symlinks_to, config_path, changes, n_changes);
+}
+
+int unit_file_reenable(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                bool runtime,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                char **files,
+                bool force,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        char **n;
+        int r;
+        size_t l, i;
+
+        /* First, we invoke the disable command with only the basename... */
+        l = strv_length(files);
+        n = newa(char*, l+1);
+        for (i = 0; i < l; i++)
+                n[i] = basename(files[i]);
+        n[i] = NULL;
+
+        r = unit_file_disable(scope, runtime, root_dir, n, changes, n_changes);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* But the enable command with the full name */
+        return unit_file_enable(scope, runtime, root_dir, files, force, changes, n_changes);
+}
+
+int unit_file_set_default(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                const char *name,
+                bool force,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        _cleanup_lookup_paths_free_ LookupPaths paths = {};
+        _cleanup_(install_context_done) InstallContext c = {};
+        _cleanup_free_ char *config_path = NULL;
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i;
+        const char *path;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (unit_name_to_type(name) != UNIT_TARGET)
+                return -EINVAL;
+        if (streq(name, SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = verify_root_dir(scope, &root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = lookup_paths_init_from_scope(&paths, scope, root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_config_path(scope, false, root_dir, &config_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = install_info_discover(scope, &c, root_dir, &paths, name, 0, &i);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (i->type == UNIT_FILE_TYPE_MASKED)
+                return -ESHUTDOWN;
+
+        path = strjoina(config_path, "/" SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET);
+
+        return create_symlink(i->path, path, force, changes, n_changes);
+}
+
+int unit_file_get_default(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                char **name) {
+
+        _cleanup_lookup_paths_free_ LookupPaths paths = {};
+        _cleanup_(install_context_done) InstallContext c = {};
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i;
+        char *n;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+        assert(name);
+
+        r = verify_root_dir(scope, &root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = lookup_paths_init_from_scope(&paths, scope, root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = install_info_discover(scope, &c, root_dir, &paths, SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET, SEARCH_FOLLOW_CONFIG_SYMLINKS, &i);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (i->type == UNIT_FILE_TYPE_MASKED)
+                return -ESHUTDOWN;
+
+        n = strdup(i->name);
+        if (!n)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *name = n;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_file_lookup_state(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                const LookupPaths *paths,
+                const char *name,
+                UnitFileState *ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_(install_context_done) InstallContext c = {};
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i;
+        UnitFileState state;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(paths);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (!unit_name_is_valid(name, UNIT_NAME_ANY))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = verify_root_dir(scope, &root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = install_info_discover(scope, &c, root_dir, paths, name, SEARCH_LOAD|SEARCH_FOLLOW_CONFIG_SYMLINKS, &i);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Shortcut things, if the caller just wants to know if this unit exists. */
+        if (!ret)
+                return 0;
+
+        switch (i->type) {
+
+        case UNIT_FILE_TYPE_MASKED:
+                state = path_startswith(i->path, "/run") ? UNIT_FILE_MASKED_RUNTIME : UNIT_FILE_MASKED;
+                break;
+
+        case UNIT_FILE_TYPE_REGULAR:
+                r = find_symlinks_in_scope(scope, root_dir, i->name, &state);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0) {
+                        if (UNIT_FILE_INSTALL_INFO_HAS_RULES(i))
+                                state = UNIT_FILE_DISABLED;
+                        else if (UNIT_FILE_INSTALL_INFO_HAS_ALSO(i))
+                                state = UNIT_FILE_INDIRECT;
+                        else
+                                state = UNIT_FILE_STATIC;
+                }
+
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unexpect unit file type.");
+        }
+
+        *ret = state;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_file_get_state(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                const char *name,
+                UnitFileState *ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_lookup_paths_free_ LookupPaths paths = {};
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+        assert(name);
+
+        r = verify_root_dir(scope, &root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = lookup_paths_init_from_scope(&paths, scope, root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return unit_file_lookup_state(scope, root_dir, &paths, name, ret);
+}
+
+int unit_file_query_preset(UnitFileScope scope, const char *root_dir, const char *name) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **files = NULL;
+        char **p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+        assert(name);
+
+        r = verify_root_dir(scope, &root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!unit_name_is_valid(name, UNIT_NAME_ANY))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (scope == UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM)
+                r = conf_files_list(&files, ".preset", root_dir,
+                                    "/etc/systemd/system-preset",
+                                    "/usr/local/lib/systemd/system-preset",
+                                    "/usr/lib/systemd/system-preset",
+#ifdef HAVE_SPLIT_USR
+                                    "/lib/systemd/system-preset",
+#endif
+                                    NULL);
+        else if (scope == UNIT_FILE_GLOBAL)
+                r = conf_files_list(&files, ".preset", root_dir,
+                                    "/etc/systemd/user-preset",
+                                    "/usr/local/lib/systemd/user-preset",
+                                    "/usr/lib/systemd/user-preset",
+                                    NULL);
+        else
+                return 1; /* Default is "enable" */
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(p, files) {
+                _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f;
+                char line[LINE_MAX];
+
+                f = fopen(*p, "re");
+                if (!f) {
+                        if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                continue;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                FOREACH_LINE(line, f, return -errno) {
+                        const char *parameter;
+                        char *l;
+
+                        l = strstrip(line);
+
+                        if (isempty(l))
+                                continue;
+                        if (strchr(COMMENTS, *l))
+                                continue;
+
+                        parameter = first_word(l, "enable");
+                        if (parameter) {
+                                if (fnmatch(parameter, name, FNM_NOESCAPE) == 0) {
+                                        log_debug("Preset file says enable %s.", name);
+                                        return 1;
+                                }
+
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        parameter = first_word(l, "disable");
+                        if (parameter) {
+                                if (fnmatch(parameter, name, FNM_NOESCAPE) == 0) {
+                                        log_debug("Preset file says disable %s.", name);
+                                        return 0;
+                                }
+
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        log_debug("Couldn't parse line '%s'", l);
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Default is "enable" */
+        log_debug("Preset file doesn't say anything about %s, enabling.", name);
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int execute_preset(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                InstallContext *plus,
+                InstallContext *minus,
+                const LookupPaths *paths,
+                const char *config_path,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                char **files,
+                UnitFilePresetMode mode,
+                bool force,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        int r;
+
+        assert(plus);
+        assert(minus);
+        assert(paths);
+        assert(config_path);
+
+        if (mode != UNIT_FILE_PRESET_ENABLE_ONLY) {
+                _cleanup_set_free_free_ Set *remove_symlinks_to = NULL;
+
+                r = install_context_mark_for_removal(scope, minus, paths, &remove_symlinks_to, config_path, root_dir);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = remove_marked_symlinks(remove_symlinks_to, config_path, changes, n_changes);
+        } else
+                r = 0;
+
+        if (mode != UNIT_FILE_PRESET_DISABLE_ONLY) {
+                int q;
+
+                /* Returns number of symlinks that where supposed to be installed. */
+                q = install_context_apply(scope, plus, paths, config_path, root_dir, force, SEARCH_LOAD, changes, n_changes);
+                if (r >= 0) {
+                        if (q < 0)
+                                r = q;
+                        else
+                                r+= q;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int preset_prepare_one(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                InstallContext *plus,
+                InstallContext *minus,
+                LookupPaths *paths,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                UnitFilePresetMode mode,
+                const char *name) {
+
+        UnitFileInstallInfo *i;
+        int r;
+
+        if (install_info_find(plus, name) ||
+            install_info_find(minus, name))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_file_query_preset(scope, root_dir, name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (r > 0) {
+                r = install_info_discover(scope, plus, root_dir, paths, name, SEARCH_LOAD|SEARCH_FOLLOW_CONFIG_SYMLINKS, &i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (i->type == UNIT_FILE_TYPE_MASKED)
+                        return -ESHUTDOWN;
+        } else
+                r = install_info_discover(scope, minus, root_dir, paths, name, SEARCH_FOLLOW_CONFIG_SYMLINKS, &i);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int unit_file_preset(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                bool runtime,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                char **files,
+                UnitFilePresetMode mode,
+                bool force,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        _cleanup_(install_context_done) InstallContext plus = {}, minus = {};
+        _cleanup_lookup_paths_free_ LookupPaths paths = {};
+        _cleanup_free_ char *config_path = NULL;
+        char **i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+        assert(mode < _UNIT_FILE_PRESET_MAX);
+
+        r = verify_root_dir(scope, &root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = lookup_paths_init_from_scope(&paths, scope, root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_config_path(scope, runtime, root_dir, &config_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, files) {
+                if (!unit_name_is_valid(*i, UNIT_NAME_ANY))
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                r = preset_prepare_one(scope, &plus, &minus, &paths, root_dir, mode, *i);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return execute_preset(scope, &plus, &minus, &paths, config_path, root_dir, files, mode, force, changes, n_changes);
+}
+
+int unit_file_preset_all(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                bool runtime,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                UnitFilePresetMode mode,
+                bool force,
+                UnitFileChange **changes,
+                unsigned *n_changes) {
+
+        _cleanup_(install_context_done) InstallContext plus = {}, minus = {};
+        _cleanup_lookup_paths_free_ LookupPaths paths = {};
+        _cleanup_free_ char *config_path = NULL;
+        char **i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+        assert(mode < _UNIT_FILE_PRESET_MAX);
+
+        r = verify_root_dir(scope, &root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = lookup_paths_init_from_scope(&paths, scope, root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_config_path(scope, runtime, root_dir, &config_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, paths.unit_path) {
+                _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
+                _cleanup_free_ char *units_dir;
+                struct dirent *de;
+
+                units_dir = path_join(root_dir, *i, NULL);
+                if (!units_dir)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                d = opendir(units_dir);
+                if (!d) {
+                        if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                continue;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                FOREACH_DIRENT(de, d, return -errno) {
+
+                        if (!unit_name_is_valid(de->d_name, UNIT_NAME_ANY))
+                                continue;
+
+                        dirent_ensure_type(d, de);
+
+                        if (!IN_SET(de->d_type, DT_LNK, DT_REG))
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = preset_prepare_one(scope, &plus, &minus, &paths, root_dir, mode, de->d_name);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return execute_preset(scope, &plus, &minus, &paths, config_path, root_dir, NULL, mode, force, changes, n_changes);
+}
+
+static void unit_file_list_free_one(UnitFileList *f) {
+        if (!f)
+                return;
+
+        free(f->path);
+        free(f);
+}
+
+Hashmap* unit_file_list_free(Hashmap *h) {
+        UnitFileList *i;
+
+        while ((i = hashmap_steal_first(h)))
+                unit_file_list_free_one(i);
+
+        return hashmap_free(h);
+}
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(UnitFileList*, unit_file_list_free_one);
+
+int unit_file_get_list(
+                UnitFileScope scope,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                Hashmap *h) {
+
+        _cleanup_lookup_paths_free_ LookupPaths paths = {};
+        char **i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+        assert(h);
+
+        r = verify_root_dir(scope, &root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = lookup_paths_init_from_scope(&paths, scope, root_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, paths.unit_path) {
+                _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
+                _cleanup_free_ char *units_dir;
+                struct dirent *de;
+
+                units_dir = path_join(root_dir, *i, NULL);
+                if (!units_dir)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                d = opendir(units_dir);
+                if (!d) {
+                        if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                continue;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                FOREACH_DIRENT(de, d, return -errno) {
+                        _cleanup_(unit_file_list_free_onep) UnitFileList *f = NULL;
+
+                        if (!unit_name_is_valid(de->d_name, UNIT_NAME_ANY))
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (hashmap_get(h, de->d_name))
+                                continue;
+
+                        dirent_ensure_type(d, de);
+
+                        if (!IN_SET(de->d_type, DT_LNK, DT_REG))
+                                continue;
+
+                        f = new0(UnitFileList, 1);
+                        if (!f)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        f->path = path_make_absolute(de->d_name, units_dir);
+                        if (!f->path)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        r = unit_file_lookup_state(scope, root_dir, &paths, basename(f->path), &f->state);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                f->state = UNIT_FILE_BAD;
+
+                        r = hashmap_put(h, basename(f->path), f);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        f = NULL; /* prevent cleanup */
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static const char* const unit_file_state_table[_UNIT_FILE_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [UNIT_FILE_ENABLED] = "enabled",
+        [UNIT_FILE_ENABLED_RUNTIME] = "enabled-runtime",
+        [UNIT_FILE_LINKED] = "linked",
+        [UNIT_FILE_LINKED_RUNTIME] = "linked-runtime",
+        [UNIT_FILE_MASKED] = "masked",
+        [UNIT_FILE_MASKED_RUNTIME] = "masked-runtime",
+        [UNIT_FILE_STATIC] = "static",
+        [UNIT_FILE_DISABLED] = "disabled",
+        [UNIT_FILE_INDIRECT] = "indirect",
+        [UNIT_FILE_BAD] = "bad",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(unit_file_state, UnitFileState);
+
+static const char* const unit_file_change_type_table[_UNIT_FILE_CHANGE_TYPE_MAX] = {
+        [UNIT_FILE_SYMLINK] = "symlink",
+        [UNIT_FILE_UNLINK] = "unlink",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(unit_file_change_type, UnitFileChangeType);
+
+static const char* const unit_file_preset_mode_table[_UNIT_FILE_PRESET_MAX] = {
+        [UNIT_FILE_PRESET_FULL] = "full",
+        [UNIT_FILE_PRESET_ENABLE_ONLY] = "enable-only",
+        [UNIT_FILE_PRESET_DISABLE_ONLY] = "disable-only",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(unit_file_preset_mode, UnitFilePresetMode);
diff --git a/src/libshared/install.h b/src/libshared/install.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1a43e23e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/install.h
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2011 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef enum UnitFileScope UnitFileScope;
+typedef enum UnitFileState UnitFileState;
+typedef enum UnitFilePresetMode UnitFilePresetMode;
+typedef enum UnitFileChangeType UnitFileChangeType;
+typedef enum UnitFileType UnitFileType;
+typedef struct UnitFileChange UnitFileChange;
+typedef struct UnitFileList UnitFileList;
+typedef struct UnitFileInstallInfo UnitFileInstallInfo;
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "path-lookup.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+
+enum UnitFileScope {
+        UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM,
+        UNIT_FILE_GLOBAL,
+        UNIT_FILE_USER,
+        _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX,
+        _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+enum UnitFileState {
+        UNIT_FILE_ENABLED,
+        UNIT_FILE_ENABLED_RUNTIME,
+        UNIT_FILE_LINKED,
+        UNIT_FILE_LINKED_RUNTIME,
+        UNIT_FILE_MASKED,
+        UNIT_FILE_MASKED_RUNTIME,
+        UNIT_FILE_STATIC,
+        UNIT_FILE_DISABLED,
+        UNIT_FILE_INDIRECT,
+        UNIT_FILE_BAD,
+        _UNIT_FILE_STATE_MAX,
+        _UNIT_FILE_STATE_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+enum UnitFilePresetMode {
+        UNIT_FILE_PRESET_FULL,
+        UNIT_FILE_PRESET_ENABLE_ONLY,
+        UNIT_FILE_PRESET_DISABLE_ONLY,
+        _UNIT_FILE_PRESET_MAX,
+        _UNIT_FILE_PRESET_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+enum UnitFileChangeType {
+        UNIT_FILE_SYMLINK,
+        UNIT_FILE_UNLINK,
+        _UNIT_FILE_CHANGE_TYPE_MAX,
+        _UNIT_FILE_CHANGE_TYPE_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+struct UnitFileChange {
+        UnitFileChangeType type;
+        char *path;
+        char *source;
+};
+
+struct UnitFileList {
+        char *path;
+        UnitFileState state;
+};
+
+enum UnitFileType {
+        UNIT_FILE_TYPE_REGULAR,
+        UNIT_FILE_TYPE_SYMLINK,
+        UNIT_FILE_TYPE_MASKED,
+        _UNIT_FILE_TYPE_MAX,
+        _UNIT_FILE_TYPE_INVALID = -1,
+};
+
+struct UnitFileInstallInfo {
+        char *name;
+        char *path;
+
+        char **aliases;
+        char **wanted_by;
+        char **required_by;
+        char **also;
+
+        char *default_instance;
+
+        UnitFileType type;
+
+        char *symlink_target;
+};
+
+static inline bool UNIT_FILE_INSTALL_INFO_HAS_RULES(UnitFileInstallInfo *i) {
+        assert(i);
+
+        return !strv_isempty(i->aliases) ||
+               !strv_isempty(i->wanted_by) ||
+               !strv_isempty(i->required_by);
+}
+
+static inline bool UNIT_FILE_INSTALL_INFO_HAS_ALSO(UnitFileInstallInfo *i) {
+        assert(i);
+
+        return !strv_isempty(i->also);
+}
+
+int unit_file_enable(UnitFileScope scope, bool runtime, const char *root_dir, char **files, bool force, UnitFileChange **changes, unsigned *n_changes);
+int unit_file_disable(UnitFileScope scope, bool runtime, const char *root_dir, char **files, UnitFileChange **changes, unsigned *n_changes);
+int unit_file_reenable(UnitFileScope scope, bool runtime, const char *root_dir, char **files, bool force, UnitFileChange **changes, unsigned *n_changes);
+int unit_file_link(UnitFileScope scope, bool runtime, const char *root_dir, char **files, bool force, UnitFileChange **changes, unsigned *n_changes);
+int unit_file_preset(UnitFileScope scope, bool runtime, const char *root_dir, char **files, UnitFilePresetMode mode, bool force, UnitFileChange **changes, unsigned *n_changes);
+int unit_file_preset_all(UnitFileScope scope, bool runtime, const char *root_dir, UnitFilePresetMode mode, bool force, UnitFileChange **changes, unsigned *n_changes);
+int unit_file_mask(UnitFileScope scope, bool runtime, const char *root_dir, char **files, bool force, UnitFileChange **changes, unsigned *n_changes);
+int unit_file_unmask(UnitFileScope scope, bool runtime, const char *root_dir, char **files, UnitFileChange **changes, unsigned *n_changes);
+int unit_file_set_default(UnitFileScope scope, const char *root_dir, const char *file, bool force, UnitFileChange **changes, unsigned *n_changes);
+int unit_file_get_default(UnitFileScope scope, const char *root_dir, char **name);
+int unit_file_add_dependency(UnitFileScope scope, bool runtime, const char *root_dir, char **files, const char *target, UnitDependency dep, bool force, UnitFileChange **changes, unsigned *n_changes);
+
+int unit_file_lookup_state(UnitFileScope scope, const char *root_dir,const LookupPaths *paths, const char *name, UnitFileState *ret);
+int unit_file_get_state(UnitFileScope scope, const char *root_dir, const char *filename, UnitFileState *ret);
+
+int unit_file_get_list(UnitFileScope scope, const char *root_dir, Hashmap *h);
+Hashmap* unit_file_list_free(Hashmap *h);
+
+int unit_file_changes_add(UnitFileChange **changes, unsigned *n_changes, UnitFileChangeType type, const char *path, const char *source);
+void unit_file_changes_free(UnitFileChange *changes, unsigned n_changes);
+
+int unit_file_query_preset(UnitFileScope scope, const char *root_dir, const char *name);
+
+const char *unit_file_state_to_string(UnitFileState s) _const_;
+UnitFileState unit_file_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char *unit_file_change_type_to_string(UnitFileChangeType s) _const_;
+UnitFileChangeType unit_file_change_type_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char *unit_file_preset_mode_to_string(UnitFilePresetMode m) _const_;
+UnitFilePresetMode unit_file_preset_mode_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libshared/logs-show.c b/src/libshared/logs-show.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ac6d49549
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/logs-show.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1305 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <syslog.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-id128.h>
+#include <systemd/sd-journal.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "formats-util.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "hostname-util.h"
+#include "io-util.h"
+#include "journal-internal.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "logs-show.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "output-mode.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "sparse-endian.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+/* up to three lines (each up to 100 characters) or 300 characters, whichever is less */
+#define PRINT_LINE_THRESHOLD 3
+#define PRINT_CHAR_THRESHOLD 300
+
+#define JSON_THRESHOLD 4096
+
+static int print_catalog(FILE *f, sd_journal *j) {
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL, *z = NULL;
+
+
+        r = sd_journal_get_catalog(j, &t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        z = strreplace(strstrip(t), "\n", "\n-- ");
+        if (!z)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        fputs("-- ", f);
+        fputs(z, f);
+        fputc('\n', f);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_field(const void *data, size_t length, const char *field, char **target, size_t *target_size) {
+        size_t fl, nl;
+        char *buf;
+
+        assert(data);
+        assert(field);
+        assert(target);
+
+        fl = strlen(field);
+        if (length < fl)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (memcmp(data, field, fl))
+                return 0;
+
+        nl = length - fl;
+        buf = new(char, nl+1);
+        if (!buf)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        memcpy(buf, (const char*) data + fl, nl);
+        buf[nl] = 0;
+
+        free(*target);
+        *target = buf;
+
+        if (target_size)
+                *target_size = nl;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static bool shall_print(const char *p, size_t l, OutputFlags flags) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (flags & OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL)
+                return true;
+
+        if (l >= PRINT_CHAR_THRESHOLD)
+                return false;
+
+        if (!utf8_is_printable(p, l))
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static bool print_multiline(FILE *f, unsigned prefix, unsigned n_columns, OutputFlags flags, int priority, const char* message, size_t message_len) {
+        const char *color_on = "", *color_off = "";
+        const char *pos, *end;
+        bool ellipsized = false;
+        int line = 0;
+
+        if (flags & OUTPUT_COLOR) {
+                if (priority <= LOG_ERR) {
+                        color_on = ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED;
+                        color_off = ANSI_NORMAL;
+                } else if (priority <= LOG_NOTICE) {
+                        color_on = ANSI_HIGHLIGHT;
+                        color_off = ANSI_NORMAL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* A special case: make sure that we print a newline when
+           the message is empty. */
+        if (message_len == 0)
+                fputs("\n", f);
+
+        for (pos = message;
+             pos < message + message_len;
+             pos = end + 1, line++) {
+                bool continuation = line > 0;
+                bool tail_line;
+                int len;
+                for (end = pos; end < message + message_len && *end != '\n'; end++)
+                        ;
+                len = end - pos;
+                assert(len >= 0);
+
+                /* We need to figure out when we are showing not-last line, *and*
+                 * will skip subsequent lines. In that case, we will put the dots
+                 * at the end of the line, instead of putting dots in the middle
+                 * or not at all.
+                 */
+                tail_line =
+                        line + 1 == PRINT_LINE_THRESHOLD ||
+                        end + 1 >= message + PRINT_CHAR_THRESHOLD;
+
+                if (flags & (OUTPUT_FULL_WIDTH | OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL) ||
+                    (prefix + len + 1 < n_columns && !tail_line)) {
+                        fprintf(f, "%*s%s%.*s%s\n",
+                                continuation * prefix, "",
+                                color_on, len, pos, color_off);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* Beyond this point, ellipsization will happen. */
+                ellipsized = true;
+
+                if (prefix < n_columns && n_columns - prefix >= 3) {
+                        if (n_columns - prefix > (unsigned) len + 3)
+                                fprintf(f, "%*s%s%.*s...%s\n",
+                                        continuation * prefix, "",
+                                        color_on, len, pos, color_off);
+                        else {
+                                _cleanup_free_ char *e;
+
+                                e = ellipsize_mem(pos, len, n_columns - prefix,
+                                                  tail_line ? 100 : 90);
+                                if (!e)
+                                        fprintf(f, "%*s%s%.*s%s\n",
+                                                continuation * prefix, "",
+                                                color_on, len, pos, color_off);
+                                else
+                                        fprintf(f, "%*s%s%s%s\n",
+                                                continuation * prefix, "",
+                                                color_on, e, color_off);
+                        }
+                } else
+                        fputs("...\n", f);
+
+                if (tail_line)
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        return ellipsized;
+}
+
+static int output_short(
+                FILE *f,
+                sd_journal *j,
+                OutputMode mode,
+                unsigned n_columns,
+                OutputFlags flags) {
+
+        int r;
+        const void *data;
+        size_t length;
+        size_t n = 0;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *hostname = NULL, *identifier = NULL, *comm = NULL, *pid = NULL, *fake_pid = NULL, *message = NULL, *realtime = NULL, *monotonic = NULL, *priority = NULL;
+        size_t hostname_len = 0, identifier_len = 0, comm_len = 0, pid_len = 0, fake_pid_len = 0, message_len = 0, realtime_len = 0, monotonic_len = 0, priority_len = 0;
+        int p = LOG_INFO;
+        bool ellipsized = false;
+
+        assert(f);
+        assert(j);
+
+        /* Set the threshold to one bigger than the actual print
+         * threshold, so that if the line is actually longer than what
+         * we're willing to print, ellipsization will occur. This way
+         * we won't output a misleading line without any indication of
+         * truncation.
+         */
+        sd_journal_set_data_threshold(j, flags & (OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL|OUTPUT_FULL_WIDTH) ? 0 : PRINT_CHAR_THRESHOLD + 1);
+
+        JOURNAL_FOREACH_DATA_RETVAL(j, data, length, r) {
+
+                r = parse_field(data, length, "PRIORITY=", &priority, &priority_len);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                else if (r > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = parse_field(data, length, "_HOSTNAME=", &hostname, &hostname_len);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                else if (r > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = parse_field(data, length, "SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER=", &identifier, &identifier_len);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                else if (r > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = parse_field(data, length, "_COMM=", &comm, &comm_len);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                else if (r > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = parse_field(data, length, "_PID=", &pid, &pid_len);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                else if (r > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = parse_field(data, length, "SYSLOG_PID=", &fake_pid, &fake_pid_len);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                else if (r > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = parse_field(data, length, "_SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=", &realtime, &realtime_len);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                else if (r > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = parse_field(data, length, "_SOURCE_MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP=", &monotonic, &monotonic_len);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                else if (r > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = parse_field(data, length, "MESSAGE=", &message, &message_len);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get journal fields: %m");
+
+        if (!message) {
+                log_debug("Skipping message without MESSAGE= field.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!(flags & OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL))
+                strip_tab_ansi(&message, &message_len);
+
+        if (priority_len == 1 && *priority >= '0' && *priority <= '7')
+                p = *priority - '0';
+
+        if (mode == OUTPUT_SHORT_MONOTONIC) {
+                uint64_t t;
+                sd_id128_t boot_id;
+
+                r = -ENOENT;
+
+                if (monotonic)
+                        r = safe_atou64(monotonic, &t);
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        r = sd_journal_get_monotonic_usec(j, &t, &boot_id);
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get monotonic timestamp: %m");
+
+                fprintf(f, "[%5llu.%06llu]",
+                        (unsigned long long) (t / USEC_PER_SEC),
+                        (unsigned long long) (t % USEC_PER_SEC));
+
+                n += 1 + 5 + 1 + 6 + 1;
+
+        } else {
+                char buf[64];
+                uint64_t x;
+                time_t t;
+                struct tm tm;
+                struct tm *(*gettime_r)(const time_t *, struct tm *);
+
+                r = -ENOENT;
+                gettime_r = (flags & OUTPUT_UTC) ? gmtime_r : localtime_r;
+
+                if (realtime)
+                        r = safe_atou64(realtime, &x);
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        r = sd_journal_get_realtime_usec(j, &x);
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get realtime timestamp: %m");
+
+                t = (time_t) (x / USEC_PER_SEC);
+
+                switch(mode) {
+                case OUTPUT_SHORT_ISO:
+                        r = strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%z", gettime_r(&t, &tm));
+                        break;
+                case OUTPUT_SHORT_PRECISE:
+                        r = strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%b %d %H:%M:%S", gettime_r(&t, &tm));
+                        if (r > 0)
+                                snprintf(buf + strlen(buf), sizeof(buf) - strlen(buf),
+                                         ".%06llu", (unsigned long long) (x % USEC_PER_SEC));
+                        break;
+                default:
+                        r = strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%b %d %H:%M:%S", gettime_r(&t, &tm));
+                }
+
+                if (r <= 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to format time.");
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                fputs(buf, f);
+                n += strlen(buf);
+        }
+
+        if (hostname && shall_print(hostname, hostname_len, flags)) {
+                fprintf(f, " %.*s", (int) hostname_len, hostname);
+                n += hostname_len + 1;
+        }
+
+        if (identifier && shall_print(identifier, identifier_len, flags)) {
+                fprintf(f, " %.*s", (int) identifier_len, identifier);
+                n += identifier_len + 1;
+        } else if (comm && shall_print(comm, comm_len, flags)) {
+                fprintf(f, " %.*s", (int) comm_len, comm);
+                n += comm_len + 1;
+        } else
+                fputs(" unknown", f);
+
+        if (pid && shall_print(pid, pid_len, flags)) {
+                fprintf(f, "[%.*s]", (int) pid_len, pid);
+                n += pid_len + 2;
+        } else if (fake_pid && shall_print(fake_pid, fake_pid_len, flags)) {
+                fprintf(f, "[%.*s]", (int) fake_pid_len, fake_pid);
+                n += fake_pid_len + 2;
+        }
+
+        if (!(flags & OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL) && !utf8_is_printable(message, message_len)) {
+                char bytes[FORMAT_BYTES_MAX];
+                fprintf(f, ": [%s blob data]\n", format_bytes(bytes, sizeof(bytes), message_len));
+        } else {
+                fputs(": ", f);
+                ellipsized |=
+                        print_multiline(f, n + 2, n_columns, flags, p, message, message_len);
+        }
+
+        if (flags & OUTPUT_CATALOG)
+                print_catalog(f, j);
+
+        return ellipsized;
+}
+
+static int output_verbose(
+                FILE *f,
+                sd_journal *j,
+                OutputMode mode,
+                unsigned n_columns,
+                OutputFlags flags) {
+
+        const void *data;
+        size_t length;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *cursor = NULL;
+        uint64_t realtime = 0;
+        char ts[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX + 7];
+        int r;
+
+        assert(f);
+        assert(j);
+
+        sd_journal_set_data_threshold(j, 0);
+
+        r = sd_journal_get_data(j, "_SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP", &data, &length);
+        if (r == -ENOENT)
+                log_debug("Source realtime timestamp not found");
+        else if (r < 0)
+                return log_full_errno(r == -EADDRNOTAVAIL ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR, r, "Failed to get source realtime timestamp: %m");
+        else {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *value = NULL;
+
+                r = parse_field(data, length, "_SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP=", &value, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                assert(r > 0);
+
+                r = safe_atou64(value, &realtime);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to parse realtime timestamp: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+                r = sd_journal_get_realtime_usec(j, &realtime);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_full_errno(r == -EADDRNOTAVAIL ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR, r, "Failed to get realtime timestamp: %m");
+        }
+
+        r = sd_journal_get_cursor(j, &cursor);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get cursor: %m");
+
+        fprintf(f, "%s [%s]\n",
+                flags & OUTPUT_UTC ?
+                format_timestamp_us_utc(ts, sizeof(ts), realtime) :
+                format_timestamp_us(ts, sizeof(ts), realtime),
+                cursor);
+
+        JOURNAL_FOREACH_DATA_RETVAL(j, data, length, r) {
+                const char *c;
+                int fieldlen;
+                const char *on = "", *off = "";
+
+                c = memchr(data, '=', length);
+                if (!c) {
+                        log_error("Invalid field.");
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+                fieldlen = c - (const char*) data;
+
+                if (flags & OUTPUT_COLOR && startswith(data, "MESSAGE=")) {
+                        on = ANSI_HIGHLIGHT;
+                        off = ANSI_NORMAL;
+                }
+
+                if (flags & OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL ||
+                    (((length < PRINT_CHAR_THRESHOLD) || flags & OUTPUT_FULL_WIDTH)
+                     && utf8_is_printable(data, length))) {
+                        fprintf(f, "    %s%.*s=", on, fieldlen, (const char*)data);
+                        print_multiline(f, 4 + fieldlen + 1, 0, OUTPUT_FULL_WIDTH, 0, c + 1, length - fieldlen - 1);
+                        fputs(off, f);
+                } else {
+                        char bytes[FORMAT_BYTES_MAX];
+
+                        fprintf(f, "    %s%.*s=[%s blob data]%s\n",
+                                on,
+                                (int) (c - (const char*) data),
+                                (const char*) data,
+                                format_bytes(bytes, sizeof(bytes), length - (c - (const char *) data) - 1),
+                                off);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (flags & OUTPUT_CATALOG)
+                print_catalog(f, j);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int output_export(
+                FILE *f,
+                sd_journal *j,
+                OutputMode mode,
+                unsigned n_columns,
+                OutputFlags flags) {
+
+        sd_id128_t boot_id;
+        char sid[33];
+        int r;
+        usec_t realtime, monotonic;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *cursor = NULL;
+        const void *data;
+        size_t length;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        sd_journal_set_data_threshold(j, 0);
+
+        r = sd_journal_get_realtime_usec(j, &realtime);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get realtime timestamp: %m");
+
+        r = sd_journal_get_monotonic_usec(j, &monotonic, &boot_id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get monotonic timestamp: %m");
+
+        r = sd_journal_get_cursor(j, &cursor);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get cursor: %m");
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "__CURSOR=%s\n"
+                "__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP="USEC_FMT"\n"
+                "__MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP="USEC_FMT"\n"
+                "_BOOT_ID=%s\n",
+                cursor,
+                realtime,
+                monotonic,
+                sd_id128_to_string(boot_id, sid));
+
+        JOURNAL_FOREACH_DATA_RETVAL(j, data, length, r) {
+
+                /* We already printed the boot id, from the data in
+                 * the header, hence let's suppress it here */
+                if (length >= 9 &&
+                    startswith(data, "_BOOT_ID="))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (utf8_is_printable_newline(data, length, false))
+                        fwrite(data, length, 1, f);
+                else {
+                        const char *c;
+                        uint64_t le64;
+
+                        c = memchr(data, '=', length);
+                        if (!c) {
+                                log_error("Invalid field.");
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        fwrite(data, c - (const char*) data, 1, f);
+                        fputc('\n', f);
+                        le64 = htole64(length - (c - (const char*) data) - 1);
+                        fwrite(&le64, sizeof(le64), 1, f);
+                        fwrite(c + 1, length - (c - (const char*) data) - 1, 1, f);
+                }
+
+                fputc('\n', f);
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        fputc('\n', f);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void json_escape(
+                FILE *f,
+                const char* p,
+                size_t l,
+                OutputFlags flags) {
+
+        assert(f);
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (!(flags & OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL) && l >= JSON_THRESHOLD)
+                fputs("null", f);
+
+        else if (!utf8_is_printable(p, l)) {
+                bool not_first = false;
+
+                fputs("[ ", f);
+
+                while (l > 0) {
+                        if (not_first)
+                                fprintf(f, ", %u", (uint8_t) *p);
+                        else {
+                                not_first = true;
+                                fprintf(f, "%u", (uint8_t) *p);
+                        }
+
+                        p++;
+                        l--;
+                }
+
+                fputs(" ]", f);
+        } else {
+                fputc('\"', f);
+
+                while (l > 0) {
+                        if (*p == '"' || *p == '\\') {
+                                fputc('\\', f);
+                                fputc(*p, f);
+                        } else if (*p == '\n')
+                                fputs("\\n", f);
+                        else if ((uint8_t) *p < ' ')
+                                fprintf(f, "\\u%04x", (uint8_t) *p);
+                        else
+                                fputc(*p, f);
+
+                        p++;
+                        l--;
+                }
+
+                fputc('\"', f);
+        }
+}
+
+static int output_json(
+                FILE *f,
+                sd_journal *j,
+                OutputMode mode,
+                unsigned n_columns,
+                OutputFlags flags) {
+
+        uint64_t realtime, monotonic;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *cursor = NULL;
+        const void *data;
+        size_t length;
+        sd_id128_t boot_id;
+        char sid[33], *k;
+        int r;
+        Hashmap *h = NULL;
+        bool done, separator;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        sd_journal_set_data_threshold(j, flags & OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL ? 0 : JSON_THRESHOLD);
+
+        r = sd_journal_get_realtime_usec(j, &realtime);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get realtime timestamp: %m");
+
+        r = sd_journal_get_monotonic_usec(j, &monotonic, &boot_id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get monotonic timestamp: %m");
+
+        r = sd_journal_get_cursor(j, &cursor);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get cursor: %m");
+
+        if (mode == OUTPUT_JSON_PRETTY)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "{\n"
+                        "\t\"__CURSOR\" : \"%s\",\n"
+                        "\t\"__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP\" : \""USEC_FMT"\",\n"
+                        "\t\"__MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP\" : \""USEC_FMT"\",\n"
+                        "\t\"_BOOT_ID\" : \"%s\"",
+                        cursor,
+                        realtime,
+                        monotonic,
+                        sd_id128_to_string(boot_id, sid));
+        else {
+                if (mode == OUTPUT_JSON_SSE)
+                        fputs("data: ", f);
+
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "{ \"__CURSOR\" : \"%s\", "
+                        "\"__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP\" : \""USEC_FMT"\", "
+                        "\"__MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP\" : \""USEC_FMT"\", "
+                        "\"_BOOT_ID\" : \"%s\"",
+                        cursor,
+                        realtime,
+                        monotonic,
+                        sd_id128_to_string(boot_id, sid));
+        }
+
+        h = hashmap_new(&string_hash_ops);
+        if (!h)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        /* First round, iterate through the entry and count how often each field appears */
+        JOURNAL_FOREACH_DATA_RETVAL(j, data, length, r) {
+                const char *eq;
+                char *n;
+                unsigned u;
+
+                if (length >= 9 &&
+                    memcmp(data, "_BOOT_ID=", 9) == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                eq = memchr(data, '=', length);
+                if (!eq)
+                        continue;
+
+                n = strndup(data, eq - (const char*) data);
+                if (!n) {
+                        r = log_oom();
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                u = PTR_TO_UINT(hashmap_get(h, n));
+                if (u == 0) {
+                        r = hashmap_put(h, n, UINT_TO_PTR(1));
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                free(n);
+                                log_oom();
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+                } else {
+                        r = hashmap_update(h, n, UINT_TO_PTR(u + 1));
+                        free(n);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_oom();
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        separator = true;
+        do {
+                done = true;
+
+                SD_JOURNAL_FOREACH_DATA(j, data, length) {
+                        const char *eq;
+                        char *kk, *n;
+                        size_t m;
+                        unsigned u;
+
+                        /* We already printed the boot id, from the data in
+                         * the header, hence let's suppress it here */
+                        if (length >= 9 &&
+                            memcmp(data, "_BOOT_ID=", 9) == 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        eq = memchr(data, '=', length);
+                        if (!eq)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (separator) {
+                                if (mode == OUTPUT_JSON_PRETTY)
+                                        fputs(",\n\t", f);
+                                else
+                                        fputs(", ", f);
+                        }
+
+                        m = eq - (const char*) data;
+
+                        n = strndup(data, m);
+                        if (!n) {
+                                r = log_oom();
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                        u = PTR_TO_UINT(hashmap_get2(h, n, (void**) &kk));
+                        if (u == 0) {
+                                /* We already printed this, let's jump to the next */
+                                free(n);
+                                separator = false;
+
+                                continue;
+                        } else if (u == 1) {
+                                /* Field only appears once, output it directly */
+
+                                json_escape(f, data, m, flags);
+                                fputs(" : ", f);
+
+                                json_escape(f, eq + 1, length - m - 1, flags);
+
+                                hashmap_remove(h, n);
+                                free(kk);
+                                free(n);
+
+                                separator = true;
+
+                                continue;
+
+                        } else {
+                                /* Field appears multiple times, output it as array */
+                                json_escape(f, data, m, flags);
+                                fputs(" : [ ", f);
+                                json_escape(f, eq + 1, length - m - 1, flags);
+
+                                /* Iterate through the end of the list */
+
+                                while (sd_journal_enumerate_data(j, &data, &length) > 0) {
+                                        if (length < m + 1)
+                                                continue;
+
+                                        if (memcmp(data, n, m) != 0)
+                                                continue;
+
+                                        if (((const char*) data)[m] != '=')
+                                                continue;
+
+                                        fputs(", ", f);
+                                        json_escape(f, (const char*) data + m + 1, length - m - 1, flags);
+                                }
+
+                                fputs(" ]", f);
+
+                                hashmap_remove(h, n);
+                                free(kk);
+                                free(n);
+
+                                /* Iterate data fields form the beginning */
+                                done = false;
+                                separator = true;
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+
+        } while (!done);
+
+        if (mode == OUTPUT_JSON_PRETTY)
+                fputs("\n}\n", f);
+        else if (mode == OUTPUT_JSON_SSE)
+                fputs("}\n\n", f);
+        else
+                fputs(" }\n", f);
+
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        while ((k = hashmap_steal_first_key(h)))
+                free(k);
+
+        hashmap_free(h);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int output_cat(
+                FILE *f,
+                sd_journal *j,
+                OutputMode mode,
+                unsigned n_columns,
+                OutputFlags flags) {
+
+        const void *data;
+        size_t l;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(f);
+
+        sd_journal_set_data_threshold(j, 0);
+
+        r = sd_journal_get_data(j, "MESSAGE", &data, &l);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                /* An entry without MESSAGE=? */
+                if (r == -ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get data: %m");
+        }
+
+        assert(l >= 8);
+
+        fwrite((const char*) data + 8, 1, l - 8, f);
+        fputc('\n', f);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int (*output_funcs[_OUTPUT_MODE_MAX])(
+                FILE *f,
+                sd_journal*j,
+                OutputMode mode,
+                unsigned n_columns,
+                OutputFlags flags) = {
+
+        [OUTPUT_SHORT] = output_short,
+        [OUTPUT_SHORT_ISO] = output_short,
+        [OUTPUT_SHORT_PRECISE] = output_short,
+        [OUTPUT_SHORT_MONOTONIC] = output_short,
+        [OUTPUT_VERBOSE] = output_verbose,
+        [OUTPUT_EXPORT] = output_export,
+        [OUTPUT_JSON] = output_json,
+        [OUTPUT_JSON_PRETTY] = output_json,
+        [OUTPUT_JSON_SSE] = output_json,
+        [OUTPUT_CAT] = output_cat
+};
+
+int output_journal(
+                FILE *f,
+                sd_journal *j,
+                OutputMode mode,
+                unsigned n_columns,
+                OutputFlags flags,
+                bool *ellipsized) {
+
+        int ret;
+        assert(mode >= 0);
+        assert(mode < _OUTPUT_MODE_MAX);
+
+        if (n_columns <= 0)
+                n_columns = columns();
+
+        ret = output_funcs[mode](f, j, mode, n_columns, flags);
+        fflush(stdout);
+
+        if (ellipsized && ret > 0)
+                *ellipsized = true;
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+static int maybe_print_begin_newline(FILE *f, OutputFlags *flags) {
+        assert(f);
+        assert(flags);
+
+        if (!(*flags & OUTPUT_BEGIN_NEWLINE))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Print a beginning new line if that's request, but only once
+         * on the first line we print. */
+
+        fputc('\n', f);
+        *flags &= ~OUTPUT_BEGIN_NEWLINE;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int show_journal(FILE *f,
+                        sd_journal *j,
+                        OutputMode mode,
+                        unsigned n_columns,
+                        usec_t not_before,
+                        unsigned how_many,
+                        OutputFlags flags,
+                        bool *ellipsized) {
+
+        int r;
+        unsigned line = 0;
+        bool need_seek = false;
+        int warn_cutoff = flags & OUTPUT_WARN_CUTOFF;
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(mode >= 0);
+        assert(mode < _OUTPUT_MODE_MAX);
+
+        /* Seek to end */
+        r = sd_journal_seek_tail(j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to seek to tail: %m");
+
+        r = sd_journal_previous_skip(j, how_many);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to skip previous: %m");
+
+        for (;;) {
+                for (;;) {
+                        usec_t usec;
+
+                        if (need_seek) {
+                                r = sd_journal_next(j);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to iterate through journal: %m");
+                        }
+
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                break;
+
+                        need_seek = true;
+
+                        if (not_before > 0) {
+                                r = sd_journal_get_monotonic_usec(j, &usec, NULL);
+
+                                /* -ESTALE is returned if the
+                                   timestamp is not from this boot */
+                                if (r == -ESTALE)
+                                        continue;
+                                else if (r < 0)
+                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get journal time: %m");
+
+                                if (usec < not_before)
+                                        continue;
+                        }
+
+                        line ++;
+                        maybe_print_begin_newline(f, &flags);
+
+                        r = output_journal(f, j, mode, n_columns, flags, ellipsized);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                if (warn_cutoff && line < how_many && not_before > 0) {
+                        sd_id128_t boot_id;
+                        usec_t cutoff = 0;
+
+                        /* Check whether the cutoff line is too early */
+
+                        r = sd_id128_get_boot(&boot_id);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get boot id: %m");
+
+                        r = sd_journal_get_cutoff_monotonic_usec(j, boot_id, &cutoff, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get journal cutoff time: %m");
+
+                        if (r > 0 && not_before < cutoff) {
+                                maybe_print_begin_newline(f, &flags);
+                                fprintf(f, "Warning: Journal has been rotated since unit was started. Log output is incomplete or unavailable.\n");
+                        }
+
+                        warn_cutoff = false;
+                }
+
+                if (!(flags & OUTPUT_FOLLOW))
+                        break;
+
+                r = sd_journal_wait(j, USEC_INFINITY);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to wait for journal: %m");
+
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int add_matches_for_unit(sd_journal *j, const char *unit) {
+        int r;
+        char *m1, *m2, *m3, *m4;
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(unit);
+
+        m1 = strjoina("_SYSTEMD_UNIT=", unit);
+        m2 = strjoina("COREDUMP_UNIT=", unit);
+        m3 = strjoina("UNIT=", unit);
+        m4 = strjoina("OBJECT_SYSTEMD_UNIT=", unit);
+
+        (void)(
+            /* Look for messages from the service itself */
+            (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m1, 0)) ||
+
+            /* Look for coredumps of the service */
+            (r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j)) ||
+            (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, "MESSAGE_ID=fc2e22bc6ee647b6b90729ab34a250b1", 0)) ||
+            (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, "_UID=0", 0)) ||
+            (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m2, 0)) ||
+
+             /* Look for messages from PID 1 about this service */
+            (r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j)) ||
+            (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, "_PID=1", 0)) ||
+            (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m3, 0)) ||
+
+            /* Look for messages from authorized daemons about this service */
+            (r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j)) ||
+            (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, "_UID=0", 0)) ||
+            (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m4, 0))
+        );
+
+        if (r == 0 && endswith(unit, ".slice")) {
+                char *m5 = strappend("_SYSTEMD_SLICE=", unit);
+
+                /* Show all messages belonging to a slice */
+                (void)(
+                        (r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j)) ||
+                        (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m5, 0))
+                        );
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int add_matches_for_user_unit(sd_journal *j, const char *unit, uid_t uid) {
+        int r;
+        char *m1, *m2, *m3, *m4;
+        char muid[sizeof("_UID=") + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uid_t)];
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(unit);
+
+        m1 = strjoina("_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT=", unit);
+        m2 = strjoina("USER_UNIT=", unit);
+        m3 = strjoina("COREDUMP_USER_UNIT=", unit);
+        m4 = strjoina("OBJECT_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT=", unit);
+        sprintf(muid, "_UID="UID_FMT, uid);
+
+        (void) (
+                /* Look for messages from the user service itself */
+                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m1, 0)) ||
+                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, muid, 0)) ||
+
+                /* Look for messages from systemd about this service */
+                (r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j)) ||
+                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m2, 0)) ||
+                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, muid, 0)) ||
+
+                /* Look for coredumps of the service */
+                (r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j)) ||
+                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m3, 0)) ||
+                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, muid, 0)) ||
+                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, "_UID=0", 0)) ||
+
+                /* Look for messages from authorized daemons about this service */
+                (r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j)) ||
+                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m4, 0)) ||
+                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, muid, 0)) ||
+                (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, "_UID=0", 0))
+        );
+
+        if (r == 0 && endswith(unit, ".slice")) {
+                char *m5 = strappend("_SYSTEMD_SLICE=", unit);
+
+                /* Show all messages belonging to a slice */
+                (void)(
+                        (r = sd_journal_add_disjunction(j)) ||
+                        (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, m5, 0)) ||
+                        (r = sd_journal_add_match(j, muid, 0))
+                        );
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int get_boot_id_for_machine(const char *machine, sd_id128_t *boot_id) {
+        _cleanup_close_pair_ int pair[2] = { -1, -1 };
+        _cleanup_close_ int pidnsfd = -1, mntnsfd = -1, rootfd = -1;
+        pid_t pid, child;
+        siginfo_t si;
+        char buf[37];
+        ssize_t k;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(machine);
+        assert(boot_id);
+
+        if (!machine_name_is_valid(machine))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = container_get_leader(machine, &pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = namespace_open(pid, &pidnsfd, &mntnsfd, NULL, NULL, &rootfd);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM, 0, pair) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        child = fork();
+        if (child < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (child == 0) {
+                int fd;
+
+                pair[0] = safe_close(pair[0]);
+
+                r = namespace_enter(pidnsfd, mntnsfd, -1, -1, rootfd);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+                fd = open("/proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
+                if (fd < 0)
+                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+                r = loop_read_exact(fd, buf, 36, false);
+                safe_close(fd);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+                k = send(pair[1], buf, 36, MSG_NOSIGNAL);
+                if (k != 36)
+                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+                _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+        }
+
+        pair[1] = safe_close(pair[1]);
+
+        r = wait_for_terminate(child, &si);
+        if (r < 0 || si.si_code != CLD_EXITED || si.si_status != EXIT_SUCCESS)
+                return r < 0 ? r : -EIO;
+
+        k = recv(pair[0], buf, 36, 0);
+        if (k != 36)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        buf[36] = 0;
+        r = sd_id128_from_string(buf, boot_id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int add_match_this_boot(sd_journal *j, const char *machine) {
+        char match[9+32+1] = "_BOOT_ID=";
+        sd_id128_t boot_id;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        if (machine) {
+                r = get_boot_id_for_machine(machine, &boot_id);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get boot id of container %s: %m", machine);
+        } else {
+                r = sd_id128_get_boot(&boot_id);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get boot id: %m");
+        }
+
+        sd_id128_to_string(boot_id, match + 9);
+        r = sd_journal_add_match(j, match, strlen(match));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add match: %m");
+
+        r = sd_journal_add_conjunction(j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add conjunction: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int show_journal_by_unit(
+                FILE *f,
+                const char *unit,
+                OutputMode mode,
+                unsigned n_columns,
+                usec_t not_before,
+                unsigned how_many,
+                uid_t uid,
+                OutputFlags flags,
+                int journal_open_flags,
+                bool system_unit,
+                bool *ellipsized) {
+
+        _cleanup_(sd_journal_closep) sd_journal *j = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(mode >= 0);
+        assert(mode < _OUTPUT_MODE_MAX);
+        assert(unit);
+
+        if (how_many <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = sd_journal_open(&j, journal_open_flags);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open journal: %m");
+
+        r = add_match_this_boot(j, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (system_unit)
+                r = add_matches_for_unit(j, unit);
+        else
+                r = add_matches_for_user_unit(j, unit, uid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add unit matches: %m");
+
+        if (_unlikely_(log_get_max_level() >= LOG_DEBUG)) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *filter;
+
+                filter = journal_make_match_string(j);
+                if (!filter)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                log_debug("Journal filter: %s", filter);
+        }
+
+        return show_journal(f, j, mode, n_columns, not_before, how_many, flags, ellipsized);
+}
+
+static const char *const output_mode_table[_OUTPUT_MODE_MAX] = {
+        [OUTPUT_SHORT] = "short",
+        [OUTPUT_SHORT_ISO] = "short-iso",
+        [OUTPUT_SHORT_PRECISE] = "short-precise",
+        [OUTPUT_SHORT_MONOTONIC] = "short-monotonic",
+        [OUTPUT_VERBOSE] = "verbose",
+        [OUTPUT_EXPORT] = "export",
+        [OUTPUT_JSON] = "json",
+        [OUTPUT_JSON_PRETTY] = "json-pretty",
+        [OUTPUT_JSON_SSE] = "json-sse",
+        [OUTPUT_CAT] = "cat"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(output_mode, OutputMode);
diff --git a/src/libshared/logs-show.h b/src/libshared/logs-show.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..682a4adc7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/logs-show.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-journal.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "output-mode.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+int output_journal(
+                FILE *f,
+                sd_journal *j,
+                OutputMode mode,
+                unsigned n_columns,
+                OutputFlags flags,
+                bool *ellipsized);
+
+int add_match_this_boot(sd_journal *j, const char *machine);
+
+int add_matches_for_unit(
+                sd_journal *j,
+                const char *unit);
+
+int add_matches_for_user_unit(
+                sd_journal *j,
+                const char *unit,
+                uid_t uid);
+
+int show_journal_by_unit(
+                FILE *f,
+                const char *unit,
+                OutputMode mode,
+                unsigned n_columns,
+                usec_t not_before,
+                unsigned how_many,
+                uid_t uid,
+                OutputFlags flags,
+                int journal_open_flags,
+                bool system_unit,
+                bool *ellipsized);
+
+void json_escape(
+                FILE *f,
+                const char* p,
+                size_t l,
+                OutputFlags flags);
+
+const char* output_mode_to_string(OutputMode m) _const_;
+OutputMode output_mode_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libshared/machine-image.c b/src/libshared/machine-image.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed8a29c575
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/machine-image.c
@@ -0,0 +1,813 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "btrfs-util.h"
+#include "chattr-util.h"
+#include "copy.h"
+#include "dirent-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "lockfile-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "machine-image.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "rm-rf.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "xattr-util.h"
+
+static const char image_search_path[] =
+        "/var/lib/machines\0"
+        "/var/lib/container\0" /* legacy */
+        "/usr/local/lib/machines\0"
+        "/usr/lib/machines\0";
+
+Image *image_unref(Image *i) {
+        if (!i)
+                return NULL;
+
+        free(i->name);
+        free(i->path);
+        free(i);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static char **image_settings_path(Image *image) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        char **ret;
+        const char *fn, *s;
+        unsigned i = 0;
+
+        assert(image);
+
+        l = new0(char*, 4);
+        if (!l)
+                return NULL;
+
+        fn = strjoina(image->name, ".nspawn");
+
+        FOREACH_STRING(s, "/etc/systemd/nspawn/", "/run/systemd/nspawn/") {
+                l[i] = strappend(s, fn);
+                if (!l[i])
+                        return NULL;
+
+                i++;
+        }
+
+        l[i] = file_in_same_dir(image->path, fn);
+        if (!l[i])
+                return NULL;
+
+        ret = l;
+        l = NULL;
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+static int image_new(
+                ImageType t,
+                const char *pretty,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *filename,
+                bool read_only,
+                usec_t crtime,
+                usec_t mtime,
+                Image **ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_(image_unrefp) Image *i = NULL;
+
+        assert(t >= 0);
+        assert(t < _IMAGE_TYPE_MAX);
+        assert(pretty);
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        i = new0(Image, 1);
+        if (!i)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        i->type = t;
+        i->read_only = read_only;
+        i->crtime = crtime;
+        i->mtime = mtime;
+        i->usage = i->usage_exclusive = (uint64_t) -1;
+        i->limit = i->limit_exclusive = (uint64_t) -1;
+
+        i->name = strdup(pretty);
+        if (!i->name)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (path)
+                i->path = strjoin(path, "/", filename, NULL);
+        else
+                i->path = strdup(filename);
+
+        if (!i->path)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        path_kill_slashes(i->path);
+
+        *ret = i;
+        i = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int image_make(
+                const char *pretty,
+                int dfd,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *filename,
+                Image **ret) {
+
+        struct stat st;
+        bool read_only;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+
+        /* We explicitly *do* follow symlinks here, since we want to
+         * allow symlinking trees into /var/lib/machines/, and treat
+         * them normally. */
+
+        if (fstatat(dfd, filename, &st, 0) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        read_only =
+                (path && path_startswith(path, "/usr")) ||
+                (faccessat(dfd, filename, W_OK, AT_EACCESS) < 0 && errno == EROFS);
+
+        if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
+                _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+                unsigned file_attr = 0;
+
+                if (!ret)
+                        return 1;
+
+                if (!pretty)
+                        pretty = filename;
+
+                fd = openat(dfd, filename, O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_DIRECTORY);
+                if (fd < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                /* btrfs subvolumes have inode 256 */
+                if (st.st_ino == 256) {
+
+                        r = btrfs_is_filesystem(fd);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                        if (r) {
+                                BtrfsSubvolInfo info;
+
+                                /* It's a btrfs subvolume */
+
+                                r = btrfs_subvol_get_info_fd(fd, 0, &info);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                r = image_new(IMAGE_SUBVOLUME,
+                                              pretty,
+                                              path,
+                                              filename,
+                                              info.read_only || read_only,
+                                              info.otime,
+                                              0,
+                                              ret);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                if (btrfs_quota_scan_ongoing(fd) == 0) {
+                                        BtrfsQuotaInfo quota;
+
+                                        r = btrfs_subvol_get_subtree_quota_fd(fd, 0, &quota);
+                                        if (r >= 0) {
+                                                (*ret)->usage = quota.referenced;
+                                                (*ret)->usage_exclusive = quota.exclusive;
+
+                                                (*ret)->limit = quota.referenced_max;
+                                                (*ret)->limit_exclusive = quota.exclusive_max;
+                                        }
+                                }
+
+                                return 1;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* If the IMMUTABLE bit is set, we consider the
+                 * directory read-only. Since the ioctl is not
+                 * supported everywhere we ignore failures. */
+                (void) read_attr_fd(fd, &file_attr);
+
+                /* It's just a normal directory. */
+                r = image_new(IMAGE_DIRECTORY,
+                              pretty,
+                              path,
+                              filename,
+                              read_only || (file_attr & FS_IMMUTABLE_FL),
+                              0,
+                              0,
+                              ret);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return 1;
+
+        } else if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode) && endswith(filename, ".raw")) {
+                usec_t crtime = 0;
+
+                /* It's a RAW disk image */
+
+                if (!ret)
+                        return 1;
+
+                fd_getcrtime_at(dfd, filename, &crtime, 0);
+
+                if (!pretty)
+                        pretty = strndupa(filename, strlen(filename) - 4);
+
+                r = image_new(IMAGE_RAW,
+                              pretty,
+                              path,
+                              filename,
+                              !(st.st_mode & 0222) || read_only,
+                              crtime,
+                              timespec_load(&st.st_mtim),
+                              ret);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                (*ret)->usage = (*ret)->usage_exclusive = st.st_blocks * 512;
+                (*ret)->limit = (*ret)->limit_exclusive = st.st_size;
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int image_find(const char *name, Image **ret) {
+        const char *path;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        /* There are no images with invalid names */
+        if (!image_name_is_valid(name))
+                return 0;
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH(path, image_search_path) {
+                _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
+
+                d = opendir(path);
+                if (!d) {
+                        if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                continue;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                r = image_make(NULL, dirfd(d), path, name, ret);
+                if (r == 0 || r == -ENOENT) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *raw = NULL;
+
+                        raw = strappend(name, ".raw");
+                        if (!raw)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        r = image_make(NULL, dirfd(d), path, raw, ret);
+                        if (r == 0 || r == -ENOENT)
+                                continue;
+                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        if (streq(name, ".host"))
+                return image_make(".host", AT_FDCWD, NULL, "/", ret);
+
+        return 0;
+};
+
+int image_discover(Hashmap *h) {
+        const char *path;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(h);
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH(path, image_search_path) {
+                _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
+                struct dirent *de;
+
+                d = opendir(path);
+                if (!d) {
+                        if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                continue;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                FOREACH_DIRENT_ALL(de, d, return -errno) {
+                        _cleanup_(image_unrefp) Image *image = NULL;
+
+                        if (!image_name_is_valid(de->d_name))
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (hashmap_contains(h, de->d_name))
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = image_make(NULL, dirfd(d), path, de->d_name, &image);
+                        if (r == 0 || r == -ENOENT)
+                                continue;
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = hashmap_put(h, image->name, image);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        image = NULL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!hashmap_contains(h, ".host")) {
+                _cleanup_(image_unrefp) Image *image = NULL;
+
+                r = image_make(".host", AT_FDCWD, NULL, "/", &image);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = hashmap_put(h, image->name, image);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                image = NULL;
+
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void image_hashmap_free(Hashmap *map) {
+        Image *i;
+
+        while ((i = hashmap_steal_first(map)))
+                image_unref(i);
+
+        hashmap_free(map);
+}
+
+int image_remove(Image *i) {
+        _cleanup_release_lock_file_ LockFile global_lock = LOCK_FILE_INIT, local_lock = LOCK_FILE_INIT;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **settings = NULL;
+        char **j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        if (path_equal(i->path, "/") ||
+            path_startswith(i->path, "/usr"))
+                return -EROFS;
+
+        settings = image_settings_path(i);
+        if (!settings)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        /* Make sure we don't interfere with a running nspawn */
+        r = image_path_lock(i->path, LOCK_EX|LOCK_NB, &global_lock, &local_lock);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        switch (i->type) {
+
+        case IMAGE_SUBVOLUME:
+                r = btrfs_subvol_remove(i->path, BTRFS_REMOVE_RECURSIVE|BTRFS_REMOVE_QUOTA);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                break;
+
+        case IMAGE_DIRECTORY:
+                /* Allow deletion of read-only directories */
+                (void) chattr_path(i->path, false, FS_IMMUTABLE_FL);
+                r = rm_rf(i->path, REMOVE_ROOT|REMOVE_PHYSICAL|REMOVE_SUBVOLUME);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                break;
+
+        case IMAGE_RAW:
+                if (unlink(i->path) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+        }
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(j, settings) {
+                if (unlink(*j) < 0 && errno != ENOENT)
+                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to unlink %s, ignoring: %m", *j);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int rename_settings_file(const char *path, const char *new_name) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *rs = NULL;
+        const char *fn;
+
+        fn = strjoina(new_name, ".nspawn");
+
+        rs = file_in_same_dir(path, fn);
+        if (!rs)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return rename_noreplace(AT_FDCWD, path, AT_FDCWD, rs);
+}
+
+int image_rename(Image *i, const char *new_name) {
+        _cleanup_release_lock_file_ LockFile global_lock = LOCK_FILE_INIT, local_lock = LOCK_FILE_INIT, name_lock = LOCK_FILE_INIT;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *new_path = NULL, *nn = NULL;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **settings = NULL;
+        unsigned file_attr = 0;
+        char **j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        if (!image_name_is_valid(new_name))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (path_equal(i->path, "/") ||
+            path_startswith(i->path, "/usr"))
+                return -EROFS;
+
+        settings = image_settings_path(i);
+        if (!settings)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        /* Make sure we don't interfere with a running nspawn */
+        r = image_path_lock(i->path, LOCK_EX|LOCK_NB, &global_lock, &local_lock);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Make sure nobody takes the new name, between the time we
+         * checked it is currently unused in all search paths, and the
+         * time we take possesion of it */
+        r = image_name_lock(new_name, LOCK_EX|LOCK_NB, &name_lock);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = image_find(new_name, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0)
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        switch (i->type) {
+
+        case IMAGE_DIRECTORY:
+                /* Turn of the immutable bit while we rename the image, so that we can rename it */
+                (void) read_attr_path(i->path, &file_attr);
+
+                if (file_attr & FS_IMMUTABLE_FL)
+                        (void) chattr_path(i->path, false, FS_IMMUTABLE_FL);
+
+                /* fall through */
+
+        case IMAGE_SUBVOLUME:
+                new_path = file_in_same_dir(i->path, new_name);
+                break;
+
+        case IMAGE_RAW: {
+                const char *fn;
+
+                fn = strjoina(new_name, ".raw");
+                new_path = file_in_same_dir(i->path, fn);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        default:
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+        }
+
+        if (!new_path)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        nn = strdup(new_name);
+        if (!nn)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = rename_noreplace(AT_FDCWD, i->path, AT_FDCWD, new_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Restore the immutable bit, if it was set before */
+        if (file_attr & FS_IMMUTABLE_FL)
+                (void) chattr_path(new_path, true, FS_IMMUTABLE_FL);
+
+        free(i->path);
+        i->path = new_path;
+        new_path = NULL;
+
+        free(i->name);
+        i->name = nn;
+        nn = NULL;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(j, settings) {
+                r = rename_settings_file(*j, new_name);
+                if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                        log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to rename settings file %s, ignoring: %m", *j);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int clone_settings_file(const char *path, const char *new_name) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *rs = NULL;
+        const char *fn;
+
+        fn = strjoina(new_name, ".nspawn");
+
+        rs = file_in_same_dir(path, fn);
+        if (!rs)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return copy_file_atomic(path, rs, 0664, false, 0);
+}
+
+int image_clone(Image *i, const char *new_name, bool read_only) {
+        _cleanup_release_lock_file_ LockFile name_lock = LOCK_FILE_INIT;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **settings = NULL;
+        const char *new_path;
+        char **j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(i);
+
+        if (!image_name_is_valid(new_name))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        settings = image_settings_path(i);
+        if (!settings)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        /* Make sure nobody takes the new name, between the time we
+         * checked it is currently unused in all search paths, and the
+         * time we take possesion of it */
+        r = image_name_lock(new_name, LOCK_EX|LOCK_NB, &name_lock);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = image_find(new_name, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0)
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        switch (i->type) {
+
+        case IMAGE_SUBVOLUME:
+        case IMAGE_DIRECTORY:
+                new_path = strjoina("/var/lib/machines/", new_name);
+
+                r = btrfs_subvol_snapshot(i->path, new_path, (read_only ? BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_READ_ONLY : 0) | BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_FALLBACK_COPY | BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_RECURSIVE | BTRFS_SNAPSHOT_QUOTA);
+
+                /* Enable "subtree" quotas for the copy, if we didn't
+                 * copy any quota from the source. */
+                (void) btrfs_subvol_auto_qgroup(i->path, 0, true);
+
+                break;
+
+        case IMAGE_RAW:
+                new_path = strjoina("/var/lib/machines/", new_name, ".raw");
+
+                r = copy_file_atomic(i->path, new_path, read_only ? 0444 : 0644, false, FS_NOCOW_FL);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(j, settings) {
+                r = clone_settings_file(*j, new_name);
+                if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                        log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to clone settings %s, ignoring: %m", *j);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int image_read_only(Image *i, bool b) {
+        _cleanup_release_lock_file_ LockFile global_lock = LOCK_FILE_INIT, local_lock = LOCK_FILE_INIT;
+        int r;
+        assert(i);
+
+        if (path_equal(i->path, "/") ||
+            path_startswith(i->path, "/usr"))
+                return -EROFS;
+
+        /* Make sure we don't interfere with a running nspawn */
+        r = image_path_lock(i->path, LOCK_EX|LOCK_NB, &global_lock, &local_lock);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        switch (i->type) {
+
+        case IMAGE_SUBVOLUME:
+
+                /* Note that we set the flag only on the top-level
+                 * subvolume of the image. */
+
+                r = btrfs_subvol_set_read_only(i->path, b);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                break;
+
+        case IMAGE_DIRECTORY:
+                /* For simple directory trees we cannot use the access
+                   mode of the top-level directory, since it has an
+                   effect on the container itself.  However, we can
+                   use the "immutable" flag, to at least make the
+                   top-level directory read-only. It's not as good as
+                   a read-only subvolume, but at least something, and
+                   we can read the value back.*/
+
+                r = chattr_path(i->path, b, FS_IMMUTABLE_FL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                break;
+
+        case IMAGE_RAW: {
+                struct stat st;
+
+                if (stat(i->path, &st) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (chmod(i->path, (st.st_mode & 0444) | (b ? 0000 : 0200)) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                /* If the images is now read-only, it's a good time to
+                 * defrag it, given that no write patterns will
+                 * fragment it again. */
+                if (b)
+                        (void) btrfs_defrag(i->path);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        default:
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int image_path_lock(const char *path, int operation, LockFile *global, LockFile *local) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        LockFile t = LOCK_FILE_INIT;
+        struct stat st;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(global);
+        assert(local);
+
+        /* Locks an image path. This actually creates two locks: one
+         * "local" one, next to the image path itself, which might be
+         * shared via NFS. And another "global" one, in /run, that
+         * uses the device/inode number. This has the benefit that we
+         * can even lock a tree that is a mount point, correctly. */
+
+        if (path_equal(path, "/"))
+                return -EBUSY;
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(path))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (stat(path, &st) >= 0) {
+                if (asprintf(&p, "/run/systemd/nspawn/locks/inode-%lu:%lu", (unsigned long) st.st_dev, (unsigned long) st.st_ino) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        r = make_lock_file_for(path, operation, &t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (p) {
+                mkdir_p("/run/systemd/nspawn/locks", 0700);
+
+                r = make_lock_file(p, operation, global);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        release_lock_file(&t);
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        *local = t;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int image_set_limit(Image *i, uint64_t referenced_max) {
+        assert(i);
+
+        if (path_equal(i->path, "/") ||
+            path_startswith(i->path, "/usr"))
+                return -EROFS;
+
+        if (i->type != IMAGE_SUBVOLUME)
+                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+
+        /* We set the quota both for the subvolume as well as for the
+         * subtree. The latter is mostly for historical reasons, since
+         * we didn't use to have a concept of subtree quota, and hence
+         * only modified the subvolume quota. */
+
+        (void) btrfs_qgroup_set_limit(i->path, 0, referenced_max);
+        (void) btrfs_subvol_auto_qgroup(i->path, 0, true);
+        return btrfs_subvol_set_subtree_quota_limit(i->path, 0, referenced_max);
+}
+
+int image_name_lock(const char *name, int operation, LockFile *ret) {
+        const char *p;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        /* Locks an image name, regardless of the precise path used. */
+
+        if (!image_name_is_valid(name))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (streq(name, ".host"))
+                return -EBUSY;
+
+        mkdir_p("/run/systemd/nspawn/locks", 0700);
+        p = strjoina("/run/systemd/nspawn/locks/name-", name);
+
+        return make_lock_file(p, operation, ret);
+}
+
+bool image_name_is_valid(const char *s) {
+        if (!filename_is_valid(s))
+                return false;
+
+        if (string_has_cc(s, NULL))
+                return false;
+
+        if (!utf8_is_valid(s))
+                return false;
+
+        /* Temporary files for atomically creating new files */
+        if (startswith(s, ".#"))
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static const char* const image_type_table[_IMAGE_TYPE_MAX] = {
+        [IMAGE_DIRECTORY] = "directory",
+        [IMAGE_SUBVOLUME] = "subvolume",
+        [IMAGE_RAW] = "raw",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(image_type, ImageType);
diff --git a/src/libshared/machine-image.h b/src/libshared/machine-image.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..31b720d50c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/machine-image.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "lockfile-util.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+
+typedef enum ImageType {
+        IMAGE_DIRECTORY,
+        IMAGE_SUBVOLUME,
+        IMAGE_RAW,
+        _IMAGE_TYPE_MAX,
+        _IMAGE_TYPE_INVALID = -1
+} ImageType;
+
+typedef struct Image {
+        ImageType type;
+        char *name;
+        char *path;
+        bool read_only;
+
+        usec_t crtime;
+        usec_t mtime;
+
+        uint64_t usage;
+        uint64_t usage_exclusive;
+        uint64_t limit;
+        uint64_t limit_exclusive;
+
+        void *userdata;
+} Image;
+
+Image *image_unref(Image *i);
+void image_hashmap_free(Hashmap *map);
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(Image*, image_unref);
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(Hashmap*, image_hashmap_free);
+
+int image_find(const char *name, Image **ret);
+int image_discover(Hashmap *map);
+
+int image_remove(Image *i);
+int image_rename(Image *i, const char *new_name);
+int image_clone(Image *i, const char *new_name, bool read_only);
+int image_read_only(Image *i, bool b);
+
+const char* image_type_to_string(ImageType t) _const_;
+ImageType image_type_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+bool image_name_is_valid(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+int image_path_lock(const char *path, int operation, LockFile *global, LockFile *local);
+int image_name_lock(const char *name, int operation, LockFile *ret);
+
+int image_set_limit(Image *i, uint64_t referenced_max);
diff --git a/src/libshared/machine-pool.c b/src/libshared/machine-pool.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..056b5bfae5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/machine-pool.c
@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2015 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <linux/loop.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/statfs.h>
+#include <sys/statvfs.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus-protocol.h>
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "btrfs-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "lockfile-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "machine-pool.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "mount-util.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "stat-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+
+#define VAR_LIB_MACHINES_SIZE_START (1024UL*1024UL*500UL)
+#define VAR_LIB_MACHINES_FREE_MIN (1024UL*1024UL*750UL)
+
+static int check_btrfs(void) {
+        struct statfs sfs;
+
+        if (statfs("/var/lib/machines", &sfs) < 0) {
+                if (errno != ENOENT)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (statfs("/var/lib", &sfs) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        return F_TYPE_EQUAL(sfs.f_type, BTRFS_SUPER_MAGIC);
+}
+
+static int setup_machine_raw(uint64_t size, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *tmp = NULL;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        struct statvfs ss;
+        pid_t pid = 0;
+        siginfo_t si;
+        int r;
+
+        /* We want to be able to make use of btrfs-specific file
+         * system features, in particular subvolumes, reflinks and
+         * quota. Hence, if we detect that /var/lib/machines.raw is
+         * not located on btrfs, let's create a loopback file, place a
+         * btrfs file system into it, and mount it to
+         * /var/lib/machines. */
+
+        fd = open("/var/lib/machines.raw", O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOCTTY);
+        if (fd >= 0) {
+                r = fd;
+                fd = -1;
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (errno != ENOENT)
+                return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, errno, "Failed to open /var/lib/machines.raw: %m");
+
+        r = tempfn_xxxxxx("/var/lib/machines.raw", NULL, &tmp);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) mkdir_p_label("/var/lib", 0755);
+        fd = open(tmp, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC, 0600);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, errno, "Failed to create /var/lib/machines.raw: %m");
+
+        if (fstatvfs(fd, &ss) < 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, errno, "Failed to determine free space on /var/lib/machines.raw: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (ss.f_bsize * ss.f_bavail < VAR_LIB_MACHINES_FREE_MIN) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_FAILED, "Not enough free disk space to set up /var/lib/machines.");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (ftruncate(fd, size) < 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, errno, "Failed to enlarge /var/lib/machines.raw: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        pid = fork();
+        if (pid < 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, errno, "Failed to fork mkfs.btrfs: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (pid == 0) {
+
+                /* Child */
+
+                (void) reset_all_signal_handlers();
+                (void) reset_signal_mask();
+                assert_se(prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGTERM) == 0);
+
+                fd = safe_close(fd);
+
+                execlp("mkfs.btrfs", "-Lvar-lib-machines", tmp, NULL);
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 99;
+
+                _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+        r = wait_for_terminate(pid, &si);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, r, "Failed to wait for mkfs.btrfs: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        pid = 0;
+
+        if (si.si_code != CLD_EXITED) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_FAILED, "mkfs.btrfs died abnormally.");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+        if (si.si_status == 99) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, ENOENT, "Cannot set up /var/lib/machines, mkfs.btrfs is missing");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+        if (si.si_status != 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_setf(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_FAILED, "mkfs.btrfs failed with error code %i", si.si_status);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = rename_noreplace(AT_FDCWD, tmp, AT_FDCWD, "/var/lib/machines.raw");
+        if (r < 0) {
+                sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, r, "Failed to move /var/lib/machines.raw into place: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = fd;
+        fd = -1;
+
+        return r;
+
+fail:
+        unlink_noerrno(tmp);
+
+        if (pid > 1)
+                kill_and_sigcont(pid, SIGKILL);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int setup_machine_directory(uint64_t size, sd_bus_error *error) {
+        _cleanup_release_lock_file_ LockFile lock_file = LOCK_FILE_INIT;
+        struct loop_info64 info = {
+                .lo_flags = LO_FLAGS_AUTOCLEAR,
+        };
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1, control = -1, loop = -1;
+        _cleanup_free_ char* loopdev = NULL;
+        char tmpdir[] = "/tmp/machine-pool.XXXXXX", *mntdir = NULL;
+        bool tmpdir_made = false, mntdir_made = false, mntdir_mounted = false;
+        char buf[FORMAT_BYTES_MAX];
+        int r, nr = -1;
+
+        /* btrfs cannot handle file systems < 16M, hence use this as minimum */
+        if (size == (uint64_t) -1)
+                size = VAR_LIB_MACHINES_SIZE_START;
+        else if (size < 16*1024*1024)
+                size = 16*1024*1024;
+
+        /* Make sure we only set the directory up once at a time */
+        r = make_lock_file("/run/systemd/machines.lock", LOCK_EX, &lock_file);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = check_btrfs();
+        if (r < 0)
+                return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, r, "Failed to determine whether /var/lib/machines is located on btrfs: %m");
+        if (r > 0) {
+                (void) btrfs_subvol_make_label("/var/lib/machines");
+
+                r = btrfs_quota_enable("/var/lib/machines", true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to enable quota for /var/lib/machines, ignoring: %m");
+
+                r = btrfs_subvol_auto_qgroup("/var/lib/machines", 0, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to set up default quota hierarchy for /var/lib/machines, ignoring: %m");
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        if (path_is_mount_point("/var/lib/machines", AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW) > 0) {
+                log_debug("/var/lib/machines is already a mount point, not creating loopback file for it.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = dir_is_populated("/var/lib/machines");
+        if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0) {
+                log_debug("/var/log/machines is already populated, not creating loopback file for it.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = mkfs_exists("btrfs");
+        if (r == -ENOENT) {
+                log_debug("mkfs.btrfs is missing, cannot create loopback file for /var/lib/machines.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        fd = setup_machine_raw(size, error);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        control = open("/dev/loop-control", O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NONBLOCK);
+        if (control < 0)
+                return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, errno, "Failed to open /dev/loop-control: %m");
+
+        nr = ioctl(control, LOOP_CTL_GET_FREE);
+        if (nr < 0)
+                return sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, errno, "Failed to allocate loop device: %m");
+
+        if (asprintf(&loopdev, "/dev/loop%i", nr) < 0) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        loop = open(loopdev, O_CLOEXEC|O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY|O_NONBLOCK);
+        if (loop < 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, errno, "Failed to open loopback device: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (ioctl(loop, LOOP_SET_FD, fd) < 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, errno, "Failed to bind loopback device: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (ioctl(loop, LOOP_SET_STATUS64, &info) < 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, errno, "Failed to enable auto-clear for loopback device: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* We need to make sure the new /var/lib/machines directory
+         * has an access mode of 0700 at the time it is first made
+         * available. mkfs will create it with 0755 however. Hence,
+         * let's mount the directory into an inaccessible directory
+         * below /tmp first, fix the access mode, and move it to the
+         * public place then. */
+
+        if (!mkdtemp(tmpdir)) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, errno, "Failed to create temporary mount parent directory: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+        tmpdir_made = true;
+
+        mntdir = strjoina(tmpdir, "/mnt");
+        if (mkdir(mntdir, 0700) < 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, errno, "Failed to create temporary mount directory: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+        mntdir_made = true;
+
+        if (mount(loopdev, mntdir, "btrfs", 0, NULL) < 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, errno, "Failed to mount loopback device: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+        mntdir_mounted = true;
+
+        r = btrfs_quota_enable(mntdir, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to enable quota, ignoring: %m");
+
+        r = btrfs_subvol_auto_qgroup(mntdir, 0, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to set up default quota hierarchy, ignoring: %m");
+
+        if (chmod(mntdir, 0700) < 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, errno, "Failed to fix owner: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        (void) mkdir_p_label("/var/lib/machines", 0700);
+
+        if (mount(mntdir, "/var/lib/machines", NULL, MS_BIND, NULL) < 0) {
+                r = sd_bus_error_set_errnof(error, errno, "Failed to mount directory into right place: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        (void) syncfs(fd);
+
+        log_info("Set up /var/lib/machines as btrfs loopback file system of size %s mounted on /var/lib/machines.raw.", format_bytes(buf, sizeof(buf), size));
+
+        (void) umount2(mntdir, MNT_DETACH);
+        (void) rmdir(mntdir);
+        (void) rmdir(tmpdir);
+
+        return 1;
+
+fail:
+        if (mntdir_mounted)
+                (void) umount2(mntdir, MNT_DETACH);
+
+        if (mntdir_made)
+                (void) rmdir(mntdir);
+        if (tmpdir_made)
+                (void) rmdir(tmpdir);
+
+        if (loop >= 0) {
+                (void) ioctl(loop, LOOP_CLR_FD);
+                loop = safe_close(loop);
+        }
+
+        if (control >= 0 && nr >= 0)
+                (void) ioctl(control, LOOP_CTL_REMOVE, nr);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int sync_path(const char *p) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+
+        fd = open(p, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (syncfs(fd) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int grow_machine_directory(void) {
+        char buf[FORMAT_BYTES_MAX];
+        struct statvfs a, b;
+        uint64_t old_size, new_size, max_add;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Ensure the disk space data is accurate */
+        sync_path("/var/lib/machines");
+        sync_path("/var/lib/machines.raw");
+
+        if (statvfs("/var/lib/machines.raw", &a) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (statvfs("/var/lib/machines", &b) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        /* Don't grow if not enough disk space is available on the host */
+        if (((uint64_t) a.f_bavail * (uint64_t) a.f_bsize) <= VAR_LIB_MACHINES_FREE_MIN)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Don't grow if at least 1/3th of the fs is still free */
+        if (b.f_bavail > b.f_blocks / 3)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Calculate how much we are willing to add at most */
+        max_add = ((uint64_t) a.f_bavail * (uint64_t) a.f_bsize) - VAR_LIB_MACHINES_FREE_MIN;
+
+        /* Calculate the old size */
+        old_size = (uint64_t) b.f_blocks * (uint64_t) b.f_bsize;
+
+        /* Calculate the new size as three times the size of what is used right now */
+        new_size = ((uint64_t) b.f_blocks - (uint64_t) b.f_bavail) * (uint64_t) b.f_bsize * 3;
+
+        /* Always, grow at least to the start size */
+        if (new_size < VAR_LIB_MACHINES_SIZE_START)
+                new_size = VAR_LIB_MACHINES_SIZE_START;
+
+        /* If the new size is smaller than the old size, don't grow */
+        if (new_size < old_size)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Ensure we never add more than the maximum */
+        if (new_size > old_size + max_add)
+                new_size = old_size + max_add;
+
+        r = btrfs_resize_loopback("/var/lib/machines", new_size, true);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Also bump the quota, of both the subvolume leaf qgroup, as
+         * well as of any subtree quota group by the same id but a
+         * higher level, if it exists. */
+        (void) btrfs_qgroup_set_limit("/var/lib/machines", 0, new_size);
+        (void) btrfs_subvol_set_subtree_quota_limit("/var/lib/machines", 0, new_size);
+
+        log_info("Grew /var/lib/machines btrfs loopback file system to %s.", format_bytes(buf, sizeof(buf), new_size));
+        return 1;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/machine-pool.h b/src/libshared/machine-pool.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe99b7e0ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/machine-pool.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2015 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-bus.h>
+
+/* Grow the /var/lib/machines directory after each 10MiB written */
+#define GROW_INTERVAL_BYTES (UINT64_C(10) * UINT64_C(1024) * UINT64_C(1024))
+
+int setup_machine_directory(uint64_t size, sd_bus_error *error);
+int grow_machine_directory(void);
diff --git a/src/libshared/output-mode.h b/src/libshared/output-mode.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5470e7c1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/output-mode.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef enum OutputMode {
+        OUTPUT_SHORT,
+        OUTPUT_SHORT_ISO,
+        OUTPUT_SHORT_PRECISE,
+        OUTPUT_SHORT_MONOTONIC,
+        OUTPUT_VERBOSE,
+        OUTPUT_EXPORT,
+        OUTPUT_JSON,
+        OUTPUT_JSON_PRETTY,
+        OUTPUT_JSON_SSE,
+        OUTPUT_CAT,
+        _OUTPUT_MODE_MAX,
+        _OUTPUT_MODE_INVALID = -1
+} OutputMode;
+
+typedef enum OutputFlags {
+        OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL       = 1 << 0,
+        OUTPUT_FOLLOW         = 1 << 1,
+        OUTPUT_WARN_CUTOFF    = 1 << 2,
+        OUTPUT_FULL_WIDTH     = 1 << 3,
+        OUTPUT_COLOR          = 1 << 4,
+        OUTPUT_CATALOG        = 1 << 5,
+        OUTPUT_BEGIN_NEWLINE  = 1 << 6,
+        OUTPUT_UTC            = 1 << 7,
+} OutputFlags;
diff --git a/src/libshared/pager.c b/src/libshared/pager.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..05b2b15e40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/pager.c
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "copy.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "locale-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "pager.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "signal-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+
+static pid_t pager_pid = 0;
+
+noreturn static void pager_fallback(void) {
+        int r;
+
+        r = copy_bytes(STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO, (uint64_t) -1, false);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Internal pager failed: %m");
+                _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+        _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+int pager_open(bool jump_to_end) {
+        _cleanup_close_pair_ int fd[2] = { -1, -1 };
+        const char *pager;
+        pid_t parent_pid;
+
+        if (pager_pid > 0)
+                return 1;
+
+        if (!on_tty())
+                return 0;
+
+        pager = getenv("SYSTEMD_PAGER");
+        if (!pager)
+                pager = getenv("PAGER");
+
+        /* If the pager is explicitly turned off, honour it */
+        if (pager && (pager[0] == 0 || streq(pager, "cat")))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Determine and cache number of columns before we spawn the
+         * pager so that we get the value from the actual tty */
+        (void) columns();
+
+        if (pipe(fd) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create pager pipe: %m");
+
+        parent_pid = getpid();
+
+        pager_pid = fork();
+        if (pager_pid < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fork pager: %m");
+
+        /* In the child start the pager */
+        if (pager_pid == 0) {
+                const char* less_opts, *less_charset;
+
+                (void) reset_all_signal_handlers();
+                (void) reset_signal_mask();
+
+                (void) dup2(fd[0], STDIN_FILENO);
+                safe_close_pair(fd);
+
+                /* Initialize a good set of less options */
+                less_opts = getenv("SYSTEMD_LESS");
+                if (!less_opts)
+                        less_opts = "FRSXMK";
+                if (jump_to_end)
+                        less_opts = strjoina(less_opts, " +G");
+                setenv("LESS", less_opts, 1);
+
+                /* Initialize a good charset for less. This is
+                 * particularly important if we output UTF-8
+                 * characters. */
+                less_charset = getenv("SYSTEMD_LESSCHARSET");
+                if (!less_charset && is_locale_utf8())
+                        less_charset = "utf-8";
+                if (less_charset)
+                        setenv("LESSCHARSET", less_charset, 1);
+
+                /* Make sure the pager goes away when the parent dies */
+                if (prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGTERM) < 0)
+                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+                /* Check whether our parent died before we were able
+                 * to set the death signal */
+                if (getppid() != parent_pid)
+                        _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+
+                if (pager) {
+                        execlp(pager, pager, NULL);
+                        execl("/bin/sh", "sh", "-c", pager, NULL);
+                }
+
+                /* Debian's alternatives command for pagers is
+                 * called 'pager'. Note that we do not call
+                 * sensible-pagers here, since that is just a
+                 * shell script that implements a logic that
+                 * is similar to this one anyway, but is
+                 * Debian-specific. */
+                execlp("pager", "pager", NULL);
+
+                execlp("less", "less", NULL);
+                execlp("more", "more", NULL);
+
+                pager_fallback();
+                /* not reached */
+        }
+
+        /* Return in the parent */
+        if (dup2(fd[1], STDOUT_FILENO) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to duplicate pager pipe: %m");
+        if (dup2(fd[1], STDERR_FILENO) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to duplicate pager pipe: %m");
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+void pager_close(void) {
+
+        if (pager_pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        /* Inform pager that we are done */
+        stdout = safe_fclose(stdout);
+        stderr = safe_fclose(stderr);
+
+        (void) kill(pager_pid, SIGCONT);
+        (void) wait_for_terminate(pager_pid, NULL);
+        pager_pid = 0;
+}
+
+bool pager_have(void) {
+        return pager_pid > 0;
+}
+
+int show_man_page(const char *desc, bool null_stdio) {
+        const char *args[4] = { "man", NULL, NULL, NULL };
+        char *e = NULL;
+        pid_t pid;
+        size_t k;
+        int r;
+        siginfo_t status;
+
+        k = strlen(desc);
+
+        if (desc[k-1] == ')')
+                e = strrchr(desc, '(');
+
+        if (e) {
+                char *page = NULL, *section = NULL;
+
+                page = strndupa(desc, e - desc);
+                section = strndupa(e + 1, desc + k - e - 2);
+
+                args[1] = section;
+                args[2] = page;
+        } else
+                args[1] = desc;
+
+        pid = fork();
+        if (pid < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fork: %m");
+
+        if (pid == 0) {
+                /* Child */
+
+                (void) reset_all_signal_handlers();
+                (void) reset_signal_mask();
+
+                if (null_stdio) {
+                        r = make_null_stdio();
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to kill stdio: %m");
+                                _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                        }
+                }
+
+                execvp(args[0], (char**) args);
+                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to execute man: %m");
+                _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+        r = wait_for_terminate(pid, &status);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        log_debug("Exit code %i status %i", status.si_code, status.si_status);
+        return status.si_status;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/pager.h b/src/libshared/pager.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9fb05796bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/pager.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+
+int pager_open(bool jump_to_end);
+void pager_close(void);
+bool pager_have(void) _pure_;
+
+int show_man_page(const char *page, bool null_stdio);
diff --git a/src/libshared/path-lookup.c b/src/libshared/path-lookup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5410620725
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/path-lookup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "install.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "path-lookup.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+int user_config_home(char **config_home) {
+        const char *e;
+        char *r;
+
+        e = getenv("XDG_CONFIG_HOME");
+        if (e) {
+                r = strappend(e, "/systemd/user");
+                if (!r)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                *config_home = r;
+                return 1;
+        } else {
+                const char *home;
+
+                home = getenv("HOME");
+                if (home) {
+                        r = strappend(home, "/.config/systemd/user");
+                        if (!r)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        *config_home = r;
+                        return 1;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int user_runtime_dir(char **runtime_dir) {
+        const char *e;
+        char *r;
+
+        e = getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");
+        if (e) {
+                r = strappend(e, "/systemd/user");
+                if (!r)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                *runtime_dir = r;
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int user_data_home_dir(char **dir, const char *suffix) {
+        const char *e;
+        char *res;
+
+        /* We don't treat /etc/xdg/systemd here as the spec
+         * suggests because we assume that that is a link to
+         * /etc/systemd/ anyway. */
+
+        e = getenv("XDG_DATA_HOME");
+        if (e)
+                res = strappend(e, suffix);
+        else {
+                const char *home;
+
+                home = getenv("HOME");
+                if (home)
+                        res = strjoin(home, "/.local/share", suffix, NULL);
+                else
+                        return 0;
+        }
+        if (!res)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *dir = res;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static char** user_dirs(
+                const char *generator,
+                const char *generator_early,
+                const char *generator_late) {
+
+        const char * const config_unit_paths[] = {
+                USER_CONFIG_UNIT_PATH,
+                "/etc/systemd/user",
+                NULL
+        };
+
+        const char * const runtime_unit_path = "/run/systemd/user";
+
+        const char * const data_unit_paths[] = {
+                "/usr/local/lib/systemd/user",
+                "/usr/local/share/systemd/user",
+                USER_DATA_UNIT_PATH,
+                "/usr/lib/systemd/user",
+                "/usr/share/systemd/user",
+                NULL
+        };
+
+        const char *e;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *config_home = NULL, *runtime_dir = NULL, *data_home = NULL;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **config_dirs = NULL, **data_dirs = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char **res = NULL;
+        char **tmp;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Implement the mechanisms defined in
+         *
+         * http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-0.6.html
+         *
+         * We look in both the config and the data dirs because we
+         * want to encourage that distributors ship their unit files
+         * as data, and allow overriding as configuration.
+         */
+
+        if (user_config_home(&config_home) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (user_runtime_dir(&runtime_dir) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        e = getenv("XDG_CONFIG_DIRS");
+        if (e) {
+                config_dirs = strv_split(e, ":");
+                if (!config_dirs)
+                        return NULL;
+        }
+
+        r = user_data_home_dir(&data_home, "/systemd/user");
+        if (r < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        e = getenv("XDG_DATA_DIRS");
+        if (e)
+                data_dirs = strv_split(e, ":");
+        else
+                data_dirs = strv_new("/usr/local/share",
+                                     "/usr/share",
+                                     NULL);
+        if (!data_dirs)
+                return NULL;
+
+        /* Now merge everything we found. */
+        if (generator_early)
+                if (strv_extend(&res, generator_early) < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+        if (config_home)
+                if (strv_extend(&res, config_home) < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(config_dirs))
+                if (strv_extend_strv_concat(&res, config_dirs, "/systemd/user") < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+        if (strv_extend_strv(&res, (char**) config_unit_paths, false) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (runtime_dir)
+                if (strv_extend(&res, runtime_dir) < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+        if (strv_extend(&res, runtime_unit_path) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (generator)
+                if (strv_extend(&res, generator) < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+        if (data_home)
+                if (strv_extend(&res, data_home) < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(data_dirs))
+                if (strv_extend_strv_concat(&res, data_dirs, "/systemd/user") < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+        if (strv_extend_strv(&res, (char**) data_unit_paths, false) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (generator_late)
+                if (strv_extend(&res, generator_late) < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+        if (path_strv_make_absolute_cwd(res) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        tmp = res;
+        res = NULL;
+        return tmp;
+}
+
+char **generator_paths(ManagerRunningAs running_as) {
+        if (running_as == MANAGER_USER)
+                return strv_new("/run/systemd/user-generators",
+                                "/etc/systemd/user-generators",
+                                "/usr/local/lib/systemd/user-generators",
+                                USER_GENERATOR_PATH,
+                                NULL);
+        else
+                return strv_new("/run/systemd/system-generators",
+                                "/etc/systemd/system-generators",
+                                "/usr/local/lib/systemd/system-generators",
+                                SYSTEM_GENERATOR_PATH,
+                                NULL);
+}
+
+int lookup_paths_init(
+                LookupPaths *p,
+                ManagerRunningAs running_as,
+                bool personal,
+                const char *root_dir,
+                const char *generator,
+                const char *generator_early,
+                const char *generator_late) {
+
+        const char *e;
+        bool append = false; /* Add items from SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH before normal directories */
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        /* First priority is whatever has been passed to us via env
+         * vars */
+        e = getenv("SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH");
+        if (e) {
+                if (endswith(e, ":")) {
+                        e = strndupa(e, strlen(e) - 1);
+                        append = true;
+                }
+
+                /* FIXME: empty components in other places should be
+                 * rejected. */
+
+                r = path_split_and_make_absolute(e, &p->unit_path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else
+                p->unit_path = NULL;
+
+        if (!p->unit_path || append) {
+                /* Let's figure something out. */
+
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **unit_path;
+
+                /* For the user units we include share/ in the search
+                 * path in order to comply with the XDG basedir spec.
+                 * For the system stuff we avoid such nonsense. OTOH
+                 * we include /lib in the search path for the system
+                 * stuff but avoid it for user stuff. */
+
+                if (running_as == MANAGER_USER) {
+                        if (personal)
+                                unit_path = user_dirs(generator, generator_early, generator_late);
+                        else
+                                unit_path = strv_new(
+                                        /* If you modify this you also want to modify
+                                         * systemduserunitpath= in systemd.pc.in, and
+                                         * the arrays in user_dirs() above! */
+                                        STRV_IFNOTNULL(generator_early),
+                                        USER_CONFIG_UNIT_PATH,
+                                        "/etc/systemd/user",
+                                        "/run/systemd/user",
+                                        STRV_IFNOTNULL(generator),
+                                        "/usr/local/lib/systemd/user",
+                                        "/usr/local/share/systemd/user",
+                                        USER_DATA_UNIT_PATH,
+                                        "/usr/lib/systemd/user",
+                                        "/usr/share/systemd/user",
+                                        STRV_IFNOTNULL(generator_late),
+                                        NULL);
+                } else
+                        unit_path = strv_new(
+                                /* If you modify this you also want to modify
+                                 * systemdsystemunitpath= in systemd.pc.in! */
+                                STRV_IFNOTNULL(generator_early),
+                                SYSTEM_CONFIG_UNIT_PATH,
+                                "/etc/systemd/system",
+                                "/run/systemd/system",
+                                STRV_IFNOTNULL(generator),
+                                "/usr/local/lib/systemd/system",
+                                SYSTEM_DATA_UNIT_PATH,
+                                "/usr/lib/systemd/system",
+#ifdef HAVE_SPLIT_USR
+                                "/lib/systemd/system",
+#endif
+                                STRV_IFNOTNULL(generator_late),
+                                NULL);
+
+                if (!unit_path)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = strv_extend_strv(&p->unit_path, unit_path, false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (!path_strv_resolve_uniq(p->unit_path, root_dir))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(p->unit_path)) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = strv_join(p->unit_path, "\n\t");
+                if (!t)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                log_debug("Looking for unit files in (higher priority first):\n\t%s", t);
+        } else {
+                log_debug("Ignoring unit files.");
+                p->unit_path = strv_free(p->unit_path);
+        }
+
+        if (running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+                /* /etc/init.d/ compatibility does not matter to users */
+
+                e = getenv("SYSTEMD_SYSVINIT_PATH");
+                if (e) {
+                        r = path_split_and_make_absolute(e, &p->sysvinit_path);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                } else
+                        p->sysvinit_path = NULL;
+
+                if (strv_isempty(p->sysvinit_path)) {
+                        strv_free(p->sysvinit_path);
+
+                        p->sysvinit_path = strv_new(
+                                        SYSTEM_SYSVINIT_PATH,     /* /etc/init.d/ */
+                                        NULL);
+                        if (!p->sysvinit_path)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                e = getenv("SYSTEMD_SYSVRCND_PATH");
+                if (e) {
+                        r = path_split_and_make_absolute(e, &p->sysvrcnd_path);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                } else
+                        p->sysvrcnd_path = NULL;
+
+                if (strv_isempty(p->sysvrcnd_path)) {
+                        strv_free(p->sysvrcnd_path);
+
+                        p->sysvrcnd_path = strv_new(
+                                        SYSTEM_SYSVRCND_PATH,     /* /etc/rcN.d/ */
+                                        NULL);
+                        if (!p->sysvrcnd_path)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                if (!path_strv_resolve_uniq(p->sysvinit_path, root_dir))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (!path_strv_resolve_uniq(p->sysvrcnd_path, root_dir))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (!strv_isempty(p->sysvinit_path)) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *t = strv_join(p->sysvinit_path, "\n\t");
+                        if (!t)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                        log_debug("Looking for SysV init scripts in:\n\t%s", t);
+                } else {
+                        log_debug("Ignoring SysV init scripts.");
+                        p->sysvinit_path = strv_free(p->sysvinit_path);
+                }
+
+                if (!strv_isempty(p->sysvrcnd_path)) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *t =
+                                strv_join(p->sysvrcnd_path, "\n\t");
+                        if (!t)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        log_debug("Looking for SysV rcN.d links in:\n\t%s", t);
+                } else {
+                        log_debug("Ignoring SysV rcN.d links.");
+                        p->sysvrcnd_path = strv_free(p->sysvrcnd_path);
+                }
+#else
+                log_debug("SysV init scripts and rcN.d links support disabled");
+#endif
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void lookup_paths_free(LookupPaths *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        p->unit_path = strv_free(p->unit_path);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+        p->sysvinit_path = strv_free(p->sysvinit_path);
+        p->sysvrcnd_path = strv_free(p->sysvrcnd_path);
+#endif
+}
+
+int lookup_paths_init_from_scope(LookupPaths *paths,
+                                 UnitFileScope scope,
+                                 const char *root_dir) {
+        assert(paths);
+        assert(scope >= 0);
+        assert(scope < _UNIT_FILE_SCOPE_MAX);
+
+        zero(*paths);
+
+        return lookup_paths_init(paths,
+                                 scope == UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM ? MANAGER_SYSTEM : MANAGER_USER,
+                                 scope == UNIT_FILE_USER,
+                                 root_dir,
+                                 NULL, NULL, NULL);
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/path-lookup.h b/src/libshared/path-lookup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26c83d6111
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/path-lookup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include "macro.h"
+
+typedef struct LookupPaths {
+        char **unit_path;
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+        char **sysvinit_path;
+        char **sysvrcnd_path;
+#endif
+} LookupPaths;
+
+typedef enum ManagerRunningAs {
+        MANAGER_SYSTEM,
+        MANAGER_USER,
+        _MANAGER_RUNNING_AS_MAX,
+        _MANAGER_RUNNING_AS_INVALID = -1
+} ManagerRunningAs;
+
+int user_config_home(char **config_home);
+int user_runtime_dir(char **runtime_dir);
+
+char **generator_paths(ManagerRunningAs running_as);
+
+int lookup_paths_init(LookupPaths *p,
+                      ManagerRunningAs running_as,
+                      bool personal,
+                      const char *root_dir,
+                      const char *generator,
+                      const char *generator_early,
+                      const char *generator_late);
+
+#include "install.h"
+
+int lookup_paths_init_from_scope(LookupPaths *paths,
+                                 UnitFileScope scope,
+                                 const char *root_dir);
+
+void lookup_paths_free(LookupPaths *p);
+#define _cleanup_lookup_paths_free_ _cleanup_(lookup_paths_free)
diff --git a/src/libshared/ptyfwd.c b/src/libshared/ptyfwd.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a97e0d5143
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/ptyfwd.c
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010-2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <termios.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-event.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "ptyfwd.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+
+struct PTYForward {
+        sd_event *event;
+
+        int master;
+
+        PTYForwardFlags flags;
+
+        sd_event_source *stdin_event_source;
+        sd_event_source *stdout_event_source;
+        sd_event_source *master_event_source;
+
+        sd_event_source *sigwinch_event_source;
+
+        struct termios saved_stdin_attr;
+        struct termios saved_stdout_attr;
+
+        bool saved_stdin:1;
+        bool saved_stdout:1;
+
+        bool stdin_readable:1;
+        bool stdin_hangup:1;
+        bool stdout_writable:1;
+        bool stdout_hangup:1;
+        bool master_readable:1;
+        bool master_writable:1;
+        bool master_hangup:1;
+
+        bool read_from_master:1;
+
+        bool last_char_set:1;
+        char last_char;
+
+        char in_buffer[LINE_MAX], out_buffer[LINE_MAX];
+        size_t in_buffer_full, out_buffer_full;
+
+        usec_t escape_timestamp;
+        unsigned escape_counter;
+};
+
+#define ESCAPE_USEC (1*USEC_PER_SEC)
+
+static bool look_for_escape(PTYForward *f, const char *buffer, size_t n) {
+        const char *p;
+
+        assert(f);
+        assert(buffer);
+        assert(n > 0);
+
+        for (p = buffer; p < buffer + n; p++) {
+
+                /* Check for ^] */
+                if (*p == 0x1D) {
+                        usec_t nw = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+                        if (f->escape_counter == 0 || nw > f->escape_timestamp + ESCAPE_USEC)  {
+                                f->escape_timestamp = nw;
+                                f->escape_counter = 1;
+                        } else {
+                                (f->escape_counter)++;
+
+                                if (f->escape_counter >= 3)
+                                        return true;
+                        }
+                } else {
+                        f->escape_timestamp = 0;
+                        f->escape_counter = 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static bool ignore_vhangup(PTYForward *f) {
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (f->flags & PTY_FORWARD_IGNORE_VHANGUP)
+                return true;
+
+        if ((f->flags & PTY_FORWARD_IGNORE_INITIAL_VHANGUP) && !f->read_from_master)
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int shovel(PTYForward *f) {
+        ssize_t k;
+
+        assert(f);
+
+        while ((f->stdin_readable && f->in_buffer_full <= 0) ||
+               (f->master_writable && f->in_buffer_full > 0) ||
+               (f->master_readable && f->out_buffer_full <= 0) ||
+               (f->stdout_writable && f->out_buffer_full > 0)) {
+
+                if (f->stdin_readable && f->in_buffer_full < LINE_MAX) {
+
+                        k = read(STDIN_FILENO, f->in_buffer + f->in_buffer_full, LINE_MAX - f->in_buffer_full);
+                        if (k < 0) {
+
+                                if (errno == EAGAIN)
+                                        f->stdin_readable = false;
+                                else if (errno == EIO || errno == EPIPE || errno == ECONNRESET) {
+                                        f->stdin_readable = false;
+                                        f->stdin_hangup = true;
+
+                                        f->stdin_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(f->stdin_event_source);
+                                } else {
+                                        log_error_errno(errno, "read(): %m");
+                                        return sd_event_exit(f->event, EXIT_FAILURE);
+                                }
+                        } else if (k == 0) {
+                                /* EOF on stdin */
+                                f->stdin_readable = false;
+                                f->stdin_hangup = true;
+
+                                f->stdin_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(f->stdin_event_source);
+                        } else  {
+                                /* Check if ^] has been
+                                 * pressed three times within
+                                 * one second. If we get this
+                                 * we quite immediately. */
+                                if (look_for_escape(f, f->in_buffer + f->in_buffer_full, k))
+                                        return sd_event_exit(f->event, EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+                                f->in_buffer_full += (size_t) k;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (f->master_writable && f->in_buffer_full > 0) {
+
+                        k = write(f->master, f->in_buffer, f->in_buffer_full);
+                        if (k < 0) {
+
+                                if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EIO)
+                                        f->master_writable = false;
+                                else if (errno == EPIPE || errno == ECONNRESET) {
+                                        f->master_writable = f->master_readable = false;
+                                        f->master_hangup = true;
+
+                                        f->master_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(f->master_event_source);
+                                } else {
+                                        log_error_errno(errno, "write(): %m");
+                                        return sd_event_exit(f->event, EXIT_FAILURE);
+                                }
+                        } else {
+                                assert(f->in_buffer_full >= (size_t) k);
+                                memmove(f->in_buffer, f->in_buffer + k, f->in_buffer_full - k);
+                                f->in_buffer_full -= k;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (f->master_readable && f->out_buffer_full < LINE_MAX) {
+
+                        k = read(f->master, f->out_buffer + f->out_buffer_full, LINE_MAX - f->out_buffer_full);
+                        if (k < 0) {
+
+                                /* Note that EIO on the master device
+                                 * might be caused by vhangup() or
+                                 * temporary closing of everything on
+                                 * the other side, we treat it like
+                                 * EAGAIN here and try again, unless
+                                 * ignore_vhangup is off. */
+
+                                if (errno == EAGAIN || (errno == EIO && ignore_vhangup(f)))
+                                        f->master_readable = false;
+                                else if (errno == EPIPE || errno == ECONNRESET || errno == EIO) {
+                                        f->master_readable = f->master_writable = false;
+                                        f->master_hangup = true;
+
+                                        f->master_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(f->master_event_source);
+                                } else {
+                                        log_error_errno(errno, "read(): %m");
+                                        return sd_event_exit(f->event, EXIT_FAILURE);
+                                }
+                        }  else {
+                                f->read_from_master = true;
+                                f->out_buffer_full += (size_t) k;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (f->stdout_writable && f->out_buffer_full > 0) {
+
+                        k = write(STDOUT_FILENO, f->out_buffer, f->out_buffer_full);
+                        if (k < 0) {
+
+                                if (errno == EAGAIN)
+                                        f->stdout_writable = false;
+                                else if (errno == EIO || errno == EPIPE || errno == ECONNRESET) {
+                                        f->stdout_writable = false;
+                                        f->stdout_hangup = true;
+                                        f->stdout_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(f->stdout_event_source);
+                                } else {
+                                        log_error_errno(errno, "write(): %m");
+                                        return sd_event_exit(f->event, EXIT_FAILURE);
+                                }
+
+                        } else {
+
+                                if (k > 0) {
+                                        f->last_char = f->out_buffer[k-1];
+                                        f->last_char_set = true;
+                                }
+
+                                assert(f->out_buffer_full >= (size_t) k);
+                                memmove(f->out_buffer, f->out_buffer + k, f->out_buffer_full - k);
+                                f->out_buffer_full -= k;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (f->stdin_hangup || f->stdout_hangup || f->master_hangup) {
+                /* Exit the loop if any side hung up and if there's
+                 * nothing more to write or nothing we could write. */
+
+                if ((f->out_buffer_full <= 0 || f->stdout_hangup) &&
+                    (f->in_buffer_full <= 0 || f->master_hangup))
+                        return sd_event_exit(f->event, EXIT_SUCCESS);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int on_master_event(sd_event_source *e, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        PTYForward *f = userdata;
+
+        assert(f);
+        assert(e);
+        assert(e == f->master_event_source);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(fd == f->master);
+
+        if (revents & (EPOLLIN|EPOLLHUP))
+                f->master_readable = true;
+
+        if (revents & (EPOLLOUT|EPOLLHUP))
+                f->master_writable = true;
+
+        return shovel(f);
+}
+
+static int on_stdin_event(sd_event_source *e, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        PTYForward *f = userdata;
+
+        assert(f);
+        assert(e);
+        assert(e == f->stdin_event_source);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(fd == STDIN_FILENO);
+
+        if (revents & (EPOLLIN|EPOLLHUP))
+                f->stdin_readable = true;
+
+        return shovel(f);
+}
+
+static int on_stdout_event(sd_event_source *e, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
+        PTYForward *f = userdata;
+
+        assert(f);
+        assert(e);
+        assert(e == f->stdout_event_source);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(fd == STDOUT_FILENO);
+
+        if (revents & (EPOLLOUT|EPOLLHUP))
+                f->stdout_writable = true;
+
+        return shovel(f);
+}
+
+static int on_sigwinch_event(sd_event_source *e, const struct signalfd_siginfo *si, void *userdata) {
+        PTYForward *f = userdata;
+        struct winsize ws;
+
+        assert(f);
+        assert(e);
+        assert(e == f->sigwinch_event_source);
+
+        /* The window size changed, let's forward that. */
+        if (ioctl(STDOUT_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &ws) >= 0)
+                (void) ioctl(f->master, TIOCSWINSZ, &ws);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int pty_forward_new(
+                sd_event *event,
+                int master,
+                PTYForwardFlags flags,
+                PTYForward **ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_(pty_forward_freep) PTYForward *f = NULL;
+        struct winsize ws;
+        int r;
+
+        f = new0(PTYForward, 1);
+        if (!f)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        f->flags = flags;
+
+        if (event)
+                f->event = sd_event_ref(event);
+        else {
+                r = sd_event_default(&f->event);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (!(flags & PTY_FORWARD_READ_ONLY)) {
+                r = fd_nonblock(STDIN_FILENO, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = fd_nonblock(STDOUT_FILENO, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = fd_nonblock(master, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        f->master = master;
+
+        if (ioctl(STDOUT_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &ws) >= 0)
+                (void) ioctl(master, TIOCSWINSZ, &ws);
+
+        if (!(flags & PTY_FORWARD_READ_ONLY)) {
+                if (tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &f->saved_stdin_attr) >= 0) {
+                        struct termios raw_stdin_attr;
+
+                        f->saved_stdin = true;
+
+                        raw_stdin_attr = f->saved_stdin_attr;
+                        cfmakeraw(&raw_stdin_attr);
+                        raw_stdin_attr.c_oflag = f->saved_stdin_attr.c_oflag;
+                        tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &raw_stdin_attr);
+                }
+
+                if (tcgetattr(STDOUT_FILENO, &f->saved_stdout_attr) >= 0) {
+                        struct termios raw_stdout_attr;
+
+                        f->saved_stdout = true;
+
+                        raw_stdout_attr = f->saved_stdout_attr;
+                        cfmakeraw(&raw_stdout_attr);
+                        raw_stdout_attr.c_iflag = f->saved_stdout_attr.c_iflag;
+                        raw_stdout_attr.c_lflag = f->saved_stdout_attr.c_lflag;
+                        tcsetattr(STDOUT_FILENO, TCSANOW, &raw_stdout_attr);
+                }
+
+                r = sd_event_add_io(f->event, &f->stdin_event_source, STDIN_FILENO, EPOLLIN|EPOLLET, on_stdin_event, f);
+                if (r < 0 && r != -EPERM)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(f->event, &f->stdout_event_source, STDOUT_FILENO, EPOLLOUT|EPOLLET, on_stdout_event, f);
+        if (r == -EPERM)
+                /* stdout without epoll support. Likely redirected to regular file. */
+                f->stdout_writable = true;
+        else if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_event_add_io(f->event, &f->master_event_source, master, EPOLLIN|EPOLLOUT|EPOLLET, on_master_event, f);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = sd_event_add_signal(f->event, &f->sigwinch_event_source, SIGWINCH, on_sigwinch_event, f);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *ret = f;
+        f = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+PTYForward *pty_forward_free(PTYForward *f) {
+
+        if (f) {
+                sd_event_source_unref(f->stdin_event_source);
+                sd_event_source_unref(f->stdout_event_source);
+                sd_event_source_unref(f->master_event_source);
+                sd_event_source_unref(f->sigwinch_event_source);
+                sd_event_unref(f->event);
+
+                if (f->saved_stdout)
+                        tcsetattr(STDOUT_FILENO, TCSANOW, &f->saved_stdout_attr);
+                if (f->saved_stdin)
+                        tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &f->saved_stdin_attr);
+
+                free(f);
+        }
+
+        /* STDIN/STDOUT should not be nonblocking normally, so let's
+         * unconditionally reset it */
+        fd_nonblock(STDIN_FILENO, false);
+        fd_nonblock(STDOUT_FILENO, false);
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+int pty_forward_get_last_char(PTYForward *f, char *ch) {
+        assert(f);
+        assert(ch);
+
+        if (!f->last_char_set)
+                return -ENXIO;
+
+        *ch = f->last_char;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int pty_forward_set_ignore_vhangup(PTYForward *f, bool b) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (!!(f->flags & PTY_FORWARD_IGNORE_VHANGUP) == b)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (b)
+                f->flags |= PTY_FORWARD_IGNORE_VHANGUP;
+        else
+                f->flags &= ~PTY_FORWARD_IGNORE_VHANGUP;
+
+        if (!ignore_vhangup(f)) {
+
+                /* We shall now react to vhangup()s? Let's check
+                 * immediately if we might be in one */
+
+                f->master_readable = true;
+                r = shovel(f);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int pty_forward_get_ignore_vhangup(PTYForward *f) {
+        assert(f);
+
+        return !!(f->flags & PTY_FORWARD_IGNORE_VHANGUP);
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/ptyfwd.h b/src/libshared/ptyfwd.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..83c1f60970
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/ptyfwd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010-2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-event.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+
+typedef struct PTYForward PTYForward;
+
+typedef enum PTYForwardFlags {
+        PTY_FORWARD_READ_ONLY = 1,
+
+        /* Continue reading after hangup? */
+        PTY_FORWARD_IGNORE_VHANGUP = 2,
+
+        /* Continue reading after hangup but only if we never read anything else? */
+        PTY_FORWARD_IGNORE_INITIAL_VHANGUP = 4,
+} PTYForwardFlags;
+
+int pty_forward_new(sd_event *event, int master, PTYForwardFlags flags, PTYForward **f);
+PTYForward *pty_forward_free(PTYForward *f);
+
+int pty_forward_get_last_char(PTYForward *f, char *ch);
+
+int pty_forward_set_ignore_vhangup(PTYForward *f, bool ignore_vhangup);
+int pty_forward_get_ignore_vhangup(PTYForward *f);
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(PTYForward*, pty_forward_free);
diff --git a/src/libshared/resolve-util.c b/src/libshared/resolve-util.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e2da81bab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/resolve-util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2016 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "conf-parser.h"
+#include "resolve-util.h"
+#include "string-table.h"
+
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_resolve_support, resolve_support, ResolveSupport, "Failed to parse resolve support setting");
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_dnssec_mode, dnssec_mode, DnssecMode, "Failed to parse DNSSEC mode setting");
+
+static const char* const resolve_support_table[_RESOLVE_SUPPORT_MAX] = {
+        [RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO] = "no",
+        [RESOLVE_SUPPORT_YES] = "yes",
+        [RESOLVE_SUPPORT_RESOLVE] = "resolve",
+};
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP_WITH_BOOLEAN(resolve_support, ResolveSupport, RESOLVE_SUPPORT_YES);
+
+static const char* const dnssec_mode_table[_DNSSEC_MODE_MAX] = {
+        [DNSSEC_NO] = "no",
+        [DNSSEC_ALLOW_DOWNGRADE] = "allow-downgrade",
+        [DNSSEC_YES] = "yes",
+};
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP_WITH_BOOLEAN(dnssec_mode, DnssecMode, DNSSEC_YES);
diff --git a/src/libshared/resolve-util.h b/src/libshared/resolve-util.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8636a6c134
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/resolve-util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2016 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "macro.h"
+
+typedef enum ResolveSupport ResolveSupport;
+typedef enum DnssecMode DnssecMode;
+
+enum ResolveSupport {
+        RESOLVE_SUPPORT_NO,
+        RESOLVE_SUPPORT_YES,
+        RESOLVE_SUPPORT_RESOLVE,
+        _RESOLVE_SUPPORT_MAX,
+        _RESOLVE_SUPPORT_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+enum DnssecMode {
+        /* No DNSSEC validation is done */
+        DNSSEC_NO,
+
+        /* Validate locally, if the server knows DO, but if not,
+         * don't. Don't trust the AD bit. If the server doesn't do
+         * DNSSEC properly, downgrade to non-DNSSEC operation. Of
+         * course, we then are vulnerable to a downgrade attack, but
+         * that's life and what is configured. */
+        DNSSEC_ALLOW_DOWNGRADE,
+
+        /* Insist on DNSSEC server support, and rather fail than downgrading. */
+        DNSSEC_YES,
+
+        _DNSSEC_MODE_MAX,
+        _DNSSEC_MODE_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+int config_parse_resolve_support(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_dnssec_mode(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, unsigned section_line, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+
+const char* resolve_support_to_string(ResolveSupport p) _const_;
+ResolveSupport resolve_support_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* dnssec_mode_to_string(DnssecMode p) _const_;
+DnssecMode dnssec_mode_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/libshared/seccomp-util.c b/src/libshared/seccomp-util.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cebe0fce2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/seccomp-util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <seccomp.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "seccomp-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+
+const char* seccomp_arch_to_string(uint32_t c) {
+
+        if (c == SCMP_ARCH_NATIVE)
+                return "native";
+        if (c == SCMP_ARCH_X86)
+                return "x86";
+        if (c == SCMP_ARCH_X86_64)
+                return "x86-64";
+        if (c == SCMP_ARCH_X32)
+                return "x32";
+        if (c == SCMP_ARCH_ARM)
+                return "arm";
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+int seccomp_arch_from_string(const char *n, uint32_t *ret) {
+        if (!n)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (streq(n, "native"))
+                *ret = SCMP_ARCH_NATIVE;
+        else if (streq(n, "x86"))
+                *ret = SCMP_ARCH_X86;
+        else if (streq(n, "x86-64"))
+                *ret = SCMP_ARCH_X86_64;
+        else if (streq(n, "x32"))
+                *ret = SCMP_ARCH_X32;
+        else if (streq(n, "arm"))
+                *ret = SCMP_ARCH_ARM;
+        else
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int seccomp_add_secondary_archs(scmp_filter_ctx *c) {
+
+#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
+        int r;
+
+        /* Add in all possible secondary archs we are aware of that
+         * this kernel might support. */
+
+        r = seccomp_arch_add(c, SCMP_ARCH_X86);
+        if (r < 0 && r != -EEXIST)
+                return r;
+
+        r = seccomp_arch_add(c, SCMP_ARCH_X86_64);
+        if (r < 0 && r != -EEXIST)
+                return r;
+
+        r = seccomp_arch_add(c, SCMP_ARCH_X32);
+        if (r < 0 && r != -EEXIST)
+                return r;
+
+#endif
+
+        return 0;
+
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/seccomp-util.h b/src/libshared/seccomp-util.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ed2afc1b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/seccomp-util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <seccomp.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+const char* seccomp_arch_to_string(uint32_t c);
+int seccomp_arch_from_string(const char *n, uint32_t *ret);
+
+int seccomp_add_secondary_archs(scmp_filter_ctx *c);
diff --git a/src/libshared/sleep-config.c b/src/libshared/sleep-config.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a0aef66bc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/sleep-config.c
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <syslog.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "conf-parser.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "parse-util.h"
+#include "sleep-config.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+
+#define USE(x, y) do{ (x) = (y); (y) = NULL; } while(0)
+
+int parse_sleep_config(const char *verb, char ***_modes, char ***_states) {
+
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char
+                **suspend_mode = NULL, **suspend_state = NULL,
+                **hibernate_mode = NULL, **hibernate_state = NULL,
+                **hybrid_mode = NULL, **hybrid_state = NULL;
+        char **modes, **states;
+
+        const ConfigTableItem items[] = {
+                { "Sleep",   "SuspendMode",      config_parse_strv,  0, &suspend_mode  },
+                { "Sleep",   "SuspendState",     config_parse_strv,  0, &suspend_state },
+                { "Sleep",   "HibernateMode",    config_parse_strv,  0, &hibernate_mode  },
+                { "Sleep",   "HibernateState",   config_parse_strv,  0, &hibernate_state },
+                { "Sleep",   "HybridSleepMode",  config_parse_strv,  0, &hybrid_mode  },
+                { "Sleep",   "HybridSleepState", config_parse_strv,  0, &hybrid_state },
+                {}
+        };
+
+        config_parse_many(PKGSYSCONFDIR "/sleep.conf",
+                          CONF_PATHS_NULSTR("systemd/sleep.conf.d"),
+                          "Sleep\0", config_item_table_lookup, items,
+                          false, NULL);
+
+        if (streq(verb, "suspend")) {
+                /* empty by default */
+                USE(modes, suspend_mode);
+
+                if (suspend_state)
+                        USE(states, suspend_state);
+                else
+                        states = strv_new("mem", "standby", "freeze", NULL);
+
+        } else if (streq(verb, "hibernate")) {
+                if (hibernate_mode)
+                        USE(modes, hibernate_mode);
+                else
+                        modes = strv_new("platform", "shutdown", NULL);
+
+                if (hibernate_state)
+                        USE(states, hibernate_state);
+                else
+                        states = strv_new("disk", NULL);
+
+        } else if (streq(verb, "hybrid-sleep")) {
+                if (hybrid_mode)
+                        USE(modes, hybrid_mode);
+                else
+                        modes = strv_new("suspend", "platform", "shutdown", NULL);
+
+                if (hybrid_state)
+                        USE(states, hybrid_state);
+                else
+                        states = strv_new("disk", NULL);
+
+        } else
+                assert_not_reached("what verb");
+
+        if ((!modes && !streq(verb, "suspend")) || !states) {
+                strv_free(modes);
+                strv_free(states);
+                return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        *_modes = modes;
+        *_states = states;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int can_sleep_state(char **types) {
+        char **type;
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+        if (strv_isempty(types))
+                return true;
+
+        /* If /sys is read-only we cannot sleep */
+        if (access("/sys/power/state", W_OK) < 0)
+                return false;
+
+        r = read_one_line_file("/sys/power/state", &p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return false;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(type, types) {
+                const char *word, *state;
+                size_t l, k;
+
+                k = strlen(*type);
+                FOREACH_WORD_SEPARATOR(word, l, p, WHITESPACE, state)
+                        if (l == k && memcmp(word, *type, l) == 0)
+                                return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+int can_sleep_disk(char **types) {
+        char **type;
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+        if (strv_isempty(types))
+                return true;
+
+        /* If /sys is read-only we cannot sleep */
+        if (access("/sys/power/disk", W_OK) < 0)
+                return false;
+
+        r = read_one_line_file("/sys/power/disk", &p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return false;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(type, types) {
+                const char *word, *state;
+                size_t l, k;
+
+                k = strlen(*type);
+                FOREACH_WORD_SEPARATOR(word, l, p, WHITESPACE, state) {
+                        if (l == k && memcmp(word, *type, l) == 0)
+                                return true;
+
+                        if (l == k + 2 &&
+                            word[0] == '[' &&
+                            memcmp(word + 1, *type, l - 2) == 0 &&
+                            word[l-1] == ']')
+                                return true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+#define HIBERNATION_SWAP_THRESHOLD 0.98
+
+static int hibernation_partition_size(size_t *size, size_t *used) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f;
+        unsigned i;
+
+        assert(size);
+        assert(used);
+
+        f = fopen("/proc/swaps", "re");
+        if (!f) {
+                log_full(errno == ENOENT ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING,
+                         "Failed to retrieve open /proc/swaps: %m");
+                assert(errno > 0);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        (void) fscanf(f, "%*s %*s %*s %*s %*s\n");
+
+        for (i = 1;; i++) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *dev = NULL, *type = NULL;
+                size_t size_field, used_field;
+                int k;
+
+                k = fscanf(f,
+                           "%ms "   /* device/file */
+                           "%ms "   /* type of swap */
+                           "%zu "   /* swap size */
+                           "%zu "   /* used */
+                           "%*i\n", /* priority */
+                           &dev, &type, &size_field, &used_field);
+                if (k != 4) {
+                        if (k == EOF)
+                                break;
+
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse /proc/swaps:%u", i);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (streq(type, "partition") && endswith(dev, "\\040(deleted)")) {
+                        log_warning("Ignoring deleted swapfile '%s'.", dev);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                *size = size_field;
+                *used = used_field;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("No swap partitions were found.");
+        return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+static bool enough_memory_for_hibernation(void) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *active = NULL;
+        unsigned long long act = 0;
+        size_t size = 0, used = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        r = hibernation_partition_size(&size, &used);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return false;
+
+        r = get_proc_field("/proc/meminfo", "Active(anon)", WHITESPACE, &active);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to retrieve Active(anon) from /proc/meminfo: %m");
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        r = safe_atollu(active, &act);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse Active(anon) from /proc/meminfo: %s: %m",
+                                active);
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        r = act <= (size - used) * HIBERNATION_SWAP_THRESHOLD;
+        log_debug("Hibernation is %spossible, Active(anon)=%llu kB, size=%zu kB, used=%zu kB, threshold=%.2g%%",
+                  r ? "" : "im", act, size, used, 100*HIBERNATION_SWAP_THRESHOLD);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int can_sleep(const char *verb) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **modes = NULL, **states = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(streq(verb, "suspend") ||
+               streq(verb, "hibernate") ||
+               streq(verb, "hybrid-sleep"));
+
+        r = parse_sleep_config(verb, &modes, &states);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return false;
+
+        if (!can_sleep_state(states) || !can_sleep_disk(modes))
+                return false;
+
+        return streq(verb, "suspend") || enough_memory_for_hibernation();
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/sleep-config.h b/src/libshared/sleep-config.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..51f4621844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/sleep-config.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#pragma once
+
+int parse_sleep_config(const char *verb, char ***modes, char ***states);
+
+int can_sleep(const char *verb);
+int can_sleep_disk(char **types);
+int can_sleep_state(char **types);
diff --git a/src/libshared/spawn-ask-password-agent.c b/src/libshared/spawn-ask-password-agent.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a46b7525f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/spawn-ask-password-agent.c
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2011 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "log.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "spawn-ask-password-agent.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+static pid_t agent_pid = 0;
+
+int ask_password_agent_open(void) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (agent_pid > 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* We check STDIN here, not STDOUT, since this is about input,
+         * not output */
+        if (!isatty(STDIN_FILENO))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = fork_agent(&agent_pid,
+                       NULL, 0,
+                       SYSTEMD_TTY_ASK_PASSWORD_AGENT_BINARY_PATH,
+                       SYSTEMD_TTY_ASK_PASSWORD_AGENT_BINARY_PATH, "--watch", NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to fork TTY ask password agent: %m");
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+void ask_password_agent_close(void) {
+
+        if (agent_pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        /* Inform agent that we are done */
+        (void) kill(agent_pid, SIGTERM);
+        (void) kill(agent_pid, SIGCONT);
+        (void) wait_for_terminate(agent_pid, NULL);
+        agent_pid = 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/spawn-ask-password-agent.h b/src/libshared/spawn-ask-password-agent.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb0749b13f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/spawn-ask-password-agent.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2011 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int ask_password_agent_open(void);
+void ask_password_agent_close(void);
diff --git a/src/libshared/spawn-polkit-agent.c b/src/libshared/spawn-polkit-agent.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf3c8ad5a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/spawn-polkit-agent.c
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2011 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "io-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "process-util.h"
+#include "spawn-polkit-agent.h"
+#include "stdio-util.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#ifdef ENABLE_POLKIT
+static pid_t agent_pid = 0;
+
+int polkit_agent_open(void) {
+        int r;
+        int pipe_fd[2];
+        char notify_fd[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(int) + 1];
+
+        if (agent_pid > 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* We check STDIN here, not STDOUT, since this is about input,
+         * not output */
+        if (!isatty(STDIN_FILENO))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (pipe2(pipe_fd, 0) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        xsprintf(notify_fd, "%i", pipe_fd[1]);
+
+        r = fork_agent(&agent_pid,
+                       &pipe_fd[1], 1,
+                       POLKIT_AGENT_BINARY_PATH,
+                       POLKIT_AGENT_BINARY_PATH, "--notify-fd", notify_fd, "--fallback", NULL);
+
+        /* Close the writing side, because that's the one for the agent */
+        safe_close(pipe_fd[1]);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to fork TTY ask password agent: %m");
+        else
+                /* Wait until the agent closes the fd */
+                fd_wait_for_event(pipe_fd[0], POLLHUP, USEC_INFINITY);
+
+        safe_close(pipe_fd[0]);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+void polkit_agent_close(void) {
+
+        if (agent_pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        /* Inform agent that we are done */
+        (void) kill(agent_pid, SIGTERM);
+        (void) kill(agent_pid, SIGCONT);
+
+        (void) wait_for_terminate(agent_pid, NULL);
+        agent_pid = 0;
+}
+
+#else
+
+int polkit_agent_open(void) {
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void polkit_agent_close(void) {
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/libshared/spawn-polkit-agent.h b/src/libshared/spawn-polkit-agent.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..42b2989ded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/spawn-polkit-agent.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int polkit_agent_open(void);
+void polkit_agent_close(void);
diff --git a/src/libshared/specifier.c b/src/libshared/specifier.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..303ddf0401
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/specifier.c
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/utsname.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-id128.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "hostname-util.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "specifier.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+
+/*
+ * Generic infrastructure for replacing %x style specifiers in
+ * strings. Will call a callback for each replacement.
+ *
+ */
+
+int specifier_printf(const char *text, const Specifier table[], void *userdata, char **_ret) {
+        char *ret, *t;
+        const char *f;
+        bool percent = false;
+        size_t l;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(text);
+        assert(table);
+
+        l = strlen(text);
+        ret = new(char, l+1);
+        if (!ret)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        t = ret;
+
+        for (f = text; *f; f++, l--) {
+
+                if (percent) {
+                        if (*f == '%')
+                                *(t++) = '%';
+                        else {
+                                const Specifier *i;
+
+                                for (i = table; i->specifier; i++)
+                                        if (i->specifier == *f)
+                                                break;
+
+                                if (i->lookup) {
+                                        _cleanup_free_ char *w = NULL;
+                                        char *n;
+                                        size_t k, j;
+
+                                        r = i->lookup(i->specifier, i->data, userdata, &w);
+                                        if (r < 0) {
+                                                free(ret);
+                                                return r;
+                                        }
+
+                                        j = t - ret;
+                                        k = strlen(w);
+
+                                        n = new(char, j + k + l + 1);
+                                        if (!n) {
+                                                free(ret);
+                                                return -ENOMEM;
+                                        }
+
+                                        memcpy(n, ret, j);
+                                        memcpy(n + j, w, k);
+
+                                        free(ret);
+
+                                        ret = n;
+                                        t = n + j + k;
+                                } else {
+                                        *(t++) = '%';
+                                        *(t++) = *f;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        percent = false;
+                } else if (*f == '%')
+                        percent = true;
+                else
+                        *(t++) = *f;
+        }
+
+        *t = 0;
+        *_ret = ret;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/* Generic handler for simple string replacements */
+
+int specifier_string(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        char *n;
+
+        n = strdup(strempty(data));
+        if (!n)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = n;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int specifier_machine_id(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        sd_id128_t id;
+        char *n;
+        int r;
+
+        r = sd_id128_get_machine(&id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        n = new(char, 33);
+        if (!n)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = sd_id128_to_string(id, n);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int specifier_boot_id(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        sd_id128_t id;
+        char *n;
+        int r;
+
+        r = sd_id128_get_boot(&id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        n = new(char, 33);
+        if (!n)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = sd_id128_to_string(id, n);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int specifier_host_name(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        char *n;
+
+        n = gethostname_malloc();
+        if (!n)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = n;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int specifier_kernel_release(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret) {
+        struct utsname uts;
+        char *n;
+        int r;
+
+        r = uname(&uts);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        n = strdup(uts.release);
+        if (!n)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = n;
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/specifier.h b/src/libshared/specifier.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b1623ee61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/specifier.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef int (*SpecifierCallback)(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret);
+
+typedef struct Specifier {
+        const char specifier;
+        const SpecifierCallback lookup;
+        void *data;
+} Specifier;
+
+int specifier_printf(const char *text, const Specifier table[], void *userdata, char **ret);
+
+int specifier_string(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret);
+
+int specifier_machine_id(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret);
+int specifier_boot_id(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret);
+int specifier_host_name(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret);
+int specifier_kernel_release(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata, char **ret);
diff --git a/src/libshared/switch-root.c b/src/libshared/switch-root.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..47d3a5a1fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/switch-root.c
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Harald Hoyer, Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "base-filesystem.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "rm-rf.h"
+#include "stdio-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "switch-root.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+int switch_root(const char *new_root, const char *oldroot, bool detach_oldroot,  unsigned long mountflags) {
+
+        /*  Don't try to unmount/move the old "/", there's no way to do it. */
+        static const char move_mounts[] =
+                "/dev\0"
+                "/proc\0"
+                "/sys\0"
+                "/run\0";
+
+        _cleanup_close_ int old_root_fd = -1;
+        struct stat new_root_stat;
+        bool old_root_remove;
+        const char *i, *temporary_old_root;
+
+        if (path_equal(new_root, "/"))
+                return 0;
+
+        temporary_old_root = strjoina(new_root, oldroot);
+        mkdir_p_label(temporary_old_root, 0755);
+
+        old_root_remove = in_initrd();
+
+        if (stat(new_root, &new_root_stat) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to stat directory %s: %m", new_root);
+
+        /* Work-around for kernel design: the kernel refuses switching
+         * root if any file systems are mounted MS_SHARED. Hence
+         * remount them MS_PRIVATE here as a work-around.
+         *
+         * https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=847418 */
+        if (mount(NULL, "/", NULL, MS_REC|MS_PRIVATE, NULL) < 0)
+                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to make \"/\" private mount: %m");
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH(i, move_mounts) {
+                char new_mount[PATH_MAX];
+                struct stat sb;
+
+                xsprintf(new_mount, "%s%s", new_root, i);
+
+                mkdir_p_label(new_mount, 0755);
+
+                if ((stat(new_mount, &sb) < 0) ||
+                    sb.st_dev != new_root_stat.st_dev) {
+
+                        /* Mount point seems to be mounted already or
+                         * stat failed. Unmount the old mount
+                         * point. */
+                        if (umount2(i, MNT_DETACH) < 0)
+                                log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to unmount %s: %m", i);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (mount(i, new_mount, NULL, mountflags, NULL) < 0) {
+                        if (mountflags & MS_MOVE) {
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to move mount %s to %s, forcing unmount: %m", i, new_mount);
+
+                                if (umount2(i, MNT_FORCE) < 0)
+                                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to unmount %s: %m", i);
+                        }
+                        if (mountflags & MS_BIND)
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to bind mount %s to %s: %m", i, new_mount);
+
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Do not fail, if base_filesystem_create() fails. Not all
+         * switch roots are like base_filesystem_create() wants them
+         * to look like. They might even boot, if they are RO and
+         * don't have the FS layout. Just ignore the error and
+         * switch_root() nevertheless. */
+        (void) base_filesystem_create(new_root, UID_INVALID, GID_INVALID);
+
+        if (chdir(new_root) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to change directory to %s: %m", new_root);
+
+        if (old_root_remove) {
+                old_root_fd = open("/", O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_DIRECTORY);
+                if (old_root_fd < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to open root directory: %m");
+        }
+
+        /* We first try a pivot_root() so that we can umount the old
+         * root dir. In many cases (i.e. where rootfs is /), that's
+         * not possible however, and hence we simply overmount root */
+        if (pivot_root(new_root, temporary_old_root) >= 0) {
+
+                /* Immediately get rid of the old root, if detach_oldroot is set.
+                 * Since we are running off it we need to do this lazily. */
+                if (detach_oldroot && umount2(oldroot, MNT_DETACH) < 0)
+                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to lazily umount old root dir %s, %s: %m",
+                                  oldroot,
+                                  errno == ENOENT ? "ignoring" : "leaving it around");
+
+        } else if (mount(new_root, "/", NULL, MS_MOVE, NULL) < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to mount moving %s to /: %m", new_root);
+
+        if (chroot(".") < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to change root: %m");
+
+        if (chdir("/") < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to change directory: %m");
+
+        if (old_root_fd >= 0) {
+                struct stat rb;
+
+                if (fstat(old_root_fd, &rb) < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to stat old root directory, leaving: %m");
+                else {
+                        (void) rm_rf_children(old_root_fd, 0, &rb);
+                        old_root_fd = -1;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/switch-root.h b/src/libshared/switch-root.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7a080b3e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/switch-root.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Harald Hoyer, Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int switch_root(const char *new_root, const char *oldroot, bool detach_oldroot, unsigned long mountflags);
diff --git a/src/libshared/sysctl-util.c b/src/libshared/sysctl-util.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e1ccb3294c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/sysctl-util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "sysctl-util.h"
+
+char *sysctl_normalize(char *s) {
+        char *n;
+
+        n = strpbrk(s, "/.");
+        /* If the first separator is a slash, the path is
+         * assumed to be normalized and slashes remain slashes
+         * and dots remains dots. */
+        if (!n || *n == '/')
+                return s;
+
+        /* Otherwise, dots become slashes and slashes become
+         * dots. Fun. */
+        while (n) {
+                if (*n == '.')
+                        *n = '/';
+                else
+                        *n = '.';
+
+                n = strpbrk(n + 1, "/.");
+        }
+
+        return s;
+}
+
+int sysctl_write(const char *property, const char *value) {
+        char *p;
+
+        assert(property);
+        assert(value);
+
+        log_debug("Setting '%s' to '%s'", property, value);
+
+        p = strjoina("/proc/sys/", property);
+        return write_string_file(p, value, 0);
+}
+
+int sysctl_read(const char *property, char **content) {
+        char *p;
+
+        assert(property);
+        assert(content);
+
+        p = strjoina("/proc/sys/", property);
+        return read_full_file(p, content, NULL);
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/sysctl-util.h b/src/libshared/sysctl-util.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2decb39f58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/sysctl-util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2011 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+char *sysctl_normalize(char *s);
+int sysctl_read(const char *property, char **value);
+int sysctl_write(const char *property, const char *value);
+
diff --git a/src/libshared/test-tables.h b/src/libshared/test-tables.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..228e510104
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/test-tables.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd
+
+  Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+typedef const char* (*lookup_t)(int);
+typedef int (*reverse_t)(const char*);
+
+static inline void _test_table(const char *name,
+                               lookup_t lookup,
+                               reverse_t reverse,
+                               int size,
+                               bool sparse) {
+        int i, boring = 0;
+
+        for (i = -1; i < size + 1; i++) {
+                const char* val = lookup(i);
+                int rev;
+
+                if (val) {
+                        rev = reverse(val);
+                        boring = 0;
+                } else {
+                        rev = reverse("--no-such--value----");
+                        boring += i >= 0;
+                }
+
+                if (boring < 1 || i == size)
+                        printf("%s: %d → %s → %d\n", name, i, val, rev);
+                else if (boring == 1)
+                        printf("%*s  ...\n", (int) strlen(name), "");
+
+                assert_se(!(i >= 0 && i < size ?
+                            sparse ? rev != i && rev != -1 : val == NULL || rev != i :
+                            val != NULL || rev != -1));
+        }
+}
+
+#define test_table(lower, upper) \
+        _test_table(STRINGIFY(lower), lower##_to_string, lower##_from_string, _##upper##_MAX, false)
+
+#define test_table_sparse(lower, upper) \
+        _test_table(STRINGIFY(lower), lower##_to_string, lower##_from_string, _##upper##_MAX, true)
diff --git a/src/libshared/udev-util.h b/src/libshared/udev-util.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ca0889f8a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/udev-util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "udev.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(struct udev*, udev_unref);
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(struct udev_device*, udev_device_unref);
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(struct udev_enumerate*, udev_enumerate_unref);
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(struct udev_event*, udev_event_unref);
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(struct udev_rules*, udev_rules_unref);
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(struct udev_ctrl*, udev_ctrl_unref);
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(struct udev_ctrl_connection*, udev_ctrl_connection_unref);
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(struct udev_ctrl_msg*, udev_ctrl_msg_unref);
+DEFINE_TRIVIAL_CLEANUP_FUNC(struct udev_monitor*, udev_monitor_unref);
+
+#define _cleanup_udev_unref_ _cleanup_(udev_unrefp)
+#define _cleanup_udev_device_unref_ _cleanup_(udev_device_unrefp)
+#define _cleanup_udev_enumerate_unref_ _cleanup_(udev_enumerate_unrefp)
+#define _cleanup_udev_event_unref_ _cleanup_(udev_event_unrefp)
+#define _cleanup_udev_rules_unref_ _cleanup_(udev_rules_unrefp)
+#define _cleanup_udev_ctrl_unref_ _cleanup_(udev_ctrl_unrefp)
+#define _cleanup_udev_ctrl_connection_unref_ _cleanup_(udev_ctrl_connection_unrefp)
+#define _cleanup_udev_ctrl_msg_unref_ _cleanup_(udev_ctrl_msg_unrefp)
+#define _cleanup_udev_monitor_unref_ _cleanup_(udev_monitor_unrefp)
+#define _cleanup_udev_list_cleanup_ _cleanup_(udev_list_cleanup)
diff --git a/src/libshared/uid-range.c b/src/libshared/uid-range.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb251492c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/uid-range.c
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "uid-range.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+
+static bool uid_range_intersect(UidRange *range, uid_t start, uid_t nr) {
+        assert(range);
+
+        return range->start <= start + nr &&
+                range->start + range->nr >= start;
+}
+
+static void uid_range_coalesce(UidRange **p, unsigned *n) {
+        unsigned i, j;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(n);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < *n; i++) {
+                for (j = i + 1; j < *n; j++) {
+                        UidRange *x = (*p)+i, *y = (*p)+j;
+
+                        if (uid_range_intersect(x, y->start, y->nr)) {
+                                uid_t begin, end;
+
+                                begin = MIN(x->start, y->start);
+                                end = MAX(x->start + x->nr, y->start + y->nr);
+
+                                x->start = begin;
+                                x->nr = end - begin;
+
+                                if (*n > j+1)
+                                        memmove(y, y+1, sizeof(UidRange) * (*n - j -1));
+
+                                (*n) --;
+                                j--;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+}
+
+static int uid_range_compare(const void *a, const void *b) {
+        const UidRange *x = a, *y = b;
+
+        if (x->start < y->start)
+                return -1;
+        if (x->start > y->start)
+                return 1;
+
+        if (x->nr < y->nr)
+                return -1;
+        if (x->nr > y->nr)
+                return 1;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int uid_range_add(UidRange **p, unsigned *n, uid_t start, uid_t nr) {
+        bool found = false;
+        UidRange *x;
+        unsigned i;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(n);
+
+        if (nr <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < *n; i++) {
+                x = (*p) + i;
+                if (uid_range_intersect(x, start, nr)) {
+                        found = true;
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (found) {
+                uid_t begin, end;
+
+                begin = MIN(x->start, start);
+                end = MAX(x->start + x->nr, start + nr);
+
+                x->start = begin;
+                x->nr = end - begin;
+        } else {
+                UidRange *t;
+
+                t = realloc(*p, sizeof(UidRange) * (*n + 1));
+                if (!t)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                *p = t;
+                x = t + ((*n) ++);
+
+                x->start = start;
+                x->nr = nr;
+        }
+
+        qsort(*p, *n, sizeof(UidRange), uid_range_compare);
+        uid_range_coalesce(p, n);
+
+        return *n;
+}
+
+int uid_range_add_str(UidRange **p, unsigned *n, const char *s) {
+        uid_t start, nr;
+        const char *t;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(n);
+        assert(s);
+
+        t = strchr(s, '-');
+        if (t) {
+                char *b;
+                uid_t end;
+
+                b = strndupa(s, t - s);
+                r = parse_uid(b, &start);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = parse_uid(t+1, &end);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (end < start)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                nr = end - start + 1;
+        } else {
+                r = parse_uid(s, &start);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                nr = 1;
+        }
+
+        return uid_range_add(p, n, start, nr);
+}
+
+int uid_range_next_lower(const UidRange *p, unsigned n, uid_t *uid) {
+        uid_t closest = UID_INVALID, candidate;
+        unsigned i;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(uid);
+
+        candidate = *uid - 1;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                uid_t begin, end;
+
+                begin = p[i].start;
+                end = p[i].start + p[i].nr - 1;
+
+                if (candidate >= begin && candidate <= end) {
+                        *uid = candidate;
+                        return 1;
+                }
+
+                if (end < candidate)
+                        closest = end;
+        }
+
+        if (closest == UID_INVALID)
+                return -EBUSY;
+
+        *uid = closest;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+bool uid_range_contains(const UidRange *p, unsigned n, uid_t uid) {
+        unsigned i;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(uid);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+                if (uid >= p[i].start && uid < p[i].start + p[i].nr)
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/uid-range.h b/src/libshared/uid-range.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4044eb4c9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/uid-range.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2014 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+typedef struct UidRange {
+        uid_t start, nr;
+} UidRange;
+
+int uid_range_add(UidRange **p, unsigned *n, uid_t start, uid_t nr);
+int uid_range_add_str(UidRange **p, unsigned *n, const char *s);
+
+int uid_range_next_lower(const UidRange *p, unsigned n, uid_t *uid);
+bool uid_range_contains(const UidRange *p, unsigned n, uid_t uid);
diff --git a/src/libshared/utmp-wtmp.c b/src/libshared/utmp-wtmp.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9750dcd817
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/utmp-wtmp.c
@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/utsname.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <utmpx.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "hostname-util.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "terminal-util.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+#include "user-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "utmp-wtmp.h"
+
+int utmp_get_runlevel(int *runlevel, int *previous) {
+        struct utmpx *found, lookup = { .ut_type = RUN_LVL };
+        int r;
+        const char *e;
+
+        assert(runlevel);
+
+        /* If these values are set in the environment this takes
+         * precedence. Presumably, sysvinit does this to work around a
+         * race condition that would otherwise exist where we'd always
+         * go to disk and hence might read runlevel data that might be
+         * very new and does not apply to the current script being
+         * executed. */
+
+        e = getenv("RUNLEVEL");
+        if (e && e[0] > 0) {
+                *runlevel = e[0];
+
+                if (previous) {
+                        /* $PREVLEVEL seems to be an Upstart thing */
+
+                        e = getenv("PREVLEVEL");
+                        if (e && e[0] > 0)
+                                *previous = e[0];
+                        else
+                                *previous = 0;
+                }
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (utmpxname(_PATH_UTMPX) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        setutxent();
+
+        found = getutxid(&lookup);
+        if (!found)
+                r = -errno;
+        else {
+                int a, b;
+
+                a = found->ut_pid & 0xFF;
+                b = (found->ut_pid >> 8) & 0xFF;
+
+                *runlevel = a;
+                if (previous)
+                        *previous = b;
+
+                r = 0;
+        }
+
+        endutxent();
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void init_timestamp(struct utmpx *store, usec_t t) {
+        assert(store);
+
+        if (t <= 0)
+                t = now(CLOCK_REALTIME);
+
+        store->ut_tv.tv_sec = t / USEC_PER_SEC;
+        store->ut_tv.tv_usec = t % USEC_PER_SEC;
+}
+
+static void init_entry(struct utmpx *store, usec_t t) {
+        struct utsname uts = {};
+
+        assert(store);
+
+        init_timestamp(store, t);
+
+        if (uname(&uts) >= 0)
+                strncpy(store->ut_host, uts.release, sizeof(store->ut_host));
+
+        strncpy(store->ut_line, "~", sizeof(store->ut_line));  /* or ~~ ? */
+        strncpy(store->ut_id, "~~", sizeof(store->ut_id));
+}
+
+static int write_entry_utmp(const struct utmpx *store) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(store);
+
+        /* utmp is similar to wtmp, but there is only one entry for
+         * each entry type resp. user; i.e. basically a key/value
+         * table. */
+
+        if (utmpxname(_PATH_UTMPX) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        setutxent();
+
+        if (!pututxline(store))
+                r = -errno;
+        else
+                r = 0;
+
+        endutxent();
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int write_entry_wtmp(const struct utmpx *store) {
+        assert(store);
+
+        /* wtmp is a simple append-only file where each entry is
+        simply appended to the end; i.e. basically a log. */
+
+        errno = 0;
+        updwtmpx(_PATH_WTMPX, store);
+        return -errno;
+}
+
+static int write_utmp_wtmp(const struct utmpx *store_utmp, const struct utmpx *store_wtmp) {
+        int r, s;
+
+        r = write_entry_utmp(store_utmp);
+        s = write_entry_wtmp(store_wtmp);
+
+        if (r >= 0)
+                r = s;
+
+        /* If utmp/wtmp have been disabled, that's a good thing, hence
+         * ignore the errors */
+        if (r == -ENOENT)
+                r = 0;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int write_entry_both(const struct utmpx *store) {
+        return write_utmp_wtmp(store, store);
+}
+
+int utmp_put_shutdown(void) {
+        struct utmpx store = {};
+
+        init_entry(&store, 0);
+
+        store.ut_type = RUN_LVL;
+        strncpy(store.ut_user, "shutdown", sizeof(store.ut_user));
+
+        return write_entry_both(&store);
+}
+
+int utmp_put_reboot(usec_t t) {
+        struct utmpx store = {};
+
+        init_entry(&store, t);
+
+        store.ut_type = BOOT_TIME;
+        strncpy(store.ut_user, "reboot", sizeof(store.ut_user));
+
+        return write_entry_both(&store);
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *sanitize_id(const char *id) {
+        size_t l;
+
+        assert(id);
+        l = strlen(id);
+
+        if (l <= sizeof(((struct utmpx*) NULL)->ut_id))
+                return id;
+
+        return id + l - sizeof(((struct utmpx*) NULL)->ut_id);
+}
+
+int utmp_put_init_process(const char *id, pid_t pid, pid_t sid, const char *line, int ut_type, const char *user) {
+        struct utmpx store = {
+                .ut_type = INIT_PROCESS,
+                .ut_pid = pid,
+                .ut_session = sid,
+        };
+        int r;
+
+        assert(id);
+
+        init_timestamp(&store, 0);
+
+        /* ut_id needs only be nul-terminated if it is shorter than sizeof(ut_id) */
+        strncpy(store.ut_id, sanitize_id(id), sizeof(store.ut_id));
+
+        if (line)
+                strncpy(store.ut_line, basename(line), sizeof(store.ut_line));
+
+        r = write_entry_both(&store);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (ut_type == LOGIN_PROCESS || ut_type == USER_PROCESS) {
+                store.ut_type = LOGIN_PROCESS;
+                r = write_entry_both(&store);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (ut_type == USER_PROCESS) {
+                store.ut_type = USER_PROCESS;
+                strncpy(store.ut_user, user, sizeof(store.ut_user)-1);
+                r = write_entry_both(&store);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int utmp_put_dead_process(const char *id, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
+        struct utmpx lookup = {
+                .ut_type = INIT_PROCESS /* looks for DEAD_PROCESS, LOGIN_PROCESS, USER_PROCESS, too */
+        }, store, store_wtmp, *found;
+
+        assert(id);
+
+        setutxent();
+
+        /* ut_id needs only be nul-terminated if it is shorter than sizeof(ut_id) */
+        strncpy(lookup.ut_id, sanitize_id(id), sizeof(lookup.ut_id));
+
+        found = getutxid(&lookup);
+        if (!found)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (found->ut_pid != pid)
+                return 0;
+
+        memcpy(&store, found, sizeof(store));
+        store.ut_type = DEAD_PROCESS;
+        store.ut_exit.e_termination = code;
+        store.ut_exit.e_exit = status;
+
+        zero(store.ut_user);
+        zero(store.ut_host);
+        zero(store.ut_tv);
+
+        memcpy(&store_wtmp, &store, sizeof(store_wtmp));
+        /* wtmp wants the current time */
+        init_timestamp(&store_wtmp, 0);
+
+        return write_utmp_wtmp(&store, &store_wtmp);
+}
+
+
+int utmp_put_runlevel(int runlevel, int previous) {
+        struct utmpx store = {};
+        int r;
+
+        assert(runlevel > 0);
+
+        if (previous <= 0) {
+                /* Find the old runlevel automatically */
+
+                r = utmp_get_runlevel(&previous, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (r != -ESRCH)
+                                return r;
+
+                        previous = 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (previous == runlevel)
+                return 0;
+
+        init_entry(&store, 0);
+
+        store.ut_type = RUN_LVL;
+        store.ut_pid = (runlevel & 0xFF) | ((previous & 0xFF) << 8);
+        strncpy(store.ut_user, "runlevel", sizeof(store.ut_user));
+
+        return write_entry_both(&store);
+}
+
+#define TIMEOUT_MSEC 50
+
+static int write_to_terminal(const char *tty, const char *message) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        const char *p;
+        size_t left;
+        usec_t end;
+
+        assert(tty);
+        assert(message);
+
+        fd = open(tty, O_WRONLY|O_NDELAY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0 || !isatty(fd))
+                return -errno;
+
+        p = message;
+        left = strlen(message);
+
+        end = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) + TIMEOUT_MSEC*USEC_PER_MSEC;
+
+        while (left > 0) {
+                ssize_t n;
+                struct pollfd pollfd = {
+                        .fd = fd,
+                        .events = POLLOUT,
+                };
+                usec_t t;
+                int k;
+
+                t = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+                if (t >= end)
+                        return -ETIME;
+
+                k = poll(&pollfd, 1, (end - t) / USEC_PER_MSEC);
+                if (k < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (k == 0)
+                        return -ETIME;
+
+                n = write(fd, p, left);
+                if (n < 0) {
+                        if (errno == EAGAIN)
+                                continue;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                assert((size_t) n <= left);
+
+                p += n;
+                left -= n;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int utmp_wall(
+        const char *message,
+        const char *username,
+        const char *origin_tty,
+        bool (*match_tty)(const char *tty, void *userdata),
+        void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *text = NULL, *hn = NULL, *un = NULL, *stdin_tty = NULL;
+        char date[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+        struct utmpx *u;
+        int r;
+
+        hn = gethostname_malloc();
+        if (!hn)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        if (!username) {
+                un = getlogname_malloc();
+                if (!un)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (!origin_tty) {
+                getttyname_harder(STDIN_FILENO, &stdin_tty);
+                origin_tty = stdin_tty;
+        }
+
+        if (asprintf(&text,
+                     "\a\r\n"
+                     "Broadcast message from %s@%s%s%s (%s):\r\n\r\n"
+                     "%s\r\n\r\n",
+                     un ?: username, hn,
+                     origin_tty ? " on " : "", strempty(origin_tty),
+                     format_timestamp(date, sizeof(date), now(CLOCK_REALTIME)),
+                     message) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        setutxent();
+
+        r = 0;
+
+        while ((u = getutxent())) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+                const char *path;
+                int q;
+
+                if (u->ut_type != USER_PROCESS || u->ut_user[0] == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* this access is fine, because strlen("/dev/") << 32 (UT_LINESIZE) */
+                if (path_startswith(u->ut_line, "/dev/"))
+                        path = u->ut_line;
+                else {
+                        if (asprintf(&buf, "/dev/%.*s", (int) sizeof(u->ut_line), u->ut_line) < 0)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        path = buf;
+                }
+
+                if (!match_tty || match_tty(path, userdata)) {
+                        q = write_to_terminal(path, text);
+                        if (q < 0)
+                                r = q;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/utmp-wtmp.h b/src/libshared/utmp-wtmp.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..438e270a26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/utmp-wtmp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include "time-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_UTMP
+int utmp_get_runlevel(int *runlevel, int *previous);
+
+int utmp_put_shutdown(void);
+int utmp_put_reboot(usec_t timestamp);
+int utmp_put_runlevel(int runlevel, int previous);
+
+int utmp_put_dead_process(const char *id, pid_t pid, int code, int status);
+int utmp_put_init_process(const char *id, pid_t pid, pid_t sid, const char *line, int ut_type, const char *user);
+
+int utmp_wall(
+        const char *message,
+        const char *username,
+        const char *origin_tty,
+        bool (*match_tty)(const char *tty, void *userdata),
+        void *userdata);
+
+#else /* HAVE_UTMP */
+
+static inline int utmp_get_runlevel(int *runlevel, int *previous) {
+        return -ESRCH;
+}
+static inline int utmp_put_shutdown(void) {
+        return 0;
+}
+static inline int utmp_put_reboot(usec_t timestamp) {
+        return 0;
+}
+static inline int utmp_put_runlevel(int runlevel, int previous) {
+        return 0;
+}
+static inline int utmp_put_dead_process(const char *id, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
+        return 0;
+}
+static inline int utmp_put_init_process(const char *id, pid_t pid, pid_t sid, const char *line, int ut_type, const char *user) {
+        return 0;
+}
+static inline int utmp_wall(
+                const char *message,
+                const char *username,
+                const char *origin_tty,
+                bool (*match_tty)(const char *tty, void *userdata),
+                void *userdata) {
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#endif /* HAVE_UTMP */
diff --git a/src/libshared/watchdog.c b/src/libshared/watchdog.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f3e0125f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/watchdog.c
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <syslog.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <linux/watchdog.h>
+
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "time-util.h"
+#include "watchdog.h"
+
+static int watchdog_fd = -1;
+static usec_t watchdog_timeout = USEC_INFINITY;
+
+static int update_timeout(void) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (watchdog_fd < 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (watchdog_timeout == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+        else if (watchdog_timeout == 0) {
+                int flags;
+
+                flags = WDIOS_DISABLECARD;
+                r = ioctl(watchdog_fd, WDIOC_SETOPTIONS, &flags);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to disable hardware watchdog: %m");
+        } else {
+                int sec, flags;
+                char buf[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+
+                sec = (int) ((watchdog_timeout + USEC_PER_SEC - 1) / USEC_PER_SEC);
+                r = ioctl(watchdog_fd, WDIOC_SETTIMEOUT, &sec);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to set timeout to %is: %m", sec);
+
+                watchdog_timeout = (usec_t) sec * USEC_PER_SEC;
+                log_info("Set hardware watchdog to %s.", format_timespan(buf, sizeof(buf), watchdog_timeout, 0));
+
+                flags = WDIOS_ENABLECARD;
+                r = ioctl(watchdog_fd, WDIOC_SETOPTIONS, &flags);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        /* ENOTTY means the watchdog is always enabled so we're fine */
+                        log_full(errno == ENOTTY ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING,
+                                 "Failed to enable hardware watchdog: %m");
+                        if (errno != ENOTTY)
+                                return -errno;
+                }
+
+                r = ioctl(watchdog_fd, WDIOC_KEEPALIVE, 0);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to ping hardware watchdog: %m");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int open_watchdog(void) {
+        struct watchdog_info ident;
+
+        if (watchdog_fd >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        watchdog_fd = open("/dev/watchdog", O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (watchdog_fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (ioctl(watchdog_fd, WDIOC_GETSUPPORT, &ident) >= 0)
+                log_info("Hardware watchdog '%s', version %x",
+                         ident.identity,
+                         ident.firmware_version);
+
+        return update_timeout();
+}
+
+int watchdog_set_timeout(usec_t *usec) {
+        int r;
+
+        watchdog_timeout = *usec;
+
+        /* If we didn't open the watchdog yet and didn't get any
+         * explicit timeout value set, don't do anything */
+        if (watchdog_fd < 0 && watchdog_timeout == USEC_INFINITY)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (watchdog_fd < 0)
+                r = open_watchdog();
+        else
+                r = update_timeout();
+
+        *usec = watchdog_timeout;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int watchdog_ping(void) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (watchdog_fd < 0) {
+                r = open_watchdog();
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = ioctl(watchdog_fd, WDIOC_KEEPALIVE, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to ping hardware watchdog: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void watchdog_close(bool disarm) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (watchdog_fd < 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (disarm) {
+                int flags;
+
+                /* Explicitly disarm it */
+                flags = WDIOS_DISABLECARD;
+                r = ioctl(watchdog_fd, WDIOC_SETOPTIONS, &flags);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to disable hardware watchdog: %m");
+
+                /* To be sure, use magic close logic, too */
+                for (;;) {
+                        static const char v = 'V';
+
+                        if (write(watchdog_fd, &v, 1) > 0)
+                                break;
+
+                        if (errno != EINTR) {
+                                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to disarm watchdog timer: %m");
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        watchdog_fd = safe_close(watchdog_fd);
+}
diff --git a/src/libshared/watchdog.h b/src/libshared/watchdog.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f6ec178ea1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libshared/watchdog.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "time-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+int watchdog_set_timeout(usec_t *usec);
+int watchdog_ping(void);
+void watchdog_close(bool disarm);