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diff --git a/man/machinectl.xml b/man/machinectl.xml deleted file mode 100644 index 5a6ec294d2..0000000000 --- a/man/machinectl.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1029 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*- Mode: nxml; nxml-child-indent: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*--> -<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN" - "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"> - -<!-- - This file is part of systemd. - - Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek - - systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it - under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by - the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or - (at your option) any later version. - - systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but - WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of - MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU - Lesser General Public License for more details. - - You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License - along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. ---> - -<refentry id="machinectl" conditional='ENABLE_MACHINED' - xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"> - - <refentryinfo> - <title>machinectl</title> - <productname>systemd</productname> - - <authorgroup> - <author> - <contrib>Developer</contrib> - <firstname>Lennart</firstname> - <surname>Poettering</surname> - <email>lennart@poettering.net</email> - </author> - </authorgroup> - </refentryinfo> - - <refmeta> - <refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle> - <manvolnum>1</manvolnum> - </refmeta> - - <refnamediv> - <refname>machinectl</refname> - <refpurpose>Control the systemd machine manager</refpurpose> - </refnamediv> - - <refsynopsisdiv> - <cmdsynopsis> - <command>machinectl</command> - <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> - <arg choice="req">COMMAND</arg> - <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">NAME</arg> - </cmdsynopsis> - </refsynopsisdiv> - - <refsect1> - <title>Description</title> - - <para><command>machinectl</command> may be used to introspect and - control the state of the - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> - virtual machine and container registration manager - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para> - - <para><command>machinectl</command> may be used to execute - operations on machines and images. Machines in this sense are - considered running instances of:</para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>Virtual Machines (VMs) that virtualize hardware - to run full operating system (OS) instances (including their kernels) - in a virtualized environment on top of the host OS.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Containers that share the hardware and - OS kernel with the host OS, in order to run - OS userspace instances on top the host OS.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The host system itself</para></listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para>Machines are identified by names that follow the same rules - as UNIX and DNS host names, for details, see below. Machines are - instantiated from disk or file system images that frequently — but not - necessarily — carry the same name as machines running from - them. Images in this sense are considered:</para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>Directory trees containing an OS, including its - top-level directories <filename>/usr</filename>, - <filename>/etc</filename>, and so on.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>btrfs subvolumes containing OS trees, similar to - normal directory trees.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Binary "raw" disk images containing MBR or GPT - partition tables and Linux file system partitions.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The file system tree of the host OS itself.</para></listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - </refsect1> - - <refsect1> - <title>Options</title> - - <para>The following options are understood:</para> - - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-p</option></term> - <term><option>--property=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>When showing machine or image properties, - limit the output to certain properties as specified by the - argument. If not specified, all set properties are shown. The - argument should be a property name, such as - <literal>Name</literal>. If specified more than once, all - properties with the specified names are - shown.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-a</option></term> - <term><option>--all</option></term> - - <listitem><para>When showing machine or image properties, show - all properties regardless of whether they are set or - not.</para> - - <para>When listing VM or container images, do not suppress - images beginning in a dot character - (<literal>.</literal>).</para> - - <para>When cleaning VM or container images, remove all images, not just hidden ones.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--value</option></term> - - <listitem><para>When printing properties with <command>show</command>, only print the value, - and skip the property name and <literal>=</literal>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-l</option></term> - <term><option>--full</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Do not ellipsize process tree entries.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--no-ask-password</option></term> - - <listitem><para>Do not query the user for authentication for - privileged operations.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--kill-who=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose - which processes to kill. Must be one of - <option>leader</option>, or <option>all</option> to select - whether to kill only the leader process of the machine or all - processes of the machine. If omitted, defaults to - <option>all</option>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-s</option></term> - <term><option>--signal=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose - which signal to send to selected processes. Must be one of the - well-known signal specifiers, such as - <constant>SIGTERM</constant>, <constant>SIGINT</constant> or - <constant>SIGSTOP</constant>. If omitted, defaults to - <constant>SIGTERM</constant>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--uid=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>When used with the <command>shell</command> command, chooses the user ID to - open the interactive shell session as. If the argument to the <command>shell</command> - command also specifies a user name, this option is ignored. If the name is not specified - in either way, <literal>root</literal> will be used by default. Note that this switch is - not supported for the <command>login</command> command (see below).</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-E <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable></option></term> - <term><option>--setenv=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable></option></term> - - <listitem><para>When used with the <command>shell</command> command, sets an environment - variable to pass to the executed shell. Takes an environment variable name and value, - separated by <literal>=</literal>. This switch may be used multiple times to set multiple - environment variables. Note that this switch is not supported for the - <command>login</command> command (see below).</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--mkdir</option></term> - - <listitem><para>When used with <command>bind</command>, creates - the destination directory before applying the bind - mount.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--read-only</option></term> - - <listitem><para>When used with <command>bind</command>, applies - a read-only bind mount.</para> - - <para>When used with <command>clone</command>, <command>import-raw</command> or <command>import-tar</command> a - read-only container or VM image is created.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-n</option></term> - <term><option>--lines=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>When used with <command>status</command>, - controls the number of journal lines to show, counting from - the most recent ones. Takes a positive integer argument. - Defaults to 10.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>-o</option></term> - <term><option>--output=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>When used with <command>status</command>, - controls the formatting of the journal entries that are shown. - For the available choices, see - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. - Defaults to <literal>short</literal>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--verify=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>When downloading a container or VM image, - specify whether the image shall be verified before it is made - available. Takes one of <literal>no</literal>, - <literal>checksum</literal> and <literal>signature</literal>. - If <literal>no</literal>, no verification is done. If - <literal>checksum</literal> is specified, the download is - checked for integrity after the transfer is complete, but no - signatures are verified. If <literal>signature</literal> is - specified, the checksum is verified and the image's signature - is checked against a local keyring of trustable vendors. It is - strongly recommended to set this option to - <literal>signature</literal> if the server and protocol - support this. Defaults to - <literal>signature</literal>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--force</option></term> - - <listitem><para>When downloading a container or VM image, and - a local copy by the specified local machine name already - exists, delete it first and replace it by the newly downloaded - image.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--format=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>When used with the <option>export-tar</option> - or <option>export-raw</option> commands, specifies the - compression format to use for the resulting file. Takes one of - <literal>uncompressed</literal>, <literal>xz</literal>, - <literal>gzip</literal>, <literal>bzip2</literal>. By default, - the format is determined automatically from the image file - name passed.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><option>--max-addresses=</option></term> - - <listitem><para>When used with the <option>list-machines</option> - command, limits the number of ip addresses output for every machine. - Defaults to 1. All addresses can be requested with <literal>all</literal> - as argument to <option>--max-addresses</option> . If the argument to - <option>--max-addresses</option> is less than the actual number - of addresses,<literal>...</literal>follows the last address. - If multiple addresses are to be written for a given machine, every - address except the first one is on a new line and is followed by - <literal>,</literal> if another address will be output afterwards. </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" /> - <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="machine" /> - - <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" /> - <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-legend" /> - <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" /> - <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" /> - </variablelist> - </refsect1> - - <refsect1> - <title>Commands</title> - - <para>The following commands are understood:</para> - - <refsect2><title>Machine Commands</title><variablelist> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>list</command></term> - - <listitem><para>List currently running (online) virtual - machines and containers. To enumerate machine images that can - be started, use <command>list-images</command> (see - below). Note that this command hides the special - <literal>.host</literal> machine by default. Use the - <option>--all</option> switch to show it.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>status</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term> - - <listitem><para>Show runtime status information about - one or more virtual machines and containers, followed by the - most recent log data from the journal. This function is - intended to generate human-readable output. If you are looking - for computer-parsable output, use <command>show</command> - instead. Note that the log data shown is reported by the - virtual machine or container manager, and frequently contains - console output of the machine, but not necessarily journal - contents of the machine itself.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>show</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...]</term> - - <listitem><para>Show properties of one or more registered virtual machines or containers or the manager - itself. If no argument is specified, properties of the manager will be shown. If a NAME is specified, - properties of this virtual machine or container are shown. By default, empty properties are suppressed. Use - <option>--all</option> to show those too. To select specific properties to show, use - <option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be used whenever computer-parsable output is - required, and does not print the control group tree or journal entries. Use <command>status</command> if you - are looking for formatted human-readable output.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>start</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term> - - <listitem><para>Start a container as a system service, using - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. - This starts <filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename>, - instantiated for the specified machine name, similar to the - effect of <command>systemctl start</command> on the service - name. <command>systemd-nspawn</command> looks for a container - image by the specified name in - <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> (and other search - paths, see below) and runs it. Use - <command>list-images</command> (see below) for listing - available container images to start.</para> - - <para>Note that - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> - also interfaces with a variety of other container and VM - managers, <command>systemd-nspawn</command> is just one - implementation of it. Most of the commands available in - <command>machinectl</command> may be used on containers or VMs - controlled by other managers, not just - <command>systemd-nspawn</command>. Starting VMs and container - images on those managers requires manager-specific - tools.</para> - - <para>To interactively start a container on the command line - with full access to the container's console, please invoke - <command>systemd-nspawn</command> directly. To stop a running - container use <command>machinectl poweroff</command>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>login</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term> - - <listitem><para>Open an interactive terminal login session in - a container or on the local host. If an argument is supplied, - it refers to the container machine to connect to. If none is - specified, or the container name is specified as the empty - string, or the special machine name <literal>.host</literal> - (see below) is specified, the connection is made to the local - host instead. This will create a TTY connection to a specific - container or the local host and asks for the execution of a - getty on it. Note that this is only supported for containers - running - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> - as init system.</para> - - <para>This command will open a full login prompt on the - container or the local host, which then asks for username and - password. Use <command>shell</command> (see below) or - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-run</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> - with the <option>--machine=</option> switch to directly invoke - a single command, either interactively or in the - background.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>shell</command> [[<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>@]<replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>ARGUMENTS</replaceable>...]]] </term> - - <listitem><para>Open an interactive shell session in a - container or on the local host. The first argument refers to - the container machine to connect to. If none is specified, or - the machine name is specified as the empty string, or the - special machine name <literal>.host</literal> (see below) is - specified, the connection is made to the local host - instead. This works similar to <command>login</command> but - immediately invokes a user process. This command runs the - specified executable with the specified arguments, or - <filename>/bin/sh</filename> if none is specified. By default, - opens a <literal>root</literal> shell, but by using - <option>--uid=</option>, or by prefixing the machine name with - a username and an <literal>@</literal> character, a different - user may be selected. Use <option>--setenv=</option> to set - environment variables for the executed process.</para> - - <para>When using the <command>shell</command> command without - arguments, (thus invoking the executed shell or command on the - local host), it is in many ways similar to a <citerefentry - project='die-net'><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> - session, but, unlike <command>su</command>, completely isolates - the new session from the originating session, so that it - shares no process or session properties, and is in a clean and - well-defined state. It will be tracked in a new utmp, login, - audit, security and keyring session, and will not inherit any - environment variables or resource limits, among other - properties.</para> - - <para>Note that - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-run</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> - may be used in place of the <command>shell</command> command, - and allows more detailed, low-level configuration of the - invoked unit. However, it is frequently more privileged than - the <command>shell</command> command.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>enable</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term> - <term><command>disable</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term> - - <listitem><para>Enable or disable a container as a system - service to start at system boot, using - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. - This enables or disables - <filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename>, instantiated for - the specified machine name, similar to the effect of - <command>systemctl enable</command> or <command>systemctl - disable</command> on the service name.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>poweroff</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term> - - <listitem><para>Power off one or more containers. This will - trigger a reboot by sending SIGRTMIN+4 to the container's init - process, which causes systemd-compatible init systems to shut - down cleanly. Use <command>stop</command> as alias for <command>poweroff</command>. - This operation does not work on containers that do not run a - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>-compatible - init system, such as sysvinit. Use - <command>terminate</command> (see below) to immediately - terminate a container or VM, without cleanly shutting it - down.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>reboot</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term> - - <listitem><para>Reboot one or more containers. This will - trigger a reboot by sending SIGINT to the container's init - process, which is roughly equivalent to pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del - on a non-containerized system, and is compatible with - containers running any system manager.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>terminate</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term> - - <listitem><para>Immediately terminates a virtual machine or - container, without cleanly shutting it down. This kills all - processes of the virtual machine or container and deallocates - all resources attached to that instance. Use - <command>poweroff</command> to issue a clean shutdown - request.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>kill</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term> - - <listitem><para>Send a signal to one or more processes of the - virtual machine or container. This means processes as seen by - the host, not the processes inside the virtual machine or - container. Use <option>--kill-who=</option> to select which - process to kill. Use <option>--signal=</option> to select the - signal to send.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>bind</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>]</term> - - <listitem><para>Bind mounts a directory from the host into the - specified container. The first directory argument is the - source directory on the host, the second directory argument - is the destination directory in the container. When the - latter is omitted, the destination path in the container is - the same as the source path on the host. When combined with - the <option>--read-only</option> switch, a ready-only bind - mount is created. When combined with the - <option>--mkdir</option> switch, the destination path is first - created before the mount is applied. Note that this option is - currently only supported for - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> - containers.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>copy-to</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>]</term> - - <listitem><para>Copies files or directories from the host - system into a running container. Takes a container name, - followed by the source path on the host and the destination - path in the container. If the destination path is omitted, the - same as the source path is used.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>copy-from</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>]</term> - - <listitem><para>Copies files or directories from a container - into the host system. Takes a container name, followed by the - source path in the container the destination path on the host. - If the destination path is omitted, the same as the source path - is used.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist></refsect2> - - <refsect2><title>Image Commands</title><variablelist> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>list-images</command></term> - - <listitem><para>Show a list of locally installed container and - VM images. This enumerates all raw disk images and container - directories and subvolumes in - <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> (and other search - paths, see below). Use <command>start</command> (see above) to - run a container off one of the listed images. Note that, by - default, containers whose name begins with a dot - (<literal>.</literal>) are not shown. To show these too, - specify <option>--all</option>. Note that a special image - <literal>.host</literal> always implicitly exists and refers - to the image the host itself is booted from.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>image-status</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...]</term> - - <listitem><para>Show terse status information about one or - more container or VM images. This function is intended to - generate human-readable output. Use - <command>show-image</command> (see below) to generate - computer-parsable output instead.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>show-image</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...]</term> - - <listitem><para>Show properties of one or more registered - virtual machine or container images, or the manager itself. If - no argument is specified, properties of the manager will be - shown. If a NAME is specified, properties of this virtual - machine or container image are shown. By default, empty - properties are suppressed. Use <option>--all</option> to show - those too. To select specific properties to show, use - <option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be - used whenever computer-parsable output is required. Use - <command>image-status</command> if you are looking for - formatted human-readable output.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>clone</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term> - - <listitem><para>Clones a container or VM image. The arguments specify the name of the image to clone and the - name of the newly cloned image. Note that plain directory container images are cloned into btrfs subvolume - images with this command, if the underlying file system supports this. Note that cloning a container or VM - image is optimized for btrfs file systems, and might not be efficient on others, due to file system - limitations.</para> - - <para>Note that this command leaves host name, machine ID and - all other settings that could identify the instance - unmodified. The original image and the cloned copy will hence - share these credentials, and it might be necessary to manually - change them in the copy.</para> - - <para>If combined with the <option>--read-only</option> switch a read-only cloned image is - created.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>rename</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term> - - <listitem><para>Renames a container or VM image. The - arguments specify the name of the image to rename and the new - name of the image.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>read-only</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>BOOL</replaceable>]</term> - - <listitem><para>Marks or (unmarks) a container or VM image - read-only. Takes a VM or container image name, followed by a - boolean as arguments. If the boolean is omitted, positive is - implied, i.e. the image is marked read-only.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>remove</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</term> - - <listitem><para>Removes one or more container or VM images. - The special image <literal>.host</literal>, which refers to - the host's own directory tree, may not be - removed.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>set-limit</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>] <replaceable>BYTES</replaceable></term> - - <listitem><para>Sets the maximum size in bytes that a specific - container or VM image, or all images, may grow up to on disk - (disk quota). Takes either one or two parameters. The first, - optional parameter refers to a container or VM image name. If - specified, the size limit of the specified image is changed. If - omitted, the overall size limit of the sum of all images stored - locally is changed. The final argument specifies the size - limit in bytes, possibly suffixed by the usual K, M, G, T - units. If the size limit shall be disabled, specify - <literal>-</literal> as size.</para> - - <para>Note that per-container size limits are only supported - on btrfs file systems. Also note that, if - <command>set-limit</command> is invoked without an image - parameter, and <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename> is - empty, and the directory is not located on btrfs, a btrfs - loopback file is implicitly created as - <filename>/var/lib/machines.raw</filename> with the given - size, and mounted to - <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>. The size of the - loopback may later be readjusted with - <command>set-limit</command>, as well. If such a - loopback-mounted <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename> - directory is used, <command>set-limit</command> without an image - name alters both the quota setting within the file system as - well as the loopback file and file system size - itself.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>clean</command></term> - - <listitem><para>Remove hidden VM or container images (or all). This command removes all hidden machine images - from <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>, i.e. those whose name begins with a dot. Use <command>machinectl - list-images --all</command> to see a list of all machine images, including the hidden ones.</para> - - <para>When combined with the <option>--all</option> switch removes all images, not just hidden ones. This - command effectively empties <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>.</para> - - <para>Note that commands such as <command>machinectl pull-tar</command> or <command>machinectl - pull-raw</command> usually create hidden, read-only, unmodified machine images from the downloaded image first, - before cloning a writable working copy of it, in order to avoid duplicate downloads in case of images that are - reused multiple times. Use <command>machinectl clean</command> to remove old, hidden images created this - way.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - </variablelist></refsect2> - - <refsect2><title>Image Transfer Commands</title><variablelist> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>pull-tar</command> <replaceable>URL</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term> - - <listitem><para>Downloads a <filename>.tar</filename> - container image from the specified URL, and makes it available - under the specified local machine name. The URL must be of - type <literal>http://</literal> or - <literal>https://</literal>, and must refer to a - <filename>.tar</filename>, <filename>.tar.gz</filename>, - <filename>.tar.xz</filename> or <filename>.tar.bz2</filename> - archive file. If the local machine name is omitted, it - is automatically derived from the last component of the URL, - with its suffix removed.</para> - - <para>The image is verified before it is made available, - unless <option>--verify=no</option> is specified. Verification - is done via SHA256SUMS and SHA256SUMS.gpg files that need to - be made available on the same web server, under the same URL - as the <filename>.tar</filename> file, but with the last - component (the filename) of the URL replaced. With - <option>--verify=checksum</option>, only the SHA256 checksum - for the file is verified, based on the - <filename>SHA256SUMS</filename> file. With - <option>--verify=signature</option>, the SHA256SUMS file is - first verified with detached GPG signature file - <filename>SHA256SUMS.gpg</filename>. The public key for this - verification step needs to be available in - <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/import-pubring.gpg</filename> or - <filename>/etc/systemd/import-pubring.gpg</filename>.</para> - - <para>The container image will be downloaded and stored in a - read-only subvolume in - <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> that is named after - the specified URL and its HTTP etag. A writable snapshot is - then taken from this subvolume, and named after the specified - local name. This behavior ensures that creating multiple - container instances of the same URL is efficient, as multiple - downloads are not necessary. In order to create only the - read-only image, and avoid creating its writable snapshot, - specify <literal>-</literal> as local machine name.</para> - - <para>Note that the read-only subvolume is prefixed with - <filename>.tar-</filename>, and is thus not shown by - <command>list-images</command>, unless <option>--all</option> - is passed.</para> - - <para>Note that pressing C-c during execution of this command - will not abort the download. Use - <command>cancel-transfer</command>, described - below.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>pull-raw</command> <replaceable>URL</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term> - - <listitem><para>Downloads a <filename>.raw</filename> - container or VM disk image from the specified URL, and makes - it available under the specified local machine name. The URL - must be of type <literal>http://</literal> or - <literal>https://</literal>. The container image must either - be a <filename>.qcow2</filename> or raw disk image, optionally - compressed as <filename>.gz</filename>, - <filename>.xz</filename>, or <filename>.bz2</filename>. If the - local machine name is omitted, it is automatically - derived from the last component of the URL, with its suffix - removed.</para> - - <para>Image verification is identical for raw and tar images - (see above).</para> - - <para>If the downloaded image is in - <filename>.qcow2</filename> format it is converted into a raw - image file before it is made available.</para> - - <para>Downloaded images of this type will be placed as - read-only <filename>.raw</filename> file in - <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>. A local, writable - (reflinked) copy is then made under the specified local - machine name. To omit creation of the local, writable copy - pass <literal>-</literal> as local machine name.</para> - - <para>Similar to the behavior of <command>pull-tar</command>, - the read-only image is prefixed with - <filename>.raw-</filename>, and thus not shown by - <command>list-images</command>, unless <option>--all</option> - is passed.</para> - - <para>Note that pressing C-c during execution of this command - will not abort the download. Use - <command>cancel-transfer</command>, described - below.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>import-tar</command> <replaceable>FILE</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term> - <term><command>import-raw</command> <replaceable>FILE</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term> - <listitem><para>Imports a TAR or RAW container or VM image, - and places it under the specified name in - <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>. When - <command>import-tar</command> is used, the file specified as - the first argument should be a tar archive, possibly compressed - with xz, gzip or bzip2. It will then be unpacked into its own - subvolume in <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>. When - <command>import-raw</command> is used, the file should be a - qcow2 or raw disk image, possibly compressed with xz, gzip or - bzip2. If the second argument (the resulting image name) is - not specified, it is automatically derived from the file - name. If the file name is passed as <literal>-</literal>, the - image is read from standard input, in which case the second - argument is mandatory.</para> - - <para>Both <command>pull-tar</command> and <command>pull-raw</command> - will resize <filename>/var/lib/machines.raw</filename> and the - filesystem therein as necessary. Optionally, the - <option>--read-only</option> switch may be used to create a - read-only container or VM image. No cryptographic validation - is done when importing the images.</para> - - <para>Much like image downloads, ongoing imports may be listed - with <command>list-transfers</command> and aborted with - <command>cancel-transfer</command>.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>export-tar</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>FILE</replaceable>]</term> - <term><command>export-raw</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>FILE</replaceable>]</term> - <listitem><para>Exports a TAR or RAW container or VM image and - stores it in the specified file. The first parameter should be - a VM or container image name. The second parameter should be a - file path the TAR or RAW image is written to. If the path ends - in <literal>.gz</literal>, the file is compressed with gzip, if - it ends in <literal>.xz</literal>, with xz, and if it ends in - <literal>.bz2</literal>, with bzip2. If the path ends in - neither, the file is left uncompressed. If the second argument - is missing, the image is written to standard output. The - compression may also be explicitly selected with the - <option>--format=</option> switch. This is in particular - useful if the second parameter is left unspecified.</para> - - <para>Much like image downloads and imports, ongoing exports - may be listed with <command>list-transfers</command> and - aborted with - <command>cancel-transfer</command>.</para> - - <para>Note that, currently, only directory and subvolume images - may be exported as TAR images, and only raw disk images as RAW - images.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>list-transfers</command></term> - - <listitem><para>Shows a list of container or VM image - downloads, imports and exports that are currently in - progress.</para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry> - <term><command>cancel-transfers</command> <replaceable>ID</replaceable>...</term> - - <listitem><para>Aborts a download, import or export of the - container or VM image with the specified ID. To list ongoing - transfers and their IDs, use - <command>list-transfers</command>. </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - </variablelist></refsect2> - - </refsect1> - - <refsect1> - <title>Machine and Image Names</title> - - <para>The <command>machinectl</command> tool operates on machines - and images whose names must be chosen following strict - rules. Machine names must be suitable for use as host names - following a conservative subset of DNS and UNIX/Linux - semantics. Specifically, they must consist of one or more - non-empty label strings, separated by dots. No leading or trailing - dots are allowed. No sequences of multiple dots are allowed. The - label strings may only consist of alphanumeric characters as well - as the dash and underscore. The maximum length of a machine name - is 64 characters.</para> - - <para>A special machine with the name <literal>.host</literal> - refers to the running host system itself. This is useful for execution - operations or inspecting the host system as well. Note that - <command>machinectl list</command> will not show this special - machine unless the <option>--all</option> switch is specified.</para> - - <para>Requirements on image names are less strict, however, they must be - valid UTF-8, must be suitable as file names (hence not be the - single or double dot, and not include a slash), and may not - contain control characters. Since many operations search for an - image by the name of a requested machine, it is recommended to name - images in the same strict fashion as machines.</para> - - <para>A special image with the name <literal>.host</literal> - refers to the image of the running host system. It hence - conceptually maps to the special <literal>.host</literal> machine - name described above. Note that <command>machinectl - list-images</command> will not show this special image either, unless - <option>--all</option> is specified.</para> - </refsect1> - - <refsect1> - <title>Files and Directories</title> - - <para>Machine images are preferably stored in - <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>, but are also searched for - in <filename>/usr/local/lib/machines/</filename> and - <filename>/usr/lib/machines/</filename>. For compatibility reasons, - the directory <filename>/var/lib/container/</filename> is - searched, too. Note that images stored below - <filename>/usr</filename> are always considered read-only. It is - possible to symlink machines images from other directories into - <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> to make them available for - control with <command>machinectl</command>.</para> - - <para>Note that many image operations are only supported, - efficient or atomic on btrfs file systems. Due to this, if the - <command>pull-tar</command>, <command>pull-raw</command>, - <command>import-tar</command>, <command>import-raw</command> and - <command>set-limit</command> commands notice that - <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename> is empty and not located on - btrfs, they will implicitly set up a loopback file - <filename>/var/lib/machines.raw</filename> containing a btrfs file - system that is mounted to - <filename>/var/lib/machines</filename>. The size of this loopback - file may be controlled dynamically with - <command>set-limit</command>.</para> - - <para>Disk images are understood by - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> - and <command>machinectl</command> in three formats:</para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>A simple directory tree, containing the files - and directories of the container to boot.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Subvolumes (on btrfs file systems), which are - similar to the simple directories, described above. However, - they have additional benefits, such as efficient cloning and - quota reporting.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>"Raw" disk images, i.e. binary images of disks - with a GPT or MBR partition table. Images of this type are - regular files with the suffix - <literal>.raw</literal>.</para></listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para>See - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> - for more information on image formats, in particular its - <option>--directory=</option> and <option>--image=</option> - options.</para> - </refsect1> - - <refsect1> - <title>Examples</title> - <example> - <title>Download an Ubuntu image and open a shell in it</title> - - <programlisting># machinectl pull-tar https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/trusty/current/trusty-server-cloudimg-amd64-root.tar.gz -# systemd-nspawn -M trusty-server-cloudimg-amd64-root</programlisting> - - <para>This downloads and verifies the specified - <filename>.tar</filename> image, and then uses - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> - to open a shell in it.</para> - </example> - - <example> - <title>Download a Fedora image, set a root password in it, start - it as service</title> - - <programlisting># machinectl pull-raw --verify=no https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/23/Cloud/x86_64/Images/Fedora-Cloud-Base-23-20151030.x86_64.raw.xz -# systemd-nspawn -M Fedora-Cloud-Base-23-20151030 -# passwd -# exit -# machinectl start Fedora-Cloud-Base-23-20151030 -# machinectl login Fedora-Cloud-Base-23-20151030</programlisting> - - <para>This downloads the specified <filename>.raw</filename> - image with verification disabled. Then, a shell is opened in it - and a root password is set. Afterwards the shell is left, and - the machine started as system service. With the last command a - login prompt into the container is requested.</para> - </example> - - <example> - <title>Exports a container image as tar file</title> - - <programlisting># machinectl export-tar fedora myfedora.tar.xz</programlisting> - - <para>Exports the container <literal>fedora</literal> as an - xz-compressed tar file <filename>myfedora.tar.xz</filename> into the - current directory.</para> - </example> - - <example> - <title>Create a new shell session</title> - - <programlisting># machinectl shell --uid=lennart</programlisting> - - <para>This creates a new shell session on the local host for - the user ID <literal>lennart</literal>, in a <citerefentry - project='die-net'><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>-like - fashion.</para> - </example> - - </refsect1> - - <refsect1> - <title>Exit status</title> - - <para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code - otherwise.</para> - </refsect1> - - <xi:include href="less-variables.xml" /> - - <refsect1> - <title>See Also</title> - <para> - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>xz</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, - <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>bzip2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> - </para> - </refsect1> - -</refentry> |