summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/src/core/main.c
blob: c725a686f1d292a8f34808ae5f8d0a7121a7a8e2 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
/***
  This file is part of systemd.

  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering

  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
  (at your option) any later version.

  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
  Lesser General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
***/

#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/mount.h>
#include <sys/prctl.h>
#include <sys/reboot.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
#include <seccomp.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_VALGRIND_VALGRIND_H
#include <valgrind/valgrind.h>
#endif

#include "sd-bus.h"
#include "sd-daemon.h"

#include "alloc-util.h"
#include "architecture.h"
#include "build.h"
#include "bus-error.h"
#include "bus-util.h"
#include "capability-util.h"
#include "clock-util.h"
#include "conf-parser.h"
#include "cpu-set-util.h"
#include "dbus-manager.h"
#include "def.h"
#include "env-util.h"
#include "fd-util.h"
#include "fdset.h"
#include "fileio.h"
#include "formats-util.h"
#include "fs-util.h"
#include "hostname-setup.h"
#include "ima-setup.h"
#include "killall.h"
#include "kmod-setup.h"
#include "load-fragment.h"
#include "log.h"
#include "loopback-setup.h"
#include "machine-id-setup.h"
#include "manager.h"
#include "missing.h"
#include "mount-setup.h"
#include "pager.h"
#include "parse-util.h"
#include "proc-cmdline.h"
#include "process-util.h"
#include "rlimit-util.h"
#include "selinux-setup.h"
#include "selinux-util.h"
#include "signal-util.h"
#include "smack-setup.h"
#include "special.h"
#include "stat-util.h"
#include "stdio-util.h"
#include "strv.h"
#include "switch-root.h"
#include "terminal-util.h"
#include "user-util.h"
#include "virt.h"
#include "watchdog.h"

static enum {
        ACTION_RUN,
        ACTION_HELP,
        ACTION_VERSION,
        ACTION_TEST,
        ACTION_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS,
        ACTION_DONE
} arg_action = ACTION_RUN;
static char *arg_default_unit = NULL;
static ManagerRunningAs arg_running_as = _MANAGER_RUNNING_AS_INVALID;
static bool arg_dump_core = true;
static int arg_crash_chvt = -1;
static bool arg_crash_shell = false;
static bool arg_crash_reboot = false;
static bool arg_confirm_spawn = false;
static ShowStatus arg_show_status = _SHOW_STATUS_UNSET;
static bool arg_switched_root = false;
static int arg_no_pager = -1;
static char ***arg_join_controllers = NULL;
static ExecOutput arg_default_std_output = EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL;
static ExecOutput arg_default_std_error = EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT;
static usec_t arg_default_restart_usec = DEFAULT_RESTART_USEC;
static usec_t arg_default_timeout_start_usec = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_USEC;
static usec_t arg_default_timeout_stop_usec = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_USEC;
static usec_t arg_default_start_limit_interval = DEFAULT_START_LIMIT_INTERVAL;
static unsigned arg_default_start_limit_burst = DEFAULT_START_LIMIT_BURST;
static usec_t arg_runtime_watchdog = 0;
static usec_t arg_shutdown_watchdog = 10 * USEC_PER_MINUTE;
static char **arg_default_environment = NULL;
static struct rlimit *arg_default_rlimit[_RLIMIT_MAX] = {};
static uint64_t arg_capability_bounding_set = CAP_ALL;
static nsec_t arg_timer_slack_nsec = NSEC_INFINITY;
static usec_t arg_default_timer_accuracy_usec = 1 * USEC_PER_MINUTE;
static Set* arg_syscall_archs = NULL;
static FILE* arg_serialization = NULL;
static bool arg_default_cpu_accounting = false;
static bool arg_default_blockio_accounting = false;
static bool arg_default_memory_accounting = false;
static bool arg_default_tasks_accounting = true;
static uint64_t arg_default_tasks_max = UINT64_C(512);
static sd_id128_t arg_machine_id = {};

static void pager_open_if_enabled(void) {

        if (arg_no_pager <= 0)
                return;

        pager_open(false);
}

noreturn static void freeze_or_reboot(void) {

        if (arg_crash_reboot) {
                log_notice("Rebooting in 10s...");
                (void) sleep(10);

                log_notice("Rebooting now...");
                (void) reboot(RB_AUTOBOOT);
                log_emergency_errno(errno, "Failed to reboot: %m");
        }

        log_emergency("Freezing execution.");
        freeze();
}

noreturn static void crash(int sig) {
        struct sigaction sa;
        pid_t pid;

        if (getpid() != 1)
                /* Pass this on immediately, if this is not PID 1 */
                (void) raise(sig);
        else if (!arg_dump_core)
                log_emergency("Caught <%s>, not dumping core.", signal_to_string(sig));
        else {
                sa = (struct sigaction) {
                        .sa_handler = nop_signal_handler,
                        .sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP|SA_RESTART,
                };

                /* We want to wait for the core process, hence let's enable SIGCHLD */
                (void) sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL);

                pid = raw_clone(SIGCHLD, NULL);
                if (pid < 0)
                        log_emergency_errno(errno, "Caught <%s>, cannot fork for core dump: %m", signal_to_string(sig));
                else if (pid == 0) {
                        /* Enable default signal handler for core dump */

                        sa = (struct sigaction) {
                                .sa_handler = SIG_DFL,
                        };
                        (void) sigaction(sig, &sa, NULL);

                        /* Don't limit the coredump size */
                        (void) setrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &RLIMIT_MAKE_CONST(RLIM_INFINITY));

                        /* Just to be sure... */
                        (void) chdir("/");

                        /* Raise the signal again */
                        pid = raw_getpid();
                        (void) kill(pid, sig); /* raise() would kill the parent */

                        assert_not_reached("We shouldn't be here...");
                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                } else {
                        siginfo_t status;
                        int r;

                        /* Order things nicely. */
                        r = wait_for_terminate(pid, &status);
                        if (r < 0)
                                log_emergency_errno(r, "Caught <%s>, waitpid() failed: %m", signal_to_string(sig));
                        else if (status.si_code != CLD_DUMPED)
                                log_emergency("Caught <%s>, core dump failed (child "PID_FMT", code=%s, status=%i/%s).",
                                              signal_to_string(sig),
                                              pid, sigchld_code_to_string(status.si_code),
                                              status.si_status,
                                              strna(status.si_code == CLD_EXITED
                                                    ? exit_status_to_string(status.si_status, EXIT_STATUS_FULL)
                                                    : signal_to_string(status.si_status)));
                        else
                                log_emergency("Caught <%s>, dumped core as pid "PID_FMT".", signal_to_string(sig), pid);
                }
        }

        if (arg_crash_chvt >= 0)
                (void) chvt(arg_crash_chvt);

        sa = (struct sigaction) {
                .sa_handler = SIG_IGN,
                .sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP|SA_NOCLDWAIT|SA_RESTART,
        };

        /* Let the kernel reap children for us */
        (void) sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL);

        if (arg_crash_shell) {
                log_notice("Executing crash shell in 10s...");
                (void) sleep(10);

                pid = raw_clone(SIGCHLD, NULL);
                if (pid < 0)
                        log_emergency_errno(errno, "Failed to fork off crash shell: %m");
                else if (pid == 0) {
                        (void) setsid();
                        (void) make_console_stdio();
                        (void) execle("/bin/sh", "/bin/sh", NULL, environ);

                        log_emergency_errno(errno, "execle() failed: %m");
                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                } else {
                        log_info("Spawned crash shell as PID "PID_FMT".", pid);
                        (void) wait_for_terminate(pid, NULL);
                }
        }

        freeze_or_reboot();
}

static void install_crash_handler(void) {
        static const struct sigaction sa = {
                .sa_handler = crash,
                .sa_flags = SA_NODEFER, /* So that we can raise the signal again from the signal handler */
        };
        int r;

        /* We ignore the return value here, since, we don't mind if we
         * cannot set up a crash handler */
        r = sigaction_many(&sa, SIGNALS_CRASH_HANDLER, -1);
        if (r < 0)
                log_debug_errno(r, "I had trouble setting up the crash handler, ignoring: %m");
}

static int console_setup(void) {
        _cleanup_close_ int tty_fd = -1;
        int r;

        tty_fd = open_terminal("/dev/console", O_WRONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
        if (tty_fd < 0)
                return log_error_errno(tty_fd, "Failed to open /dev/console: %m");

        /* We don't want to force text mode.  plymouth may be showing
         * pictures already from initrd. */
        r = reset_terminal_fd(tty_fd, false);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to reset /dev/console: %m");

        return 0;
}

static int parse_crash_chvt(const char *value) {
        int b;

        if (safe_atoi(value, &arg_crash_chvt) >= 0)
                return 0;

        b = parse_boolean(value);
        if (b < 0)
                return b;

        if (b > 0)
                arg_crash_chvt = 0; /* switch to where kmsg goes */
        else
                arg_crash_chvt = -1; /* turn off switching */

        return 0;
}

static int set_machine_id(const char *m) {

        if (sd_id128_from_string(m, &arg_machine_id) < 0)
                return -EINVAL;

        if (sd_id128_is_null(arg_machine_id))
                return -EINVAL;

        return 0;
}

static int parse_proc_cmdline_item(const char *key, const char *value) {

        int r;

        assert(key);

        if (streq(key, "systemd.unit") && value) {

                if (!in_initrd())
                        return free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, value);

        } else if (streq(key, "rd.systemd.unit") && value) {

                if (in_initrd())
                        return free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, value);

        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.dump_core") && value) {

                r = parse_boolean(value);
                if (r < 0)
                        log_warning("Failed to parse dump core switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
                else
                        arg_dump_core = r;

        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.crash_chvt") && value) {

                if (parse_crash_chvt(value) < 0)
                        log_warning("Failed to parse crash chvt switch %s. Ignoring.", value);

        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.crash_shell") && value) {

                r = parse_boolean(value);
                if (r < 0)
                        log_warning("Failed to parse crash shell switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
                else
                        arg_crash_shell = r;

        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.crash_reboot") && value) {

                r = parse_boolean(value);
                if (r < 0)
                        log_warning("Failed to parse crash reboot switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
                else
                        arg_crash_reboot = r;

        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.confirm_spawn") && value) {

                r = parse_boolean(value);
                if (r < 0)
                        log_warning("Failed to parse confirm spawn switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
                else
                        arg_confirm_spawn = r;

        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.show_status") && value) {

                r = parse_show_status(value, &arg_show_status);
                if (r < 0)
                        log_warning("Failed to parse show status switch %s. Ignoring.", value);

        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.default_standard_output") && value) {

                r = exec_output_from_string(value);
                if (r < 0)
                        log_warning("Failed to parse default standard output switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
                else
                        arg_default_std_output = r;

        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.default_standard_error") && value) {

                r = exec_output_from_string(value);
                if (r < 0)
                        log_warning("Failed to parse default standard error switch %s. Ignoring.", value);
                else
                        arg_default_std_error = r;

        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.setenv") && value) {

                if (env_assignment_is_valid(value)) {
                        char **env;

                        env = strv_env_set(arg_default_environment, value);
                        if (env)
                                arg_default_environment = env;
                        else
                                log_warning_errno(ENOMEM, "Setting environment variable '%s' failed, ignoring: %m", value);
                } else
                        log_warning("Environment variable name '%s' is not valid. Ignoring.", value);

        } else if (streq(key, "systemd.machine_id") && value) {

               r = set_machine_id(value);
               if (r < 0)
                       log_warning("MachineID '%s' is not valid. Ignoring.", value);

        } else if (streq(key, "quiet") && !value) {

                if (arg_show_status == _SHOW_STATUS_UNSET)
                        arg_show_status = SHOW_STATUS_AUTO;

        } else if (streq(key, "debug") && !value) {

                /* Note that log_parse_environment() handles 'debug'
                 * too, and sets the log level to LOG_DEBUG. */

                if (detect_container() > 0)
                        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_CONSOLE);

        } else if (!in_initrd() && !value) {
                const char *target;

                /* SysV compatibility */
                target = runlevel_to_target(key);
                if (target)
                        return free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, target);
        }

        return 0;
}

#define DEFINE_SETTER(name, func, descr)                              \
        static int name(const char *unit,                             \
                        const char *filename,                         \
                        unsigned line,                                \
                        const char *section,                          \
                        unsigned section_line,                        \
                        const char *lvalue,                           \
                        int ltype,                                    \
                        const char *rvalue,                           \
                        void *data,                                   \
                        void *userdata) {                             \
                                                                      \
                int r;                                                \
                                                                      \
                assert(filename);                                     \
                assert(lvalue);                                       \
                assert(rvalue);                                       \
                                                                      \
                r = func(rvalue);                                     \
                if (r < 0)                                            \
                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r,  \
                                   "Invalid " descr "'%s': %m",       \
                                   rvalue);                           \
                                                                      \
                return 0;                                             \
        }

DEFINE_SETTER(config_parse_level2, log_set_max_level_from_string, "log level")
DEFINE_SETTER(config_parse_target, log_set_target_from_string, "target")
DEFINE_SETTER(config_parse_color, log_show_color_from_string, "color" )
DEFINE_SETTER(config_parse_location, log_show_location_from_string, "location")

static int config_parse_cpu_affinity2(
                const char *unit,
                const char *filename,
                unsigned line,
                const char *section,
                unsigned section_line,
                const char *lvalue,
                int ltype,
                const char *rvalue,
                void *data,
                void *userdata) {

        _cleanup_cpu_free_ cpu_set_t *c = NULL;
        int ncpus;

        ncpus = parse_cpu_set_and_warn(rvalue, &c, unit, filename, line, lvalue);
        if (ncpus < 0)
                return ncpus;

        if (sched_setaffinity(0, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(ncpus), c) < 0)
                log_warning("Failed to set CPU affinity: %m");

        return 0;
}

static int config_parse_show_status(
                const char* unit,
                const char *filename,
                unsigned line,
                const char *section,
                unsigned section_line,
                const char *lvalue,
                int ltype,
                const char *rvalue,
                void *data,
                void *userdata) {

        int k;
        ShowStatus *b = data;

        assert(filename);
        assert(lvalue);
        assert(rvalue);
        assert(data);

        k = parse_show_status(rvalue, b);
        if (k < 0) {
                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, k, "Failed to parse show status setting, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
                return 0;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int config_parse_crash_chvt(
                const char* unit,
                const char *filename,
                unsigned line,
                const char *section,
                unsigned section_line,
                const char *lvalue,
                int ltype,
                const char *rvalue,
                void *data,
                void *userdata) {

        int r;

        assert(filename);
        assert(lvalue);
        assert(rvalue);

        r = parse_crash_chvt(rvalue);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Failed to parse CrashChangeVT= setting, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
                return 0;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int config_parse_join_controllers(const char *unit,
                                         const char *filename,
                                         unsigned line,
                                         const char *section,
                                         unsigned section_line,
                                         const char *lvalue,
                                         int ltype,
                                         const char *rvalue,
                                         void *data,
                                         void *userdata) {

        const char *whole_rvalue = rvalue;
        unsigned n = 0;

        assert(filename);
        assert(lvalue);
        assert(rvalue);

        arg_join_controllers = strv_free_free(arg_join_controllers);

        for (;;) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
                char **l;
                int r;

                r = extract_first_word(&rvalue, &word, WHITESPACE, EXTRACT_QUOTES);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, r, "Invalid value for %s: %s", lvalue, whole_rvalue);
                        return r;
                }
                if (r == 0)
                        break;

                l = strv_split(word, ",");
                if (!l)
                        return log_oom();
                strv_uniq(l);

                if (strv_length(l) <= 1) {
                        strv_free(l);
                        continue;
                }

                if (!arg_join_controllers) {
                        arg_join_controllers = new(char**, 2);
                        if (!arg_join_controllers) {
                                strv_free(l);
                                return log_oom();
                        }

                        arg_join_controllers[0] = l;
                        arg_join_controllers[1] = NULL;

                        n = 1;
                } else {
                        char ***a;
                        char ***t;

                        t = new0(char**, n+2);
                        if (!t) {
                                strv_free(l);
                                return log_oom();
                        }

                        n = 0;

                        for (a = arg_join_controllers; *a; a++) {

                                if (strv_overlap(*a, l)) {
                                        if (strv_extend_strv(&l, *a, false) < 0) {
                                                strv_free(l);
                                                strv_free_free(t);
                                                return log_oom();
                                        }

                                } else {
                                        char **c;

                                        c = strv_copy(*a);
                                        if (!c) {
                                                strv_free(l);
                                                strv_free_free(t);
                                                return log_oom();
                                        }

                                        t[n++] = c;
                                }
                        }

                        t[n++] = strv_uniq(l);

                        strv_free_free(arg_join_controllers);
                        arg_join_controllers = t;
                }
        }
        if (!isempty(rvalue))
                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, 0, "Trailing garbage, ignoring.");

        return 0;
}

static int parse_config_file(void) {

        const ConfigTableItem items[] = {
                { "Manager", "LogLevel",                  config_parse_level2,           0, NULL                                   },
                { "Manager", "LogTarget",                 config_parse_target,           0, NULL                                   },
                { "Manager", "LogColor",                  config_parse_color,            0, NULL                                   },
                { "Manager", "LogLocation",               config_parse_location,         0, NULL                                   },
                { "Manager", "DumpCore",                  config_parse_bool,             0, &arg_dump_core                         },
                { "Manager", "CrashChVT", /* legacy */    config_parse_crash_chvt,       0, NULL                                   },
                { "Manager", "CrashChangeVT",             config_parse_crash_chvt,       0, NULL                                   },
                { "Manager", "CrashShell",                config_parse_bool,             0, &arg_crash_shell                       },
                { "Manager", "CrashReboot",               config_parse_bool,             0, &arg_crash_reboot                      },
                { "Manager", "ShowStatus",                config_parse_show_status,      0, &arg_show_status                       },
                { "Manager", "CPUAffinity",               config_parse_cpu_affinity2,    0, NULL                                   },
                { "Manager", "JoinControllers",           config_parse_join_controllers, 0, &arg_join_controllers                  },
                { "Manager", "RuntimeWatchdogSec",        config_parse_sec,              0, &arg_runtime_watchdog                  },
                { "Manager", "ShutdownWatchdogSec",       config_parse_sec,              0, &arg_shutdown_watchdog                 },
                { "Manager", "CapabilityBoundingSet",     config_parse_capability_set,   0, &arg_capability_bounding_set           },
#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
                { "Manager", "SystemCallArchitectures",   config_parse_syscall_archs,    0, &arg_syscall_archs                     },
#endif
                { "Manager", "TimerSlackNSec",            config_parse_nsec,             0, &arg_timer_slack_nsec                  },
                { "Manager", "DefaultTimerAccuracySec",   config_parse_sec,              0, &arg_default_timer_accuracy_usec       },
                { "Manager", "DefaultStandardOutput",     config_parse_output,           0, &arg_default_std_output                },
                { "Manager", "DefaultStandardError",      config_parse_output,           0, &arg_default_std_error                 },
                { "Manager", "DefaultTimeoutStartSec",    config_parse_sec,              0, &arg_default_timeout_start_usec        },
                { "Manager", "DefaultTimeoutStopSec",     config_parse_sec,              0, &arg_default_timeout_stop_usec         },
                { "Manager", "DefaultRestartSec",         config_parse_sec,              0, &arg_default_restart_usec              },
                { "Manager", "DefaultStartLimitInterval", config_parse_sec,              0, &arg_default_start_limit_interval      },
                { "Manager", "DefaultStartLimitBurst",    config_parse_unsigned,         0, &arg_default_start_limit_burst         },
                { "Manager", "DefaultEnvironment",        config_parse_environ,          0, &arg_default_environment               },
                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitCPU",           config_parse_limit,            RLIMIT_CPU, arg_default_rlimit            },
                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitFSIZE",         config_parse_limit,            RLIMIT_FSIZE, arg_default_rlimit          },
                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitDATA",          config_parse_limit,            RLIMIT_DATA, arg_default_rlimit           },
                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitSTACK",         config_parse_limit,            RLIMIT_STACK, arg_default_rlimit          },
                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitCORE",          config_parse_limit,            RLIMIT_CORE, arg_default_rlimit           },
                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitRSS",           config_parse_limit,            RLIMIT_RSS, arg_default_rlimit            },
                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitNOFILE",        config_parse_limit,            RLIMIT_NOFILE, arg_default_rlimit         },
                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitAS",            config_parse_limit,            RLIMIT_AS, arg_default_rlimit             },
                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitNPROC",         config_parse_limit,            RLIMIT_NPROC, arg_default_rlimit          },
                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitMEMLOCK",       config_parse_limit,            RLIMIT_MEMLOCK, arg_default_rlimit        },
                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitLOCKS",         config_parse_limit,            RLIMIT_LOCKS, arg_default_rlimit          },
                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitSIGPENDING",    config_parse_limit,            RLIMIT_SIGPENDING, arg_default_rlimit     },
                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitMSGQUEUE",      config_parse_limit,            RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE, arg_default_rlimit       },
                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitNICE",          config_parse_limit,            RLIMIT_NICE, arg_default_rlimit           },
                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitRTPRIO",        config_parse_limit,            RLIMIT_RTPRIO, arg_default_rlimit         },
                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitRTTIME",        config_parse_limit,            RLIMIT_RTTIME, arg_default_rlimit         },
                { "Manager", "DefaultCPUAccounting",      config_parse_bool,             0, &arg_default_cpu_accounting            },
                { "Manager", "DefaultBlockIOAccounting",  config_parse_bool,             0, &arg_default_blockio_accounting        },
                { "Manager", "DefaultMemoryAccounting",   config_parse_bool,             0, &arg_default_memory_accounting         },
                { "Manager", "DefaultTasksAccounting",    config_parse_bool,             0, &arg_default_tasks_accounting          },
                { "Manager", "DefaultTasksMax",           config_parse_tasks_max,        0, &arg_default_tasks_max                 },
                {}
        };

        const char *fn, *conf_dirs_nulstr;

        fn = arg_running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ?
                PKGSYSCONFDIR "/system.conf" :
                PKGSYSCONFDIR "/user.conf";

        conf_dirs_nulstr = arg_running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ?
                CONF_PATHS_NULSTR("systemd/system.conf.d") :
                CONF_PATHS_NULSTR("systemd/user.conf.d");

        config_parse_many(fn, conf_dirs_nulstr, "Manager\0", config_item_table_lookup, items, false, NULL);

        /* Traditionally "0" was used to turn off the default unit timeouts. Fix this up so that we used USEC_INFINITY
         * like everywhere else. */
        if (arg_default_timeout_start_usec <= 0)
                arg_default_timeout_start_usec = USEC_INFINITY;
        if (arg_default_timeout_stop_usec <= 0)
                arg_default_timeout_stop_usec = USEC_INFINITY;

        return 0;
}

static void manager_set_defaults(Manager *m) {

        assert(m);

        m->default_timer_accuracy_usec = arg_default_timer_accuracy_usec;
        m->default_std_output = arg_default_std_output;
        m->default_std_error = arg_default_std_error;
        m->default_timeout_start_usec = arg_default_timeout_start_usec;
        m->default_timeout_stop_usec = arg_default_timeout_stop_usec;
        m->default_restart_usec = arg_default_restart_usec;
        m->default_start_limit_interval = arg_default_start_limit_interval;
        m->default_start_limit_burst = arg_default_start_limit_burst;
        m->default_cpu_accounting = arg_default_cpu_accounting;
        m->default_blockio_accounting = arg_default_blockio_accounting;
        m->default_memory_accounting = arg_default_memory_accounting;
        m->default_tasks_accounting = arg_default_tasks_accounting;
        m->default_tasks_max = arg_default_tasks_max;

        manager_set_default_rlimits(m, arg_default_rlimit);
        manager_environment_add(m, NULL, arg_default_environment);
}

static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {

        enum {
                ARG_LOG_LEVEL = 0x100,
                ARG_LOG_TARGET,
                ARG_LOG_COLOR,
                ARG_LOG_LOCATION,
                ARG_UNIT,
                ARG_SYSTEM,
                ARG_USER,
                ARG_TEST,
                ARG_NO_PAGER,
                ARG_VERSION,
                ARG_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS,
                ARG_DUMP_CORE,
                ARG_CRASH_CHVT,
                ARG_CRASH_SHELL,
                ARG_CRASH_REBOOT,
                ARG_CONFIRM_SPAWN,
                ARG_SHOW_STATUS,
                ARG_DESERIALIZE,
                ARG_SWITCHED_ROOT,
                ARG_DEFAULT_STD_OUTPUT,
                ARG_DEFAULT_STD_ERROR,
                ARG_MACHINE_ID
        };

        static const struct option options[] = {
                { "log-level",                required_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_LEVEL                },
                { "log-target",               required_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_TARGET               },
                { "log-color",                optional_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_COLOR                },
                { "log-location",             optional_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_LOCATION             },
                { "unit",                     required_argument, NULL, ARG_UNIT                     },
                { "system",                   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SYSTEM                   },
                { "user",                     no_argument,       NULL, ARG_USER                     },
                { "test",                     no_argument,       NULL, ARG_TEST                     },
                { "no-pager",                 no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_PAGER                 },
                { "help",                     no_argument,       NULL, 'h'                          },
                { "version",                  no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION                  },
                { "dump-configuration-items", no_argument,       NULL, ARG_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS },
                { "dump-core",                optional_argument, NULL, ARG_DUMP_CORE                },
                { "crash-chvt",               required_argument, NULL, ARG_CRASH_CHVT               },
                { "crash-shell",              optional_argument, NULL, ARG_CRASH_SHELL              },
                { "crash-reboot",             optional_argument, NULL, ARG_CRASH_REBOOT             },
                { "confirm-spawn",            optional_argument, NULL, ARG_CONFIRM_SPAWN            },
                { "show-status",              optional_argument, NULL, ARG_SHOW_STATUS              },
                { "deserialize",              required_argument, NULL, ARG_DESERIALIZE              },
                { "switched-root",            no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SWITCHED_ROOT            },
                { "default-standard-output",  required_argument, NULL, ARG_DEFAULT_STD_OUTPUT,      },
                { "default-standard-error",   required_argument, NULL, ARG_DEFAULT_STD_ERROR,       },
                { "machine-id",               required_argument, NULL, ARG_MACHINE_ID               },
                {}
        };

        int c, r;

        assert(argc >= 1);
        assert(argv);

        if (getpid() == 1)
                opterr = 0;

        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hDbsz:", options, NULL)) >= 0)

                switch (c) {

                case ARG_LOG_LEVEL:
                        r = log_set_max_level_from_string(optarg);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                log_error("Failed to parse log level %s.", optarg);
                                return r;
                        }

                        break;

                case ARG_LOG_TARGET:
                        r = log_set_target_from_string(optarg);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                log_error("Failed to parse log target %s.", optarg);
                                return r;
                        }

                        break;

                case ARG_LOG_COLOR:

                        if (optarg) {
                                r = log_show_color_from_string(optarg);
                                if (r < 0) {
                                        log_error("Failed to parse log color setting %s.", optarg);
                                        return r;
                                }
                        } else
                                log_show_color(true);

                        break;

                case ARG_LOG_LOCATION:
                        if (optarg) {
                                r = log_show_location_from_string(optarg);
                                if (r < 0) {
                                        log_error("Failed to parse log location setting %s.", optarg);
                                        return r;
                                }
                        } else
                                log_show_location(true);

                        break;

                case ARG_DEFAULT_STD_OUTPUT:
                        r = exec_output_from_string(optarg);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                log_error("Failed to parse default standard output setting %s.", optarg);
                                return r;
                        } else
                                arg_default_std_output = r;
                        break;

                case ARG_DEFAULT_STD_ERROR:
                        r = exec_output_from_string(optarg);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                log_error("Failed to parse default standard error output setting %s.", optarg);
                                return r;
                        } else
                                arg_default_std_error = r;
                        break;

                case ARG_UNIT:

                        r = free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, optarg);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set default unit %s: %m", optarg);

                        break;

                case ARG_SYSTEM:
                        arg_running_as = MANAGER_SYSTEM;
                        break;

                case ARG_USER:
                        arg_running_as = MANAGER_USER;
                        break;

                case ARG_TEST:
                        arg_action = ACTION_TEST;
                        if (arg_no_pager < 0)
                                arg_no_pager = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_NO_PAGER:
                        arg_no_pager = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_VERSION:
                        arg_action = ACTION_VERSION;
                        break;

                case ARG_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS:
                        arg_action = ACTION_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS;
                        break;

                case ARG_DUMP_CORE:
                        if (!optarg)
                                arg_dump_core = true;
                        else {
                                r = parse_boolean(optarg);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse dump core boolean: %s", optarg);
                                arg_dump_core = r;
                        }
                        break;

                case ARG_CRASH_CHVT:
                        r = parse_crash_chvt(optarg);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse crash virtual terminal index: %s", optarg);
                        break;

                case ARG_CRASH_SHELL:
                        if (!optarg)
                                arg_crash_shell = true;
                        else {
                                r = parse_boolean(optarg);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse crash shell boolean: %s", optarg);
                                arg_crash_shell = r;
                        }
                        break;

                case ARG_CRASH_REBOOT:
                        if (!optarg)
                                arg_crash_reboot = true;
                        else {
                                r = parse_boolean(optarg);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse crash shell boolean: %s", optarg);
                                arg_crash_reboot = r;
                        }
                        break;

                case ARG_CONFIRM_SPAWN:
                        r = optarg ? parse_boolean(optarg) : 1;
                        if (r < 0) {
                                log_error("Failed to parse confirm spawn boolean %s.", optarg);
                                return r;
                        }
                        arg_confirm_spawn = r;
                        break;

                case ARG_SHOW_STATUS:
                        if (optarg) {
                                r = parse_show_status(optarg, &arg_show_status);
                                if (r < 0) {
                                        log_error("Failed to parse show status boolean %s.", optarg);
                                        return r;
                                }
                        } else
                                arg_show_status = SHOW_STATUS_YES;
                        break;

                case ARG_DESERIALIZE: {
                        int fd;
                        FILE *f;

                        r = safe_atoi(optarg, &fd);
                        if (r < 0 || fd < 0) {
                                log_error("Failed to parse deserialize option %s.", optarg);
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }

                        (void) fd_cloexec(fd, true);

                        f = fdopen(fd, "r");
                        if (!f)
                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open serialization fd: %m");

                        safe_fclose(arg_serialization);
                        arg_serialization = f;

                        break;
                }

                case ARG_SWITCHED_ROOT:
                        arg_switched_root = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_MACHINE_ID:
                        r = set_machine_id(optarg);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                log_error("MachineID '%s' is not valid.", optarg);
                                return r;
                        }
                        break;

                case 'h':
                        arg_action = ACTION_HELP;
                        if (arg_no_pager < 0)
                                arg_no_pager = true;
                        break;

                case 'D':
                        log_set_max_level(LOG_DEBUG);
                        break;

                case 'b':
                case 's':
                case 'z':
                        /* Just to eat away the sysvinit kernel
                         * cmdline args without getopt() error
                         * messages that we'll parse in
                         * parse_proc_cmdline_word() or ignore. */

                case '?':
                        if (getpid() != 1)
                                return -EINVAL;
                        else
                                return 0;

                default:
                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option code.");
                }

        if (optind < argc && getpid() != 1) {
                /* Hmm, when we aren't run as init system
                 * let's complain about excess arguments */

                log_error("Excess arguments.");
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int help(void) {

        printf("%s [OPTIONS...]\n\n"
               "Starts up and maintains the system or user services.\n\n"
               "  -h --help                      Show this help\n"
               "     --test                      Determine startup sequence, dump it and exit\n"
               "     --no-pager                  Do not pipe output into a pager\n"
               "     --dump-configuration-items  Dump understood unit configuration items\n"
               "     --unit=UNIT                 Set default unit\n"
               "     --system                    Run a system instance, even if PID != 1\n"
               "     --user                      Run a user instance\n"
               "     --dump-core[=BOOL]          Dump core on crash\n"
               "     --crash-vt=NR               Change to specified VT on crash\n"
               "     --crash-reboot[=BOOL]       Reboot on crash\n"
               "     --crash-shell[=BOOL]        Run shell on crash\n"
               "     --confirm-spawn[=BOOL]      Ask for confirmation when spawning processes\n"
               "     --show-status[=BOOL]        Show status updates on the console during bootup\n"
               "     --log-target=TARGET         Set log target (console, journal, kmsg, journal-or-kmsg, null)\n"
               "     --log-level=LEVEL           Set log level (debug, info, notice, warning, err, crit, alert, emerg)\n"
               "     --log-color[=BOOL]          Highlight important log messages\n"
               "     --log-location[=BOOL]       Include code location in log messages\n"
               "     --default-standard-output=  Set default standard output for services\n"
               "     --default-standard-error=   Set default standard error output for services\n",
               program_invocation_short_name);

        return 0;
}

static int prepare_reexecute(Manager *m, FILE **_f, FDSet **_fds, bool switching_root) {
        _cleanup_fdset_free_ FDSet *fds = NULL;
        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(m);
        assert(_f);
        assert(_fds);

        r = manager_open_serialization(m, &f);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create serialization file: %m");

        /* Make sure nothing is really destructed when we shut down */
        m->n_reloading ++;
        bus_manager_send_reloading(m, true);

        fds = fdset_new();
        if (!fds)
                return log_oom();

        r = manager_serialize(m, f, fds, switching_root);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to serialize state: %m");

        if (fseeko(f, 0, SEEK_SET) == (off_t) -1)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to rewind serialization fd: %m");

        r = fd_cloexec(fileno(f), false);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to disable O_CLOEXEC for serialization: %m");

        r = fdset_cloexec(fds, false);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to disable O_CLOEXEC for serialization fds: %m");

        *_f = f;
        *_fds = fds;

        f = NULL;
        fds = NULL;

        return 0;
}

static int bump_rlimit_nofile(struct rlimit *saved_rlimit) {
        struct rlimit nl;
        int r;

        assert(saved_rlimit);

        /* Save the original RLIMIT_NOFILE so that we can reset it
         * later when transitioning from the initrd to the main
         * systemd or suchlike. */
        if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, saved_rlimit) < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Reading RLIMIT_NOFILE failed: %m");

        /* Make sure forked processes get the default kernel setting */
        if (!arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE]) {
                struct rlimit *rl;

                rl = newdup(struct rlimit, saved_rlimit, 1);
                if (!rl)
                        return log_oom();

                arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE] = rl;
        }

        /* Bump up the resource limit for ourselves substantially */
        nl.rlim_cur = nl.rlim_max = 64*1024;
        r = setrlimit_closest(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &nl);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Setting RLIMIT_NOFILE failed: %m");

        return 0;
}

static void test_usr(void) {

        /* Check that /usr is not a separate fs */

        if (dir_is_empty("/usr") <= 0)
                return;

        log_warning("/usr appears to be on its own filesystem and is not already mounted. This is not a supported setup. "
                    "Some things will probably break (sometimes even silently) in mysterious ways. "
                    "Consult http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/separate-usr-is-broken for more information.");
}

static int initialize_join_controllers(void) {
        /* By default, mount "cpu" + "cpuacct" together, and "net_cls"
         * + "net_prio". We'd like to add "cpuset" to the mix, but
         * "cpuset" doesn't really work for groups with no initialized
         * attributes. */

        arg_join_controllers = new(char**, 3);
        if (!arg_join_controllers)
                return -ENOMEM;

        arg_join_controllers[0] = strv_new("cpu", "cpuacct", NULL);
        if (!arg_join_controllers[0])
                goto oom;

        arg_join_controllers[1] = strv_new("net_cls", "net_prio", NULL);
        if (!arg_join_controllers[1])
                goto oom;

        arg_join_controllers[2] = NULL;
        return 0;

oom:
        arg_join_controllers = strv_free_free(arg_join_controllers);
        return -ENOMEM;
}

static int enforce_syscall_archs(Set *archs) {
#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
        scmp_filter_ctx *seccomp;
        Iterator i;
        void *id;
        int r;

        seccomp = seccomp_init(SCMP_ACT_ALLOW);
        if (!seccomp)
                return log_oom();

        SET_FOREACH(id, arg_syscall_archs, i) {
                r = seccomp_arch_add(seccomp, PTR_TO_UINT32(id) - 1);
                if (r == -EEXIST)
                        continue;
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add architecture to seccomp: %m");
                        goto finish;
                }
        }

        r = seccomp_attr_set(seccomp, SCMP_FLTATR_CTL_NNP, 0);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to unset NO_NEW_PRIVS: %m");
                goto finish;
        }

        r = seccomp_load(seccomp);
        if (r < 0)
                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to add install architecture seccomp: %m");

finish:
        seccomp_release(seccomp);
        return r;
#else
        return 0;
#endif
}

static int status_welcome(void) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *pretty_name = NULL, *ansi_color = NULL;
        int r;

        r = parse_env_file("/etc/os-release", NEWLINE,
                           "PRETTY_NAME", &pretty_name,
                           "ANSI_COLOR", &ansi_color,
                           NULL);
        if (r == -ENOENT)
                r = parse_env_file("/usr/lib/os-release", NEWLINE,
                                   "PRETTY_NAME", &pretty_name,
                                   "ANSI_COLOR", &ansi_color,
                                   NULL);

        if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to read os-release file: %m");

        return status_printf(NULL, false, false,
                             "\nWelcome to \x1B[%sm%s\x1B[0m!\n",
                             isempty(ansi_color) ? "1" : ansi_color,
                             isempty(pretty_name) ? "Linux" : pretty_name);
}

static int write_container_id(void) {
        const char *c;
        int r;

        c = getenv("container");
        if (isempty(c))
                return 0;

        r = write_string_file("/run/systemd/container", c, WRITE_STRING_FILE_CREATE);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to write /run/systemd/container, ignoring: %m");

        return 1;
}

static int bump_unix_max_dgram_qlen(void) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *qlen = NULL;
        unsigned long v;
        int r;

        /* Let's bump the net.unix.max_dgram_qlen sysctl. The kernel
         * default of 16 is simply too low. We set the value really
         * really early during boot, so that it is actually applied to
         * all our sockets, including the $NOTIFY_SOCKET one. */

        r = read_one_line_file("/proc/sys/net/unix/max_dgram_qlen", &qlen);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to read AF_UNIX datagram queue length, ignoring: %m");

        r = safe_atolu(qlen, &v);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse AF_UNIX datagram queue length, ignoring: %m");

        if (v >= DEFAULT_UNIX_MAX_DGRAM_QLEN)
                return 0;

        qlen = mfree(qlen);
        if (asprintf(&qlen, "%lu\n", DEFAULT_UNIX_MAX_DGRAM_QLEN) < 0)
                return log_oom();

        r = write_string_file("/proc/sys/net/unix/max_dgram_qlen", qlen, 0);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -EROFS, -EPERM, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
                                      "Failed to bump AF_UNIX datagram queue length, ignoring: %m");

        return 1;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
        Manager *m = NULL;
        int r, retval = EXIT_FAILURE;
        usec_t before_startup, after_startup;
        char timespan[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
        FDSet *fds = NULL;
        bool reexecute = false;
        const char *shutdown_verb = NULL;
        dual_timestamp initrd_timestamp = DUAL_TIMESTAMP_NULL;
        dual_timestamp userspace_timestamp = DUAL_TIMESTAMP_NULL;
        dual_timestamp kernel_timestamp = DUAL_TIMESTAMP_NULL;
        dual_timestamp security_start_timestamp = DUAL_TIMESTAMP_NULL;
        dual_timestamp security_finish_timestamp = DUAL_TIMESTAMP_NULL;
        static char systemd[] = "systemd";
        bool skip_setup = false;
        unsigned j;
        bool loaded_policy = false;
        bool arm_reboot_watchdog = false;
        bool queue_default_job = false;
        bool empty_etc = false;
        char *switch_root_dir = NULL, *switch_root_init = NULL;
        struct rlimit saved_rlimit_nofile = RLIMIT_MAKE_CONST(0);
        const char *error_message = NULL;

#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
        if (getpid() != 1 && strstr(program_invocation_short_name, "init")) {
                /* This is compatibility support for SysV, where
                 * calling init as a user is identical to telinit. */

                execv(SYSTEMCTL_BINARY_PATH, argv);
                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to exec " SYSTEMCTL_BINARY_PATH ": %m");
                return 1;
        }
#endif

        dual_timestamp_from_monotonic(&kernel_timestamp, 0);
        dual_timestamp_get(&userspace_timestamp);

        /* Determine if this is a reexecution or normal bootup. We do
         * the full command line parsing much later, so let's just
         * have a quick peek here. */
        if (strv_find(argv+1, "--deserialize"))
                skip_setup = true;

        /* If we have switched root, do all the special setup
         * things */
        if (strv_find(argv+1, "--switched-root"))
                skip_setup = false;

        /* If we get started via the /sbin/init symlink then we are
           called 'init'. After a subsequent reexecution we are then
           called 'systemd'. That is confusing, hence let's call us
           systemd right-away. */
        program_invocation_short_name = systemd;
        prctl(PR_SET_NAME, systemd);

        saved_argv = argv;
        saved_argc = argc;

        log_show_color(isatty(STDERR_FILENO) > 0);
        log_set_upgrade_syslog_to_journal(true);

        /* Disable the umask logic */
        if (getpid() == 1)
                umask(0);

        if (getpid() == 1 && detect_container() <= 0) {

                /* Running outside of a container as PID 1 */
                arg_running_as = MANAGER_SYSTEM;
                make_null_stdio();
                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_KMSG);
                log_open();

                if (in_initrd())
                        initrd_timestamp = userspace_timestamp;

                if (!skip_setup) {
                        r = mount_setup_early();
                        if (r < 0) {
                                error_message = "Failed to early mount API filesystems";
                                goto finish;
                        }
                        dual_timestamp_get(&security_start_timestamp);
                        if (mac_selinux_setup(&loaded_policy) < 0) {
                                error_message = "Failed to load SELinux policy";
                                goto finish;
                        } else if (ima_setup() < 0) {
                                error_message = "Failed to load IMA policy";
                                goto finish;
                        } else if (mac_smack_setup(&loaded_policy) < 0) {
                                error_message = "Failed to load SMACK policy";
                                goto finish;
                        }
                        dual_timestamp_get(&security_finish_timestamp);
                }

                if (mac_selinux_init(NULL) < 0) {
                        error_message = "Failed to initialize SELinux policy";
                        goto finish;
                }

                if (!skip_setup) {
                        if (clock_is_localtime() > 0) {
                                int min;

                                /*
                                 * The very first call of settimeofday() also does a time warp in the kernel.
                                 *
                                 * In the rtc-in-local time mode, we set the kernel's timezone, and rely on
                                 * external tools to take care of maintaining the RTC and do all adjustments.
                                 * This matches the behavior of Windows, which leaves the RTC alone if the
                                 * registry tells that the RTC runs in UTC.
                                 */
                                r = clock_set_timezone(&min);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        log_error_errno(r, "Failed to apply local time delta, ignoring: %m");
                                else
                                        log_info("RTC configured in localtime, applying delta of %i minutes to system time.", min);
                        } else if (!in_initrd()) {
                                /*
                                 * Do a dummy very first call to seal the kernel's time warp magic.
                                 *
                                 * Do not call this this from inside the initrd. The initrd might not
                                 * carry /etc/adjtime with LOCAL, but the real system could be set up
                                 * that way. In such case, we need to delay the time-warp or the sealing
                                 * until we reach the real system.
                                 *
                                 * Do no set the kernel's timezone. The concept of local time cannot
                                 * be supported reliably, the time will jump or be incorrect at every daylight
                                 * saving time change. All kernel local time concepts will be treated
                                 * as UTC that way.
                                 */
                                (void) clock_reset_timewarp();
                        }

                        r = clock_apply_epoch();
                        if (r < 0)
                                log_error_errno(r, "Current system time is before build time, but cannot correct: %m");
                        else if (r > 0)
                                log_info("System time before build time, advancing clock.");
                }

                /* Set the default for later on, but don't actually
                 * open the logs like this for now. Note that if we
                 * are transitioning from the initrd there might still
                 * be journal fd open, and we shouldn't attempt
                 * opening that before we parsed /proc/cmdline which
                 * might redirect output elsewhere. */
                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_JOURNAL_OR_KMSG);

        } else if (getpid() == 1) {
                /* Running inside a container, as PID 1 */
                arg_running_as = MANAGER_SYSTEM;
                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_CONSOLE);
                log_close_console(); /* force reopen of /dev/console */
                log_open();

                /* For the later on, see above... */
                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_JOURNAL);

                /* clear the kernel timestamp,
                 * because we are in a container */
                kernel_timestamp.monotonic = 0ULL;
                kernel_timestamp.realtime = 0ULL;

        } else {
                /* Running as user instance */
                arg_running_as = MANAGER_USER;
                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
                log_open();

                /* clear the kernel timestamp,
                 * because we are not PID 1 */
                kernel_timestamp = DUAL_TIMESTAMP_NULL;
        }

        if (getpid() == 1) {
                /* Don't limit the core dump size, so that coredump handlers such as systemd-coredump (which honour the limit)
                 * will process core dumps for system services by default. */
                (void) setrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &RLIMIT_MAKE_CONST(RLIM_INFINITY));

                /* But at the same time, turn off the core_pattern logic by default, so that no coredumps are stored
                 * until the systemd-coredump tool is enabled via sysctl. */
                if (!skip_setup)
                        (void) write_string_file("/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern", "|/bin/false", 0);
        }

        /* Initialize default unit */
        r = free_and_strdup(&arg_default_unit, SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_emergency_errno(r, "Failed to set default unit %s: %m", SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET);
                error_message = "Failed to set default unit";
                goto finish;
        }

        r = initialize_join_controllers();
        if (r < 0) {
                error_message = "Failed to initialize cgroup controllers";
                goto finish;
        }

        /* Mount /proc, /sys and friends, so that /proc/cmdline and
         * /proc/$PID/fd is available. */
        if (getpid() == 1) {

                /* Load the kernel modules early, so that we kdbus.ko is loaded before kdbusfs shall be mounted */
                if (!skip_setup)
                        kmod_setup();

                r = mount_setup(loaded_policy);
                if (r < 0) {
                        error_message = "Failed to mount API filesystems";
                        goto finish;
                }
        }

        /* Reset all signal handlers. */
        (void) reset_all_signal_handlers();
        (void) ignore_signals(SIGNALS_IGNORE, -1);

        if (parse_config_file() < 0) {
                error_message = "Failed to parse config file";
                goto finish;
        }

        if (arg_running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
                r = parse_proc_cmdline(parse_proc_cmdline_item);
                if (r < 0)
                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse kernel command line, ignoring: %m");
        }

        /* Note that this also parses bits from the kernel command
         * line, including "debug". */
        log_parse_environment();

        if (parse_argv(argc, argv) < 0) {
                error_message = "Failed to parse commandline arguments";
                goto finish;
        }

        if (arg_action == ACTION_TEST &&
            geteuid() == 0) {
                log_error("Don't run test mode as root.");
                goto finish;
        }

        if (arg_running_as == MANAGER_USER &&
            arg_action == ACTION_RUN &&
            sd_booted() <= 0) {
                log_error("Trying to run as user instance, but the system has not been booted with systemd.");
                goto finish;
        }

        if (arg_running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM &&
            arg_action == ACTION_RUN &&
            running_in_chroot() > 0) {
                log_error("Cannot be run in a chroot() environment.");
                goto finish;
        }

        if (arg_action == ACTION_TEST)
                skip_setup = true;

        pager_open_if_enabled();

        if (arg_action == ACTION_HELP) {
                retval = help();
                goto finish;
        } else if (arg_action == ACTION_VERSION) {
                retval = version();
                goto finish;
        } else if (arg_action == ACTION_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS) {
                unit_dump_config_items(stdout);
                retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
                goto finish;
        } else if (arg_action == ACTION_DONE) {
                retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
                goto finish;
        }

        if (arg_running_as == MANAGER_USER &&
            !getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR")) {
                log_error("Trying to run as user instance, but $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is not set.");
                goto finish;
        }

        assert_se(arg_action == ACTION_RUN || arg_action == ACTION_TEST);

        /* Close logging fds, in order not to confuse fdset below */
        log_close();

        /* Remember open file descriptors for later deserialization */
        r = fdset_new_fill(&fds);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_emergency_errno(r, "Failed to allocate fd set: %m");
                error_message = "Failed to allocate fd set";
                goto finish;
        } else
                fdset_cloexec(fds, true);

        if (arg_serialization)
                assert_se(fdset_remove(fds, fileno(arg_serialization)) >= 0);

        if (arg_running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
                /* Become a session leader if we aren't one yet. */
                setsid();

        /* Move out of the way, so that we won't block unmounts */
        assert_se(chdir("/") == 0);

        /* Reset the console, but only if this is really init and we
         * are freshly booted */
        if (arg_running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM && arg_action == ACTION_RUN) {

                /* If we are init, we connect stdin/stdout/stderr to
                 * /dev/null and make sure we don't have a controlling
                 * tty. */
                release_terminal();

                if (getpid() == 1 && !skip_setup)
                        console_setup();
        }

        /* Open the logging devices, if possible and necessary */
        log_open();

        if (arg_show_status == _SHOW_STATUS_UNSET)
                arg_show_status = SHOW_STATUS_YES;

        /* Make sure we leave a core dump without panicing the
         * kernel. */
        if (getpid() == 1) {
                install_crash_handler();

                r = mount_cgroup_controllers(arg_join_controllers);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto finish;
        }

        if (arg_running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
                int v;

                log_info(PACKAGE_STRING " running in %ssystem mode. (" SYSTEMD_FEATURES ")",
                         arg_action == ACTION_TEST ? "test " : "" );

                v = detect_virtualization();
                if (v > 0)
                        log_info("Detected virtualization %s.", virtualization_to_string(v));

                write_container_id();

                log_info("Detected architecture %s.", architecture_to_string(uname_architecture()));

                if (in_initrd())
                        log_info("Running in initial RAM disk.");

                /* Let's check whether /etc is already populated. We
                 * don't actually really check for that, but use
                 * /etc/machine-id as flag file. This allows container
                 * managers and installers to provision a couple of
                 * files already. If the container manager wants to
                 * provision the machine ID itself it should pass
                 * $container_uuid to PID 1. */

                empty_etc = access("/etc/machine-id", F_OK) < 0;
                if (empty_etc)
                        log_info("Running with unpopulated /etc.");
        } else {
                _cleanup_free_ char *t;

                t = uid_to_name(getuid());
                log_debug(PACKAGE_STRING " running in %suser mode for user "UID_FMT"/%s. (" SYSTEMD_FEATURES ")",
                          arg_action == ACTION_TEST ? " test" : "", getuid(), t);
        }

        if (arg_running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM && !skip_setup) {
                if (arg_show_status > 0)
                        status_welcome();

                hostname_setup();
                machine_id_setup(NULL, arg_machine_id);
                loopback_setup();
                bump_unix_max_dgram_qlen();

                test_usr();
        }

        if (arg_running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM && arg_runtime_watchdog > 0)
                watchdog_set_timeout(&arg_runtime_watchdog);

        if (arg_timer_slack_nsec != NSEC_INFINITY)
                if (prctl(PR_SET_TIMERSLACK, arg_timer_slack_nsec) < 0)
                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to adjust timer slack: %m");

        if (!cap_test_all(arg_capability_bounding_set)) {
                r = capability_bounding_set_drop_usermode(arg_capability_bounding_set);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_emergency_errno(r, "Failed to drop capability bounding set of usermode helpers: %m");
                        error_message = "Failed to drop capability bounding set of usermode helpers";
                        goto finish;
                }
                r = capability_bounding_set_drop(arg_capability_bounding_set, true);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_emergency_errno(r, "Failed to drop capability bounding set: %m");
                        error_message = "Failed to drop capability bounding set";
                        goto finish;
                }
        }

        if (arg_syscall_archs) {
                r = enforce_syscall_archs(arg_syscall_archs);
                if (r < 0) {
                        error_message = "Failed to set syscall architectures";
                        goto finish;
                }
        }

        if (arg_running_as == MANAGER_USER)
                /* Become reaper of our children */
                if (prctl(PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER, 1) < 0)
                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to make us a subreaper: %m");

        if (arg_running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
                bump_rlimit_nofile(&saved_rlimit_nofile);

                if (empty_etc) {
                        r = unit_file_preset_all(UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM, false, NULL, UNIT_FILE_PRESET_ENABLE_ONLY, false, NULL, 0);
                        if (r < 0)
                                log_full_errno(r == -EEXIST ? LOG_NOTICE : LOG_WARNING, r, "Failed to populate /etc with preset unit settings, ignoring: %m");
                        else
                                log_info("Populated /etc with preset unit settings.");
                }
        }

        r = manager_new(arg_running_as, arg_action == ACTION_TEST, &m);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_emergency_errno(r, "Failed to allocate manager object: %m");
                error_message = "Failed to allocate manager object";
                goto finish;
        }

        m->confirm_spawn = arg_confirm_spawn;
        m->runtime_watchdog = arg_runtime_watchdog;
        m->shutdown_watchdog = arg_shutdown_watchdog;
        m->userspace_timestamp = userspace_timestamp;
        m->kernel_timestamp = kernel_timestamp;
        m->initrd_timestamp = initrd_timestamp;
        m->security_start_timestamp = security_start_timestamp;
        m->security_finish_timestamp = security_finish_timestamp;

        manager_set_defaults(m);
        manager_set_show_status(m, arg_show_status);
        manager_set_first_boot(m, empty_etc);

        /* Remember whether we should queue the default job */
        queue_default_job = !arg_serialization || arg_switched_root;

        before_startup = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);

        r = manager_startup(m, arg_serialization, fds);
        if (r < 0)
                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to fully start up daemon: %m");

        /* This will close all file descriptors that were opened, but
         * not claimed by any unit. */
        fds = fdset_free(fds);

        arg_serialization = safe_fclose(arg_serialization);

        if (queue_default_job) {
                _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
                Unit *target = NULL;
                Job *default_unit_job;

                log_debug("Activating default unit: %s", arg_default_unit);

                r = manager_load_unit(m, arg_default_unit, NULL, &error, &target);
                if (r < 0)
                        log_error("Failed to load default target: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                else if (target->load_state == UNIT_ERROR || target->load_state == UNIT_NOT_FOUND)
                        log_error_errno(target->load_error, "Failed to load default target: %m");
                else if (target->load_state == UNIT_MASKED)
                        log_error("Default target masked.");

                if (!target || target->load_state != UNIT_LOADED) {
                        log_info("Trying to load rescue target...");

                        r = manager_load_unit(m, SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET, NULL, &error, &target);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                log_emergency("Failed to load rescue target: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                                error_message = "Failed to load rescue target";
                                goto finish;
                        } else if (target->load_state == UNIT_ERROR || target->load_state == UNIT_NOT_FOUND) {
                                log_emergency_errno(target->load_error, "Failed to load rescue target: %m");
                                error_message = "Failed to load rescue target";
                                goto finish;
                        } else if (target->load_state == UNIT_MASKED) {
                                log_emergency("Rescue target masked.");
                                error_message = "Rescue target masked";
                                goto finish;
                        }
                }

                assert(target->load_state == UNIT_LOADED);

                if (arg_action == ACTION_TEST) {
                        printf("-> By units:\n");
                        manager_dump_units(m, stdout, "\t");
                }

                r = manager_add_job(m, JOB_START, target, JOB_ISOLATE, &error, &default_unit_job);
                if (r == -EPERM) {
                        log_debug("Default target could not be isolated, starting instead: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));

                        sd_bus_error_free(&error);

                        r = manager_add_job(m, JOB_START, target, JOB_REPLACE, &error, &default_unit_job);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                log_emergency("Failed to start default target: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                                error_message = "Failed to start default target";
                                goto finish;
                        }
                } else if (r < 0) {
                        log_emergency("Failed to isolate default target: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                        error_message = "Failed to isolate default target";
                        goto finish;
                }

                m->default_unit_job_id = default_unit_job->id;

                after_startup = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
                log_full(arg_action == ACTION_TEST ? LOG_INFO : LOG_DEBUG,
                         "Loaded units and determined initial transaction in %s.",
                         format_timespan(timespan, sizeof(timespan), after_startup - before_startup, 100 * USEC_PER_MSEC));

                if (arg_action == ACTION_TEST) {
                        printf("-> By jobs:\n");
                        manager_dump_jobs(m, stdout, "\t");
                        retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
                        goto finish;
                }
        }

        for (;;) {
                r = manager_loop(m);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_emergency_errno(r, "Failed to run main loop: %m");
                        error_message = "Failed to run main loop";
                        goto finish;
                }

                switch (m->exit_code) {

                case MANAGER_RELOAD:
                        log_info("Reloading.");

                        r = parse_config_file();
                        if (r < 0)
                                log_error("Failed to parse config file.");

                        manager_set_defaults(m);

                        r = manager_reload(m);
                        if (r < 0)
                                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to reload: %m");
                        break;

                case MANAGER_REEXECUTE:

                        if (prepare_reexecute(m, &arg_serialization, &fds, false) < 0) {
                                error_message = "Failed to prepare for reexecution";
                                goto finish;
                        }

                        reexecute = true;
                        log_notice("Reexecuting.");
                        goto finish;

                case MANAGER_SWITCH_ROOT:
                        /* Steal the switch root parameters */
                        switch_root_dir = m->switch_root;
                        switch_root_init = m->switch_root_init;
                        m->switch_root = m->switch_root_init = NULL;

                        if (!switch_root_init)
                                if (prepare_reexecute(m, &arg_serialization, &fds, true) < 0) {
                                        error_message = "Failed to prepare for reexecution";
                                        goto finish;
                                }

                        reexecute = true;
                        log_notice("Switching root.");
                        goto finish;

                case MANAGER_EXIT:
                        retval = m->return_value;

                        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_USER) {
                                log_debug("Exit.");
                                goto finish;
                        }

                        /* fallthrough */
                case MANAGER_REBOOT:
                case MANAGER_POWEROFF:
                case MANAGER_HALT:
                case MANAGER_KEXEC: {
                        static const char * const table[_MANAGER_EXIT_CODE_MAX] = {
                                [MANAGER_EXIT] = "exit",
                                [MANAGER_REBOOT] = "reboot",
                                [MANAGER_POWEROFF] = "poweroff",
                                [MANAGER_HALT] = "halt",
                                [MANAGER_KEXEC] = "kexec"
                        };

                        assert_se(shutdown_verb = table[m->exit_code]);
                        arm_reboot_watchdog = m->exit_code == MANAGER_REBOOT;

                        log_notice("Shutting down.");
                        goto finish;
                }

                default:
                        assert_not_reached("Unknown exit code.");
                }
        }

finish:
        pager_close();

        if (m)
                arg_shutdown_watchdog = m->shutdown_watchdog;

        m = manager_free(m);

        for (j = 0; j < ELEMENTSOF(arg_default_rlimit); j++)
                arg_default_rlimit[j] = mfree(arg_default_rlimit[j]);

        arg_default_unit = mfree(arg_default_unit);
        arg_join_controllers = strv_free_free(arg_join_controllers);
        arg_default_environment = strv_free(arg_default_environment);
        arg_syscall_archs = set_free(arg_syscall_archs);

        mac_selinux_finish();

        if (reexecute) {
                const char **args;
                unsigned i, args_size;

                /* Close and disarm the watchdog, so that the new
                 * instance can reinitialize it, but doesn't get
                 * rebooted while we do that */
                watchdog_close(true);

                /* Reset the RLIMIT_NOFILE to the kernel default, so
                 * that the new systemd can pass the kernel default to
                 * its child processes */
                if (saved_rlimit_nofile.rlim_cur > 0)
                        (void) setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &saved_rlimit_nofile);

                if (switch_root_dir) {
                        /* Kill all remaining processes from the
                         * initrd, but don't wait for them, so that we
                         * can handle the SIGCHLD for them after
                         * deserializing. */
                        broadcast_signal(SIGTERM, false, true);

                        /* And switch root with MS_MOVE, because we remove the old directory afterwards and detach it. */
                        r = switch_root(switch_root_dir, "/mnt", true, MS_MOVE);
                        if (r < 0)
                                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to switch root, trying to continue: %m");
                }

                args_size = MAX(6, argc+1);
                args = newa(const char*, args_size);

                if (!switch_root_init) {
                        char sfd[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(int) + 1];

                        /* First try to spawn ourselves with the right
                         * path, and with full serialization. We do
                         * this only if the user didn't specify an
                         * explicit init to spawn. */

                        assert(arg_serialization);
                        assert(fds);

                        xsprintf(sfd, "%i", fileno(arg_serialization));

                        i = 0;
                        args[i++] = SYSTEMD_BINARY_PATH;
                        if (switch_root_dir)
                                args[i++] = "--switched-root";
                        args[i++] = arg_running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM ? "--system" : "--user";
                        args[i++] = "--deserialize";
                        args[i++] = sfd;
                        args[i++] = NULL;

                        /* do not pass along the environment we inherit from the kernel or initrd */
                        if (switch_root_dir)
                                (void) clearenv();

                        assert(i <= args_size);

                        /*
                         * We want valgrind to print its memory usage summary before reexecution.
                         * Valgrind won't do this is on its own on exec(), but it will do it on exit().
                         * Hence, to ensure we get a summary here, fork() off a child, let it exit() cleanly,
                         * so that it prints the summary, and wait() for it in the parent, before proceeding into the exec().
                         */
                        valgrind_summary_hack();

                        (void) execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
                }

                /* Try the fallback, if there is any, without any
                 * serialization. We pass the original argv[] and
                 * envp[]. (Well, modulo the ordering changes due to
                 * getopt() in argv[], and some cleanups in envp[],
                 * but let's hope that doesn't matter.) */

                arg_serialization = safe_fclose(arg_serialization);
                fds = fdset_free(fds);

                /* Reopen the console */
                (void) make_console_stdio();

                for (j = 1, i = 1; j < (unsigned) argc; j++)
                        args[i++] = argv[j];
                args[i++] = NULL;
                assert(i <= args_size);

                /* Reenable any blocked signals, especially important
                 * if we switch from initial ramdisk to init=... */
                (void) reset_all_signal_handlers();
                (void) reset_signal_mask();

                if (switch_root_init) {
                        args[0] = switch_root_init;
                        (void) execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to execute configured init, trying fallback: %m");
                }

                args[0] = "/sbin/init";
                (void) execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);

                if (errno == ENOENT) {
                        log_warning("No /sbin/init, trying fallback");

                        args[0] = "/bin/sh";
                        args[1] = NULL;
                        (void) execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
                        log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to execute /bin/sh, giving up: %m");
                } else
                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to execute /sbin/init, giving up: %m");
        }

        arg_serialization = safe_fclose(arg_serialization);
        fds = fdset_free(fds);

#ifdef HAVE_VALGRIND_VALGRIND_H
        /* If we are PID 1 and running under valgrind, then let's exit
         * here explicitly. valgrind will only generate nice output on
         * exit(), not on exec(), hence let's do the former not the
         * latter here. */
        if (getpid() == 1 && RUNNING_ON_VALGRIND)
                return 0;
#endif

        if (shutdown_verb) {
                char log_level[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(int) + 1];
                char exit_code[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint8_t) + 1];
                const char* command_line[11] = {
                        SYSTEMD_SHUTDOWN_BINARY_PATH,
                        shutdown_verb,
                        "--log-level", log_level,
                        "--log-target",
                };
                unsigned pos = 5;
                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **env_block = NULL;

                assert(command_line[pos] == NULL);
                env_block = strv_copy(environ);

                xsprintf(log_level, "%d", log_get_max_level());

                switch (log_get_target()) {

                case LOG_TARGET_KMSG:
                case LOG_TARGET_JOURNAL_OR_KMSG:
                case LOG_TARGET_SYSLOG_OR_KMSG:
                        command_line[pos++] = "kmsg";
                        break;

                case LOG_TARGET_NULL:
                        command_line[pos++] = "null";
                        break;

                case LOG_TARGET_CONSOLE:
                default:
                        command_line[pos++] = "console";
                        break;
                };

                if (log_get_show_color())
                        command_line[pos++] = "--log-color";

                if (log_get_show_location())
                        command_line[pos++] = "--log-location";

                if (streq(shutdown_verb, "exit")) {
                        command_line[pos++] = "--exit-code";
                        command_line[pos++] = exit_code;
                        xsprintf(exit_code, "%d", retval);
                }

                assert(pos < ELEMENTSOF(command_line));

                if (arm_reboot_watchdog && arg_shutdown_watchdog > 0) {
                        char *e;

                        /* If we reboot let's set the shutdown
                         * watchdog and tell the shutdown binary to
                         * repeatedly ping it */
                        r = watchdog_set_timeout(&arg_shutdown_watchdog);
                        watchdog_close(r < 0);

                        /* Tell the binary how often to ping, ignore failure */
                        if (asprintf(&e, "WATCHDOG_USEC="USEC_FMT, arg_shutdown_watchdog) > 0)
                                (void) strv_push(&env_block, e);
                } else
                        watchdog_close(true);

                /* Avoid the creation of new processes forked by the
                 * kernel; at this point, we will not listen to the
                 * signals anyway */
                if (detect_container() <= 0)
                        (void) cg_uninstall_release_agent(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER);

                execve(SYSTEMD_SHUTDOWN_BINARY_PATH, (char **) command_line, env_block);
                log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to execute shutdown binary, %s: %m",
                          getpid() == 1 ? "freezing" : "quitting");
        }

        if (getpid() == 1) {
                if (error_message)
                        manager_status_printf(NULL, STATUS_TYPE_EMERGENCY,
                                              ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED "!!!!!!" ANSI_NORMAL,
                                              "%s, freezing.", error_message);
                freeze_or_reboot();
        }

        return retval;
}